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www.Moviez
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www.MoviezAddiction
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www.MoviezAddiction.Vip
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Greetings | Re-Encoded By ᴅᴇᴥᴛᴇʀ
[www.MoviezAddiction.Vip]
5
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...and even inside you and me.
6
00:00:19,770 --> 00:00:23,195
We are made of atoms.
7
00:00:24,107 --> 00:00:25,780
There are more atoms in your eye...
8
00:00:25,943 --> 00:00:29,618
...than there are stars in all the galaxies
of the known universe.
9
00:00:34,243 --> 00:00:38,749
The same is true of any solid object
larger than the tip of your little finger.
10
00:00:38,914 --> 00:00:42,714
I'm a collection of 3
billion billion billion...
11
00:00:42,876 --> 00:00:46,380
...intricately arranged atoms
called Neil deGrasse Tyson.
12
00:00:46,547 --> 00:00:49,972
You're a similar collection
with a different name.
13
00:00:50,217 --> 00:00:53,812
We don't usually think of ourselves this
way, because that level of reality...
14
00:00:53,971 --> 00:00:56,099
...lies beyond the realm of our senses.
15
00:00:56,265 --> 00:00:58,814
But we're not gonna let that stop us.
16
00:00:58,976 --> 00:01:02,321
We can go deeper into the wonder.
17
00:02:42,079 --> 00:02:43,922
(WIND WHISTLING)
18
00:02:47,125 --> 00:02:49,378
TYSON :
Atoms let matter do funny things.
19
00:02:49,544 --> 00:02:52,718
To understand water, you need to know
what its atoms are doing.
20
00:02:52,881 --> 00:02:56,385
Every molecule of water is composed
of two tiny hydrogen atoms...
21
00:02:56,551 --> 00:02:58,895
...attached to a larger oxygen atom.
22
00:02:59,054 --> 00:03:00,931
That's why we call it H20.
23
00:03:01,932 --> 00:03:03,934
If it's not too hot or too cold...
24
00:03:04,101 --> 00:03:07,105
...the molecules can slide
and tumble past each other.
25
00:03:07,270 --> 00:03:09,318
There's stickiness between the molecules...
26
00:03:09,481 --> 00:03:12,405
...but not enough to lock them
into a rigid solid.
27
00:03:12,567 --> 00:03:15,116
That's what makes something a liquid.
28
00:03:15,278 --> 00:03:16,871
The sun warms the water.
29
00:03:17,030 --> 00:03:20,455
And with more energy,
the molecules move faster.
30
00:03:20,617 --> 00:03:22,460
That's all that temperature is.
31
00:03:22,619 --> 00:03:24,462
Those molecules are moving fast enough...
32
00:03:24,621 --> 00:03:27,500
...to break the weak bonds
that hold them to their neighbors.
33
00:03:27,666 --> 00:03:29,213
That's evaporation.
34
00:03:29,376 --> 00:03:33,222
The air we breathe is made
of nitrogen and oxygen molecules...
35
00:03:33,380 --> 00:03:36,975
...with a scattering of water vapor
and carbon dioxide.
36
00:03:37,467 --> 00:03:39,094
Incoming!
37
00:03:39,261 --> 00:03:41,138
That's condensation.
38
00:03:41,304 --> 00:03:43,727
A dewdrop is the momentary triumph...
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00:03:43,890 --> 00:03:46,143
...of condensation over evaporation.
40
00:03:46,309 --> 00:03:47,777
And while it lasts...
41
00:03:47,936 --> 00:03:51,315
...it's a little cosmos
with its own worlds...
42
00:03:51,481 --> 00:03:54,325
...creatures, drama.
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00:03:54,484 --> 00:03:57,738
To explore the far-flung realms
of this dewdrop...
44
00:03:57,904 --> 00:04:00,032
...we're gonna need a ship.
45
00:04:00,741 --> 00:04:02,493
One with twin engines...
46
00:04:02,659 --> 00:04:05,913
...science and imagination.
47
00:04:11,001 --> 00:04:12,799
That's a single-celled
paramecium...
48
00:04:13,503 --> 00:04:15,926
...one of a multitude
of skilled hunter-warriors...
49
00:04:16,089 --> 00:04:18,262
...that roam the dewdrop.
50
00:04:18,425 --> 00:04:20,769
But they too are hunted.
51
00:04:23,054 --> 00:04:24,351
The Dileptus...
52
00:04:24,514 --> 00:04:26,516
...the paramecium's
mortal enemy.
53
00:04:26,683 --> 00:04:29,653
The paramecium might get lucky
and score a direct hit.
54
00:04:29,811 --> 00:04:30,858
Even if it doesn't...
55
00:04:31,021 --> 00:04:33,365
...the recoil from the barrage
will put some distance...
56
00:04:33,523 --> 00:04:36,197
...between the paramecium
and its attacker.
57
00:04:38,779 --> 00:04:40,372
What can I say?
58
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That's life in the dewdrop.
59
00:04:54,377 --> 00:04:56,721
That little guy is a tardigrade...
60
00:04:57,756 --> 00:05:00,726
...an animal smaller
than the head of a pin.
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00:05:03,220 --> 00:05:04,972
Don't underestimate them.
62
00:05:05,138 --> 00:05:08,483
Tardigrades have been living on this planet
a lot longer than we have.
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00:05:08,642 --> 00:05:11,486
About 500 million years.
64
00:05:13,980 --> 00:05:15,573
For every one of us...
65
00:05:15,732 --> 00:05:19,077
...there's at least a billion of them.
66
00:05:22,072 --> 00:05:24,120
They can make a living
anywhere on Earth...
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00:05:24,282 --> 00:05:26,785
...in the frigid peaks
of the tallest mountains...
68
00:05:26,952 --> 00:05:29,375
...in the cauldrons
of erupting volcanoes...
69
00:05:29,538 --> 00:05:31,836
...the deep ocean vents
at the bottom of the sea.
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00:05:31,998 --> 00:05:33,250
Tardigrades are so tough...
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00:05:33,416 --> 00:05:36,716
...they can survive naked
in the vacuum of space.
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00:05:37,045 --> 00:05:38,843
They've survived all five...
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00:05:39,005 --> 00:05:42,134
...of the most recent
mass extinctions on this planet.
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00:05:42,300 --> 00:05:44,678
A visitor from another world
could be forgiven...
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00:05:44,970 --> 00:05:48,850
...for thinking of Earth
as the planet of the tardigrades.
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00:05:51,935 --> 00:05:55,781
If we're ever gonna get to the bottom
of this dewdrop, better get a move on.
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00:05:59,109 --> 00:06:03,455
Every leaf and tiny clump of moss
has hundreds of thousands...
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00:06:03,613 --> 00:06:06,457
...of microscopic mouths called stomata.
79
00:06:06,616 --> 00:06:09,665
Plants breathe through them,
taking in carbon dioxide...
80
00:06:09,828 --> 00:06:12,377
...and exhaling the oxygen
that we need to live.
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00:06:13,123 --> 00:06:15,296
The plants can survive without us.
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00:06:15,458 --> 00:06:17,051
But we and all the other animals...
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00:06:17,210 --> 00:06:19,679
...we'd be toast without them.
84
00:06:20,255 --> 00:06:22,974
The plants make food out of sunlight.
85
00:06:23,133 --> 00:06:24,726
We animals can't do that.
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00:06:24,885 --> 00:06:26,558
To see how they do it...
87
00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:28,188
...we have to go deeper...
88
00:06:28,346 --> 00:06:31,099
...make ourselves
about a thousand times smaller...
89
00:06:31,266 --> 00:06:33,143
...to get into their treasure house...
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00:06:33,310 --> 00:06:37,156
...the place where they keep
the good stuff, the chlorophyll.
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00:06:37,314 --> 00:06:41,319
That's the molecule
that converts sunlight into energy.
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00:06:44,195 --> 00:06:46,573
Every one of those rectangles
is a plant cell.
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00:06:46,740 --> 00:06:48,333
And those tiny green vehicles...
94
00:06:48,491 --> 00:06:51,335
...are its energy factories.
95
00:06:51,494 --> 00:06:55,965
If we could steal their trade secrets, it
would trigger a new Industrial Revolution.
96
00:06:56,166 --> 00:06:59,340
But to spy on them,
we're gonna need to go deeper still.
97
00:07:12,557 --> 00:07:17,313
TYSON : What alien world has the Ship
of the Imagination carried us to this time?
98
00:07:17,479 --> 00:07:19,652
It's the cosmos...
99
00:07:19,814 --> 00:07:22,988
...contained within a dewdrop.
100
00:07:23,818 --> 00:07:26,196
We're on an industrial espionage mission.
101
00:07:27,197 --> 00:07:29,040
If we can penetrate the trade secrets...
102
00:07:29,199 --> 00:07:31,702
...of the manufacturing process
in that chloroplast...
103
00:07:31,868 --> 00:07:34,542
...let's just say our whole future
hangs in the balance.
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00:07:35,705 --> 00:07:37,878
This chloroplast is using sunlight...
105
00:07:38,041 --> 00:07:42,171
...to break water molecules
into atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.
106
00:07:42,337 --> 00:07:46,012
It combines the hydrogen
with carbon dioxide to make sugar...
107
00:07:46,174 --> 00:07:48,677
...and releases the oxygen
as a waste product.
108
00:07:48,843 --> 00:07:52,063
To see how it happens,
we have to go even deeper...
109
00:07:52,222 --> 00:07:53,940
...get even smaller.
110
00:07:54,099 --> 00:07:56,852
We're talking atomic scale.
111
00:07:57,018 --> 00:07:58,144
Bingo.
112
00:07:58,311 --> 00:08:00,439
This assembly line is the heart...
113
00:08:00,605 --> 00:08:03,074
...of the molecular industrial complex.
114
00:08:03,233 --> 00:08:04,405
At the molecular level...
115
00:08:05,026 --> 00:08:07,404
...things happen too fast for us to see...
116
00:08:07,570 --> 00:08:11,074
...so we'll have to slow them down
about a billion times.
117
00:08:14,285 --> 00:08:16,708
Those larger molecules are carbon dioxide.
118
00:08:16,871 --> 00:08:20,216
Each one of them is made
of one carbon and two oxygen atoms.
119
00:08:20,375 --> 00:08:23,094
When sunlight strikes
a green molecule of chlorophyll...
120
00:08:23,253 --> 00:08:26,052
...it sets in motion a series
of chemical reactions...
121
00:08:26,214 --> 00:08:27,932
...breaking apart water molecules...
122
00:08:28,091 --> 00:08:31,015
...and freeing energetic electrons.
123
00:08:32,554 --> 00:08:34,101
And that's just the day shift...
124
00:08:34,264 --> 00:08:37,234
...when sunlight supplies
the incoming stream of energy.
125
00:08:37,600 --> 00:08:40,274
There's a second shift
that works day and night...
126
00:08:40,437 --> 00:08:43,691
...using the solar energy kept in reserve.
127
00:08:44,858 --> 00:08:47,202
The energy of the free electrons
is put to work...
128
00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:51,206
...combining carbon dioxide
with hydrogen from the water.
129
00:08:51,364 --> 00:08:53,492
The end product is sugar...
130
00:08:53,658 --> 00:08:56,286
...which stores the solar energy.
131
00:08:56,619 --> 00:09:01,716
The chloroplast is a 3-billion-year-old
solar energy collector.
132
00:09:01,875 --> 00:09:04,128
This submicroscopic solar battery...
133
00:09:04,294 --> 00:09:07,389
...is what drives all the forests
and the fields...
134
00:09:07,547 --> 00:09:09,515
...and the plankton of the seas...
135
00:09:09,674 --> 00:09:12,974
...and the animals, including us.
136
00:09:13,136 --> 00:09:16,686
The solar-powered biosphere
collects and processes...
137
00:09:16,848 --> 00:09:20,728
...six times more power
than our entire civilization.
138
00:09:20,894 --> 00:09:24,319
We understand on a chemical level
how photosynthesis works.
139
00:09:24,481 --> 00:09:27,155
We can re-create the process
in a laboratory...
140
00:09:27,317 --> 00:09:29,991
...but we're not as good
at it as plants are.
141
00:09:30,153 --> 00:09:31,370
And that's not surprising...
142
00:09:31,529 --> 00:09:34,578
...considering nature's been at this
for billions of years...
143
00:09:34,741 --> 00:09:36,288
...and we've only just started.
144
00:09:36,451 --> 00:09:40,081
But if we could figure out
the trade secrets of photosynthesis...
145
00:09:40,246 --> 00:09:43,841
...every other source of energy
we depend on today...
146
00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:46,628
...coal, oil, natural gas...
147
00:09:46,795 --> 00:09:48,843
...would become obsolete.
148
00:09:49,005 --> 00:09:52,225
Photosynthesis is the ultimate green power.
149
00:09:52,383 --> 00:09:53,805
It doesn't pollute the air...
150
00:09:53,968 --> 00:09:55,936
...and is, in fact, carbon neutral.
151
00:09:56,096 --> 00:09:58,383
Artificial photosynthesis,
on a big enough
152
00:09:58,395 --> 00:10:00,693
scale, could reduce the
greenhouse effect...
153
00:10:00,850 --> 00:10:04,104
...that's driving climate change
in a dangerous direction.
154
00:10:04,854 --> 00:10:08,700
Uh-oh. Place is evaporating.
Time to get out of here.
155
00:10:10,944 --> 00:10:13,538
How fleeting is the life of a dewdrop.
156
00:10:13,696 --> 00:10:16,495
It condenses from thin air
in the cool of the night...
157
00:10:16,658 --> 00:10:19,127
...only to vanish with the heat
of the day.
158
00:10:19,285 --> 00:10:22,038
And what of its inhabitants,
the tardigrades?
159
00:10:22,205 --> 00:10:23,422
They'll be fine.
160
00:10:23,581 --> 00:10:25,379
They can go without water for years.
161
00:10:27,794 --> 00:10:31,298
TYSON : It's hard to imagine, but plants
covered the surface of the Earth...
162
00:10:31,464 --> 00:10:33,558
...for hundreds of millions of years...
163
00:10:33,716 --> 00:10:36,515
...before they put forth
their first flower.
164
00:10:36,803 --> 00:10:39,477
That was about
a hundred million years ago...
165
00:10:39,639 --> 00:10:42,142
...shortly before the dinosaurs
were wiped out.
166
00:10:42,851 --> 00:10:46,321
Our world must've been a relatively
drab-looking place back then...
167
00:10:46,479 --> 00:10:49,653
...dominated by shades of green and brown.
168
00:10:49,816 --> 00:10:53,912
Yeah, there were giant trees
and ferns and other plant life...
169
00:10:54,070 --> 00:10:56,414
...but not the purple of an iris...
170
00:10:56,573 --> 00:10:59,372
...or the crimson of a red, red rose.
171
00:11:06,833 --> 00:11:11,384
Orchids were among the first
flowering species to appear on Earth...
172
00:11:11,546 --> 00:11:13,924
...and they're the most diverse.
173
00:11:15,633 --> 00:11:20,104
Darwin was particularly fascinated
by the comet orchid of Madagascar...
174
00:11:20,263 --> 00:11:23,107
...a flower whose pollen is hidden
at the bottom...
175
00:11:23,266 --> 00:11:26,736
...of a very long, thin spur.
176
00:11:28,062 --> 00:11:32,283
There can be no stronger test
of an idea than its predictive power.
177
00:11:32,442 --> 00:11:35,616
On the basis of his theory of evolution
through natural selection...
178
00:11:35,778 --> 00:11:39,828
...Darwin speculated that somewhere
on the island of Madagascar...
179
00:11:39,991 --> 00:11:42,119
...there must live flying insects...
180
00:11:42,285 --> 00:11:45,004
...with extraordinarily lengthy tongues. ..
181
00:11:45,163 --> 00:11:47,757
...ones long enough to reach the pollen.
182
00:11:47,916 --> 00:11:50,635
No one had ever seen such a beast there...
183
00:11:50,793 --> 00:11:55,594
...but Darwin insisted that an animal
fitting this description must exist.
184
00:11:55,757 --> 00:11:58,226
Few people at the time believed him.
185
00:11:58,384 --> 00:12:01,137
It wasn't until more than 50 years later...
186
00:12:01,304 --> 00:12:03,306
...that Darwin was proven right.
187
00:12:04,307 --> 00:12:09,029
In 1903, a huge hawk moth
called the Morgan's sphinx...
188
00:12:09,187 --> 00:12:11,565
...was discovered in Madagascar.
189
00:12:11,731 --> 00:12:14,075
Attracted by the comet orchid's scent...
190
00:12:14,234 --> 00:12:18,080
...the moth slurps its pollen
with its foot-long tongue...
191
00:12:18,238 --> 00:12:20,957
...exactly as Darwin expected it would.
192
00:12:25,787 --> 00:12:29,337
It's even more amazing
that the Morgan's sphinx was discovered...
193
00:12:29,499 --> 00:12:32,844
...when you consider that more than
90 percent of Madagascar's rain forests...
194
00:12:33,002 --> 00:12:35,004
...have been destroyed.
195
00:12:35,171 --> 00:12:37,515
In the years
since Darwin's famous prediction...
196
00:12:38,007 --> 00:12:42,683
...this moth species could have easily
become extinct with all the others...
197
00:12:42,845 --> 00:12:46,816
...every one of them a unique phrase
of life's poetry...
198
00:12:46,975 --> 00:12:50,821
...written in the atoms
by eons of evolution.
199
00:12:55,525 --> 00:12:56,572
(SNIFFS)
200
00:12:56,734 --> 00:12:59,112
Ah, the fragrance of lilacs.
201
00:12:59,279 --> 00:13:03,500
It's one of those scents that triggers
a whole constellation of associations...
202
00:13:03,658 --> 00:13:06,628
...all those Junes of long ago.
203
00:13:06,786 --> 00:13:08,129
But how does that happen?
204
00:13:08,288 --> 00:13:12,043
How does a smell prompt a movie
to start running in your head?
205
00:13:12,208 --> 00:13:13,926
It's not something we can see.
206
00:13:14,085 --> 00:13:16,713
Could it be a wave of energy, like light?
207
00:13:16,879 --> 00:13:19,678
Or is it some kind of microscopic particle?
208
00:13:19,841 --> 00:13:21,309
It's actually a molecule.
209
00:13:21,801 --> 00:13:26,477
Every odor we can sense, whether it
comes from burnt toast, gasoline...
210
00:13:26,639 --> 00:13:28,892
...or a field of lilacs...
211
00:13:29,058 --> 00:13:30,901
...it's a cloud of molecules.
212
00:13:31,769 --> 00:13:35,319
These molecules have particular shapes.
213
00:13:35,481 --> 00:13:36,528
When I inhale them...
214
00:13:36,691 --> 00:13:40,946
...they stimulate a particular set
of receptor cells in my nose.
215
00:13:41,821 --> 00:13:44,574
An electrical signal then
travels to my brain...
216
00:13:44,741 --> 00:13:48,416
...which identifies this scent as lilac.
217
00:13:51,456 --> 00:13:55,506
Other scents are carried by different
molecules with different shapes.
218
00:13:55,668 --> 00:13:57,341
But when I smell a flower...
219
00:13:57,503 --> 00:14:00,757
...or the smoke from a campfire,
or the grease of a motor gear...
220
00:14:00,923 --> 00:14:03,642
...I'm often flooded with memories.
221
00:14:04,886 --> 00:14:08,607
Why is it that a simple thing,
such as the scent of a flower...
222
00:14:08,765 --> 00:14:11,609
...can trigger powerful memories?
223
00:14:14,103 --> 00:14:17,778
It has to do with the way
our brains have evolved.
224
00:14:17,940 --> 00:14:19,692
Our sense of smell kicks in...
225
00:14:19,859 --> 00:14:23,489
...when the olfactory nerve
in our brain is stimulated.
226
00:14:24,447 --> 00:14:27,826
That nerve is located
very close to the amygdala...
227
00:14:27,992 --> 00:14:31,292
...a structure that is integral
to our experience of emotion.
228
00:14:33,456 --> 00:14:35,879
It's also very close to the hippocampus...
229
00:14:36,042 --> 00:14:38,716
...which helps us form memories.
230
00:14:41,339 --> 00:14:43,842
The network of neurons
that carry the scent signal...
231
00:14:44,008 --> 00:14:46,807
...from my nose to my brain
has been fine-tuned...
232
00:14:46,969 --> 00:14:50,599
...over hundreds of millions
of years of evolution.
233
00:14:52,016 --> 00:14:53,609
It's a survival mechanism...
234
00:14:53,768 --> 00:14:57,398
...that can alert us to danger
or guide us to safety.
235
00:15:00,024 --> 00:15:04,120
If you can detect the predator
before he's near enough to strike...
236
00:15:04,570 --> 00:15:07,073
...or the fire before it
traps you in the forest...
237
00:15:07,240 --> 00:15:10,494
...you have a much better chance
to survive and pass on your genes...
238
00:15:10,660 --> 00:15:12,833
...to the next generation.
239
00:15:17,875 --> 00:15:20,378
That lovely scent from
this field of flowers...
240
00:15:20,545 --> 00:15:23,845
...sets off a unique combination
of nerve signals.
241
00:15:24,006 --> 00:15:27,385
Only that exact combination
can crack the safe...
242
00:15:27,552 --> 00:15:31,682
...where the memory of lilacs
is stored inside my brain.
243
00:15:36,018 --> 00:15:38,146
Wonder who they're for.
244
00:15:38,729 --> 00:15:40,447
Maybe we'll find out later.
245
00:15:40,606 --> 00:15:45,328
But first, there's another hidden cosmos
waiting for us.
246
00:15:48,448 --> 00:15:50,496
(TYSON BREATHING DEEPLY)
247
00:16:07,049 --> 00:16:09,928
The plants are softly breathing...
248
00:16:10,094 --> 00:16:12,472
...inhaling molecules of carbon dioxide...
249
00:16:12,638 --> 00:16:15,061
...and exhaling molecules of oxygen.
250
00:16:15,224 --> 00:16:17,318
And I'm doing the opposite.
251
00:16:17,477 --> 00:16:20,151
Unlike snowflakes and fingerprints...
252
00:16:20,313 --> 00:16:24,944
...atoms or molecules of the same kind
are utterly identical to one another.
253
00:16:25,109 --> 00:16:26,577
With every breath we take...
254
00:16:26,736 --> 00:16:29,660
...we inhale as many molecules
as there are stars...
255
00:16:29,822 --> 00:16:32,416
...in all the galaxies
in the visible universe.
256
00:16:32,575 --> 00:16:36,079
And every breath we exhale
is circulated through the air...
257
00:16:36,245 --> 00:16:38,668
...and, mixed gradually
across the continents...
258
00:16:38,831 --> 00:16:41,710
...becomes available for others
to breathe.
259
00:16:42,251 --> 00:16:43,924
Breathe with me.
260
00:16:44,086 --> 00:16:46,088
(BREATHING DEEPLY)
261
00:16:54,430 --> 00:16:57,684
We all just inhaled
about a hundred million molecules...
262
00:16:57,850 --> 00:17:01,855
...that once passed through the lungs
of everyone who ever lived before us.
263
00:17:02,021 --> 00:17:05,321
Think of it.
This kind of atomic reincarnation...
264
00:17:05,483 --> 00:17:07,952
...is another link
to our distant ancestors...
265
00:17:08,110 --> 00:17:10,989
...including those who first
launched us on our explorations...
266
00:17:11,155 --> 00:17:13,157
...of the unseen universes.
267
00:17:13,324 --> 00:17:16,954
These universes are as real
as you or me...
268
00:17:17,119 --> 00:17:18,917
...and they surround us.
269
00:17:23,459 --> 00:17:28,966
There was a moment when we awakened
to a new way of thinking and seeing.
270
00:17:29,131 --> 00:17:32,101
It happened about 2500 years ago...
271
00:17:32,260 --> 00:17:35,764
...on the Greek islands that lie
between the empires of the East...
272
00:17:35,930 --> 00:17:37,523
...and the West.
273
00:17:37,682 --> 00:17:41,277
There, merchants, tourists
and sailors freely mingled...
274
00:17:41,435 --> 00:17:44,735
...exchanging tales of
great kings and gods.
275
00:17:44,897 --> 00:17:49,118
In Ionian cities and towns like Miletus,
in what is now Turkey...
276
00:17:49,277 --> 00:17:52,622
...the most fundamental elements
of the way we live now...
277
00:17:52,780 --> 00:17:53,827
...first appeared.
278
00:17:57,451 --> 00:18:01,581
TYSON : Here, for the first time,
reenactments of aspects of life...
279
00:18:02,123 --> 00:18:04,501
...created and executed by professionals...
280
00:18:04,667 --> 00:18:06,908
...with the expectation
of touching something
281
00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:09,173
deep within the hearts
of the audience...
282
00:18:09,589 --> 00:18:10,932
...or just making them laugh.
283
00:18:11,090 --> 00:18:12,137
(ALL LAUGHING)
284
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:16,601
The first plays, dramas and comedies
were performed.
285
00:18:16,762 --> 00:18:19,686
Here also was born a radical new idea...
286
00:18:19,849 --> 00:18:21,851
...government by the people.
287
00:18:22,018 --> 00:18:25,989
The first inklings, imperfect then as now,
of a democracy...
288
00:18:26,147 --> 00:18:30,243
...and the notion that the ordinary citizen
might possess certain rights...
289
00:18:30,401 --> 00:18:33,826
...come to us from this time and place.
290
00:18:35,031 --> 00:18:38,376
But in my view,
the most revolutionary innovation of all...
291
00:18:38,534 --> 00:18:40,878
...to come to us from this ancient world...
292
00:18:41,037 --> 00:18:43,415
...was the idea that natural events...
293
00:18:43,581 --> 00:18:45,709
...were neither punishment nor reward...
294
00:18:45,875 --> 00:18:48,094
...from the capricious gods.
295
00:18:48,544 --> 00:18:50,888
The workings of nature
could be explained...
296
00:18:51,047 --> 00:18:54,017
...without invoking the supernatural.
297
00:18:54,508 --> 00:18:58,558
The first person to express this thought
was a man named Thales.
298
00:18:58,721 --> 00:19:00,849
When the thunder clapped
or the earth quaked...
299
00:19:01,265 --> 00:19:04,439
...it was not because something you did
had somehow displeased...
300
00:19:04,602 --> 00:19:06,696
...the very demanding gods. No.
301
00:19:06,854 --> 00:19:09,152
It was the result of natural processes...
302
00:19:09,315 --> 00:19:11,909
...that we were capable of understanding.
303
00:19:12,068 --> 00:19:15,163
Though none of the books
he is said to have written survive...
304
00:19:15,321 --> 00:19:19,246
...Thales kindled a flame
that still burns to this day.
305
00:19:19,408 --> 00:19:22,457
The very idea of cosmos out of chaos...
306
00:19:22,620 --> 00:19:25,499
...a universe governed
by the order of natural laws...
307
00:19:25,665 --> 00:19:28,259
...that we could actually figure out...
308
00:19:28,417 --> 00:19:30,419
...this is the epic adventure...
309
00:19:30,586 --> 00:19:33,009
...that began in the mind of Thales.
310
00:19:34,590 --> 00:19:36,968
Only a century following Thales' death...
311
00:19:37,134 --> 00:19:38,886
...another genius came along.
312
00:19:39,053 --> 00:19:40,680
And he, more than any other...
313
00:19:40,846 --> 00:19:42,974
...was the first to
discover the existence...
314
00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:46,440
...of the hidden universes
that surround us.
315
00:19:46,852 --> 00:19:50,322
Democritus of Abdera was
a true scientist...
316
00:19:50,481 --> 00:19:53,576
...a man with a passionate desire
to know the cosmos...
317
00:19:53,734 --> 00:19:55,486
...and to have fun.
318
00:19:55,653 --> 00:19:58,953
This is the man who once said,
"A life without parties...
319
00:19:59,115 --> 00:20:02,119
...would be like
an endless road without an inn."
320
00:20:02,493 --> 00:20:04,291
You mean, that's it?
321
00:20:04,453 --> 00:20:05,545
That's all there is?
322
00:20:05,705 --> 00:20:08,083
Just a bunch of atoms in a void?
323
00:20:08,249 --> 00:20:09,296
Yep.
324
00:20:09,458 --> 00:20:10,960
(RAUGHS)
325
00:20:11,127 --> 00:20:13,801
Well, think about it.
The world has to be made...
326
00:20:13,963 --> 00:20:17,342
...of countless indivisible particles
in a void.
327
00:20:17,508 --> 00:20:20,057
Otherwise, nothing could
move or grow...
328
00:20:20,219 --> 00:20:22,938
...be divided or changed.
329
00:20:23,639 --> 00:20:26,643
Without atoms and empty space
for them to move in...
330
00:20:26,809 --> 00:20:30,439
...the world would be
solid, static and dead.
331
00:20:30,604 --> 00:20:32,652
So don't be sad, my friend.
332
00:20:32,815 --> 00:20:35,193
Just think of the infinite possibilities...
333
00:20:35,359 --> 00:20:39,865
...that arise from different
arrangements of those atoms.
334
00:20:43,409 --> 00:20:46,629
Here's to the atoms in this cup...
335
00:20:46,787 --> 00:20:49,006
...and in this wine...
336
00:20:49,165 --> 00:20:52,009
...and to the laughter they make possible.
337
00:20:52,168 --> 00:20:54,216
(ALL LAUGHING)
338
00:20:54,378 --> 00:20:58,724
TYSON : Dispersed through the clay of the
cup are microscopic mineral grains...
339
00:20:58,883 --> 00:21:00,510
...different kinds of crystals...
340
00:21:00,676 --> 00:21:04,522
...each with its own distinctive
atomic architecture.
341
00:21:05,181 --> 00:21:07,275
Mineral structures are exquisite...
342
00:21:07,433 --> 00:21:09,982
...but they have a limited repertoire.
343
00:21:10,144 --> 00:21:14,115
A grain of quartz is a lattice
of the same three atoms repeated...
344
00:21:14,273 --> 00:21:17,868
...without variation, over and over again.
345
00:21:19,528 --> 00:21:22,998
Even a relatively complex
mineral lattice like topaz...
346
00:21:23,157 --> 00:21:25,080
...composed of 10 or so atoms...
347
00:21:25,242 --> 00:21:28,041
...can only repeat the identical
atomic structure...
348
00:21:28,204 --> 00:21:30,298
...again and again.
349
00:21:34,168 --> 00:21:36,341
To lift matter to another dimension...
350
00:21:36,504 --> 00:21:39,724
...to free it from the lattice prison
of endless repetition...
351
00:21:39,882 --> 00:21:42,601
...you need an atom that can bond
in all directions...
352
00:21:42,760 --> 00:21:47,561
...with other atoms like itself,
as well as with atoms of different kinds.
353
00:21:54,605 --> 00:21:57,154
Behold, the carbon atom.
354
00:21:57,316 --> 00:22:00,320
The essential element for life on Earth.
355
00:22:00,486 --> 00:22:01,954
Why?
356
00:22:02,863 --> 00:22:07,539
Carbon is special because it can bond
with up to four other atoms at a time.
357
00:22:07,701 --> 00:22:10,375
It can connect with many
different kinds of atoms...
358
00:22:10,538 --> 00:22:13,257
...as well as other carbon atoms.
359
00:22:13,749 --> 00:22:17,174
It can curl into rings
and string together into chains...
360
00:22:17,336 --> 00:22:22,012
...building molecules
far more complex than any crystal.
361
00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:27,604
No other atom has the same flexibility.
362
00:22:27,763 --> 00:22:31,609
Even atoms that have similar
chemical properties, like silicon...
363
00:22:31,767 --> 00:22:36,147
...can't form the amazing variety
of molecules built on carbon.
364
00:22:36,313 --> 00:22:38,782
The carbon-based molecules
we call proteins...
365
00:22:38,941 --> 00:22:40,363
...the molecules of life...
366
00:22:40,526 --> 00:22:45,123
...contain literally hundreds of thousands
of atoms.
367
00:22:45,531 --> 00:22:47,954
Carbon atoms are the backbone
of the molecules...
368
00:22:48,117 --> 00:22:52,668
...that make every living thing on Earth,
including us.
369
00:22:52,913 --> 00:22:56,668
That's the difference between
rocks and living things.
370
00:22:57,793 --> 00:23:02,594
Life can make enormous molecules
of stunning size and complexity...
371
00:23:02,756 --> 00:23:09,560
...freeing matter to improvise, evolve
and even love.
372
00:23:41,462 --> 00:23:43,339
TYSON :
Take it easy, Dad.
373
00:23:43,505 --> 00:23:45,507
He never actually touched her.
374
00:23:45,674 --> 00:23:48,018
In everyday life on our world...
375
00:23:48,177 --> 00:23:49,520
...on the scale of atoms...
376
00:23:49,678 --> 00:23:53,273
...material objects never really touch.
377
00:23:53,807 --> 00:23:56,731
Each atom has a tiny nucleus
at its center...
378
00:23:56,894 --> 00:24:00,865
...surrounded by an electron cloud
of lines of force.
379
00:24:01,023 --> 00:24:02,866
As the atoms approach each other...
380
00:24:03,025 --> 00:24:06,529
...the boy's electron clouds
push away the girl's.
381
00:24:06,695 --> 00:24:10,199
More than 99.9 percent
of the matter of any atom...
382
00:24:10,366 --> 00:24:12,994
...is concentrated in its nucleus.
383
00:24:13,619 --> 00:24:16,247
The nucleus is surrounded
by an electron cloud...
384
00:24:16,413 --> 00:24:21,169
...which produces an invisible field of
force and acts like a shock absorber.
385
00:24:21,335 --> 00:24:25,761
The configuration of the electron cloud
determines the nature of an element.
386
00:24:25,923 --> 00:24:30,520
In the ordinary course of things here
on Earth, the nuclei never touch.
387
00:24:30,678 --> 00:24:32,396
We have a sensation of touching...
388
00:24:32,554 --> 00:24:35,216
...but that's really
just our invisible force
389
00:24:35,228 --> 00:24:37,902
fields overlapping and
repelling each other.
390
00:24:53,826 --> 00:24:57,751
The nucleus is very small
compared to the rest of the atom.
391
00:24:59,248 --> 00:25:02,752
If an atom were the size
of this cathedral, its nucleus...
392
00:25:02,918 --> 00:25:06,923
...would be the size of that mote of dust.
393
00:25:09,091 --> 00:25:12,686
An atom is mostly empty space.
394
00:25:13,595 --> 00:25:15,723
To understand the nature of matter...
395
00:25:15,889 --> 00:25:17,641
...we have to go deeper still...
396
00:25:17,808 --> 00:25:21,563
...to a place 100,000 times smaller
than the atom:
397
00:25:21,729 --> 00:25:22,901
its nucleus.
398
00:25:26,108 --> 00:25:30,158
The simplest and most plentiful atom
in the cosmos is hydrogen.
399
00:25:30,320 --> 00:25:32,789
Its nucleus is a single proton...
400
00:25:32,948 --> 00:25:35,827
...which makes hydrogen
element number one.
401
00:25:35,993 --> 00:25:37,461
The clouds that surround it...
402
00:25:37,619 --> 00:25:42,420
...are the realms where this atom's
lone electron is permitted to roam.
403
00:25:42,666 --> 00:25:45,886
What happens when you have
a nucleus with two protons?
404
00:25:46,045 --> 00:25:47,592
Protons repel each other.
405
00:25:47,755 --> 00:25:49,849
In order to hold them together
in a nucleus...
406
00:25:50,007 --> 00:25:53,432
...you need other particles
called neutrons.
407
00:25:53,594 --> 00:25:57,315
Their job is to keep the proton
from getting out of line.
408
00:25:57,473 --> 00:26:02,354
They overwhelm the protons
with their strong attractive nuclear force.
409
00:26:02,519 --> 00:26:05,523
A nucleus with two protons
is element number two...
410
00:26:05,689 --> 00:26:07,817
“otherwise known as helium.
411
00:26:07,983 --> 00:26:11,487
A nucleus with six protons
is element number six...
412
00:26:11,653 --> 00:26:15,908
...which is carbon,
the fundamental building block of life.
413
00:26:16,075 --> 00:26:19,295
The nucleus of a gold atom has 79 protons.
414
00:26:19,453 --> 00:26:23,208
They attract 79 electrons
in clouds around it.
415
00:26:23,373 --> 00:26:28,300
The way light interacts with those
electrons is what makes gold glitter.
416
00:26:28,754 --> 00:26:31,558
Every additional proton
in the nucleus requires
417
00:26:31,570 --> 00:26:34,386
enough neutrons to
bind them together.
418
00:26:34,551 --> 00:26:35,677
Up to a point.
419
00:26:36,011 --> 00:26:39,686
There's an upper limit to the number
of neutrons you can stuff into a nucleus...
420
00:26:39,848 --> 00:26:42,397
...before it becomes unstable.
421
00:26:42,559 --> 00:26:45,346
I know a place where the
nuclei of different
422
00:26:45,358 --> 00:26:48,157
atoms actually do
touch each other.
423
00:27:08,210 --> 00:27:10,804
The sun looks like a solid object...
424
00:27:10,963 --> 00:27:12,806
...but it's not.
425
00:27:13,048 --> 00:27:17,394
It's so hot that all its atoms
are always in their gaseous state.
426
00:27:17,553 --> 00:27:20,898
The bonds that join atoms
to make solids and liquids on Earth...
427
00:27:21,056 --> 00:27:25,778
...are not strong enough to withstand
the heat of the broiling sun.
428
00:27:26,228 --> 00:27:30,529
Those arcing streams of incandescent gas
that dwarf the Earth...
429
00:27:30,691 --> 00:27:32,989
...are guided by magnetic lines of force...
430
00:27:33,152 --> 00:27:36,406
...that emanate from below
the surface of the sun.
431
00:27:36,738 --> 00:27:38,536
Why is the sun so hot?
432
00:27:38,699 --> 00:27:43,956
Because its own stupendous gravity
is squeezing its atoms together.
433
00:27:45,747 --> 00:27:50,344
The energy of gravity is being transformed
into the energy of moving atoms.
434
00:27:50,502 --> 00:27:52,925
That's what heat is.
435
00:27:53,088 --> 00:27:54,931
The deeper we go into the sun...
436
00:27:55,090 --> 00:27:58,970
...the greater the squeezing
and the higher the temperature.
437
00:27:59,136 --> 00:28:00,558
In the heart of the sun...
438
00:28:00,721 --> 00:28:05,192
...the atoms are moving so fast
that when they collide, they fuse.
439
00:28:05,350 --> 00:28:07,819
Their nuclei touch.
440
00:28:08,896 --> 00:28:11,820
The sun is a nuclear fusion reactor...
441
00:28:11,982 --> 00:28:14,235
...held together by its own gravity.
442
00:28:14,401 --> 00:28:17,621
It's balanced between
the inward pull of gravity...
443
00:28:17,779 --> 00:28:21,283
...and the outward push of its hot gases.
444
00:28:24,244 --> 00:28:27,168
That balance has lasted
billions of years...
445
00:28:27,331 --> 00:28:30,926
...providing stability that made possible
the evolution of life on Earth.
446
00:28:31,710 --> 00:28:33,337
In the sun's core...
447
00:28:33,503 --> 00:28:35,955
...the fusion of hydrogen
into helium releases
448
00:28:35,967 --> 00:28:38,430
nuclear energy in the
form of photons.
449
00:28:38,592 --> 00:28:41,971
These particles of light
slowly work their way to the surface...
450
00:28:42,137 --> 00:28:44,139
...where they're seen as sunlight.
451
00:28:44,306 --> 00:28:47,651
Helium is the ash
of the sun's nuclear furnace.
452
00:28:49,686 --> 00:28:51,688
The sun is a medium-sized star.
453
00:28:51,855 --> 00:28:55,155
Its core is only a lukewarm
10 million degrees.
454
00:28:55,317 --> 00:28:58,491
Hot enough to fuse hydrogen,
but too cold to fuse helium.
455
00:28:59,446 --> 00:29:02,199
There are many stars in the galaxy
that get much hotter...
456
00:29:02,366 --> 00:29:05,620
...because they're more massive
and have more gravity.
457
00:29:05,786 --> 00:29:11,008
Such stars fuse helium into heavier
elements, like carbon and oxygen.
458
00:29:11,166 --> 00:29:15,342
In their old age, they gently
diffuse these elements into space.
459
00:29:17,756 --> 00:29:22,011
Other stars, more massive yet,
live fast and die young...
460
00:29:22,177 --> 00:29:24,305
...in cataclysmic supernova
explosions.
461
00:29:24,972 --> 00:29:28,943
In our galaxy, such stars
go supernova about once a century.
462
00:29:30,686 --> 00:29:34,611
Those explosions are far hotter
than the core of the sun.
463
00:29:34,773 --> 00:29:39,449
Hot enough to transform elements like
iron into all the heavier ones...
464
00:29:39,611 --> 00:29:42,490
...and spew them into space.
465
00:29:42,656 --> 00:29:44,078
The Large Magellanic Cloud...
466
00:29:44,241 --> 00:29:46,619
...is a neighboring galaxy
of our Milky Way.
467
00:29:46,785 --> 00:29:49,208
It's visible in the skies
of the southern hemisphere.
468
00:29:49,913 --> 00:29:51,881
When a supernova explodes...
469
00:29:52,040 --> 00:29:56,216
...its brightness rivals that
of its entire galaxy.
470
00:30:06,847 --> 00:30:12,320
But all that light is only about 1 percent
of the energy liberated in the explosion.
471
00:30:12,477 --> 00:30:15,356
The rest of the energy is carried off
by the most common...
472
00:30:15,522 --> 00:30:18,321
...and the most mysterious particles
in the cosmos.
473
00:30:18,483 --> 00:30:21,202
There are trillions of them
passing through you right now.
474
00:30:21,361 --> 00:30:23,784
And yet tracking down
even one of them...
475
00:30:23,947 --> 00:30:27,417
...will take us to one of
the strangest places on Earth.
476
00:30:36,918 --> 00:30:40,968
TYSON : Stalking the wild
neutrino is the rarest of sport.
477
00:30:41,131 --> 00:30:45,102
The lengths one must go to track them down
is nothing short of astonishing.
478
00:30:46,178 --> 00:30:48,897
Welcome to Super-Kamioka...
479
00:30:49,056 --> 00:30:52,560
...the subterranean Japanese
neutrino-detection chamber...
480
00:30:52,726 --> 00:30:55,525
...more than a half mile
beneath Earth's surface.
481
00:30:55,687 --> 00:30:57,860
You might ask,
"Well, who in their right mind...
482
00:30:58,023 --> 00:31:01,243
...would bury an astronomical observatory
so far underground?"
483
00:31:01,443 --> 00:31:04,788
Those who hunt the most elusive prey
in the cosmos:
484
00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:06,532
the neutrino.
485
00:31:06,698 --> 00:31:09,360
This enormous array
of light detectors
486
00:31:09,372 --> 00:31:12,046
surrounding 50,000 tons
of distilled water...
487
00:31:12,204 --> 00:31:15,378
...is a trap designed to
catch neutrinos only.
488
00:31:15,707 --> 00:31:17,960
Other particles, such as cosmic rays...
489
00:31:18,126 --> 00:31:21,050
...mostly protons and electrons
that rain down from space...
490
00:31:21,213 --> 00:31:24,012
...cannot get through all that rock
above us.
491
00:31:24,174 --> 00:31:26,802
But matter poses no obstacle
to a neutrino.
492
00:31:27,511 --> 00:31:30,401
A neutrino could pass
through a hundred
493
00:31:30,413 --> 00:31:33,314
light-years of steel
without even slowing down.
494
00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:35,944
Neutrinos hardly interact
with matter at all.
495
00:31:36,103 --> 00:31:39,323
That's why you need so much of it
to catch even one of them.
496
00:31:39,564 --> 00:31:40,611
On those rare occasions...
497
00:31:40,774 --> 00:31:44,529
...when a neutrino actually does collide
with a particle of ordinary matter...
498
00:31:44,694 --> 00:31:48,415
...it produces a ghostly
ring-shaped flash of light.
499
00:31:49,032 --> 00:31:54,380
We're lying in wait for a particle
that weighs next to nothing.
500
00:31:54,538 --> 00:31:56,415
Even the miniscule electron...
501
00:31:56,581 --> 00:31:59,835
...has more than a million times its mass.
502
00:32:00,001 --> 00:32:01,503
There!
503
00:32:01,878 --> 00:32:05,974
When the supernova in the Large
Magellanic Cloud blew its top in 1987...
504
00:32:06,133 --> 00:32:08,636
...this is what it would have looked like
in here.
505
00:32:08,802 --> 00:32:12,181
Now remember, the Large Magellanic
Cloud is in our southern hemisphere...
506
00:32:12,347 --> 00:32:15,772
...so the neutrinos didn't come through
that half-mile of rock above us.
507
00:32:15,934 --> 00:32:19,529
They had to pass through the thousands
of miles of rock and iron below us...
508
00:32:19,688 --> 00:32:21,315
...to reach this detector.
509
00:32:21,481 --> 00:32:22,653
But the coolest thing...
510
00:32:22,816 --> 00:32:24,784
...was that those neutrinos hit Earth...
511
00:32:24,943 --> 00:32:28,538
...three hours before
the light from the supernova did.
512
00:32:28,697 --> 00:32:30,870
If nothing can travel faster than light...
513
00:32:31,032 --> 00:32:33,831
...how could that possibly be?
514
00:32:39,332 --> 00:32:42,552
This is a dead star walking.
515
00:32:42,711 --> 00:32:47,683
It may look normal, but deep within it,
something cataclysmic is happening.
516
00:32:47,841 --> 00:32:50,014
This blue supergiant star...
517
00:32:50,177 --> 00:32:54,557
...has already begun to explode inside.
518
00:32:58,477 --> 00:33:01,105
Like rats deserting a sinking ship...
519
00:33:01,271 --> 00:33:04,366
...the neutrinos produced in the heart
of the exploding star...
520
00:33:04,524 --> 00:33:06,947
...race outward at near
the speed of light...
521
00:33:07,110 --> 00:33:10,865
...through the overlying mass
in only a few seconds.
522
00:33:11,031 --> 00:33:16,003
But the shock wave of the exploding gas
plods along from the center of the star...
523
00:33:16,161 --> 00:33:19,631
...at one ten-thousandth
the speed of light...
524
00:33:19,831 --> 00:33:22,334
...until it finally reaches
the star's surface...
525
00:33:22,501 --> 00:33:26,256
...turning it into Supernova 1987A.
526
00:33:32,511 --> 00:33:34,462
It took hours for the
explosion to reach the
527
00:33:34,474 --> 00:33:36,436
surface of the star and
blow it wide-open...
528
00:33:36,598 --> 00:33:38,726
...exposing the superhot core.
529
00:33:38,892 --> 00:33:41,941
The neutrinos had
an insurmountable head start.
530
00:33:42,103 --> 00:33:44,680
That's why the flash of
light arrived on Earth
531
00:33:44,692 --> 00:33:47,280
so much later than the
shower of neutrinos.
532
00:33:47,609 --> 00:33:51,364
Before anyone had ever snared
the wild neutrino...
533
00:33:51,530 --> 00:33:55,626
...it existed in the mind
of a theoretical physicist.
534
00:33:56,117 --> 00:34:00,372
Just as Charles Darwin knew there must be
an extremely long-nosed creature...
535
00:34:00,539 --> 00:34:02,917
...flying around somewhere
in Madagascar...
536
00:34:03,083 --> 00:34:07,384
...a 20th-century physicist
named Wolfgang Pauli...
537
00:34:09,297 --> 00:34:11,584
...was desperately
seeking a particle to
538
00:34:11,596 --> 00:34:13,894
rescue one of the pillars
of modern physics.
539
00:34:14,052 --> 00:34:16,896
The law of the conservation
of energy.
540
00:34:26,064 --> 00:34:27,691
So why didn't I flinch?
541
00:34:27,857 --> 00:34:30,076
Because the laws of science
differ fundamentally...
542
00:34:30,235 --> 00:34:32,488
...from those of
other human endeavors.
543
00:34:32,654 --> 00:34:35,373
In order for an idea
to become a scientific law...
544
00:34:35,532 --> 00:34:37,785
...it has to be unbreakable.
545
00:34:37,951 --> 00:34:42,957
That's why I was willing to bet this face
on the laws of conservation of energy.
546
00:34:43,748 --> 00:34:45,876
Now, if you try this at home...
547
00:34:46,042 --> 00:34:48,420
...take care not to give
the cannonball a push.
548
00:34:48,587 --> 00:34:49,839
That's adding energy...
549
00:34:50,005 --> 00:34:52,884
...and the ball will surely
come back and do some damage.
550
00:34:53,049 --> 00:34:56,349
You just have to let it go, like this:
551
00:34:56,970 --> 00:34:58,017
By lifting the ball...
552
00:34:58,179 --> 00:35:00,022
...you give it gravitational energy...
553
00:35:00,181 --> 00:35:02,855
...which is the potential
to fall and accelerate.
554
00:35:03,310 --> 00:35:06,530
The Cannonball is going fastest
when it's at the bottom of its arc.
555
00:35:06,688 --> 00:35:09,225
At that moment, it's
converted all of its
556
00:35:09,237 --> 00:35:11,785
gravitational energy to
the energy of motion.
557
00:35:11,943 --> 00:35:13,035
As it swings...
558
00:35:13,194 --> 00:35:15,270
...the cannonball is
constantly exchanging one
559
00:35:15,282 --> 00:35:17,370
of these two kinds of
energy for the other.
560
00:35:17,532 --> 00:35:20,206
But the total amount of energy
remains constant.
561
00:35:20,368 --> 00:35:24,248
That's an example
of the law of conservation of energy.
562
00:35:24,414 --> 00:35:26,166
Once the cannonball is released...
563
00:35:26,333 --> 00:35:29,712
...it can never gain more energy
than it had to begin with.
564
00:35:29,878 --> 00:35:32,882
It has no way to fly up
and break my nose.
565
00:35:33,048 --> 00:35:36,769
The energy accounting books
are always strictly balanced.
566
00:35:36,926 --> 00:35:38,849
There's no such thing as cheating.
567
00:35:39,012 --> 00:35:40,514
So in the 20th century...
568
00:35:40,680 --> 00:35:44,230
...when physicists first calculated
the energy of atoms precisely...
569
00:35:44,392 --> 00:35:48,898
...they were startled to discover
an apparent violation of this law.
570
00:35:50,065 --> 00:35:52,659
They found that
in some radioactive atoms...
571
00:35:52,817 --> 00:35:56,742
...the nucleus can spontaneously
eject an electron.
572
00:35:56,905 --> 00:36:00,079
This transforms the atom
into a different element.
573
00:36:00,241 --> 00:36:02,243
The physicists were mystified.
574
00:36:02,410 --> 00:36:06,210
The energy of the escaped electron
plus that of the new element...
575
00:36:06,373 --> 00:36:09,422
...adds up to less than the energy
in the original nucleus.
576
00:36:09,834 --> 00:36:14,635
But the law says, "Thou shalt not
destroy or create energy."
577
00:36:14,798 --> 00:36:17,176
So where did the missing energy go?
578
00:36:17,759 --> 00:36:24,187
In 1930, Wolfgang Pauli predicted
there must be an undiscovered particle.
579
00:36:24,349 --> 00:36:27,068
One that makes off
with the missing energy.
580
00:36:27,227 --> 00:36:28,274
At the time...
581
00:36:28,436 --> 00:36:31,536
...Pauli lamented that
such a phantom particle
582
00:36:31,548 --> 00:36:34,660
might be so minute,
swift and evasive...
583
00:36:34,818 --> 00:36:37,788
...as to forever defy detection.
584
00:36:37,946 --> 00:36:41,746
But that was a rare failure
of his imagination.
585
00:36:41,908 --> 00:36:45,287
Because science is always searching
for a way to go deeper still.
586
00:36:45,620 --> 00:36:46,872
A generation later...
587
00:36:47,038 --> 00:36:50,042
...Pauli's neutrinos were actually
detected for the first time...
588
00:36:50,208 --> 00:36:52,711
...in radiation from a nuclear reactor.
589
00:36:52,877 --> 00:36:57,223
And we've been finding them,
with difficulty, ever since.
590
00:36:57,632 --> 00:36:59,054
There are scientists today...
591
00:36:59,217 --> 00:37:02,687
...who are trying to find a way
to ride those neutrinos...
592
00:37:02,846 --> 00:37:05,816
...all the way back
to the beginning of time.
593
00:37:07,434 --> 00:37:13,692
We'll go as far as they have gone
to come up against the wall of forever.
594
00:37:22,657 --> 00:37:25,126
TYSON :
The wall of forever is nothing new.
595
00:37:25,285 --> 00:37:30,792
Our ancestors came up against it almost
as soon as they first started imagining it.
596
00:37:30,957 --> 00:37:34,928
A million dawns ago,
in the 13th century BC...
597
00:37:35,086 --> 00:37:37,965
...the Egyptians built this temple
at Abu Simbel...
598
00:37:38,131 --> 00:37:43,683
...to honor the pharaoh Ramses II,
depicted here in four colossal statues.
599
00:37:44,304 --> 00:37:46,648
Reigning even above this mighty king...
600
00:37:46,806 --> 00:37:51,653
...is the falcon-headed Ra-Harakhte,
god of the sun.
601
00:37:56,941 --> 00:38:00,286
The temple was designed
so that the light from the rising sun...
602
00:38:00,445 --> 00:38:04,541
...could only enter the sanctuary
on two days every year.
603
00:38:05,909 --> 00:38:07,536
As the rays enter the temple...
604
00:38:07,702 --> 00:38:11,206
...they burnish the statues of the gods
with their golden light...
605
00:38:11,372 --> 00:38:14,546
...before penetrating the sanctuary.
606
00:38:15,376 --> 00:38:19,222
Even then, one god remains in shadow...
607
00:38:19,380 --> 00:38:21,929
...Ptah, lord of creation...
608
00:38:22,091 --> 00:38:26,847
...as if the origin of the universe
must forever be concealed.
609
00:38:31,267 --> 00:38:34,567
Feel the sun on your face.
610
00:38:34,729 --> 00:38:39,701
The energy that warms you began its
journey some 10 million years ago...
611
00:38:39,859 --> 00:38:42,112
...in the heart of the sun.
612
00:38:43,738 --> 00:38:45,115
Unlike neutrinos...
613
00:38:45,281 --> 00:38:49,161
...the photons needed that long to work
their way out from the core to the surface.
614
00:38:50,370 --> 00:38:55,752
Why? Because they were colliding billions
of times per second with the sun's atoms...
615
00:38:55,917 --> 00:38:59,512
...every collision sending them off
in a random direction.
616
00:38:59,671 --> 00:39:01,924
Once they finally reached the surface...
617
00:39:02,090 --> 00:39:05,594
...they were free to dash nonstop
at the speed of light...
618
00:39:05,927 --> 00:39:09,602
...in a mere eight minutes
and 2O seconds from the sun to you.
619
00:39:11,599 --> 00:39:15,775
Ten-million-year-old light on your face.
620
00:39:17,897 --> 00:39:22,573
What was happening
when that light left the heart of the sun?
621
00:39:28,825 --> 00:39:31,464
The cosmic calendar
compresses the entire
622
00:39:31,476 --> 00:39:34,127
13.8-billion-year history
of the universe...
623
00:39:34,289 --> 00:39:35,916
...into a single year.
624
00:39:36,082 --> 00:39:38,961
Every month represents
about a billion years.
625
00:39:39,127 --> 00:39:42,097
Every day, about 40 million years.
626
00:39:42,255 --> 00:39:45,304
The universe is so old
that on the cosmic calendar...
627
00:39:45,466 --> 00:39:48,936
...10 million years ago
only takes us back as far as...
628
00:39:49,637 --> 00:39:55,485
...6 p.m. on the last evening
of the last day of the year.
629
00:39:55,643 --> 00:39:57,145
And what about us?
630
00:39:57,312 --> 00:39:59,406
Humans had yet to evolve.
631
00:39:59,564 --> 00:40:00,907
Ten million years ago...
632
00:40:01,065 --> 00:40:03,067
...our ancestors were anthropoid apes...
633
00:40:03,234 --> 00:40:05,657
...swinging through the trees of Africa.
634
00:40:05,820 --> 00:40:08,824
To us, 10 million years
seems like a long time...
635
00:40:08,990 --> 00:40:14,463
...but it's only the length of an afternoon
on the timescale of the cosmos.
636
00:40:17,248 --> 00:40:22,345
The sun began fusing hydrogen
4500 million years ago.
637
00:40:22,503 --> 00:40:25,507
August 31st on the cosmic calendar.
638
00:40:25,840 --> 00:40:30,687
Our Milky Way Galaxy
is about 10,000 million years old.
639
00:40:30,845 --> 00:40:35,225
The first galaxies
formed a few billion years earlier.
640
00:40:35,934 --> 00:40:39,689
And something keeps me from going
any further back in time.
641
00:40:40,313 --> 00:40:42,361
What is this?
642
00:40:45,526 --> 00:40:48,075
It's the nature of light and time.
643
00:40:48,237 --> 00:40:51,036
Because light travels at a finite speed...
644
00:40:51,199 --> 00:40:52,701
...to look across space...
645
00:40:52,867 --> 00:40:55,541
...is to look back in time.
646
00:40:58,581 --> 00:41:03,382
So the farther we see,
the older the light.
647
00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:08,847
This is as far back in the history
of the cosmos as we can see with light.
648
00:41:09,008 --> 00:41:13,730
It's a baby picture of the universe
when it was only 380,000 years old.
649
00:41:14,305 --> 00:41:19,482
That's 15 minutes into January 1st
on the cosmic calendar.
650
00:41:20,061 --> 00:41:24,737
If we look as far as we can see in any
direction using microwave telescopes...
651
00:41:24,899 --> 00:41:26,572
...this is what we see...
652
00:41:26,734 --> 00:41:29,408
...the glow left over from the Big Bang.
653
00:41:29,570 --> 00:41:33,200
Imagine that all the matter and energy
of the observable universe...
654
00:41:33,366 --> 00:41:37,837
...was concentrated into something
no larger than this.
655
00:41:39,455 --> 00:41:41,583
That's the size of the universe...
656
00:41:41,749 --> 00:41:47,427
...when it was a trillionth of a trillionth
of a trillionth of a second old.
657
00:41:47,588 --> 00:41:50,558
All the matter and energy
of the hundred billion galaxies...
658
00:41:50,717 --> 00:41:54,062
...now splayed out across
the billions of light-years...
659
00:41:54,220 --> 00:41:58,726
...were once pent up
in something the size of a marble.
660
00:41:58,891 --> 00:42:01,770
Can you imagine how tightly packed
that marble must have been?
661
00:42:01,936 --> 00:42:04,940
Far too dense for any kind of light
to move through it...
662
00:42:05,106 --> 00:42:08,485
...but no obstacle for the likes
of neutrinos.
663
00:42:08,651 --> 00:42:11,825
The Big Bang must have produced
stupendous numbers of neutrinos...
664
00:42:11,988 --> 00:42:15,788
...which flew unhindered through
that inconceivable crush of matter.
665
00:42:15,950 --> 00:42:18,999
The very thing that makes them
almost impossible to detect...
666
00:42:19,162 --> 00:42:22,364
...is what allows neutrinos
to sail through the
667
00:42:22,376 --> 00:42:25,590
curtain that conceals
the beginning of time.
668
00:42:25,752 --> 00:42:26,844
Where are they now?
669
00:42:27,003 --> 00:42:30,678
They're here, they're there,
everywhere throughout the universe.
670
00:42:30,840 --> 00:42:34,470
Neutrinos from creation
are within you.
671
00:42:34,802 --> 00:42:39,148
From a marble to the cosmos.
672
00:42:49,692 --> 00:42:55,540
This is the road that Thales and Democritus
put us on some 2500 years ago.
673
00:42:55,698 --> 00:42:57,746
A road of endless searching.
674
00:42:57,909 --> 00:43:01,163
A relentless, systematic hunt
for new worlds...
675
00:43:01,329 --> 00:43:04,959
...and an ever-deepening
understanding of nature.
676
00:43:05,458 --> 00:43:12,467
Who among you will pick up that torch
and take us down that next stretch of road?
58277
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