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Natural disasters, including earthquakes,
tsunamis, severe weather conditions,

flooding, volcanic eruptions, landslides
and forest or bush fires

are global risks which can happen
with little to no notice.

As such, preparedness planning
and understanding

how to respond quickly and effectively

in the first seconds, minutes and hours
of a natural disaster are critical,

and can mean the difference

between surviving through a crisis event,
or being injured or killed.

Natural disasters can profoundly damage
telecommunications, transport,

and water and sanitation infrastructure,

overwhelm local and even national
public health and emergency response

and force populations-- particularly those
in more remote rural areas

that may be effectively inaccessible--

into positions where they
may have to survive

unsupported for days and even weeks,

before disaster response efforts
can be fully mobilized.

This is not least,
as disaster response operations

are, ultimately, very large
logistical operations

that will rely on viable airports,

seaports and road infrastructure
to succeed --

all of which may have been badly damaged.

In addition, secondary hazards,

such as disease, increases in crime,
and social unrest

can result from a natural disaster,

making an already
challenging situation worse.

As such, during or following
a natural disaster,

your team may be isolated and unable
to communicate with others,

requiring a degree of self-reliance
until support can reach you.

This training module is designed
for Security Focal Points,

who are responsible for developing
and implementing strategies

by which to identify potential risks,

create measures to reduce their impacts
if a natural disaster occurs,

and to lead, or support, with the response
to an emergency situation

until help can arrive to support you.

Each environment and situation
will be different,

and so Security Focal Points must place
the guidelines offered in this training

into the context
of their operating environment,

and for each emergency situation
that occurs.

Security Focal Points must also
look beyond the initial risks

which result from a natural disaster,

and seek to predict and plan against
any additional risks,

such as disease, the lack
of critical stores,

social unrest and increasing crime,

disease outbreaks, and power, transport
or communications disruptions.

The overarching training objective
of this module

is to provide Security Focal Points

with knowledge and understanding
of preparedness and response actions

associated with a range
of natural disaster events,

allowing them to support with
the development of effective strategies

to identify and track threats,
build in resiliency to their operations,

and to assist their teams
in quickly responding to a disaster.

This overarching objective
will be achieved

through providing knowledge
and understanding of:

The nature of natural disaster events
and how they create risk;

Warning indicators,
including precursor events,

that are associated
with some natural disasters;

Preparedness measures to take to ensure

if disaster does strike individuals
are equipped to respond;

And specific response actions aimed
at protecting life safety

so that individuals can effectively
contingency plan for events

which in their context are considered
to be a prevalent risk,

enabling them to protect
themselves, colleagues

and, where relevant, family and friends,

through proportionate and practical
preparedness and response actions.

Storms frequently involve high winds

and often come
with heavy rainfall and lightning.

While storm strength winds
are, technically,

those consistently exceeding 60 miles
per hour or 90 kilometers per hour,

it is those consistently exceeding

90 miles per hour
or 135 kilometers per hour--

that are regarded as hurricane strength--

that can present more significant risk
of structural damage and death or injury

caused by wind-blown debris
and building collapse.

Wind speeds in the most severe storms--

such as category 5 hurricanes
or super typhoons,

can consistently exceed 140 miles per hour
or 220 kilometers per hour,

and present severe risk to life,

and render areas uninhabitable
for weeks or months after

as a result of profound
infrastructure damage.

Storms can be focused
and affect small areas

or may have impacts several hundreds
of miles wide along their path,

affecting large portions of a country.

The devastation of a storm can result
in blackouts, damages to property,

severe flooding, transportation closures,
as well as injuries to people and animals.

It is important to identify when a storm
may be approaching your area

and to take timely response measures
to prepare for the event.

Constant monitoring of the situation
using the television and radio

should be taken to understand
the severity of the approaching storm

and whether an evacuation is required.

Government agencies may also provide
instructions or recommendations,

and these should be followed
where possible.

Before a storm, you should close
all doors and windows

and bring in outdoor furniture
and other loose objects from outside

and store them in a garage
or storage area.

If you cannot move them indoors,

you may wish to tie these down
where possible.

Animals and livestock should also
be moved indoors before a storm.

Extra drinking and washing water
should be purchased from shops

in order to provide 2 liters of water
per person to last between 3 to 5 days.

If you cannot buy water,
you should fill up sinks,

containers, and bathtubs for drinking
and washing water.

You should also fill up your vehicle
with gasoline

as the storm may interrupt
gasoline supplies.

Consider buying and filling up
jerry cans for your vehicle

along with additional cooking materials,

such as a camping stove
or barbecue grill,

should the electric or gas
be interrupted to your kitchen.

Mobile phones, laptops
and other portable electronic devices

should be left on charge
so that, should a blackout occur,

you have extra power in order to stay
in touch with people.

Evacuation routes
and government emergency shelters

should be located and marked on a map,

and maps should be placed
in waterproof bags.

Flashlights, extra batteries,
candles and matches

should be purchased as a blackout
may occur during a storm.

Remember, others will be doing the same

and shops will quickly run
out of these items.

You may wish to buy rope and carabiners
in order to make safety lines

in the event that you need
to leave your home or work

and move through flood water.

You should purchase between 3 to 5 days
of non-perishable foods,

such as canned and dry foods.

It may be necessary to board up windows
and move valuable items,

especially electronic equipment,
into interior rooms.

Consider placing plastic coverings
over these items

as windows may break and water
may enter the property.

A sleeping area should be set up
in a room away from windows,

such as basements
unless if flooding is likely.

Inner rooms offer the best protection
from wind damage

for occupants seeking shelter.

Attempt to head home early
or to a safe place

as roads may become jammed with vehicles
as people seek to respond to this hazard.

You may need to buy a first aid kit
and additional prescription medicines

as shops and hospitals
may be inaccessible during the storm

as well as after it has passed.

Fallen trees may block roads

and emergency facilities
may not be working.

Public transport, especially airports,
may stop working, and be closed down.

Seek to leave on an early flight
if possible

to avoid being trapped
in the area you are visiting.

If you are a manager or a head
of the household,

you should gather staff
or family members together

and brief them on how to prepare for
and respond to a storm.

You may want to write down a task list
and issue jobs to people.

You should also seek to keep people calm.

When the storm arrives at your location,

you should take time to prepare

so the impacts of the hazard
are greatly reduced.

During a storm, you should consider:

Avoid windows, skylights, and glass doors,

as strong winds may shatter
such structures

and present a hazard in terms of injuries

resulting from objects striking you
or shattered glass

injuring you and other occupants
of the building

from flying glass
or other wind-blown debris.

You, your work colleagues,
or family members

should move to a safe area
in the building

such as an interior office room,
a closet, or bathroom

in the lower level
of the facility or home.

If you are in a high-rise building,
refrain from using elevators

as the power may fail
and you may be trapped.

Often, emergency responders will not
be able to get to you due to the storm

and self-sufficiency may be required
for a period of hours or even days.

In case of flooding, gas and electricity

should be turned off
at their main sources.

If the facility loses power,
major appliances should be turned off,

such as the air conditioner
and water heaters,

in order to reduce damage.

Do not leave a safe location
when in the eye of the storm.

Wait until the storm has passed over,

since there will be
a short period of calm,

followed by a rapid increase in wind speed
from the opposite direction.

Remember that the effects of the storm
may come in waves,

and so a lull in the storm
does not mean it is over.

You should not drink tap water
during a storm,

as flooding may have contaminated
drinking water supplies,

and this could make you ill.

If children are in the group,

you should seek to reassure them
and play games

to keep their minds occupied.

Individuals should be advised not to touch
fallen or low hanging wires

and stay away from puddles
with wires in or near them

due to the risk of electrocution.

Many of the same conditions
resulting from floods or earthquakes

will be prevalent,
with weakened structures,

such as bridges and buildings,
contaminated water,

and loss of public emergency response

and access to emergency
medical facilities.

You should only use texting
on your mobile phone to conserve power.

If you are the head of a household
or a manager or leader of a team,

you should brief others
on what happens during the storm

and what emergency response measures
should be taken.

You should keep people calm
and stop them from panicking.

Flooding may occur because of heavy rain
associated with a storm event

or as a seasonal pattern
of heavy rainfall, coastal storm surge,

or as a result of a tsunami,

or because a barrier or some other form
of infrastructure

has catastrophically failed,

such as tidal defenses or a dam.

The effects can be localized,
impacting a neighborhood or community,

or very large affecting
an entire river basin or coastal plain.

Some floods develop slowly,

and affect areas
for protracted periods of time.

Flash floods can develop quickly,
sometimes in just a few minutes

and seemingly without warning

as no rain may have fallen
in the immediate locale.

Many of the preparations for storms apply
when preparing for a potential flood.

Some unique preparation activities,

which may occur
specifically for a flood include:

Determine whether your home or office
is in a low laying area

and is more likely to be flooded,

and determine whether you need
to evacuate yourself and others

to a location on higher ground.

Determine whether evacuation routes
may also be flooded

or whether bridges and tunnels
may also be affected.

Share and follow local advice
regarding safe and unsafe areas

and avoid dry river beds

and low-lying ground
and valleys during storms.

Ensure all electrical appliances, water,
and food supplies are above ground level

and construct dams against doors
and other gaps or cracks.

Sandbags and other materials

may be used to slow or stop buildings
from being flooded.

These are typically at least
two sandbags high

and two deep where possible.

If you are a manager, you should gather
staff and family members together

and brief them on how to prepare
for and respond to a flood.

You may want to write down a task list
and issue jobs to people.

If flooding does occur, then the following
safety measures must be considered.

Attempt to avoid crossing
both standing and running water

as you may not be able to identify
how deep the water is.

You may also not be able

to spot any underwater obstacles
or hazards which may injure or trap you.

Vehicles can lose traction
and be swept downstream

in three inches of fast moving water.

Avoid driving through water
where possible

and if you have to drive through water,
you should drive at a walking pace.

Water may also be sucked
into the exhaust of the vehicle

and stop the vehicle.

Make sure to check the depth of the water

to ensure that it does not
flood the vehicle.

Bridges and tunnels
may be damaged or flooded

and should be avoided

until government emergency response teams

have confirmed that these are safe to use.

Identify fallen powerlines,
which might have electrified the water,

and avoid these.

Be aware that water might be contaminated
with sewage and other toxic materials

and will be unsafe to drink
and may infect open wounds

or cause you and others to become sick.

If flooding is occurring,

you should seek high ground or move
to the upper floors of a building.

If you need help, hanging sheets
out of the window

is a good way to indicate
to rescuers your location.

The number of people
should be written on these sheets.

If you need to walk
through flooded areas,

try to stay to the sides of the buildings
where possible

and use ropes to tie yourself
and others together

to reduce the chances of being swept away
by fast flowing water.

In countries or areas
with dangerous animals,

be aware that crocodiles, snakes,
and other animals

may be within the flood water

and present an additional hazard
to you and others.

Attempt to keep children entertained

to stop them from panicking
during the flood

by playing games and talking with them.

If you are a manager,
you should brief others

on safety tips and try to keep them calm.

Tsunamis are a series of enormous waves
created by an underwater disturbance,

such as an earthquake, landslide,
or volcanic eruption.

They can move at over 500 miles per hour
or 800 kilometers per hour

in the open ocean,

slowing to less than 30 miles per hour
or 50 kilometers per hour

when they hit land,

as their speed is related to the depth
of water they are traveling across.

Tsunamis are often no more than 10 feet
or 3 meters high when they hit land,

but can be 10 times taller.

Areas are at greater risk if they are less
than 10 meters above sea level

and within a mile of the shoreline.

Drowning is the most common cause
of death associated with a tsunami,

and injuries can occur
as objects in the water

strike people and buildings, or vehicles.

There will typically be several waves
of differing strength,

and different shorelines can experience
different tsunami sizes.

Damage and threat to life is not only
the result of the incoming wave,

but also the exceptionally strong currents

created by tsunamis
and the receding water,

that will pull debris and people
out to sea.

Often, there will be little time
to prepare for a tsunami,

perhaps minutes or hours at most.

If a major earthquake has occurred
and you live in a coastal area,

you can assume that a tsunami may present
a hazard to you, your work colleagues,

and your family members.

Your response must be fast, in order
to take advantage of the limited time

you will have available
to respond to the hazard.

If the event causing the earthquake

has happened
over a hundred miles offshore,

and you are in a country
with a dense seismic monitoring

and early warning network,

you will have time to move
out of danger if you are decisive.

Far greater risk is presented

by localized events
or in parts of the world

where seismic monitoring networks
or early warning systems

are less sophisticated.

In these circumstances,

you should be aware
of natural warning indicators

and share this information with others.

Natural tsunami warnings include
strong or long earthquakes,

a loud roar, like a train or an airplane,
from the ocean,

and unusual ocean behavior.

The ocean could look like
a fast-rising flood or a wall of water.

Or, it could recede suddenly,

showing the ocean floor, reefs,
and fish like a very low tide.

If you experience any
of these warnings, even just one,

a tsunami could be coming,

and you must move as far
from the coastline as possible

and to high ground.

If you have more than 60 minutes
before the tsunami strikes the area,

you may decide to drive away
from the coastal area

although you should also
consider the fact

that others may seek to do the same

and you may become trapped
in the traffic jam.

If you do not have time to evacuate,

you should immediately retreat
to high ground

or move to the highest point
in a building.

Remember to take the emergency stores
including radios, food, water,

medical supplies, and phone with you
as you may be trapped for some time.

Before and during a tsunami,
you should turn on the radio

to learn if there is a tsunami warning.

If an earthquake occurs
and you are in the coastal area,

then immediately move
to higher ground and stay there.

If there has been no warning
and you are in the area of risk

and see the tsunami approaching,

you should immediately retreat
to high ground

or move into buildings
and up to the higher floors.

You should seek to move laterally
out of main streets

as these will channel water and objects
which will present a threat to you

as they may strike you or sweep you away.

Cover your head if you are swept away
in the flood water

and seek to glide at a 45-degree angle
out of the water to a place of safety.

Put your feet first so
that you can fend off obstacles

and hazards that may hit you.

If you are with children,
you should seek to tie them to you

using a belt or clothing

to reduce the chance of them
being swept away from you.

Look for floating objects
to use as floatation aids

such as wood and other debris.