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I have therefore chosen
this time and place
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to discuss a topic on which
ignorance too often abounds
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and the truth
too rarely perceived,
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and that is the most important
topic on earth, peace.
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What kind of a peace do I mean
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and what kind of
a peace do we seek?
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Not a Pax Americana
enforced on the world
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by American weapons of war.
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Not the peace of the grave
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or the security of the slave.
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I am talking about
genuine peace,
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the kind of peace that makes
life on earth worth living.
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The kind that enables men
and nations to grow
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and to hope
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and build a better life
for their children,
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not merely peace for Americans
but peace for all men and women.
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Not merely peace in our time,
but peace in all time.
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[tranquil music playing]
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[woman] That straight, sleek
look that it should have,
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and very often you'll find
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a zipper hidden
in the, uh, arm and--
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Good afternoon,
ladies and gentlemen.
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You'll excuse the fact
that I'm out of breath,
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but about 10 or 15 minutes ago,
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a tragic thing, from
all indications at this point,
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00:02:25,186 --> 00:02:26,436
has happened
in the city of Dallas.
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00:02:27,897 --> 00:02:29,899
This is Walter Cronkite
in our newsroom.
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Here's a, uh, piece of copy
that was rushed to-- to me
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and was torn off
from the United Press.
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00:02:35,320 --> 00:02:36,738
President Kennedy
has been shot in Dallas.
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Along with
Governor Connally of Texas.
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00:02:39,283 --> 00:02:41,451
They've been taken
to Parkland Hospital there,
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00:02:41,494 --> 00:02:44,164
where their condition is,
as yet, unknown.
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[reporter 1]
And just now we've received
reports here at Parkland
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that Governor Connally was
shot in the upper left chest,
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00:02:49,919 --> 00:02:52,212
and the first
unconfirmed reports
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00:02:52,255 --> 00:02:54,382
say the President
was hit in the head.
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00:02:54,423 --> 00:02:55,841
That's an unconfirmed report
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00:02:55,884 --> 00:02:57,718
that the President
was hit in the head.
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00:02:57,759 --> 00:02:59,052
[reporter 2]
Police began chasing
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00:02:59,095 --> 00:03:02,389
an unknown gunman
across the railroad tracks.
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00:03:02,432 --> 00:03:04,350
Would you see if they need
some coffee or something?
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00:03:04,391 --> 00:03:05,643
These people
are awfully shaken up.
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00:03:05,684 --> 00:03:07,020
They were in the line of fire.
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[man] The President's car
was some 50 feet
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00:03:08,729 --> 00:03:10,397
when we heard the first shot.
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00:03:10,440 --> 00:03:12,901
And then as the car
got directly in front of us,
50
00:03:12,942 --> 00:03:14,735
a gunshot from
the top of the hill
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00:03:14,776 --> 00:03:17,238
hit the President's side--
side of the temple.
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[reporter over phone]
Where did the shots come from?
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00:03:18,906 --> 00:03:21,576
[woman over phone]
The shots came from the hill.
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[reporter 3] Excuse me
just a moment, John.
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Uh, there was just word
from the hospital
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that they have dispatched
a call for a neurosurgeon.
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All we can do now
is pray for him,
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00:03:29,416 --> 00:03:31,251
and that's about all we can do.
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[reporter 4] President's wife,
Jackie Kennedy, was not hurt.
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00:03:36,216 --> 00:03:39,134
She walked into the hospital.
A priest has been ordered.
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Emergency supplies of blood
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00:03:40,552 --> 00:03:42,222
also being rushed
to the hospital.
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[reporter 5] Just a moment.
We have a bulletin coming in.
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We'll now put you directly
through Parkland Hospital
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00:03:46,643 --> 00:03:48,936
and KBLX news director,
Bill Hamdon.
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00:03:48,977 --> 00:03:50,854
[reporter 6]
Two priests, who were with
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00:03:50,897 --> 00:03:53,149
President Kennedy,
say he is dead.
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[woman gasps]
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-Just two priests announced it?
-[man] Yes.
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00:03:57,985 --> 00:03:59,613
But it's not the truth, is it?
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00:04:04,576 --> 00:04:06,662
[Walter Cronkite]
The flash, apparently official,
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00:04:07,580 --> 00:04:09,957
President Kennedy died
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00:04:09,998 --> 00:04:12,460
at 1:00 p.m.
Central Standard Time,
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00:04:14,253 --> 00:04:16,295
some 38 minutes ago.
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00:04:19,173 --> 00:04:21,092
[boy] I just can't see
why anybody would want
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00:04:21,135 --> 00:04:24,929
to shoot Mr. Kennedy for all
the things he's done for us.
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He tried to keep us from
getting into war and everything.
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It's a simple matter of a bullet
right through the head.
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[officer] All the information
that we have received
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now indicates that it did come
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from about the fifth or fourth
floor of that building.
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00:04:43,324 --> 00:04:45,285
We're checking it out now.
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00:04:45,325 --> 00:04:46,661
10-4 now, and 112.
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00:04:48,411 --> 00:04:50,664
We found empty rifle hulls,
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00:04:50,707 --> 00:04:54,002
and it looked like the man
had been there for some time.
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00:04:54,041 --> 00:04:57,005
[reporter 7]
Police made a systematic
search of the building.
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00:04:57,045 --> 00:04:58,588
They found no weapon.
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[reporter 8]
We just got the word.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
has been sworn in
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00:05:01,799 --> 00:05:04,595
as the President
of the United States
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just prior to a takeoff
to return to Washington.
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[reporter 9] Behind the casket
is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy.
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They are helping her down.
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00:05:16,733 --> 00:05:20,359
Now, new President,
Lyndon Baines Johnson.
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We have suffered a loss
that cannot be weighed.
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[reporter 10]
At Bethesda Naval Hospital,
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00:05:26,032 --> 00:05:28,118
the autopsy team
has completed work.
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Now the body of the slain
President and his widow
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are at last brought home
to the White House.
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[reporter 11] Who do you think
would do something like this?
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Probably some segregationist
crackpot or something.
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Just...
They had it all planned out.
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I really believe that his blood
will be on their hands.
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[reporter 12]
Here is the suspect.
Can we roll it please?
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[Lee Harvey Oswald]
People have given me a hearing
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00:05:51,601 --> 00:05:53,851
without legal representation
or anything.
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-Did you shoot the President?
-I didn't shoot anybody.
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I emphatically
deny these charges.
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[reporter 13] This is
24-year-old Lee H. Oswald.
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He answers the description
of a young man
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00:06:02,903 --> 00:06:05,239
sighted at the
Book Depository Building.
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00:06:05,281 --> 00:06:07,450
[reporter 14] Police chased
Oswald into a movie theater.
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Police said he fired at them,
killing Patrolman J.D. Tippit.
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A rifle was found in a building
where he worked.
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00:06:13,954 --> 00:06:15,915
[reporter 15] Police refused
to say whether they have
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00:06:15,958 --> 00:06:18,209
any fingerprints
from that weapon as yet.
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00:06:18,252 --> 00:06:21,713
The man obviously was an
excellent shot or very lucky,
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00:06:21,756 --> 00:06:24,509
in that witnesses
said three shots were fired,
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00:06:24,549 --> 00:06:26,552
at least two of them
found their marks.
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00:06:26,592 --> 00:06:27,928
[reporter 16]
At the Capitol Rotunda,
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00:06:27,970 --> 00:06:30,390
there will be
three short speeches
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00:06:30,429 --> 00:06:33,265
before the public is allowed
to start viewing the body.
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Chief, do you have any concern
for the safety of your prisoner?
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00:06:36,394 --> 00:06:38,104
[officer]
No, but because necessary
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precautions
will be taken, of course.
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00:06:39,941 --> 00:06:41,359
[reporter 17] Is there
any doubt in your mind, Chief,
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00:06:41,401 --> 00:06:43,152
that Oswald is the man
who killed the President?
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00:06:43,194 --> 00:06:44,903
[officer] I think this is the
man who killed the President.
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00:06:44,945 --> 00:06:46,989
I'm just a patsy.
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00:06:47,031 --> 00:06:49,742
[reporter 18] So great is
the crush outside the Capitol,
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00:06:49,782 --> 00:06:53,286
that people who have not
been in line can't possibly.
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00:06:53,329 --> 00:06:54,747
We are now switching to Dallas
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00:06:54,789 --> 00:06:57,375
where they are about to move
Lee Oswald and whether--
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00:06:57,415 --> 00:06:58,416
[gunshot]
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00:06:58,458 --> 00:07:00,127
[reporter 19] He's been shot.
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00:07:00,169 --> 00:07:02,462
[indistinct]
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00:07:02,505 --> 00:07:03,923
[reporter 20]
There's a man with a gun.
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00:07:03,963 --> 00:07:05,881
[Cronkite]
Lee Harvey Oswald,
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00:07:05,924 --> 00:07:09,385
the man who Dallas police say
killed President Kennedy,
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00:07:09,428 --> 00:07:11,053
himself is dead.
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00:07:11,096 --> 00:07:14,140
The man Dallas police
seized at the scene,
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00:07:14,183 --> 00:07:17,437
and are holding, has been
identified as Jack Ruby.
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00:07:17,476 --> 00:07:21,480
He is being held by the Dallas
police. Now, back to Washington.
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00:07:23,109 --> 00:07:24,652
[reporter 21]
Fifty-three countries
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00:07:24,694 --> 00:07:27,153
are represented in all today.
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00:07:27,195 --> 00:07:30,657
There are a dozen members
of ruling royal families,
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00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:33,493
30 foreign ministers.
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[reporter 22]
Things should be all right
in the few months ahead.
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[Dwight D. Eisenhower]
I'm sure the, uh,
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00:07:38,622 --> 00:07:40,916
entire citizenry of the nation
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00:07:40,959 --> 00:07:45,506
will stand faithfully
behind the government.
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00:07:45,548 --> 00:07:49,717
This bizarre sequence of double
killings raise great questions.
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00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:52,596
Who actually fired the shots
that killed Kennedy?
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00:07:52,638 --> 00:07:54,515
Was there a conspiracy?
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00:07:54,557 --> 00:07:58,644
The first wound described is
a wound in the back of the head
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00:07:58,686 --> 00:08:00,980
and would seem to indicate
a shot from behind.
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00:08:01,022 --> 00:08:02,690
But the doctors
also said there was
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00:08:02,730 --> 00:08:04,398
a wound in the throat
at the front,
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00:08:04,441 --> 00:08:07,028
which seemed to indicate a shot
from the other direction.
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00:08:07,069 --> 00:08:08,988
[Cronkite] The new President,
Lyndon Johnson,
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00:08:09,028 --> 00:08:11,114
appointed a commission
of seven prominent Americans
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00:08:11,157 --> 00:08:13,450
to investigate
the whole affair.
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00:08:13,493 --> 00:08:16,286
Earl Warren, Chief Justice
of the United States.
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00:08:16,329 --> 00:08:19,040
Richard B. Russell,
senator from Georgia.
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00:08:19,079 --> 00:08:21,957
John Sherman Cooper,
senator from Kentucky.
166
00:08:22,001 --> 00:08:25,002
Hale Boggs,
representative from Louisiana.
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00:08:25,045 --> 00:08:28,049
Gerald R. Ford,
representative from Michigan.
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00:08:28,088 --> 00:08:30,885
John J. McCloy,
presidential adviser.
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00:08:30,927 --> 00:08:34,554
Allen W. Dulles,
ex-head of the CIA.
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00:08:34,596 --> 00:08:37,348
Are you convinced
that he was shot from
the School Book Depository?
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00:08:37,390 --> 00:08:40,101
Well, I think we better leave
all that, you know.
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00:08:40,143 --> 00:08:43,564
The evidence report
will cover all-- all of that.
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00:09:00,622 --> 00:09:03,289
[reporter 23]
The Warren Commission
makes these major findings.
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00:09:03,333 --> 00:09:06,044
Lee Harvey Oswald
assassinated President Kennedy.
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00:09:06,085 --> 00:09:07,796
He did it alone.
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00:09:07,838 --> 00:09:09,507
He was not a part
of any conspiracy,
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00:09:09,549 --> 00:09:10,966
either domestic or foreign.
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00:09:11,007 --> 00:09:12,343
[reporter 24]
Some other details
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00:09:12,385 --> 00:09:14,637
will be of interest
mainly to historians
180
00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:16,346
and others having
some special interest.
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00:09:16,388 --> 00:09:18,765
[reporter 25] But there was one
further piece of evidence
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00:09:18,807 --> 00:09:20,893
that the public cannot see.
183
00:09:20,934 --> 00:09:24,062
Abraham Zapruder's film
of the actual assassination.
184
00:09:24,104 --> 00:09:26,731
This murder now
is the most thoroughly
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00:09:26,773 --> 00:09:28,942
documented crime
in American history.
186
00:09:28,984 --> 00:09:30,945
And for those
who care to pursue it
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00:09:30,986 --> 00:09:33,614
down to the last detail,
it's all there.
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00:09:45,710 --> 00:09:48,629
[Oliver Stone]
This is Dealey Plaza.
189
00:09:48,671 --> 00:09:52,174
To this day,
it remains a crime scene.
190
00:09:52,216 --> 00:09:54,760
In the years
since the Warren Report,
191
00:09:54,802 --> 00:09:57,138
many significant
re-investigations were made
192
00:09:57,179 --> 00:09:59,557
into the murder
of President Kennedy.
193
00:10:00,932 --> 00:10:03,559
Each one revealed
new facts and evidence
194
00:10:03,603 --> 00:10:06,895
that shed more light on what
really happened here that day.
195
00:10:09,065 --> 00:10:12,611
Starting in 1975,
after the Watergate scandal,
196
00:10:12,653 --> 00:10:15,322
Senator Frank Church
conducted an investigation
197
00:10:15,364 --> 00:10:19,492
into the abuses
and crimes of the FBI and CIA.
198
00:10:19,533 --> 00:10:22,663
During that time, the public
learned of the CIA plots
199
00:10:22,705 --> 00:10:24,456
to assassinate foreign leaders
200
00:10:24,497 --> 00:10:27,333
like Patrice Lumumba
of the Republic of Congo
201
00:10:27,375 --> 00:10:30,129
and Fidel Castro of Cuba.
202
00:10:30,171 --> 00:10:34,091
Plots orchestrated
under Director Allen Dulles.
203
00:10:34,132 --> 00:10:36,343
But the Church committee
didn't stop there.
204
00:10:36,385 --> 00:10:39,138
Senators Richard Schweiker
and Gary Hart
205
00:10:39,179 --> 00:10:42,682
were tasked to reexamine
the roles of the CIA and FBI
206
00:10:42,723 --> 00:10:46,520
as the chief investigators
for the Warren Commission,
207
00:10:46,562 --> 00:10:49,606
and look for signs
of conflicts or cover-ups.
208
00:10:50,565 --> 00:10:52,026
J. Edgar Hoover writes,
209
00:10:52,067 --> 00:10:54,361
"Yes, we did have
a relationship with Mr. Ruby
210
00:10:54,403 --> 00:10:57,031
and he acted as our informant."
211
00:10:57,072 --> 00:10:59,950
Now, who said that at the time
of the Warren Commission report?
212
00:10:59,992 --> 00:11:03,828
Did anybody ever imply
that-- that Jack Ruby
213
00:11:03,869 --> 00:11:06,455
was a confidential informant
for the FBI?
214
00:11:06,499 --> 00:11:09,960
Nobody breathed that.
That was classified.
215
00:11:10,002 --> 00:11:12,171
[Stone] Faith in what
the American public was told
216
00:11:12,213 --> 00:11:15,382
by the Warren Commission
was starting to unravel.
217
00:11:15,424 --> 00:11:18,385
The intelligence agencies
did all the wrong things
218
00:11:18,427 --> 00:11:21,054
if they really
were looking for conspiracy
219
00:11:21,096 --> 00:11:23,390
or to find out
who killed John Kennedy.
220
00:11:23,432 --> 00:11:27,103
[Stone] The search for real
answers gained momentum.
221
00:11:27,143 --> 00:11:29,395
Then, 12 years
after the assassination,
222
00:11:29,437 --> 00:11:32,357
the most iconic piece
of evidence was leaked
223
00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:34,607
and finally
shown to the public.
224
00:11:34,651 --> 00:11:36,695
It's the film shot by the Dallas
225
00:11:36,736 --> 00:11:40,156
dress manufacturer,
Abraham Zapruder.
226
00:11:40,197 --> 00:11:43,536
And it's the execution
of President Kennedy,
227
00:11:43,577 --> 00:11:45,328
and, uh, Bob and Dick,
228
00:11:45,369 --> 00:11:46,830
would you please narrate
229
00:11:46,872 --> 00:11:48,999
what we're seeing
as we show this film?
230
00:11:49,041 --> 00:11:50,710
[Robert Groden] Now, before
he goes behind the sign,
231
00:11:50,750 --> 00:11:52,419
the President
is waving to the crowd.
232
00:11:52,460 --> 00:11:54,171
When he comes out from
behind the sign, he is shot.
233
00:11:54,213 --> 00:11:55,880
Then Governor Connally is shot.
234
00:11:55,921 --> 00:11:57,091
[Geraldo Rivera]
He's already been hit.
235
00:11:57,132 --> 00:11:58,507
[Groden]
He's already been hit.
236
00:11:58,551 --> 00:12:00,260
[Rivera] And now?
237
00:12:00,302 --> 00:12:02,929
[Groden] At the bottom of
the screen, the head shot.
238
00:12:02,971 --> 00:12:05,432
[Rivera] That's the shot
that blew off his head.
239
00:12:05,473 --> 00:12:07,684
That's the most upsetting thing
I've ever seen.
240
00:12:07,726 --> 00:12:08,934
We'll talk about it in a minute.
241
00:12:08,978 --> 00:12:10,937
[Stone]
Seeing the shock and brutality
242
00:12:10,979 --> 00:12:13,273
of the actual assassination
243
00:12:13,315 --> 00:12:14,775
caused a public outcry.
244
00:12:14,817 --> 00:12:16,442
The government formed
245
00:12:16,484 --> 00:12:21,741
the House Select Committee
on Assassinations, the HSCA.
246
00:12:21,781 --> 00:12:23,992
The committee
will come to order.
247
00:12:24,033 --> 00:12:26,578
[Stone] The HSCA
re-interviewed witnesses
248
00:12:26,619 --> 00:12:28,122
and took new testimonies
249
00:12:28,164 --> 00:12:29,956
that exposed
massive inconsistencies
250
00:12:29,999 --> 00:12:32,250
with the original
Warren Report.
251
00:12:32,291 --> 00:12:34,627
Has any other scientist to date
252
00:12:34,669 --> 00:12:39,632
linked the so-called pristine
bullet to the injuries?
253
00:12:39,674 --> 00:12:41,468
Not that I'm aware of. No.
254
00:12:41,510 --> 00:12:47,723
The Pentagon has destroyed
its Kennedy assassination file,
255
00:12:47,765 --> 00:12:50,978
and we don't know
why that was done.
256
00:12:51,020 --> 00:12:52,978
[Stone] But at
the end of that investigation,
257
00:12:53,020 --> 00:12:55,775
what the HSCA
learned was considered
258
00:12:55,815 --> 00:12:58,151
too damaging to be made public.
259
00:12:58,192 --> 00:13:00,443
And close to
a half-million records
260
00:13:00,486 --> 00:13:03,991
were to remain
sealed until 2029,
261
00:13:04,033 --> 00:13:06,494
a fact that we made clear
262
00:13:06,533 --> 00:13:09,330
at the conclusion
to our 1991 film, JFK.
263
00:13:10,830 --> 00:13:12,416
The media controversy
that accompanied
264
00:13:12,458 --> 00:13:15,333
the film forced Congress
to do something about
265
00:13:15,377 --> 00:13:19,465
the secrecy
that still surrounded
these classified files.
266
00:13:19,507 --> 00:13:21,757
Hearings were held
on Capitol Hill.
267
00:13:21,801 --> 00:13:23,260
Most Americans did not
268
00:13:23,302 --> 00:13:25,221
believe or support the verdict
269
00:13:25,262 --> 00:13:27,640
of the Warren Commission
initially.
270
00:13:27,681 --> 00:13:30,392
And now more than three in four,
271
00:13:30,434 --> 00:13:33,478
according to all recent
samplings of public opinion,
272
00:13:33,520 --> 00:13:36,939
think some conspiracy
was involved.
273
00:13:36,981 --> 00:13:39,151
And in 1992,
the John F. Kennedy
274
00:13:39,192 --> 00:13:41,861
Records Collection Act
was passed.
275
00:13:41,903 --> 00:13:43,239
Clerk will report the title.
276
00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:45,072
Senate 3006, an act to provide
277
00:13:45,114 --> 00:13:47,242
for the expeditious
disclosure of records
278
00:13:47,283 --> 00:13:50,286
relevant to the assassination
of President John F. Kennedy.
279
00:13:50,328 --> 00:13:52,122
[Stone]
This act provided funding
280
00:13:52,164 --> 00:13:55,250
and formed the Assassination
Records Review Board,
281
00:13:55,291 --> 00:13:57,335
the ARRB.
282
00:13:57,377 --> 00:14:00,713
The public wasn't going
to have to wait until 2029.
283
00:14:00,755 --> 00:14:03,882
Declassification
was to begin now.
284
00:14:03,926 --> 00:14:05,510
The board was given a budget
285
00:14:05,552 --> 00:14:07,846
and timeline
of four years to declassify
286
00:14:07,888 --> 00:14:10,015
and make public
as many documents
287
00:14:10,057 --> 00:14:12,684
and records as possible.
288
00:14:12,726 --> 00:14:15,062
They managed to collect
over two million pages
289
00:14:15,104 --> 00:14:18,523
of declassified records
and artifacts.
290
00:14:18,565 --> 00:14:22,067
They are all housed at the
National Archives in Maryland,
291
00:14:22,111 --> 00:14:24,236
and since then,
the public has been free
292
00:14:24,280 --> 00:14:28,242
to view, study,
and investigate.
293
00:14:28,283 --> 00:14:30,911
There is now so much more
that we know,
294
00:14:30,953 --> 00:14:33,078
and with those facts in hand,
295
00:14:33,122 --> 00:14:35,291
we will go back
and piece together
296
00:14:35,331 --> 00:14:37,164
what really happened that day,
297
00:14:37,208 --> 00:14:40,254
and discover the reasons why.
298
00:14:42,005 --> 00:14:43,090
Let's begin.
299
00:14:44,799 --> 00:14:46,343
[reporter]
Something has happened
in the motorcade.
300
00:14:46,385 --> 00:14:47,427
Standby, please.
301
00:14:47,468 --> 00:14:48,971
[Whoopi Goldberg]
The JFK case
302
00:14:49,013 --> 00:14:51,390
was such a mass of confusion.
303
00:14:51,432 --> 00:14:53,809
For example,
the Warren Commission
304
00:14:53,851 --> 00:14:56,729
was limited
to only three shots,
305
00:14:56,770 --> 00:15:00,023
because three shells
were found on the sixth floor
306
00:15:00,065 --> 00:15:02,151
of the School Book Depository.
307
00:15:02,192 --> 00:15:04,320
[J. Edgar Hoover]
On that floor,
308
00:15:04,361 --> 00:15:06,947
we found the three empty
shells that had been fired,
309
00:15:06,989 --> 00:15:08,908
but they had
characteristics on them
310
00:15:08,947 --> 00:15:10,867
so that our ballistics expert
311
00:15:10,908 --> 00:15:14,038
was able to prove that
they were fired by this gun.
312
00:15:14,078 --> 00:15:15,453
[Lyndon Johnson]
Any of them fired at me?
313
00:15:15,497 --> 00:15:16,956
[Hoover]
No, there was never any...
314
00:15:16,999 --> 00:15:18,625
[Johnson]
All three at the President?
315
00:15:18,666 --> 00:15:21,044
[Hoover]
All three at the President,
and we have them.
316
00:15:21,085 --> 00:15:22,463
[Goldberg]
The FBI concluded that
317
00:15:22,504 --> 00:15:24,380
all three bullets
struck inside the car.
318
00:15:24,421 --> 00:15:26,382
[Hoover] He was hit
by the first and the third.
319
00:15:26,424 --> 00:15:28,218
The second shot
hit the governor.
320
00:15:28,260 --> 00:15:29,929
The third shot
tore a large part
321
00:15:29,968 --> 00:15:32,723
of the President's head off.
322
00:15:32,765 --> 00:15:35,768
The Warren Commission
put itself in a straitjacket.
323
00:15:35,809 --> 00:15:39,062
They could not possibly allow
more than three shots,
324
00:15:39,104 --> 00:15:41,023
because four shots or more
325
00:15:41,065 --> 00:15:43,067
would have clearly
indicated conspiracy.
326
00:15:43,107 --> 00:15:44,859
And they were not going there.
327
00:15:44,901 --> 00:15:46,986
[James Tague speaking]
328
00:15:53,202 --> 00:15:54,369
scratched my face
329
00:15:54,744 --> 00:15:56,914
[Goldberg]
Records show the first shot
330
00:15:56,955 --> 00:15:59,249
had missed
its target completely,
331
00:15:59,291 --> 00:16:02,460
and the final shot
hit Kennedy in the head.
332
00:16:02,502 --> 00:16:06,296
So, how does one account for
one bullet hitting two victims,
333
00:16:06,340 --> 00:16:08,716
and doing all this damage?
334
00:16:08,757 --> 00:16:11,593
Arlen Specter was
a Yale Law School graduate
335
00:16:11,637 --> 00:16:14,682
working in the Philadelphia
district attorney's office,
336
00:16:14,723 --> 00:16:18,018
when he was asked to serve
on the Warren Commission.
337
00:16:18,059 --> 00:16:22,189
Aha! What if one bullet
made all seven wounds?
338
00:16:22,231 --> 00:16:23,856
Arlen Specter, he is the one
339
00:16:23,898 --> 00:16:26,276
that gave birth to
the single-bullet theory.
340
00:16:26,317 --> 00:16:28,695
What if one bullet went into
Kennedy's back
341
00:16:28,736 --> 00:16:31,364
and came out his neck,
342
00:16:31,406 --> 00:16:34,533
and then went into Connally's
back, piercing the lung,
343
00:16:34,575 --> 00:16:37,119
destroying four inches
of the right fifth rib,
344
00:16:37,161 --> 00:16:39,164
exiting from
the front of his chest,
345
00:16:39,205 --> 00:16:40,749
going into
the back of the wrist,
346
00:16:40,791 --> 00:16:42,791
shattering the distal end
of the radius.
347
00:16:42,835 --> 00:16:44,377
In a 6-foot-4 guy like Connally,
348
00:16:44,419 --> 00:16:46,963
that's a big heavy bone
comminuted fracture.
349
00:16:47,005 --> 00:16:48,716
Exits from
the front of the wrist,
350
00:16:48,757 --> 00:16:50,926
goes into his left thigh.
351
00:16:50,968 --> 00:16:53,262
Whatever you want,
whatever you need,
352
00:16:53,302 --> 00:16:56,265
this bullet happily
and readily obliges you.
353
00:16:56,306 --> 00:16:58,390
It is indeed a magic bullet.
354
00:16:59,726 --> 00:17:02,645
CE-399 was the magic bullet,
355
00:17:02,687 --> 00:17:05,691
and all government
investigations so far
356
00:17:05,733 --> 00:17:08,275
have treated that bullet
357
00:17:08,317 --> 00:17:11,280
as absolutely
foundational to this case.
358
00:17:11,319 --> 00:17:12,988
How important
is chain of custody
359
00:17:13,031 --> 00:17:15,072
in a legal proceeding?
360
00:17:15,115 --> 00:17:16,993
Chain of custody
basically refers to
361
00:17:17,036 --> 00:17:18,536
the integrity of evidence.
362
00:17:18,578 --> 00:17:20,579
If I, uh, pick up
a piece of evidence
363
00:17:20,620 --> 00:17:22,916
and I transfer it
to somebody else
364
00:17:22,958 --> 00:17:24,708
for holding or processing,
365
00:17:24,750 --> 00:17:27,212
my name is the first name
on this list.
366
00:17:27,254 --> 00:17:28,755
The second person
who touches this
367
00:17:28,796 --> 00:17:30,672
and takes possession
of it is next.
368
00:17:30,714 --> 00:17:33,427
And if you don't do that,
there's no way to prove
369
00:17:33,468 --> 00:17:35,385
that the evidence
you collected on day one
370
00:17:35,427 --> 00:17:38,265
is the same one you get on
day 25 when you go to court.
371
00:17:38,307 --> 00:17:40,015
Can you walk us through
372
00:17:40,057 --> 00:17:42,519
the magic bullet's
chain of custody
373
00:17:42,561 --> 00:17:47,733
from the Parkland employees to
the Secret Service to the FBI?
374
00:17:47,775 --> 00:17:50,984
Well, the magic bullet was
supposedly found on a stretcher
375
00:17:51,026 --> 00:17:52,446
at Parkland Hospital,
376
00:17:52,488 --> 00:17:54,489
and went through several hands
377
00:17:54,531 --> 00:17:57,743
before it got
to the Secret Service.
378
00:17:57,785 --> 00:18:00,578
Richard Johnsen was the first
Secret Service agent
379
00:18:00,619 --> 00:18:04,416
to handle it, and he carried it
back to Washington, D.C.
380
00:18:04,458 --> 00:18:06,875
When he got back
to Washington, D.C.,
381
00:18:06,917 --> 00:18:09,171
he gave it to the chief of
the Secret Service,
382
00:18:09,213 --> 00:18:11,171
who was James Rowley.
383
00:18:12,714 --> 00:18:15,260
And at the White House,
James Rowley
384
00:18:15,302 --> 00:18:18,430
gave it to Elmer Lee Todd,
385
00:18:18,472 --> 00:18:20,389
and Todd then took it
to the FBI lab
386
00:18:20,432 --> 00:18:23,477
and gave it to Robert Frazier.
387
00:18:23,519 --> 00:18:27,479
We have interesting information
produced by John Hunt,
388
00:18:27,521 --> 00:18:29,899
a private citizen
who went to the archives
389
00:18:29,942 --> 00:18:31,776
on four or five occasions
390
00:18:31,817 --> 00:18:35,489
to track down the story
about the magic bullet,
391
00:18:35,531 --> 00:18:37,947
and what he found
was truly astounding.
392
00:18:37,989 --> 00:18:40,327
He practically moved into
393
00:18:40,369 --> 00:18:42,911
the National Archives
in Washington, D.C.
394
00:18:42,953 --> 00:18:45,040
They allowed him
to set up a desk
395
00:18:45,082 --> 00:18:48,250
with a computer
and his own scanner.
396
00:18:48,291 --> 00:18:51,629
And he also, uh,
did something different.
397
00:18:51,671 --> 00:18:55,050
He didn't interview policemen
and FBI people,
398
00:18:55,092 --> 00:18:58,052
and he wasn't
swayed by their excuses.
399
00:18:58,093 --> 00:18:59,847
He went straight to,
400
00:18:59,886 --> 00:19:03,640
"This is what you told
and you signed your name."
401
00:19:03,682 --> 00:19:05,477
[Goldberg]
Working with the FBI
402
00:19:05,519 --> 00:19:07,270
and Warren Commission
documents,
403
00:19:07,312 --> 00:19:10,399
John Hunt asked
the most basic question.
404
00:19:10,438 --> 00:19:13,817
"Was CE-399 in evidence
405
00:19:13,859 --> 00:19:17,072
the same bullet that was found
on the stretcher?"
406
00:19:18,114 --> 00:19:20,198
At 7:30 at night,
407
00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:22,035
this is the day
of the assassination,
408
00:19:22,077 --> 00:19:24,494
November 22nd, 1963,
409
00:19:24,536 --> 00:19:27,457
a bullet appears in the record,
410
00:19:27,499 --> 00:19:31,461
and it's signed for
by Robert Frazier,
411
00:19:31,503 --> 00:19:34,421
who is the main investigator
at the FBI lab.
412
00:19:35,672 --> 00:19:37,551
And it's not just one document.
413
00:19:37,593 --> 00:19:39,968
There are multiple documents
that indicate
414
00:19:40,010 --> 00:19:45,682
that Frazier signed for
a bullet at 7:30 that night.
415
00:19:45,724 --> 00:19:48,020
Now, here's where
things get interesting.
416
00:19:48,061 --> 00:19:51,937
Elmer Lee Todd received
the bullet at the White House
417
00:19:51,982 --> 00:19:56,818
from chief of the Secret
Service, James Rowley.
418
00:19:56,862 --> 00:20:01,114
And Todd documents,
very clearly in writing,
419
00:20:01,156 --> 00:20:05,785
that he got this bullet
at 8:50 p.m.
420
00:20:05,828 --> 00:20:06,994
How is that possible?
421
00:20:07,037 --> 00:20:09,458
How can Robert Frazier
receive the bullet
422
00:20:09,499 --> 00:20:13,462
in the lab at 7:30
from Elmer Lee Todd,
423
00:20:13,503 --> 00:20:16,713
when Todd didn't get
the bullet until 8:50?
424
00:20:16,755 --> 00:20:20,552
You would think that they would
have handled it, uh, you know,
425
00:20:20,593 --> 00:20:22,930
like it would have been gold
going to the bank.
426
00:20:22,969 --> 00:20:24,640
There it is in the record,
427
00:20:24,681 --> 00:20:28,141
someone is lying about
when they got the bullet.
428
00:20:28,185 --> 00:20:29,186
[David Mantik]
It gets worse, though.
429
00:20:29,228 --> 00:20:30,937
Todd initialed that bullet,
430
00:20:30,979 --> 00:20:35,234
the one that he got at 8:50,
431
00:20:35,275 --> 00:20:37,484
and everyone else
who touched the bullet
432
00:20:37,526 --> 00:20:39,529
after that initialed it too,
433
00:20:39,571 --> 00:20:40,947
including Robert Frazier.
434
00:20:40,989 --> 00:20:43,573
I went to the archives
to look at this bullet.
435
00:20:43,615 --> 00:20:45,911
And specifically,
what we want to know is,
436
00:20:45,953 --> 00:20:49,081
do we see Todd's initials
on this bullet?
437
00:20:49,120 --> 00:20:51,416
He said he initialed the bullet.
438
00:20:51,458 --> 00:20:53,625
It is not there.
439
00:20:53,667 --> 00:20:56,796
Todd's initials are not
on the magic bullet.
440
00:20:58,630 --> 00:21:01,301
I was very interested in finding
out what the Review Board
441
00:21:01,343 --> 00:21:02,885
would show us about this.
442
00:21:02,927 --> 00:21:05,973
So, we began scouring
their evidence,
443
00:21:06,014 --> 00:21:08,140
and we found out
something very interesting.
444
00:21:08,182 --> 00:21:10,060
We found out
that the Warren Report
445
00:21:10,102 --> 00:21:11,812
had from an FBI report
446
00:21:11,853 --> 00:21:13,687
saying that the guys
that found the bullet
447
00:21:13,729 --> 00:21:16,024
later identified that
as the bullet they'd seen.
448
00:21:16,066 --> 00:21:17,776
The internal record
didn't show that at all.
449
00:21:17,817 --> 00:21:19,651
The internal records
said this bullet
450
00:21:19,693 --> 00:21:21,488
didn't look like
that bullet at all.
451
00:21:21,530 --> 00:21:23,947
But the FBI had reported to the
Warren Commission that it did.
452
00:21:23,989 --> 00:21:24,864
They'd lied.
453
00:21:24,906 --> 00:21:26,659
We then talk to the FBI agent
454
00:21:26,702 --> 00:21:28,786
that was supposed to have
carried that bullet around.
455
00:21:28,828 --> 00:21:30,494
His name was Bardwell Odum.
456
00:21:30,537 --> 00:21:32,499
I got Bardwell Odum
on the phone.
457
00:21:32,541 --> 00:21:35,542
I sent him the documents that
said that he had done this.
458
00:21:35,583 --> 00:21:37,337
He said,
"I never had that bullet.
459
00:21:37,379 --> 00:21:39,005
I never showed any bullet
to anyone.
460
00:21:39,046 --> 00:21:40,964
"If I'd had the bullet,
there'd be a 302.
461
00:21:41,008 --> 00:21:42,884
"I would have filed a report,
particularly in that area.
462
00:21:42,926 --> 00:21:45,468
Everybody was very uptight
about getting everything right."
463
00:21:45,510 --> 00:21:47,597
So, we scoured for 302 reports.
464
00:21:47,639 --> 00:21:49,515
His name appears nowhere
in the record.
465
00:21:49,557 --> 00:21:51,474
This is just something
that the FBI invented.
466
00:21:51,516 --> 00:21:54,354
It's conceivable
that some mysterious bullet
467
00:21:54,395 --> 00:21:55,895
showed up from who knows where.
468
00:21:57,024 --> 00:21:58,650
Todd did not initial it,
469
00:21:58,692 --> 00:22:02,779
and it ended up in
the FBI lab as the magic bullet.
470
00:22:02,821 --> 00:22:05,947
One can only surmise
that, somewhere in the FBI,
471
00:22:05,989 --> 00:22:08,702
they realized they had to close
the loop on Oswald's guilt.
472
00:22:08,744 --> 00:22:10,494
And so they just
switched it out.
473
00:22:10,536 --> 00:22:13,540
Because none
of the four people,
474
00:22:13,582 --> 00:22:15,375
either the guys at Parkland,
475
00:22:15,416 --> 00:22:16,541
or the two
Secret Service agents,
476
00:22:16,583 --> 00:22:18,170
could identify the bullet.
477
00:22:18,211 --> 00:22:20,046
The guy who is supposed to have
gotten confirmation that
478
00:22:20,088 --> 00:22:23,340
they did identify the bullet
said he never did it.
479
00:22:23,383 --> 00:22:24,843
And the record supports that.
480
00:22:24,885 --> 00:22:27,052
So, there's--
there's good reason to be
481
00:22:27,093 --> 00:22:29,765
very suspicious
about the magic bullet.
482
00:22:29,806 --> 00:22:35,187
The chain of custody doesn't
start from the laboratory.
483
00:22:35,228 --> 00:22:37,854
It starts from the crime scene.
484
00:22:37,896 --> 00:22:40,524
Each piece of evidence
should be photographed,
485
00:22:40,567 --> 00:22:44,738
documented,
and preserved properly.
486
00:22:45,739 --> 00:22:47,656
From the scene,
487
00:22:47,697 --> 00:22:51,328
evidence is collected,
sent to the laboratory.
488
00:22:51,369 --> 00:22:54,163
We have to keep
the chain of custody
489
00:22:54,206 --> 00:22:55,499
when they enter the lab.
490
00:22:55,540 --> 00:22:56,957
Who examined?
491
00:22:58,375 --> 00:23:00,712
Who did the further analysis?
492
00:23:00,754 --> 00:23:04,508
And each step have to maintain
493
00:23:04,547 --> 00:23:07,052
until you submit to the court.
494
00:23:07,093 --> 00:23:08,677
If this chain broke,
495
00:23:09,969 --> 00:23:12,973
then my evidence
becomes inadmissible.
496
00:23:14,810 --> 00:23:16,395
[Goldberg]
The other problem
497
00:23:16,436 --> 00:23:18,270
is the lack of damage
to the bullet
498
00:23:18,312 --> 00:23:22,067
after going through two men,
smashing two bones,
499
00:23:22,109 --> 00:23:24,067
and making seven wounds.
500
00:23:24,109 --> 00:23:25,946
Dr. Joseph Dolce
501
00:23:25,987 --> 00:23:30,156
was a much-honored battlefield
surgeon during World War II.
502
00:23:30,198 --> 00:23:32,452
He worked
for the Warren Commission.
503
00:23:32,494 --> 00:23:36,706
And so they gave us the original
rifle, the Mannlicher-Carcano,
504
00:23:36,748 --> 00:23:40,583
plus 100 bullets,
6.5 millimeters.
505
00:23:40,625 --> 00:23:44,004
And we went
and we shot the cadaver wrists,
506
00:23:44,046 --> 00:23:46,842
and in every instance,
507
00:23:46,883 --> 00:23:50,677
the front or the tip
of the bullet was smashed.
508
00:23:50,718 --> 00:23:52,722
Under no circumstances,
509
00:23:52,764 --> 00:23:55,265
do I feel that this bullet
could hit the wrist,
510
00:23:55,307 --> 00:23:56,810
and still not be deformed.
511
00:23:56,852 --> 00:23:58,603
[Goldberg]
Dolce came to believe
512
00:23:58,645 --> 00:24:01,312
that two bullets
had struck Connally.
513
00:24:01,354 --> 00:24:03,650
Since Arlen Specter
pre-screened
514
00:24:03,692 --> 00:24:05,776
the medical witnesses
for the commission,
515
00:24:05,817 --> 00:24:08,613
Dolce's name is not in
the Warren Report,
516
00:24:08,655 --> 00:24:11,823
and his testimony
is not in the volumes.
517
00:24:11,865 --> 00:24:14,327
And even Connally
refused to accept
518
00:24:14,369 --> 00:24:15,994
the single-bullet theory.
519
00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:21,291
[reporter] Former Senator
John Sherman Cooper
520
00:24:21,333 --> 00:24:23,462
is the first member
of the Warren Commission
521
00:24:23,503 --> 00:24:25,338
to agree to talk on television
522
00:24:25,380 --> 00:24:28,800
about what went on
inside the deliberations.
523
00:24:28,842 --> 00:24:30,677
Yes, there were disagreements.
524
00:24:30,718 --> 00:24:33,386
I think the most serious one
525
00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:36,890
that comes to me
the most vividly,
526
00:24:36,932 --> 00:24:40,687
of course, is the question
of whether or not the first shot
527
00:24:40,729 --> 00:24:42,604
went through President Kennedy
528
00:24:42,645 --> 00:24:45,024
and then through
Governor Connally.
529
00:24:45,066 --> 00:24:46,692
[Goldberg]
Although it never specified
530
00:24:46,734 --> 00:24:48,860
the order of the shots,
531
00:24:48,904 --> 00:24:51,697
the Warren Report
had one bullet
532
00:24:51,739 --> 00:24:54,451
going through Kennedy
and Governor Connally,
533
00:24:54,493 --> 00:24:56,160
another missing the car,
534
00:24:56,203 --> 00:24:59,831
hitting a bystander on
Commerce Street, James Tague,
535
00:24:59,873 --> 00:25:02,666
and the final shot
hitting Kennedy in the head.
536
00:25:03,583 --> 00:25:05,921
I could not convince myself
537
00:25:05,962 --> 00:25:09,214
that the same bullet
struck both of them, although...
538
00:25:09,255 --> 00:25:12,385
[reporter] You mean
that you yourself didn't--
539
00:25:12,427 --> 00:25:14,302
Weren't convinced about the
single-bullet theory, which...
540
00:25:14,344 --> 00:25:16,973
No, I wasn't convinced by it.
Neither was Senator Russell.
541
00:25:17,015 --> 00:25:19,057
[Goldberg] Senator
Richard Russell of Georgia
542
00:25:19,098 --> 00:25:21,895
did not want
to serve on the commission.
543
00:25:21,937 --> 00:25:24,020
After he attended
the first meeting,
544
00:25:24,062 --> 00:25:27,192
he quickly became disenchanted
with the proceedings.
545
00:25:27,234 --> 00:25:30,235
Particularly the roles
of J. Edgar Hoover
546
00:25:30,276 --> 00:25:34,156
and acting attorney general
Nicholas Katzenbach.
547
00:25:34,197 --> 00:25:37,285
His personal papers at the
University of Georgia Library
548
00:25:37,327 --> 00:25:38,911
contain a memo
549
00:25:38,953 --> 00:25:42,749
written after the initial
December 5th, 1963,
550
00:25:42,791 --> 00:25:44,832
executive session.
551
00:25:44,875 --> 00:25:47,254
"Something strange
is happening.
552
00:25:47,295 --> 00:25:50,380
"Warren and Katzenbach know
all about the FBI
553
00:25:50,421 --> 00:25:53,343
"and are apparently
planning to show Oswald
554
00:25:53,385 --> 00:25:55,510
"as the only one considered.
555
00:25:55,552 --> 00:25:59,473
This to me is
an untenable position."
556
00:25:59,515 --> 00:26:02,602
His papers revealed that he
wrote a dissenting opinion
557
00:26:02,644 --> 00:26:04,854
for the presentation
at the final
558
00:26:04,895 --> 00:26:07,691
commission meeting
of September 18th.
559
00:26:07,732 --> 00:26:10,359
On that day,
he shared his concerns
560
00:26:10,401 --> 00:26:11,943
with President Johnson.
561
00:26:50,692 --> 00:26:54,446
[Goldberg] He also thought
that Oswald did not act alone.
562
00:26:54,487 --> 00:26:57,406
Russell was strongly influenced
by the Zapruder film
563
00:26:57,447 --> 00:27:00,410
and by the testimony
of Governor Connally.
564
00:27:00,452 --> 00:27:02,203
I understand there's some, uh,
565
00:27:02,244 --> 00:27:04,623
some question
in the minds of the experts
566
00:27:04,662 --> 00:27:06,791
about, uh, whether or not
567
00:27:06,833 --> 00:27:09,292
we could both have been hit
by the same bullet,
568
00:27:09,336 --> 00:27:10,837
and that was the first bullet.
569
00:27:10,879 --> 00:27:13,546
Uh, I just don't happen
to believe that.
570
00:27:13,588 --> 00:27:15,508
I don't believe
that I will believe it.
571
00:27:15,550 --> 00:27:17,385
[Goldberg] This forced
the other commissioners
572
00:27:17,427 --> 00:27:20,180
to include Connally's dissent
in the report.
573
00:27:20,219 --> 00:27:23,598
And as a result,
they could not absolutely deny
574
00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:27,145
the possibility
of a conspiracy.
575
00:27:27,187 --> 00:27:29,145
Russell became
the first commissioner
576
00:27:29,187 --> 00:27:32,150
to criticize
the Warren Report in public.
577
00:27:32,192 --> 00:27:34,026
He was followed
by commission members
578
00:27:34,067 --> 00:27:38,197
John Sherman Cooper
and Hale Boggs.
579
00:27:38,239 --> 00:27:41,618
But then Walter Cronkite
interviewed John McCloy
580
00:27:41,660 --> 00:27:45,703
during a four-night special,
co-hosted by Dan Rather.
581
00:27:45,745 --> 00:27:48,500
Are you satisfied
that as much effort
582
00:27:48,541 --> 00:27:53,046
was put into challenging that
case as into establishing it?
583
00:27:53,088 --> 00:27:54,296
I'll answer
that in just a moment.
584
00:27:54,338 --> 00:27:56,255
If I may just say one thing,
I would--
585
00:27:56,297 --> 00:27:57,467
I'd like to say
in the first place,
586
00:27:57,509 --> 00:27:59,052
I had some questions
587
00:27:59,093 --> 00:28:01,260
as to the propriety
of my appearing here
588
00:28:01,302 --> 00:28:03,431
as a former member
of the commission
589
00:28:03,473 --> 00:28:05,682
to comment on
the evidence of the commission.
590
00:28:05,723 --> 00:28:09,187
[Goldberg] McCloy never
answered Cronkite's question.
591
00:28:09,229 --> 00:28:12,691
But even worse,
CBS employee Roger Feinman
592
00:28:12,732 --> 00:28:15,067
later discovered
internal documents
593
00:28:15,109 --> 00:28:17,193
showing McCoy
consulted extensively
594
00:28:17,237 --> 00:28:19,739
on the series
through his daughter, Ellen,
595
00:28:19,781 --> 00:28:24,577
an administrative assistant to
CBS President Richard Salant.
596
00:28:24,619 --> 00:28:28,081
In 1992,
reporter Jerry Policoff
597
00:28:28,123 --> 00:28:31,166
confronted Salant
and Ellen McCoy
598
00:28:31,208 --> 00:28:34,546
with the documents revealing
John McCloy's instructions
599
00:28:34,587 --> 00:28:36,629
for the content of the show.
600
00:28:36,671 --> 00:28:40,677
Only then did Salant
admit to their concealment.
601
00:28:40,718 --> 00:28:43,430
CBS, NBC,
and The New York Times
602
00:28:43,469 --> 00:28:46,348
continued to support
the commission's finding
603
00:28:46,390 --> 00:28:48,141
and never publicly reviewed
604
00:28:48,182 --> 00:28:52,604
the 26 volumes
of supplemental evidence.
605
00:28:52,645 --> 00:28:55,399
Mr. Dulles, let me put some
of the criticisms to you.
606
00:28:55,442 --> 00:28:56,776
Surely.
607
00:28:56,817 --> 00:28:58,651
Some of the papers
and some of the documents
608
00:28:58,693 --> 00:29:01,197
that are in the archives
are-- are there
609
00:29:01,239 --> 00:29:04,701
but are withheld from public
view by the FBI, the CIA,
610
00:29:04,743 --> 00:29:07,410
an organization with which
you have some experience.
611
00:29:07,453 --> 00:29:10,248
Is there anything in those
which years from now
612
00:29:10,290 --> 00:29:12,500
when they may be released
will upset applecarts?
613
00:29:12,541 --> 00:29:14,000
Oh, no, I don't think so.
614
00:29:14,041 --> 00:29:17,046
No, I think everything
that really is-- is vital
615
00:29:17,088 --> 00:29:19,088
insofar as forming
a judgment as to what
616
00:29:19,130 --> 00:29:21,926
really happened
has been made available.
617
00:29:24,761 --> 00:29:27,682
[Goldberg]
The Warren Commission
was aware of something else
618
00:29:27,723 --> 00:29:29,348
that was wrong
with their evidence.
619
00:29:29,390 --> 00:29:32,479
All kinds of ballistic tests
show that the bullets, in fact,
620
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,979
came from that rifle.
That was his rifle.
621
00:29:35,021 --> 00:29:36,983
You took
a picture of him with it.
622
00:29:37,025 --> 00:29:38,776
-No, no.
-His home prints
and fingerprints
623
00:29:38,817 --> 00:29:40,987
are all over
the School Book Depository.
624
00:29:41,029 --> 00:29:42,739
[Marina Porter]
You have been misinformed.
625
00:29:42,781 --> 00:29:47,243
The ballistics tests
did not prove anything at all.
626
00:29:47,285 --> 00:29:49,369
[reporter] This is
the weapon that was used.
627
00:29:49,411 --> 00:29:53,124
A rather well-worn
military rifle.
628
00:29:53,166 --> 00:29:57,754
We know that Oswald
had possession of that rifle
629
00:29:57,796 --> 00:29:59,463
because we have him
photographed with it.
630
00:29:59,505 --> 00:30:03,426
And we have his wife
saying that it was, quote,
631
00:30:03,468 --> 00:30:05,843
"Faithful rifle of Lee Oswald."
632
00:30:07,222 --> 00:30:09,389
[Stone]
Is the rifle in evidence today
633
00:30:09,432 --> 00:30:11,057
the same rifle
the commission said
634
00:30:11,098 --> 00:30:13,019
Oswald ordered
through the mail?
635
00:30:13,061 --> 00:30:15,187
The rifle that Lee Oswald
636
00:30:15,229 --> 00:30:18,858
allegedly ordered under
an alias of Alex Hidell,
637
00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:21,442
was obtained through Klein's
Sporting Goods store in Chicago.
638
00:30:21,484 --> 00:30:25,197
it was a mail-order, got it out
of American Rifleman magazine.
639
00:30:25,239 --> 00:30:27,490
He wrote on the coupon
he wanted
640
00:30:27,534 --> 00:30:29,869
a 36-inch model,
Mannlicher-Carcano,
641
00:30:29,911 --> 00:30:34,165
6.5 millimeter, for $19.95.
642
00:30:34,207 --> 00:30:36,416
Robert Frazier
was one of the examiners
643
00:30:36,458 --> 00:30:38,545
and he was
a firearms expert for the FBI.
644
00:30:38,584 --> 00:30:40,963
And he testified
that he did measure it,
645
00:30:41,005 --> 00:30:41,963
and the measurement
646
00:30:42,005 --> 00:30:44,050
was 40.2 inches in length,
647
00:30:44,092 --> 00:30:45,718
from barrel to stock.
648
00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:48,219
There's a 4.2-inch difference
in the one he ordered,
649
00:30:48,261 --> 00:30:51,389
versus what they found
in the Book Depository.
650
00:30:51,432 --> 00:30:54,060
[Goldberg] Klein's
may have indeed delivered
651
00:30:54,102 --> 00:30:57,395
a different Mannlicher-Carcano
model to Oswald,
652
00:30:57,437 --> 00:31:00,650
but there are other
anomalies to the story.
653
00:31:00,692 --> 00:31:02,859
The model that Oswald ordered
654
00:31:02,901 --> 00:31:05,238
showed these
strap attachment points
655
00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:07,739
on the bottom
of the barrel and stock.
656
00:31:07,781 --> 00:31:10,076
[Brian Edwards]
In the photograph
is Lieutenant Carl Day,
657
00:31:10,118 --> 00:31:11,410
with the Dallas Police
Department
658
00:31:11,452 --> 00:31:13,911
bringing a rifle out
of the Book Depository.
659
00:31:13,953 --> 00:31:17,375
One of the straps at the back
of the gun is on the left side
660
00:31:17,416 --> 00:31:20,418
of the stock
embedded in the stock.
661
00:31:20,461 --> 00:31:22,463
That's clearly not the rifle
that was ordered,
662
00:31:22,505 --> 00:31:25,633
or at least appears in the
Klein's Sporting Goods store.
663
00:31:25,675 --> 00:31:28,718
[Goldberg] The straps shown in
the so-called backyard photos
664
00:31:28,760 --> 00:31:32,765
are on the bottom and
not on the side of the stock.
665
00:31:32,807 --> 00:31:37,020
Marina Oswald took backyard
photographs of Lee Oswald
666
00:31:37,061 --> 00:31:40,271
holding a rifle
and a pistol on his hip.
667
00:31:40,313 --> 00:31:43,859
And in that first photograph,
that she took three of,
668
00:31:43,901 --> 00:31:49,531
Commission Exhibit
133A and 133B
669
00:31:49,572 --> 00:31:54,703
show a ring on the ring finger
of the right hand.
670
00:31:54,744 --> 00:31:59,125
133C, the ring appears
on the left hand.
671
00:31:59,166 --> 00:32:01,628
In fact, the Dallas Police
showed Lee Oswald
672
00:32:01,667 --> 00:32:04,130
one of the pictures
while he was still in custody.
673
00:32:04,171 --> 00:32:05,963
He said, "That's my face,
but I don't remember
674
00:32:06,005 --> 00:32:08,801
ever having that
picture taken of me."
675
00:32:08,843 --> 00:32:11,218
[Goldberg] But after
all these questions are asked,
676
00:32:11,260 --> 00:32:13,932
the underlying mystery remains.
677
00:32:13,973 --> 00:32:17,975
Why would anyone use a rifle
in an assassination,
678
00:32:18,019 --> 00:32:20,104
knowing there was a paper trail
679
00:32:20,145 --> 00:32:23,483
that would lead
right back to them?
680
00:32:23,524 --> 00:32:26,526
Was there a palm print
found on the rifle?
681
00:32:26,567 --> 00:32:31,156
The foremost fingerprint expert
the FBI had, Sebastian Latona,
682
00:32:31,197 --> 00:32:34,661
took that rifle and attempted
to lift prints off of the rifle,
683
00:32:34,702 --> 00:32:36,494
the stock and/or the barrel.
684
00:32:36,536 --> 00:32:38,373
Uh, he testified
to the Warren Commission
685
00:32:38,413 --> 00:32:41,125
that he found no usable prints
686
00:32:41,166 --> 00:32:45,004
anywhere on that rifle,
on the metal or the stock.
687
00:32:45,046 --> 00:32:47,838
But yet,
Lieutenant Day in Dallas
688
00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:51,052
before the rifle went
to Washington, said he found
689
00:32:51,093 --> 00:32:53,680
a partial palm print on the
trigger guard on the left side
690
00:32:53,719 --> 00:32:57,807
and a partial print underneath
the stock on the barrel.
691
00:32:57,848 --> 00:33:00,019
But Sebastian Latona
said there was no evidence
692
00:33:00,061 --> 00:33:01,437
that a lift had
even been attempted.
693
00:33:01,479 --> 00:33:03,145
[Stone]
No partials at all?
694
00:33:03,187 --> 00:33:04,774
Nothing that he could
use in court.
695
00:33:04,816 --> 00:33:07,276
There has to be eight points
of identification.
696
00:33:07,317 --> 00:33:10,321
He found nothing
that would match that.
697
00:33:10,363 --> 00:33:13,990
[woman on recorder]
J. Edgar Hoover, on 2192.
698
00:33:14,031 --> 00:33:14,740
[Johnson]
Yes?
699
00:33:14,784 --> 00:33:18,536
[Hoover]
I've seen the reports
on this investigation.
700
00:33:18,578 --> 00:33:21,958
This man, Oswald,
he had fired three shots.
701
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:24,000
He then threw the gun aside,
702
00:33:24,041 --> 00:33:30,508
and, uh, he apparently had come
down the five flights of steps.
703
00:33:30,550 --> 00:33:33,177
A stairway
from the fifth floor.
704
00:33:33,218 --> 00:33:34,844
[Johnson]
You can prove that?
705
00:33:34,885 --> 00:33:37,181
[Hoover] Oh, yes.
Oh, yes, we can prove that.
706
00:33:37,223 --> 00:33:40,182
[Johnson] Did anybody hear,
anybody see him?
707
00:33:40,224 --> 00:33:43,062
[Hoover] Most of the employees
were down on a lower floor, but
708
00:33:43,104 --> 00:33:46,858
he was stopped at the second
floor by a police officer.
709
00:33:46,899 --> 00:33:49,734
And some workers,
some manager in the building
710
00:33:49,776 --> 00:33:51,863
told the police officer, "Well,
he's all right, he works here.
711
00:33:51,904 --> 00:33:53,406
You needn't hold him."
712
00:33:53,447 --> 00:33:55,823
So they let him go.
That's how he got out.
713
00:33:55,865 --> 00:33:58,119
[Marrion Baker] At the time
that I heard those shots,
714
00:33:58,161 --> 00:34:02,040
I ran into that building and
made it up to the second floor.
715
00:34:02,081 --> 00:34:05,416
It was approximately a minute
and a half to two minutes.
716
00:34:05,458 --> 00:34:07,920
[Cronkite] In possibly
less than two minutes,
717
00:34:07,962 --> 00:34:10,504
investigators came
to the School Book Building
718
00:34:10,548 --> 00:34:12,884
with stopwatches
and critical eyes.
719
00:34:12,925 --> 00:34:15,843
Not only police and government
agents traced that route,
720
00:34:15,885 --> 00:34:18,345
Chief Justice Warren and some
other commission members
721
00:34:18,387 --> 00:34:19,766
did it for themselves.
722
00:34:21,391 --> 00:34:23,435
I was interested in finding
723
00:34:23,478 --> 00:34:26,270
a specific witness
to the assassination,
724
00:34:26,312 --> 00:34:28,272
which was Victoria Adams.
725
00:34:29,899 --> 00:34:31,610
She worked on the fourth floor
726
00:34:31,652 --> 00:34:33,946
of the Texas School
Book Depository,
727
00:34:33,987 --> 00:34:36,322
and she knew Oswald.
728
00:34:36,364 --> 00:34:38,573
I went to the National Archives
729
00:34:38,616 --> 00:34:42,830
searching for
her original testimony.
730
00:34:42,871 --> 00:34:44,623
I was told that the tape
731
00:34:44,665 --> 00:34:47,458
containing her
testimony was missing.
732
00:34:47,500 --> 00:34:49,960
And later I learned
that that tape
733
00:34:50,002 --> 00:34:53,257
had been destroyed
by the Warren Commission.
734
00:34:53,299 --> 00:34:55,509
And so I finally
ended up finding her
735
00:34:55,551 --> 00:34:58,635
and getting
her side of the story.
736
00:34:58,677 --> 00:35:02,225
Vicki Adams was 22 at
the time of the assassination,
737
00:35:02,266 --> 00:35:04,185
and she testified
that immediately
738
00:35:04,227 --> 00:35:07,020
after the assassination,
739
00:35:07,062 --> 00:35:09,271
she ran down the back stairs
740
00:35:09,313 --> 00:35:11,315
to get outside
to see what was going on.
741
00:35:12,110 --> 00:35:13,653
If that were true,
742
00:35:13,694 --> 00:35:17,906
she would have seen Oswald
on the back stairs.
743
00:35:17,947 --> 00:35:20,657
But she testified that she saw
and heard no one.
744
00:35:21,992 --> 00:35:24,330
She had realized
that something was wrong,
745
00:35:24,372 --> 00:35:26,415
because no one
was believing her.
746
00:35:26,457 --> 00:35:29,916
So she asked David Belin,
who was questioning her,
747
00:35:29,959 --> 00:35:31,836
"Interview Sandra Styles,
748
00:35:31,877 --> 00:35:35,341
a coworker who went
down the stairs with me."
749
00:35:35,383 --> 00:35:37,760
This became
a rather serious problem
750
00:35:37,802 --> 00:35:39,552
for the Warren Commission,
751
00:35:39,593 --> 00:35:45,184
because discrediting one woman
was easy to do.
752
00:35:45,226 --> 00:35:48,270
But discrediting
a corroborating witness,
753
00:35:48,312 --> 00:35:50,688
that may have been
a little bit tougher.
754
00:35:50,729 --> 00:35:54,485
So Belin said,
"We don't need Sandra Styles,
755
00:35:54,527 --> 00:35:55,403
we have you."
756
00:35:56,571 --> 00:35:57,822
[man]
We've had Mr. Belin here
757
00:35:57,864 --> 00:35:59,364
with us too,
one of our counselors
758
00:35:59,406 --> 00:36:01,282
who's been here
several times, and...
759
00:36:01,323 --> 00:36:05,204
He knows this city now
as very few people do.
760
00:36:05,246 --> 00:36:08,958
[Barry Ernest]
According to Vicki's
original FBI testimony,
761
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:11,542
she left the window
on the fourth floor
762
00:36:11,584 --> 00:36:15,047
within 15 to 30 seconds
of the assassination.
763
00:36:15,089 --> 00:36:18,384
The Warren Commission elevated
that time to one minute.
764
00:36:18,426 --> 00:36:21,218
She said she arrived
on the first floor
765
00:36:21,260 --> 00:36:24,054
within 60 seconds
of the assassination.
766
00:36:24,096 --> 00:36:28,186
The Warren Commission elevated
that time to several minutes.
767
00:36:28,227 --> 00:36:30,645
So what
the Warren Commission did
768
00:36:30,687 --> 00:36:32,980
was successfully
deceive the public
769
00:36:33,022 --> 00:36:36,903
into thinking that Vicki was
just another confused witness.
770
00:36:36,944 --> 00:36:37,945
Case closed.
771
00:36:37,987 --> 00:36:39,405
Reenactments prove,
772
00:36:39,447 --> 00:36:42,031
the report says,
that Oswald did have time,
773
00:36:42,072 --> 00:36:45,242
just enough time to fire
the shots, secret the rifle,
774
00:36:45,284 --> 00:36:47,663
and get down to the second floor
cafeteria.
775
00:36:49,540 --> 00:36:55,336
But in 1999, I found a document
in the National Archives
776
00:36:55,377 --> 00:36:59,258
that had been suppressed
for 35 years.
777
00:36:59,300 --> 00:37:01,635
It was a letter written
778
00:37:01,677 --> 00:37:05,512
by Assistant US Attorney
Martha Jo Stroud.
779
00:37:05,554 --> 00:37:08,683
It was a transmittal letter
forwarding
780
00:37:08,726 --> 00:37:11,979
Vicki's signed testimony
to J. Lee Rankin,
781
00:37:12,020 --> 00:37:14,396
the head honcho
of the Warren Commission's
782
00:37:14,438 --> 00:37:16,856
investigation at that point.
783
00:37:16,899 --> 00:37:19,195
In the last paragraph
of that letter,
784
00:37:19,237 --> 00:37:21,239
almost as an afterthought,
785
00:37:21,280 --> 00:37:25,699
we're introduced to a woman
by the name of Dorothy Garner.
786
00:37:25,741 --> 00:37:29,747
Garner was Vicki's
immediate supervisor
787
00:37:29,789 --> 00:37:32,791
who had stood
at the window with Vicki.
788
00:37:32,833 --> 00:37:36,085
The letter quotes Garner
as saying that she saw
789
00:37:36,126 --> 00:37:38,047
Vicki go down the stairs
790
00:37:38,089 --> 00:37:43,968
before she saw Officer Baker
and Roy Truly come up.
791
00:37:44,010 --> 00:37:47,346
When I found and interviewed
Dorothy Garner,
792
00:37:47,388 --> 00:37:49,225
she confirmed everything.
793
00:37:49,267 --> 00:37:52,019
She said that she had been
at the window with Vicki,
794
00:37:52,061 --> 00:37:55,729
that Vicki had left
the window immediately,
795
00:37:55,771 --> 00:37:59,902
that she actually followed
Vicki outside the office
796
00:37:59,944 --> 00:38:03,864
and to a point where she could
see her going down the stairs.
797
00:38:03,906 --> 00:38:07,240
And during that whole time,
she never saw Oswald.
798
00:38:07,283 --> 00:38:10,997
So the Stroud letter became
a very dangerous document
799
00:38:11,038 --> 00:38:13,958
for the Warren Commission.
800
00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:17,293
[Goldberg]
Without the Review Board's
declassification process,
801
00:38:17,334 --> 00:38:21,048
we would never have learned
of the corroborating testimony
802
00:38:21,090 --> 00:38:24,885
of three witnesses
that provide powerful evidence
803
00:38:24,927 --> 00:38:27,386
that Oswald was not
on the sixth floor
804
00:38:27,428 --> 00:38:29,805
at the time of the shooting.
805
00:38:41,277 --> 00:38:45,656
Legally speaking, the autopsy
should have been done in Dallas,
806
00:38:45,697 --> 00:38:48,699
and there was a forensic
pathologist, Earl Rose.
807
00:38:48,741 --> 00:38:51,076
He was there
to assume jurisdiction
808
00:38:51,120 --> 00:38:53,288
and to do the autopsy.
809
00:38:53,331 --> 00:38:55,458
He was pushed
up against the wall
810
00:38:55,499 --> 00:38:57,666
and threatened,
hands on guns,
811
00:38:57,708 --> 00:38:59,585
a lot of expletives and so on.
812
00:38:59,626 --> 00:39:01,422
He followed them
out of the driveway,
813
00:39:01,464 --> 00:39:04,717
and they took the body
illegally out of Dallas
814
00:39:04,759 --> 00:39:07,552
in violation of the laws
in the state of Texas.
815
00:39:08,844 --> 00:39:10,471
[Goldberg]
After Air Force One
816
00:39:10,512 --> 00:39:12,183
left Dallas for Washington,
817
00:39:12,224 --> 00:39:15,478
two of the key doctors who had
tried to save Kennedy's life
818
00:39:15,519 --> 00:39:18,645
at Parkland Hospital,
held a press conference.
819
00:39:18,687 --> 00:39:22,568
They were Dr. Malcolm Perry
and Dr. Kemp Clark.
820
00:39:22,610 --> 00:39:25,029
When were the two
major points of evidence
821
00:39:25,071 --> 00:39:26,489
revealed by Kemp Clark
and Malcolm Perry
822
00:39:26,530 --> 00:39:28,322
at the press conference?
823
00:39:28,364 --> 00:39:30,407
Dr. Perry performed
the tracheotomy
824
00:39:30,449 --> 00:39:32,826
to help Kennedy breathe,
825
00:39:32,870 --> 00:39:34,997
and at a press conference
right after
826
00:39:35,039 --> 00:39:37,958
the failed resuscitation
efforts in Dallas,
827
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:39,583
he was asked,
"Well, where was the bullet?"
828
00:39:39,625 --> 00:39:41,377
He said, "The bullet looked like
it was coming at him.
829
00:39:41,418 --> 00:39:43,253
He had an entrance wound
in the throat."
830
00:39:44,340 --> 00:39:45,674
[Douglas Horne]
Kemp Clarke
831
00:39:45,716 --> 00:39:47,051
was the head
of neurosurgery at Parkland.
832
00:39:47,093 --> 00:39:50,302
He said that the President
had a gaping wound
833
00:39:50,344 --> 00:39:51,929
in the occipital-parietal area.
834
00:39:51,970 --> 00:39:54,308
That's, you know,
the right rear of the head.
835
00:39:54,350 --> 00:39:56,394
And so the description
he gave of that
836
00:39:56,435 --> 00:39:59,479
was entirely consistent
with an exit wound.
837
00:39:59,520 --> 00:40:00,813
We have a transcript today
838
00:40:00,854 --> 00:40:02,398
of what they said
at the press conference.
839
00:40:02,439 --> 00:40:05,653
So it's White House transcript
1327C.
840
00:40:05,694 --> 00:40:07,238
That's a very important
historical document,
841
00:40:07,279 --> 00:40:10,406
because the Secret Service
confiscated the videotapes
842
00:40:10,447 --> 00:40:12,240
from the local TV stations.
843
00:40:12,282 --> 00:40:16,163
[Goldberg] There is, however,
a surviving clip of Dr. Perry
844
00:40:16,205 --> 00:40:19,083
recorded not long
after the press conference.
845
00:40:32,469 --> 00:40:35,224
[Goldberg] What Clark and Perry
both revealed that day
846
00:40:35,266 --> 00:40:39,061
would indicate
an assassin from the front.
847
00:40:39,103 --> 00:40:41,312
And Assistant
White House Press Secretary
848
00:40:41,354 --> 00:40:43,647
Malcolm Kilduff's statement
849
00:40:43,689 --> 00:40:47,153
seems to support
this conclusion.
850
00:40:47,194 --> 00:40:53,574
It's a simple matter of a bullet
right through the head.
851
00:40:55,701 --> 00:40:57,079
[Goldberg]
The day after the shooting,
852
00:40:57,121 --> 00:40:59,999
Dr. Perry was seen
by Nurse Audrey Bell,
853
00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:02,333
who had been with him
in the operating room.
854
00:41:02,375 --> 00:41:05,085
[Audrey Bell] Saturday morning,
when I got over there,
855
00:41:05,127 --> 00:41:07,339
Dr. Perry
came up to the office.
856
00:41:07,381 --> 00:41:08,841
I said, "You look awful.
857
00:41:08,883 --> 00:41:11,177
Did you get
any sleep last night?"
858
00:41:11,218 --> 00:41:13,427
He said, "Well, not too much,
859
00:41:13,469 --> 00:41:17,349
between the calls from Bethesda
that came in during the night."
860
00:41:17,391 --> 00:41:18,851
I said, "What about?"
861
00:41:18,893 --> 00:41:21,895
He said, "Oh, whether
that was an entrance wound
862
00:41:21,937 --> 00:41:23,854
or an exit wound
in the throat."
863
00:41:23,896 --> 00:41:25,772
He said, "They were wanting me
to change my mind."
864
00:41:26,899 --> 00:41:28,861
In his Warren Commission
testimony,
865
00:41:28,903 --> 00:41:31,530
he basically retracted
what he had said
866
00:41:31,572 --> 00:41:33,822
and they forced him
to back down
867
00:41:33,864 --> 00:41:36,241
and intimidated him
on the witness stand.
868
00:41:36,283 --> 00:41:38,996
It was really quite
embarrassing for me
as a physician
869
00:41:39,038 --> 00:41:41,624
to see how someone else
who was telling the truth
870
00:41:41,665 --> 00:41:44,208
was basically forced
to recant his own opinion.
871
00:41:44,250 --> 00:41:46,919
Did it occur to you at the time
or did you think,
872
00:41:46,960 --> 00:41:51,175
"Was this an entry wound
or was this an exit wound?"
873
00:41:51,217 --> 00:41:53,718
Actually, I didn't really
give it much thought
874
00:41:53,760 --> 00:41:55,511
and I realized that perhaps
875
00:41:55,552 --> 00:41:57,512
it would have been
better had I done so.
876
00:41:57,554 --> 00:42:00,518
But I actually
applied my energies,
877
00:42:00,559 --> 00:42:02,520
and those of us there all did,
878
00:42:02,561 --> 00:42:04,312
to the problem at hand.
879
00:42:04,354 --> 00:42:06,313
And I didn't really
concern myself too much
880
00:42:06,355 --> 00:42:08,690
with how it happened or why.
881
00:42:08,732 --> 00:42:13,239
In 1975, Dr. Shires hired me
882
00:42:13,280 --> 00:42:16,490
on the faculty
at the University of Washington
883
00:42:16,532 --> 00:42:18,492
in the cardiac
surgery division.
884
00:42:18,534 --> 00:42:22,580
So I got to know Malcolm
when I joined the faculty.
885
00:42:22,623 --> 00:42:24,875
We developed
a professional relationship,
886
00:42:24,916 --> 00:42:28,544
and we would operate together
on complex cases.
887
00:42:28,585 --> 00:42:34,552
I was particularly interested
in, uh, Dr. Perry's position
888
00:42:34,593 --> 00:42:36,301
with the JFK assassination
889
00:42:36,343 --> 00:42:40,391
because he did the tracheotomy
on him after he was shot.
890
00:42:40,430 --> 00:42:44,478
The problem is that Malcolm
categorically refused
891
00:42:44,520 --> 00:42:48,146
to ever discuss
the assassination,
892
00:42:48,188 --> 00:42:51,108
uh, and he wouldn't
answer my questions
about that neck wound.
893
00:42:51,149 --> 00:42:53,862
And then one night
after we had operated together
894
00:42:53,904 --> 00:42:57,031
for many hours
on a complex case,
895
00:42:57,072 --> 00:42:59,115
we were sitting in
the surgeons' lounge alone,
896
00:42:59,157 --> 00:43:01,120
drinking coffee,
897
00:43:01,159 --> 00:43:04,873
and I once again asked him
about that neck wound.
898
00:43:04,915 --> 00:43:10,752
And this time, he said
it was an entrance wound,
899
00:43:10,794 --> 00:43:14,758
unquestionably
an entrance wound.
900
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:19,052
One of the-- the main reasons
Dr. Perry changed his testimony
901
00:43:19,094 --> 00:43:21,974
and publicly agreed
it was an exit wound
902
00:43:22,016 --> 00:43:25,978
is a Secret Service agent, uh,
put the pressure on him,
903
00:43:26,020 --> 00:43:28,812
and that person was Elmer Moore.
904
00:43:29,980 --> 00:43:32,443
In 1970,
Elmer Moore was the head
905
00:43:32,482 --> 00:43:35,321
of the Secret Service office
in Seattle
906
00:43:35,362 --> 00:43:38,697
and a graduate student
named Jim Gochenaur
907
00:43:38,739 --> 00:43:40,657
became friends with him,
908
00:43:40,699 --> 00:43:43,412
and he admitted
to Gochenaur that he regretted
909
00:43:43,454 --> 00:43:46,790
putting pressure on Dr. Perry.
910
00:43:46,832 --> 00:43:48,915
So I asked him directly.
911
00:43:48,958 --> 00:43:54,548
I said, "Mr. Moore,
did you pressure Dr. Perry?"
912
00:43:54,590 --> 00:43:55,924
He stopped for a minute.
913
00:43:55,966 --> 00:43:58,343
He says, "Well, I was
ordered to do that."
914
00:43:58,385 --> 00:43:59,802
He expanded on it.
915
00:43:59,843 --> 00:44:01,261
And he said
that Inspector Kelley
916
00:44:01,303 --> 00:44:04,808
had ordered him
to talk with Perry
917
00:44:04,850 --> 00:44:06,769
and, uh, convince him
that it could be
918
00:44:06,810 --> 00:44:09,520
either an exit
or an entry wound,
919
00:44:09,562 --> 00:44:12,021
not an entry wound.
920
00:44:12,064 --> 00:44:15,527
And I thought
it was pretty interesting
921
00:44:15,569 --> 00:44:20,197
that he would admit to something
that's pretty close to a felony.
922
00:44:20,239 --> 00:44:22,991
[Donald Miller]
Elmer Moore was also in charge
923
00:44:23,033 --> 00:44:24,701
of getting
the doctors at Parkland
924
00:44:24,745 --> 00:44:26,997
to change their testimony,
925
00:44:27,039 --> 00:44:28,832
and agree
that there was no big hole
926
00:44:28,874 --> 00:44:32,042
in the back of Kennedy's head.
927
00:44:32,084 --> 00:44:34,961
[Goldberg] Charles Crenshaw,
a third year resident,
928
00:44:35,003 --> 00:44:38,258
was in the emergency room
at Parkland that day.
929
00:44:38,300 --> 00:44:41,802
He later said in public that
he felt the wounds in Kennedy
930
00:44:41,843 --> 00:44:44,304
originated from the front.
931
00:44:44,346 --> 00:44:46,809
From here, through.
932
00:44:46,850 --> 00:44:49,019
[Gary Aguilar]
Charles Crenshaw wrote a book,
933
00:44:49,061 --> 00:44:51,520
Conspiracy of Silence,
in the wake of the film JFK,
934
00:44:51,562 --> 00:44:53,730
saying, "Look,
I was at Parkland Hospital.
935
00:44:53,772 --> 00:44:56,694
"I saw Kennedy,
I was involved in the treatment,
936
00:44:56,735 --> 00:44:58,404
"and Kennedy's wounds
were not consistent
937
00:44:58,445 --> 00:45:00,489
"with a shot from above
and behind because
938
00:45:00,531 --> 00:45:03,240
he had a defect involving
the right rear of his head."
939
00:45:05,450 --> 00:45:06,995
[man over recorder]
Using the most precise
940
00:45:07,037 --> 00:45:08,497
medical terminology
that you can use.
941
00:45:08,539 --> 00:45:09,915
[Audrey Bell over recorder]
Okay, let's see,
942
00:45:09,957 --> 00:45:13,250
it was on the right rear
943
00:45:13,291 --> 00:45:17,256
and he shifted the head,
a little bit, to the left,
944
00:45:17,297 --> 00:45:21,593
lifted up the, well, kind of
the matted area, the flap.
945
00:45:21,635 --> 00:45:25,554
And you could see
the, uh, hole,
946
00:45:25,595 --> 00:45:27,933
and there was, uh,
947
00:45:27,975 --> 00:45:32,270
brain and spinal fluid
dripping down out of it.
948
00:45:32,312 --> 00:45:35,105
Then I noticed it was dripping,
you know, down into a bucket.
949
00:45:37,568 --> 00:45:39,319
[Stone]
As early as 1981,
950
00:45:39,361 --> 00:45:41,904
copies of the autopsy photos
were leaked
951
00:45:41,947 --> 00:45:45,073
and distributed
among JFK researchers.
952
00:45:45,115 --> 00:45:46,742
The image
of Kennedy's head wound
953
00:45:46,783 --> 00:45:51,415
contradicted what was witnessed
by the Parkland doctors.
954
00:45:51,457 --> 00:45:56,251
I recall the injury being
right along in this area.
955
00:45:59,423 --> 00:46:02,843
[Mantik] It's as if the autopsy
materials were designed
956
00:46:02,885 --> 00:46:05,302
to hide what
was really happening,
957
00:46:05,343 --> 00:46:07,721
as opposed to what
they should usually do.
958
00:46:07,763 --> 00:46:12,352
They're supposed to reveal
the full extent of things.
959
00:46:12,394 --> 00:46:14,437
[Goldberg] The evening
of the assassination,
960
00:46:14,479 --> 00:46:18,231
the body of President Kennedy
was returned to Washington.
961
00:46:18,273 --> 00:46:21,653
The autopsy was performed
at Bethesda Medical Center,
962
00:46:21,695 --> 00:46:23,739
a naval institution.
963
00:46:23,781 --> 00:46:25,614
All of the top
forensic pathologists
964
00:46:25,656 --> 00:46:27,157
in the United States
965
00:46:27,199 --> 00:46:30,788
were within one-hour drive
or flying time from D.C.
966
00:46:30,829 --> 00:46:32,831
Not one of them was called upon.
967
00:46:32,873 --> 00:46:34,833
There were two
Navy pathologists,
968
00:46:34,875 --> 00:46:36,416
Commander James Humes
969
00:46:36,458 --> 00:46:38,501
and his associate,
J. Thornton Boswell.
970
00:46:38,543 --> 00:46:42,257
These two military pathologists
who had never done
971
00:46:42,299 --> 00:46:45,802
a single gunshot-wound autopsy
in their entire careers.
972
00:46:45,843 --> 00:46:47,385
This is something that really
973
00:46:47,427 --> 00:46:49,387
has to be emphasized
to every American.
974
00:46:49,429 --> 00:46:51,558
I don't care,
Democrat, Republican,
liberal, conservative.
975
00:46:51,600 --> 00:46:53,018
This is your president,
976
00:46:53,060 --> 00:46:55,270
and you've got
multiple gunshot wounds
977
00:46:55,312 --> 00:46:58,521
to determine angles, trajectory,
range, sequence.
978
00:46:58,563 --> 00:46:59,940
And then you've got to correlate
979
00:46:59,981 --> 00:47:01,566
with the multiple
gunshot wounds in Connally.
980
00:47:01,610 --> 00:47:04,154
This is a formidable task
that would have required
981
00:47:04,196 --> 00:47:08,281
two or three major forensic
pathologists to-- to undertake.
982
00:47:08,323 --> 00:47:10,492
So they called
Humes and Boswell.
983
00:47:10,534 --> 00:47:11,870
They realized
they were over their head.
984
00:47:11,912 --> 00:47:13,247
They called in an expert
985
00:47:13,288 --> 00:47:15,040
from the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology,
986
00:47:15,082 --> 00:47:16,625
a guy named Pierre Finck.
987
00:47:16,666 --> 00:47:19,167
Dr. Humes and Boswell
started the autopsy
988
00:47:19,209 --> 00:47:21,547
before their forensics
consultant even got there,
989
00:47:21,586 --> 00:47:23,549
but they realized
they were in over their head.
990
00:47:23,590 --> 00:47:26,718
So they asked to have
a medical examiner
because Dr. Finck,
991
00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:29,886
who is a forensic pathologist,
wasn't doing autopsies.
992
00:47:29,928 --> 00:47:31,555
He hadn't done one
in more than two years.
993
00:47:31,596 --> 00:47:33,559
So they asked for permission
to bring in somebody
994
00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:37,479
who knew what they were doing.
Permission was denied.
995
00:47:37,520 --> 00:47:40,021
[Aguilar]
There were a lot of people
at the Bethesda morgue.
996
00:47:40,063 --> 00:47:41,314
The latest count
by all the researchers
997
00:47:41,356 --> 00:47:43,902
that I know of is
about 33 people.
998
00:47:43,944 --> 00:47:46,196
There was a gallery, bleachers.
999
00:47:46,238 --> 00:47:49,239
Apparently, all three rows
were filled with people.
1000
00:47:49,281 --> 00:47:52,325
These three autopsy
pathologists were given a body,
1001
00:47:52,367 --> 00:47:53,537
told, "Here's the body,
1002
00:47:53,579 --> 00:47:55,289
he was shot from behind,
he fell forward,"
1003
00:47:55,330 --> 00:47:57,290
which they wrote
in their autopsy report,
1004
00:47:57,332 --> 00:47:58,458
figure out how the wounds fit
1005
00:47:58,500 --> 00:48:00,458
the known circumstances
of the shooting.
1006
00:48:00,500 --> 00:48:04,006
But what this really speaks to
is the fact that the autopsy
1007
00:48:04,047 --> 00:48:05,465
was not in the control
of the surgeons
1008
00:48:05,507 --> 00:48:07,551
that were charged
with doing it.
1009
00:48:07,593 --> 00:48:09,676
It was in the control of people
who were there,
1010
00:48:09,718 --> 00:48:12,888
who were telling them
what they could do
and what they couldn't do.
1011
00:48:12,929 --> 00:48:15,600
[reporter] Let's talk about
those two wounds, Captain.
1012
00:48:15,642 --> 00:48:18,103
You examined this
whole area of the back.
1013
00:48:18,145 --> 00:48:19,354
[James J. Humes] Yes, sir.
1014
00:48:19,395 --> 00:48:21,062
[Wecht]
So on the night of the autopsy,
1015
00:48:21,104 --> 00:48:23,106
Humes and Boswell said,
1016
00:48:23,148 --> 00:48:25,191
"Hey, we got a bullet hole
in the President's back,"
1017
00:48:25,235 --> 00:48:28,113
which they
examined with the finger,
1018
00:48:28,155 --> 00:48:29,572
then with an instrument,
then took x-rays,
1019
00:48:29,614 --> 00:48:31,364
then took out the lungs.
1020
00:48:31,406 --> 00:48:32,616
And no bullets.
1021
00:48:32,657 --> 00:48:34,117
In a murder case,
1022
00:48:34,159 --> 00:48:36,788
that is a very serious
problem for them.
1023
00:48:36,830 --> 00:48:38,332
So where did that bullet go?
1024
00:48:38,373 --> 00:48:41,083
It was just, like you say,
a work of fiction.
1025
00:48:41,125 --> 00:48:43,418
A call came in
from the FBI in Dallas.
1026
00:48:43,460 --> 00:48:45,003
A bullet was found.
1027
00:48:45,047 --> 00:48:46,590
Darrell Tomlinson,
a maintenance man
1028
00:48:46,632 --> 00:48:48,300
at Parkland Hospital,
1029
00:48:48,342 --> 00:48:51,135
trying to get to the men's room,
passing by the ER,
1030
00:48:51,177 --> 00:48:52,886
found the stretchers
blocking the way,
1031
00:48:52,928 --> 00:48:55,013
bent down,
moved the stretcher,
1032
00:48:55,055 --> 00:48:56,767
and there was a bullet.
1033
00:48:56,808 --> 00:48:58,143
How did that bullet get there?
1034
00:48:58,185 --> 00:48:59,853
Humes and Boswell came up
1035
00:48:59,895 --> 00:49:02,145
with this totally
absurd conclusion
1036
00:49:02,187 --> 00:49:04,189
that when the President lay
1037
00:49:04,230 --> 00:49:07,277
on the stretcher,
supine position,
1038
00:49:07,319 --> 00:49:09,237
and pressure
was applied to his chest
1039
00:49:09,279 --> 00:49:11,656
for cardiopulmonary
resuscitation,
1040
00:49:11,697 --> 00:49:15,241
that pressure, applied
anteriorly, forced the bullet,
1041
00:49:15,283 --> 00:49:17,371
which had gone
deeply into the tissues,
1042
00:49:17,412 --> 00:49:19,039
back out through like a tunnel.
1043
00:49:19,081 --> 00:49:21,333
In and out, a car in reverse.
1044
00:49:21,375 --> 00:49:24,209
And what's
very important to note is
1045
00:49:24,250 --> 00:49:26,836
bullets don't go
in and out like that.
1046
00:49:26,878 --> 00:49:30,509
The bullet becomes encased.
But that was their conclusion.
1047
00:49:30,550 --> 00:49:34,010
Keep in mind, they did not know
that there was a bullet hole
1048
00:49:34,052 --> 00:49:35,845
in the front of
the President's neck.
1049
00:49:35,887 --> 00:49:38,225
Commander.
Now, Captain Humes,
1050
00:49:38,266 --> 00:49:40,352
how many autopsies
have you performed?
1051
00:49:40,394 --> 00:49:42,354
[Humes] Approximately 1,000.
1052
00:49:42,395 --> 00:49:47,023
It wasn't until the next morning
when Humes decided,
1053
00:49:47,065 --> 00:49:48,443
"Hey, maybe we outta talk with
1054
00:49:48,485 --> 00:49:50,904
the surgeons
at Parkland Hospital."
1055
00:49:50,946 --> 00:49:53,739
Earlier that day, the
doctors at Parkland Hospital
1056
00:49:53,781 --> 00:49:55,573
had determined that the bullet
1057
00:49:55,615 --> 00:49:57,492
had fortuitously
ripped through the trachea.
1058
00:49:57,534 --> 00:50:00,538
So they enlarged
that bullet hole.
1059
00:50:00,580 --> 00:50:02,790
And now they learned,
for the first time,
1060
00:50:02,833 --> 00:50:04,833
that there was a tracheostomy
1061
00:50:04,875 --> 00:50:07,085
superimposed
upon a bullet wound.
1062
00:50:07,127 --> 00:50:09,881
"Aha!" said Humes and Boswell.
1063
00:50:09,923 --> 00:50:11,383
"Now we know!"
1064
00:50:11,425 --> 00:50:14,135
The shot fired from the rear,
entered the back,
1065
00:50:14,177 --> 00:50:16,594
moving around
2,000 feet per second,
1066
00:50:16,636 --> 00:50:19,474
comes out, then stops,
sees the starched white collar,
1067
00:50:19,516 --> 00:50:22,060
gets frightened to death, plops
into the front of his clothing.
1068
00:50:22,102 --> 00:50:23,729
And that's where
the bullet came from,
1069
00:50:23,770 --> 00:50:25,729
found by Tomlinson
on the stretcher.
1070
00:50:25,770 --> 00:50:27,272
Four or five months later,
1071
00:50:27,313 --> 00:50:29,858
under Arlen Specter's
single-bullet theory,
1072
00:50:29,899 --> 00:50:32,571
that bullet
has been rejuvenated,
it's been revitalized.
1073
00:50:32,612 --> 00:50:33,947
That bullet has
now gone through
1074
00:50:33,989 --> 00:50:35,739
Kennedy, through Connally,
1075
00:50:35,781 --> 00:50:39,951
and now, as of April of 1964,
the Stretcher Bullet,
1076
00:50:39,995 --> 00:50:41,830
Commission Exhibit #399,
1077
00:50:41,872 --> 00:50:43,582
the hero of the
Warren Commission report,
1078
00:50:43,623 --> 00:50:46,666
is now from
Connally's left thigh.
1079
00:50:46,708 --> 00:50:48,877
How is that possible?
1080
00:50:48,918 --> 00:50:50,881
It's unbelievable!
1081
00:50:50,922 --> 00:50:53,759
...which is scientific evidence
1082
00:50:53,800 --> 00:51:00,263
that the wound was made
from behind and passed forward.
1083
00:51:00,305 --> 00:51:03,852
[Aguilar] Dr. Humes destroyed
his original autopsy notes.
1084
00:51:03,894 --> 00:51:05,729
Now, Dr. Humes,
the chief autopsy pathologist,
1085
00:51:05,770 --> 00:51:07,687
and what we all know
as doctors,
1086
00:51:07,729 --> 00:51:09,606
notes taken while
you're doing something
1087
00:51:09,647 --> 00:51:11,107
are much more important,
1088
00:51:11,149 --> 00:51:12,944
and are likely
to be closer to the truth
1089
00:51:12,986 --> 00:51:15,529
than anything you write later.
1090
00:51:15,572 --> 00:51:18,073
And he admitted that
he'd destroyed autopsy notes.
1091
00:51:18,114 --> 00:51:20,116
You destroyed
your original notes
1092
00:51:20,158 --> 00:51:21,787
in a medical legal autopsy?
1093
00:51:21,826 --> 00:51:25,290
And remember, that night
Oswald is still alive.
1094
00:51:25,332 --> 00:51:26,790
You're going
to be asked, doctor,
1095
00:51:26,833 --> 00:51:31,503
at some point in time under oath
to give sworn testimony.
1096
00:51:31,544 --> 00:51:33,757
Why did you
destroy those notes, doctor?
1097
00:51:33,799 --> 00:51:36,759
Doesn't a pathologist
keep his notes?
1098
00:51:36,802 --> 00:51:39,469
And he said, "Well,
I destroyed my own autopsy notes
1099
00:51:39,511 --> 00:51:41,888
"because they were splattered
with the President's blood
1100
00:51:41,930 --> 00:51:44,768
and I didn't want them to become
objects of morbid curiosity."
1101
00:51:44,810 --> 00:51:46,311
The third doctor, Dr. Finck,
1102
00:51:46,353 --> 00:51:48,270
who was there,
also wrote some notes
1103
00:51:48,312 --> 00:51:49,854
and complained
bitterly about the fact
1104
00:51:49,896 --> 00:51:51,439
that his notes disappeared too.
1105
00:51:51,481 --> 00:51:53,566
He was so upset
because he had to go home
1106
00:51:53,610 --> 00:51:56,029
and reconstruct
all of his notes from memory.
1107
00:51:58,031 --> 00:51:59,948
The two FBI agents
at the autopsy,
1108
00:51:59,989 --> 00:52:02,617
Frank O'Neill and James Sibert,
1109
00:52:02,659 --> 00:52:05,580
they reported what they heard
during the autopsy,
1110
00:52:05,622 --> 00:52:08,332
what they heard
the pathologists say,
1111
00:52:08,375 --> 00:52:10,416
specifically Dr. Humes.
1112
00:52:10,458 --> 00:52:15,006
They were interviewed
by Arlen Specter in early 1964.
1113
00:52:15,048 --> 00:52:19,177
He proceeded to write
very unfavorable comments
1114
00:52:19,218 --> 00:52:21,927
about them in a summary memo
for the record.
1115
00:52:21,970 --> 00:52:23,346
We know with confidence
1116
00:52:23,388 --> 00:52:25,225
why he didn't like
what they had to say,
1117
00:52:25,267 --> 00:52:27,352
because they were
providing evidence
1118
00:52:27,394 --> 00:52:29,520
that the single-bullet theory
could not be true.
1119
00:52:29,562 --> 00:52:31,855
[Goldberg]
Neither Sibert nor O'Neill
1120
00:52:31,896 --> 00:52:34,566
were asked to testify
for the Warren Commission,
1121
00:52:34,607 --> 00:52:37,154
and their written notes
became classified.
1122
00:52:37,195 --> 00:52:39,697
In 1997,
their depositions were taken
1123
00:52:39,739 --> 00:52:42,824
by the Assassination
Records Review Board.
1124
00:52:42,866 --> 00:52:45,076
[Douglas Horne]
Both Sibert and O'Neill
1125
00:52:45,120 --> 00:52:48,290
were shown the photographs
of the back of JFK's head,
1126
00:52:48,331 --> 00:52:51,500
the autopsy photographs that
are the most controversial.
1127
00:52:51,541 --> 00:52:53,126
And they both said
that they didn't
1128
00:52:53,168 --> 00:52:55,172
see anything like that
at the autopsy.
1129
00:52:55,211 --> 00:52:57,465
O'Neill had said, "It looks
like it's been doctored.
1130
00:52:57,507 --> 00:52:59,009
"I don't mean the photo
has been doctored.
1131
00:52:59,050 --> 00:53:01,052
It looks like the head
has been put back together,"
1132
00:53:01,093 --> 00:53:02,635
you know, by embalmers
and then photographed."
1133
00:53:02,677 --> 00:53:04,220
That was what
he said under oath.
1134
00:53:04,262 --> 00:53:06,558
Sibert did not remember
1135
00:53:06,600 --> 00:53:09,352
drawing a diagram of the wound
for the House committee.
1136
00:53:09,394 --> 00:53:11,479
So he drew a new one
for the Review Board.
1137
00:53:11,520 --> 00:53:13,521
And it's one of our
most important wound diagrams.
1138
00:53:13,563 --> 00:53:15,981
And it shows what
could only be an exit defect
1139
00:53:16,024 --> 00:53:17,402
in the right rear of the skull.
1140
00:53:24,407 --> 00:53:26,745
[Goldberg] This new evidence,
combined with
1141
00:53:26,784 --> 00:53:29,915
the Review Board's
declassification
of 40 witnesses
1142
00:53:29,956 --> 00:53:32,750
who saw a hole in the back
of Kennedy's head,
1143
00:53:32,791 --> 00:53:37,214
constitutes powerful evidence
of a shot from the front.
1144
00:53:38,131 --> 00:53:39,591
(gunshot)
1145
00:53:42,427 --> 00:53:44,135
Who was
the autopsy photographer?
1146
00:53:44,177 --> 00:53:46,512
John Stringer.
1147
00:53:46,554 --> 00:53:49,100
He was a Navy civilian.
He was widely respected.
1148
00:53:49,142 --> 00:53:50,310
He had written a textbook
1149
00:53:50,352 --> 00:53:52,229
on medical photography
for the Navy.
1150
00:53:52,270 --> 00:53:53,687
So he was
the photographer of record.
1151
00:53:53,729 --> 00:53:55,939
He photographed
the autopsy itself
1152
00:53:55,980 --> 00:53:59,486
and also photographed
the President's brain.
1153
00:53:59,527 --> 00:54:01,696
[Stone] The autopsy photos
of the President's brain
1154
00:54:01,738 --> 00:54:03,947
are housed
at the National Archives.
1155
00:54:03,989 --> 00:54:07,033
These photos cannot be scanned
or reproduced,
1156
00:54:07,075 --> 00:54:09,955
but are only available
to be viewed on site
1157
00:54:09,996 --> 00:54:13,791
by researchers authorized
by the Kennedy family.
1158
00:54:13,833 --> 00:54:15,792
[Horne] Half of
the brain photos are taken
1159
00:54:15,833 --> 00:54:18,419
of a brain from above,
superior views,
1160
00:54:18,461 --> 00:54:21,758
which is what Stringer said
he shot of the complete organ.
1161
00:54:21,800 --> 00:54:24,385
But the other half of the brain
photos in the archives
1162
00:54:24,427 --> 00:54:27,804
are taken of the bottom,
called basilar views.
1163
00:54:27,845 --> 00:54:30,767
Now, we were very careful
to question Mr. Stringer
1164
00:54:30,809 --> 00:54:32,811
about all the photographs
he took,
1165
00:54:32,852 --> 00:54:35,937
and ask him what kind of film
he used for black and white,
1166
00:54:35,979 --> 00:54:37,605
what kind of film
he used for color.
1167
00:54:37,647 --> 00:54:39,524
Jeremy Gunn showed Stringer
1168
00:54:39,565 --> 00:54:43,530
the color positive
transparencies of the brain,
1169
00:54:43,571 --> 00:54:45,114
and Stringer immediately noted,
1170
00:54:45,156 --> 00:54:47,699
"Well, these aren't Kodak.
These might be Ansco."
1171
00:54:47,740 --> 00:54:50,245
He said, "I don't see the name
of the manufacturer on here,
1172
00:54:50,287 --> 00:54:53,164
but these don't have the
right notches in the corner."
1173
00:54:53,206 --> 00:54:54,916
So Jeremy Gunn said,
1174
00:54:54,958 --> 00:54:57,041
"Did you use this film
with these notches in it?"
1175
00:54:57,083 --> 00:54:58,751
Stringer said, "No."
1176
00:54:58,793 --> 00:55:00,878
"Did you take basilar views
when you shot the brain?"
1177
00:55:00,922 --> 00:55:03,591
And he says,
"Not as far as I know."
1178
00:55:03,633 --> 00:55:06,135
[Goldberg] Doesn't
this all lead to the question
1179
00:55:06,177 --> 00:55:09,804
if Stringer did not take these
photographs, then who did?
1180
00:55:11,683 --> 00:55:14,853
Robert Knudsen
was a Navy photographer
1181
00:55:14,894 --> 00:55:17,979
who was detailed
to the White House in 1958.
1182
00:55:18,021 --> 00:55:21,190
If you read his obituaries in
The New York Times
1183
00:55:21,232 --> 00:55:22,485
and The Washington Post,
1184
00:55:22,527 --> 00:55:24,779
you will see
that he is credited
1185
00:55:24,821 --> 00:55:27,364
with photographing
Kennedy's autopsy,
1186
00:55:27,406 --> 00:55:30,783
except officially he was not.
1187
00:55:30,825 --> 00:55:34,956
[Horne] Robert Knudsen
was not interviewed by
the Warren Commission.
1188
00:55:34,998 --> 00:55:39,000
So they finally found
Robert Knudsen in 1978.
1189
00:55:39,042 --> 00:55:41,169
And to its credit,
the House Select Committee
1190
00:55:41,210 --> 00:55:42,756
did a deposition of him.
1191
00:55:42,797 --> 00:55:45,383
To their discredit,
they never published it.
1192
00:55:45,425 --> 00:55:49,761
They buried it for 50 years
and it got released in 1993.
1193
00:55:49,802 --> 00:55:51,637
And I know why they buried it,
1194
00:55:51,679 --> 00:55:54,559
because everything he told them
about autopsy photography
1195
00:55:54,601 --> 00:55:56,144
contradicted what
they thought they knew
1196
00:55:56,186 --> 00:55:57,520
in the official record.
1197
00:55:57,562 --> 00:56:00,271
[Mantik] After
his death in 1989,
1198
00:56:00,313 --> 00:56:01,981
his wife was interviewed by
1199
00:56:02,023 --> 00:56:04,402
the Assassination
Records Review Board.
1200
00:56:16,456 --> 00:56:19,708
He told her that one photograph
in particular,
1201
00:56:19,750 --> 00:56:21,250
presumably
the back of the head,
1202
00:56:21,292 --> 00:56:23,753
had been severely altered.
1203
00:56:23,797 --> 00:56:25,757
[Jeremy Gunn]
Where was the wound covered?
1204
00:56:31,302 --> 00:56:34,012
[Jeremy Gunn] In one sense,
uh, probably worth saying
1205
00:56:34,055 --> 00:56:35,600
that what you're saying
is very different
1206
00:56:35,642 --> 00:56:37,727
from what
the United States government
1207
00:56:37,769 --> 00:56:39,979
has said for a long time.
1208
00:56:40,020 --> 00:56:43,564
And why didn't he say
something to somebody?
1209
00:57:04,585 --> 00:57:06,423
[Horne]
John Stringer is still
1210
00:57:06,464 --> 00:57:08,049
the autopsy
photographer of record,
1211
00:57:08,091 --> 00:57:09,843
I think they both took pictures
and I personally think
1212
00:57:09,884 --> 00:57:12,677
that many of
John Stringer's pictures
1213
00:57:12,718 --> 00:57:14,512
never made it
into the official collection.
1214
00:57:14,554 --> 00:57:15,805
And a lot of the ones
we're looking at
1215
00:57:15,849 --> 00:57:17,642
are Robert Knudsen's pictures.
1216
00:57:21,187 --> 00:57:24,480
[Mantik] Saundra Spencer worked
at the Anacostia Facility,
1217
00:57:24,522 --> 00:57:26,568
a Naval Photographic Center,
1218
00:57:26,607 --> 00:57:28,987
which was quite separate
from the Bethesda lab.
1219
00:57:29,028 --> 00:57:32,322
That weekend,
she received film.
1220
00:57:32,364 --> 00:57:34,991
[Horne] The photographs
that Saundra Spencer developed,
1221
00:57:35,032 --> 00:57:37,162
which never made it
into the official record.
1222
00:57:37,201 --> 00:57:39,831
The only evidence we have
of them is her testimony.
1223
00:57:41,666 --> 00:57:43,833
Saundra Spencer
was visibly upset
1224
00:57:43,875 --> 00:57:46,335
when she looked at the
official autopsy photographs
1225
00:57:46,377 --> 00:57:49,924
because she said,
"I developed pictures
of him and his family
1226
00:57:49,966 --> 00:57:52,676
for almost three years
and he never looked like this."
1227
00:57:52,718 --> 00:57:54,927
She said, "He looks terrible
in these photographs."
1228
00:57:59,434 --> 00:58:01,978
-She started to cry.
-[Stone] In front of
the Review Board?
1229
00:58:02,020 --> 00:58:04,354
[Horne] Yes, she started to cry
in front of Jeremy and I
1230
00:58:04,395 --> 00:58:06,230
and the person
from the archives,
1231
00:58:06,272 --> 00:58:08,774
and she said,
"He did not look this bad
1232
00:58:08,818 --> 00:58:10,862
in the photographs
I developed on Sunday."
1233
00:58:10,904 --> 00:58:13,947
He was very cleaned up.
It was very respectful.
1234
00:58:13,989 --> 00:58:16,032
And in one of the photographs
she developed,
1235
00:58:16,073 --> 00:58:17,825
there was a brain,
an intact brain,
1236
00:58:17,867 --> 00:58:19,621
sitting next to the body,
1237
00:58:19,662 --> 00:58:21,080
the nude body of the President.
1238
00:58:21,122 --> 00:58:22,874
Strange, first of all,
that it's intact
1239
00:58:22,916 --> 00:58:26,250
because FBI agent Frank O'Neill
told the Review Board
1240
00:58:26,292 --> 00:58:29,086
that over half of the mass
of the brain was missing.
1241
00:58:31,925 --> 00:58:34,468
[Mantik] So the brain autopsy
or autopsies,
1242
00:58:34,510 --> 00:58:37,053
there were probably
two such events,
1243
00:58:37,094 --> 00:58:41,851
uh, occurred later and
were not done on November 22nd.
1244
00:58:41,893 --> 00:58:43,603
[Aguilar] Anybody
that's seen the Zapruder film
1245
00:58:43,645 --> 00:58:44,979
can see Kennedy's
head explodes
1246
00:58:45,020 --> 00:58:46,521
and debris flies
all over the place.
1247
00:58:46,562 --> 00:58:47,855
Jackie Kennedy climbed out
1248
00:58:47,897 --> 00:58:49,607
onto the trunk
of the limousine,
1249
00:58:49,649 --> 00:58:52,779
picked up
a chunk of the President's
brain, had it with her,
1250
00:58:52,820 --> 00:58:54,531
took it in and gave it to, uh,
1251
00:58:54,572 --> 00:58:56,572
one of the doctors
at Parkland Hospital.
1252
00:58:56,614 --> 00:58:58,866
When you look at the autopsy
photographs of the brain,
1253
00:58:58,908 --> 00:59:00,245
which I've seen
the originals of,
1254
00:59:00,284 --> 00:59:02,205
you can just see
that the brain is disrupted,
1255
00:59:02,247 --> 00:59:04,207
but very little
of the tissue is missing.
1256
00:59:04,249 --> 00:59:07,041
Then we look at the autopsy
report of the brain,
1257
00:59:07,083 --> 00:59:09,168
what they call the
supplemental brain examination.
1258
00:59:09,210 --> 00:59:10,753
The brain in evidence
that's weighed there
1259
00:59:10,797 --> 00:59:12,840
weighs 1,500 grams.
1260
00:59:12,882 --> 00:59:16,260
1500 grams is--
is above average weight
1261
00:59:16,302 --> 00:59:17,843
of an adult male brain.
1262
00:59:17,885 --> 00:59:20,930
There was one report
of 8,000 autopsies
1263
00:59:20,974 --> 00:59:23,643
and the average weight of
an adult male brain
1264
00:59:23,685 --> 00:59:25,770
was 1,336 grams.
1265
00:59:25,812 --> 00:59:29,521
So they're saying
that President Kennedy's brain
1266
00:59:29,564 --> 00:59:31,148
was well above
the average weight.
1267
00:59:31,190 --> 00:59:33,194
Where did all that brain tissue
disappear to?
1268
00:59:33,236 --> 00:59:36,989
That flies around Dealey Plaza
that Jackie has in her hand,
1269
00:59:37,031 --> 00:59:38,698
that everybody is picking off
of their clothes?
1270
00:59:41,534 --> 00:59:44,288
[Chesser]
There are two photographs
of the brain at the archives.
1271
00:59:44,330 --> 00:59:46,749
I viewed those in 2015.
1272
00:59:46,791 --> 00:59:49,125
The brain looked to me
to be distorted.
1273
00:59:49,166 --> 00:59:50,960
My first thought was
that the brain had been sitting
1274
00:59:51,002 --> 00:59:53,006
in a jar of formaldehyde
for a long time.
1275
00:59:53,047 --> 00:59:56,134
The Review Board
had a consultant.
1276
00:59:56,175 --> 00:59:59,010
A renowned
forensic pathologist.
1277
00:59:59,052 --> 01:00:01,721
He looked at the brain
photographs and he said,
1278
01:00:01,762 --> 01:00:04,475
"This is a very
well-fixed brain.
1279
01:00:04,517 --> 01:00:07,270
It's all gray.
It's not pink at all.
1280
01:00:07,312 --> 01:00:10,479
"It's been fixed for two
or three weeks in formaldehyde.
1281
01:00:10,521 --> 01:00:11,856
It's been fixed
at least two weeks,
1282
01:00:11,897 --> 01:00:13,357
maybe as long as three weeks."
1283
01:00:13,399 --> 01:00:15,778
I looked at Jeremy Gunn
and he looked at me
1284
01:00:15,820 --> 01:00:17,071
and the hair stood up
on the back of my neck,
1285
01:00:17,113 --> 01:00:21,616
because I knew that JFK's brain
was examined...
1286
01:00:21,657 --> 01:00:23,995
less than three days
after he was killed.
1287
01:00:24,037 --> 01:00:25,747
One can only imagine
that they wanted
1288
01:00:25,788 --> 01:00:27,624
the-- the damage to the brain
1289
01:00:27,665 --> 01:00:29,750
to be consistent
with the hypothesis
1290
01:00:29,791 --> 01:00:32,126
that Oswald
had done the shooting.
1291
01:00:32,168 --> 01:00:34,631
So if you had a defect
going all the way
to the back of the head,
1292
01:00:34,672 --> 01:00:36,924
like so many witnesses
testified to it,
1293
01:00:36,966 --> 01:00:41,344
it might raise questions
about whether that huge defect
1294
01:00:41,385 --> 01:00:44,055
could've cau-- been caused
by a single shot to the head
1295
01:00:44,096 --> 01:00:46,601
as Oswald is supposed
to have done.
1296
01:00:46,643 --> 01:00:47,852
[Chesser]
At a teaching hospital,
1297
01:00:47,894 --> 01:00:50,770
there was
no shortage of brains.
1298
01:00:50,812 --> 01:00:52,104
Autopsies were very frequent.
1299
01:00:52,146 --> 01:00:53,689
Frequently, the brain was saved
1300
01:00:53,731 --> 01:00:56,194
for teaching medical students,
1301
01:00:56,235 --> 01:00:57,862
so it would not
have been difficult
1302
01:00:57,904 --> 01:01:00,364
to find a brain
for replacement.
1303
01:01:00,406 --> 01:01:01,781
This is just one more reason
1304
01:01:01,822 --> 01:01:04,450
why this cannot be
President Kennedy's brain
1305
01:01:04,492 --> 01:01:08,373
in the photographs that
we have stored at the archives.
1306
01:01:08,414 --> 01:01:14,043
What we have here... is evidence
that impugns the authenticity
1307
01:01:14,085 --> 01:01:16,714
of the brain photographs
in the National Archives.
1308
01:01:16,756 --> 01:01:18,508
If there was a trial today,
1309
01:01:18,549 --> 01:01:21,718
these brain photographs would
not be admissible as evidence.
1310
01:01:23,719 --> 01:01:25,721
I'd hate to be
in your shoes today.
1311
01:01:26,724 --> 01:01:27,767
You have a lot to think about.
1312
01:01:27,809 --> 01:01:29,060
You've seen
much hidden evidence
1313
01:01:29,102 --> 01:01:30,937
the American public
has never seen.
1314
01:01:32,479 --> 01:01:35,898
You know, going back
to when we were children,
1315
01:01:35,940 --> 01:01:37,944
I think that most of us
in this courtroom thought
1316
01:01:37,985 --> 01:01:40,697
that justice came
into being automatically.
1317
01:01:41,697 --> 01:01:43,197
That virtue was its own reward,
1318
01:01:43,239 --> 01:01:45,282
that-- that good
would triumph over evil.
1319
01:01:46,992 --> 01:01:50,790
But as we get older,
we know this just isn't true.
1320
01:01:50,832 --> 01:01:53,500
Individual human beings
have to create justice
1321
01:01:53,541 --> 01:01:54,750
and this is not easy,
1322
01:01:56,293 --> 01:01:59,757
because the truth
often poses a threat to power,
1323
01:01:59,799 --> 01:02:03,884
and one often has to fight power
at great risk to themselves.
1324
01:02:03,927 --> 01:02:05,428
[Goldberg]
The one physician present
1325
01:02:05,469 --> 01:02:08,599
at both Parkland Hospital
and the Bethesda morgue
1326
01:02:08,641 --> 01:02:09,934
was George Burkley,
1327
01:02:09,976 --> 01:02:12,603
Kennedy's personal doctor.
1328
01:02:12,645 --> 01:02:15,938
Arlen Specter did not depose
George Burkley,
1329
01:02:15,980 --> 01:02:20,027
but Burkley did an interview
with the JFK Library in 1967,
1330
01:02:20,069 --> 01:02:22,447
and was asked this question.
1331
01:02:22,488 --> 01:02:23,781
[interviewer speaking]
1332
01:02:31,456 --> 01:02:32,790
[interviewer] I see.
1333
01:02:32,832 --> 01:02:35,166
[Miller] The reason
he didn't say anything was,
1334
01:02:35,208 --> 01:02:38,669
he was intimately involved
in the coverup.
1335
01:02:38,711 --> 01:02:41,340
[Goldberg] Burkley signed
the autopsy descriptive sheet
1336
01:02:41,382 --> 01:02:45,385
with a bullet in the back
at the level of T3.
1337
01:02:45,427 --> 01:02:47,970
And he also signed
Kennedy's death certificate,
1338
01:02:48,012 --> 01:02:50,683
which also placed
that wound in the back.
1339
01:02:50,725 --> 01:02:52,685
That death certificate
is not in
1340
01:02:52,727 --> 01:02:55,145
the Warren Commission volumes,
1341
01:02:55,187 --> 01:02:58,355
and the descriptive sheet
in the Commission volumes
1342
01:02:58,397 --> 01:03:00,649
does not have
Burkley's signature.
1343
01:03:02,111 --> 01:03:04,154
In 1977, through his lawyer,
1344
01:03:04,197 --> 01:03:06,489
he wrote a letter
to Richard Sprague,
1345
01:03:06,531 --> 01:03:08,157
Chief Counsel of the House
1346
01:03:08,199 --> 01:03:10,787
Select Committee
on Assassinations.
1347
01:03:10,827 --> 01:03:13,163
He said he had
information indicating
1348
01:03:13,206 --> 01:03:15,416
that others besides Oswald
1349
01:03:15,458 --> 01:03:18,459
must've participated
in the assassination.
1350
01:03:18,501 --> 01:03:22,006
He was willing
to talk about it at this time.
1351
01:03:22,048 --> 01:03:24,342
Sprague,
who made clear his intention
1352
01:03:24,383 --> 01:03:27,010
to fully investigate
the CIA's involvement,
1353
01:03:27,052 --> 01:03:29,094
was forced out two weeks later.
1354
01:03:29,136 --> 01:03:30,971
Dr. Burkley
submitted a written statement
1355
01:03:31,013 --> 01:03:33,184
to the House Select Committee,
1356
01:03:33,226 --> 01:03:35,061
but there is no official record
1357
01:03:35,102 --> 01:03:38,354
of him being
deposed as a witness.
1358
01:03:38,395 --> 01:03:42,274
In 1982, he told
JFK researcher Henry Hurt,
1359
01:03:42,316 --> 01:03:43,736
"I know there was
more than one gunman,"
1360
01:03:43,778 --> 01:03:45,154
and when Henry Hurt
1361
01:03:45,196 --> 01:03:47,197
tried to recontact
Burkley for more details,
1362
01:03:47,239 --> 01:03:48,614
Burkley
cut him off at the knees.
1363
01:03:48,656 --> 01:03:50,157
"I don't want to talk
about it anymore."
1364
01:03:50,199 --> 01:03:51,534
The very next year,
Burkley talked
1365
01:03:51,575 --> 01:03:54,247
to Michael Kurtz,
another JFK researcher,
1366
01:03:54,288 --> 01:03:55,832
told him that he knew there was
1367
01:03:55,873 --> 01:03:57,333
a conspiracy
to kill the President
1368
01:03:57,375 --> 01:03:58,875
and that he recalled
an exit wound
1369
01:03:58,916 --> 01:04:01,043
in the back of
President Kennedy's head.
1370
01:04:01,085 --> 01:04:02,920
Now, that's
a very significant statement.
1371
01:04:02,964 --> 01:04:05,007
That the only doctor we know of
1372
01:04:05,049 --> 01:04:07,884
who was present at
both Parkland for treatment,
1373
01:04:07,927 --> 01:04:09,552
and at Bethesda
during the autopsy,
1374
01:04:09,593 --> 01:04:11,846
told Michael Kurtz in 1983
1375
01:04:11,887 --> 01:04:14,225
that Kennedy had an exit wound
in the back of his head.
1376
01:04:14,267 --> 01:04:15,560
When Kurtz tried
to recontact Burkley,
1377
01:04:15,601 --> 01:04:18,062
Burkley cut him off
at the knees.
1378
01:04:18,104 --> 01:04:19,812
"I don't want to talk
about this anymore."
1379
01:04:19,854 --> 01:04:21,188
Dr. Burkley was deceased
by the time
1380
01:04:21,230 --> 01:04:23,065
the Review Board was impaneled.
1381
01:04:23,107 --> 01:04:25,403
So then Jeremy decided, well,
1382
01:04:25,444 --> 01:04:28,656
we can ask
the executor of his estate,
1383
01:04:28,697 --> 01:04:30,531
his daughter, to sign a waiver
1384
01:04:30,573 --> 01:04:33,033
so that we could
go to the law firm
1385
01:04:33,075 --> 01:04:34,704
that Mr. Illig
used to work for,
1386
01:04:34,745 --> 01:04:35,913
because he was deceased also,
1387
01:04:35,955 --> 01:04:37,248
and see if there were
1388
01:04:37,290 --> 01:04:39,000
any records
in the file of Mr. Illig
1389
01:04:39,041 --> 01:04:41,083
that would have
revealed what it was
1390
01:04:41,125 --> 01:04:43,127
he wanted to tell
the HSCA in detail,
1391
01:04:43,168 --> 01:04:45,086
and she said she would do that.
1392
01:04:45,131 --> 01:04:46,507
And then Jeremy
called her on the phone,
1393
01:04:46,549 --> 01:04:48,843
she had completely
changed her mind
1394
01:04:48,885 --> 01:04:50,177
and adamantly
refused to sign it
1395
01:04:50,218 --> 01:04:52,386
and terminated the phone call.
1396
01:04:57,852 --> 01:04:59,854
The face sheet for the autopsy,
1397
01:04:59,895 --> 01:05:02,771
where it shows the front
and back silhouette of the body,
1398
01:05:02,813 --> 01:05:05,816
where you mark scars
and bullet wounds and things,
1399
01:05:05,858 --> 01:05:08,279
the face sheet
showed the bullet wound
1400
01:05:08,321 --> 01:05:13,282
in the back at the level
of thoracic vertebra T3,
1401
01:05:13,324 --> 01:05:16,287
which is five and a half
to six inches below.
1402
01:05:16,329 --> 01:05:18,247
[Goldberg]
That location coincided with
1403
01:05:18,289 --> 01:05:21,791
what Sibert and O'Neill
wrote in their report.
1404
01:05:21,833 --> 01:05:25,419
And in order to make the facts
fit the single-bullet theory,
1405
01:05:25,461 --> 01:05:27,548
one bullet
doing all this damage,
1406
01:05:27,590 --> 01:05:31,302
the doctors needed an exit
point for the back wound.
1407
01:05:31,343 --> 01:05:34,762
The Warren Commission raised
the wound in the back
1408
01:05:34,803 --> 01:05:37,934
so that it would align
with the alleged exit wound
1409
01:05:37,975 --> 01:05:39,935
in the front of Kennedy's neck.
1410
01:05:39,977 --> 01:05:41,604
Commissioner Gerald Ford
1411
01:05:41,645 --> 01:05:44,104
did this simply
via the stroke of a pen,
1412
01:05:44,146 --> 01:05:46,690
changing the description
in their report
1413
01:05:46,732 --> 01:05:49,612
from back, to back of the neck.
1414
01:05:49,654 --> 01:05:51,781
As I recall,
they said about Gerald Ford
1415
01:05:51,822 --> 01:05:54,406
that he could not chew gum
and walk at the same time.
1416
01:05:54,448 --> 01:05:57,242
Now, all of a sudden, he
becomes a forensic pathologist,
1417
01:05:57,285 --> 01:05:59,956
and a photographer, and
a criminalist, and an expert,
1418
01:05:59,997 --> 01:06:02,708
and he knows
where the bullet hole was
and he moved it up.
1419
01:06:02,750 --> 01:06:04,875
[Goldberg]
But then in 1979,
1420
01:06:04,917 --> 01:06:08,295
the House Select Committee
moved it lower in the back
1421
01:06:08,337 --> 01:06:10,967
because they had pictures
from the autopsy.
1422
01:06:11,008 --> 01:06:12,760
It is conceivable that,
at the time,
1423
01:06:12,802 --> 01:06:14,718
the Warren Commission thought
1424
01:06:14,760 --> 01:06:18,139
no one would ever
see the autopsy photos.
1425
01:06:18,181 --> 01:06:20,351
When the Review Board
declassified
1426
01:06:20,393 --> 01:06:22,478
the notation showing
what Ford had done,
1427
01:06:22,520 --> 01:06:25,354
the former commissioner replied
that it had nothing to do
1428
01:06:25,396 --> 01:06:27,648
with a conspiracy theory.
1429
01:06:27,690 --> 01:06:30,695
He was only trying
to be more precise.
1430
01:06:30,736 --> 01:06:34,321
This is directly contradicted
by a conversation Ford had
1431
01:06:34,364 --> 01:06:38,492
with French President
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.
1432
01:06:38,535 --> 01:06:40,121
Ford told him
the assassination
1433
01:06:40,162 --> 01:06:42,873
was not the work
of one person.
1434
01:06:42,915 --> 01:06:45,041
It was something set up.
1435
01:06:45,083 --> 01:06:47,292
"We were sure it was set up,
1436
01:06:47,334 --> 01:06:50,295
but we were not able
to discover by whom."
1437
01:06:52,758 --> 01:06:54,135
[Stone]
With all the documents
1438
01:06:54,176 --> 01:06:56,260
declassified
by the Review Board,
1439
01:06:56,302 --> 01:06:59,264
we can see
this scene in a new light.
1440
01:06:59,304 --> 01:07:02,393
In regards
to the JFK assassination,
1441
01:07:02,435 --> 01:07:06,229
conspiracy theories
are now conspiracy facts.
1442
01:07:07,312 --> 01:07:09,106
The forensics show evidence
1443
01:07:09,148 --> 01:07:10,691
of multiple shooters
with Oswald,
1444
01:07:10,733 --> 01:07:12,361
not even at
the sixth floor window
1445
01:07:12,403 --> 01:07:15,031
at the time
of the assassination.
1446
01:07:15,072 --> 01:07:20,492
And his fingerprints not found
on the supposed murder weapon.
1447
01:07:20,535 --> 01:07:24,248
Still, there was no trial
for Lee Harvey Oswald.
1448
01:07:24,290 --> 01:07:25,541
These people
have given me a hearing
1449
01:07:25,583 --> 01:07:27,750
without legal representation
or anything.
1450
01:07:27,791 --> 01:07:29,043
[reporter]
Did you shoot the President?
1451
01:07:29,084 --> 01:07:31,420
I didn't shoot anybody, no, sir.
1452
01:07:31,462 --> 01:07:35,384
[Stone] Attorney Mark Lane
tried to represent Oswald
in the proceedings,
1453
01:07:35,426 --> 01:07:37,343
but was denied
by the Warren Commission.
1454
01:08:05,498 --> 01:08:08,333
Did the accused man
get a fair trial?
1455
01:08:08,375 --> 01:08:09,750
I can tell you
from my experiences
1456
01:08:09,792 --> 01:08:12,586
having tried several
hundred cases to verdict,
1457
01:08:12,628 --> 01:08:14,799
and being responsible
for thousands of cases
1458
01:08:14,840 --> 01:08:16,048
as head of the criminal courts
1459
01:08:16,090 --> 01:08:17,591
and running
the homicide bureau,
1460
01:08:17,633 --> 01:08:20,221
that I don't believe there's
any courtroom in America
1461
01:08:20,261 --> 01:08:22,055
where Oswald
would've been convicted
1462
01:08:22,098 --> 01:08:23,474
on the evidence
that was presented
1463
01:08:23,516 --> 01:08:25,726
before the Warren Commission.
1464
01:08:25,768 --> 01:08:29,437
[Stone] Instead of a jury
of 12 American citizens,
1465
01:08:29,479 --> 01:08:32,189
judgment was passed
by a panel of seven
1466
01:08:32,231 --> 01:08:35,608
appointed wise men
and career statesmen.
1467
01:08:35,651 --> 01:08:40,032
A judgment perpetuated
by the media at that time.
1468
01:08:40,074 --> 01:08:42,576
Looking at the
declassified documents,
1469
01:08:42,618 --> 01:08:44,120
we see there's
even more mystery
1470
01:08:44,161 --> 01:08:47,206
behind Oswald to uncover.
1471
01:08:47,248 --> 01:08:51,041
A man who was,
in his own words, a patsy.
1472
01:08:51,083 --> 01:08:54,253
Murdered on live television.
1473
01:08:54,294 --> 01:08:57,631
[reporter 1]
This was the dreary funeral
of Lee Harvey Oswald,
1474
01:08:57,673 --> 01:09:01,386
alleged murderer
of President Kennedy.
1475
01:09:01,425 --> 01:09:03,848
Burial was in
an otherwise empty plot
1476
01:09:03,889 --> 01:09:07,017
in Rose Hill Cemetery
outside Fort Worth.
1477
01:09:07,059 --> 01:09:09,103
A plot that we were told
was bought
1478
01:09:09,145 --> 01:09:11,354
long ago by Oswald's mother.
1479
01:09:11,395 --> 01:09:14,272
No one was on hand
for the funeral as mourners,
1480
01:09:14,314 --> 01:09:17,776
except the family
of the dead man.
1481
01:09:17,818 --> 01:09:21,073
[reporter 2]
Oswald spent his early years
in an orphanage.
1482
01:09:21,115 --> 01:09:25,035
At the age of 17,
he joined the US Marine Corps.
1483
01:09:25,077 --> 01:09:26,787
A year later, he was sent
1484
01:09:26,828 --> 01:09:29,790
to one of the most
secret US bases in the world,
1485
01:09:29,832 --> 01:09:31,625
Atsugi in Japan.
1486
01:09:31,666 --> 01:09:34,084
From here,
the CIA operated spy flights
1487
01:09:34,126 --> 01:09:35,794
over communist China
1488
01:09:35,836 --> 01:09:38,255
using U-2
reconnaissance planes.
1489
01:09:40,090 --> 01:09:43,846
[Goldberg] During the 1975
Church Committee investigation
1490
01:09:43,888 --> 01:09:46,348
of US intelligence activities,
1491
01:09:46,390 --> 01:09:48,225
Committee member
Richard Schweiker
1492
01:09:48,267 --> 01:09:50,644
remarked about Oswald,
1493
01:09:50,685 --> 01:09:53,312
that everywhere
you looked with him,
1494
01:09:53,354 --> 01:09:56,899
there are fingerprints
of intelligence.
1495
01:09:56,940 --> 01:10:00,277
[man] Many people
said he was a forthright,
upstanding American
1496
01:10:00,319 --> 01:10:01,863
as a young person,
1497
01:10:01,905 --> 01:10:05,409
and yet they later depicted him
as a Castro-loving,
1498
01:10:05,451 --> 01:10:08,621
Cuban-loving,
Russian-loving person.
1499
01:10:08,662 --> 01:10:10,289
[Jefferson Morley]
In the spring of 1963,
1500
01:10:10,331 --> 01:10:12,583
Oswald started
handing out pamphlets
1501
01:10:12,625 --> 01:10:14,750
for the Fair Play
for Cuba Committee,
1502
01:10:14,791 --> 01:10:17,586
a pro-Castro, pro-Cuban
Revolution group
1503
01:10:17,628 --> 01:10:20,380
that was popular
on college campuses.
1504
01:10:20,422 --> 01:10:23,799
And some of them,
he stamped "544 Camp Street,"
1505
01:10:23,842 --> 01:10:27,556
which was an office
in downtown, uh, New Orleans
1506
01:10:27,598 --> 01:10:30,017
near where
the CIA's offices were,
1507
01:10:30,059 --> 01:10:31,936
right across the street,
in fact.
1508
01:10:31,977 --> 01:10:35,020
There was also the home of
the Cuban Revolutionary Council,
1509
01:10:35,062 --> 01:10:37,773
which was
the leading anti-Castro group.
1510
01:10:37,814 --> 01:10:42,027
Why would a pro-Castro activist
put his headquarters
1511
01:10:42,069 --> 01:10:43,905
in the same headquarters
1512
01:10:43,948 --> 01:10:46,492
as the leading anti-Castro
group in the country?
1513
01:10:48,160 --> 01:10:50,120
'Cause he was a provocateur.
1514
01:10:50,162 --> 01:10:52,706
This gets back to being
an agent or a double agent,
1515
01:10:52,748 --> 01:10:54,750
because he played both roles.
1516
01:10:54,791 --> 01:10:58,794
Here was Oswald
who had two associations.
1517
01:10:58,835 --> 01:11:00,963
One, he has a group
of anti-Castro Cubans.
1518
01:11:01,004 --> 01:11:03,298
At the same time,
he was handing out leaflets
1519
01:11:03,340 --> 01:11:04,466
for the Fair Play
for Cuba committee,
1520
01:11:04,508 --> 01:11:06,469
uh, with the other side
of the fence.
1521
01:11:06,512 --> 01:11:09,473
So the two groups that had
the most motivation
1522
01:11:09,515 --> 01:11:12,643
to assassinate the President,
he was dealing with.
1523
01:11:13,852 --> 01:11:15,894
[Goldberg]
And not surprisingly,
1524
01:11:15,937 --> 01:11:19,314
many of these groups were
known and, in some cases
1525
01:11:19,356 --> 01:11:21,650
supported,
by the US government.
1526
01:11:22,526 --> 01:11:24,946
In the spring of 1963,
1527
01:11:24,988 --> 01:11:29,326
Oswald began associating with
men who, it would be revealed,
1528
01:11:29,368 --> 01:11:33,289
had clear connections
with these government efforts.
1529
01:11:33,330 --> 01:11:35,332
One of these men, David Ferrie,
1530
01:11:35,374 --> 01:11:40,544
had been with Oswald in the
Civil Air Patrol back in 1955,
1531
01:11:40,585 --> 01:11:43,839
and was known
as an extreme anti-Communist.
1532
01:11:43,880 --> 01:11:47,634
He was also a trainer
and a pilot for the CIA
1533
01:11:47,676 --> 01:11:50,597
in its secret war against Cuba.
1534
01:11:50,639 --> 01:11:52,141
Oswald was involved with these
1535
01:11:52,182 --> 01:11:55,561
Cuban exile training
activities with Ferrie.
1536
01:11:56,729 --> 01:11:58,854
I do know
that I saw him one time
1537
01:11:58,895 --> 01:12:02,482
with a man
by the name of Guy Banister.
1538
01:12:02,524 --> 01:12:05,485
And, uh, what Guy's role was
1539
01:12:05,527 --> 01:12:09,283
in all of this,
I-- I really don't know.
1540
01:12:09,325 --> 01:12:12,119
[Goldberg] Banister
was an extreme right-winger
1541
01:12:12,161 --> 01:12:14,288
who was close to the FBI,
1542
01:12:14,330 --> 01:12:17,791
the CIA,
and the American Nazi Party.
1543
01:12:17,833 --> 01:12:23,837
Banister gave Oswald his own
office at 544 Camp Street.
1544
01:12:23,879 --> 01:12:26,715
Oswald now began
to use his office
1545
01:12:26,757 --> 01:12:31,054
to print up and stamp
pro-Castro literature.
1546
01:12:31,096 --> 01:12:35,184
After the assassination, when
the FBI questioned Banister,
1547
01:12:35,225 --> 01:12:37,895
a former FBI agent himself,
1548
01:12:37,936 --> 01:12:41,980
they did not ask him
about Oswald.
1549
01:12:42,022 --> 01:12:45,859
At some point, the FBI, I think
probably after the assassination
1550
01:12:45,901 --> 01:12:48,404
decided they didn't--
they wanted to disconnect
1551
01:12:48,446 --> 01:12:50,491
Oswald from the FBI,
1552
01:12:50,532 --> 01:12:53,660
and-- and of course, Banister,
who's associated with the FBI,
1553
01:12:53,702 --> 01:12:56,121
would have to be
disconnected as well.
1554
01:12:56,163 --> 01:12:57,247
The problem with that,
1555
01:12:57,289 --> 01:12:59,291
many of those handbills had
1556
01:12:59,333 --> 01:13:02,209
the 544 Camp Street
address on them.
1557
01:13:02,250 --> 01:13:05,837
There was a message
from New Orleans to the Bureau
1558
01:13:05,879 --> 01:13:08,715
written by Special Agent Maynor,
1559
01:13:08,757 --> 01:13:11,551
uh, who actually
mentioned pamphlets
1560
01:13:11,594 --> 01:13:14,390
that had the 544
Camp Street address on it.
1561
01:13:14,431 --> 01:13:17,518
And before
that message was sent,
it was scratched out.
1562
01:13:19,144 --> 01:13:21,520
[Goldberg] The Warren
Commission pushed the idea
1563
01:13:21,562 --> 01:13:23,897
that Oswald
was a staunch communist,
1564
01:13:23,939 --> 01:13:26,108
citing evidence
of his defection
1565
01:13:26,149 --> 01:13:29,611
to the Soviet Union in 1959.
1566
01:13:29,654 --> 01:13:32,532
His trip to Russia raised
a number of questions
1567
01:13:32,574 --> 01:13:34,201
that we wanted to get into.
1568
01:13:34,243 --> 01:13:40,958
For example, when
any American went to Russia
1569
01:13:40,999 --> 01:13:43,583
and renounced
his American citizenship,
1570
01:13:43,625 --> 01:13:45,961
and subsequently
changed his mind
1571
01:13:46,002 --> 01:13:49,423
and wanted to come back
to this country.
1572
01:13:49,464 --> 01:13:51,508
Upon returning to this country,
1573
01:13:51,550 --> 01:13:53,929
there was a thorough debriefing
1574
01:13:54,555 --> 01:13:57,433
by the CIA,
1575
01:13:57,474 --> 01:14:01,478
with one exception, as far
as we can ascertain, Oswald.
1576
01:14:03,062 --> 01:14:06,022
Now, that smacks
of an intelligence relationship.
1577
01:14:06,064 --> 01:14:07,357
[reporter]
Did you kill the President?
1578
01:14:07,399 --> 01:14:08,900
No, they're taking me in
1579
01:14:08,942 --> 01:14:11,404
because of the fact that
I lived in the Soviet Union.
1580
01:14:13,323 --> 01:14:17,244
[Goldberg]
State Department Intelligence
Officer Otto Otepka
1581
01:14:17,286 --> 01:14:20,664
had noted the marked increase
in the number of Americans
1582
01:14:20,706 --> 01:14:23,125
defecting to Russia
at the time.
1583
01:14:23,166 --> 01:14:27,002
He also noted that some of them
came from the military.
1584
01:14:27,043 --> 01:14:30,172
He, therefore, suspected
that some of these men
1585
01:14:30,213 --> 01:14:32,132
were fake defectors.
1586
01:14:32,174 --> 01:14:34,176
They had been assigned
by the CIA
1587
01:14:34,217 --> 01:14:38,182
to garner intelligence
behind the Iron Curtain.
1588
01:14:38,223 --> 01:14:42,644
He sent a letter to the CIA
asking which ones were real
1589
01:14:42,686 --> 01:14:45,395
and which were their agents.
1590
01:14:45,437 --> 01:14:49,774
Oswald was one of the names
on Otepka's list.
1591
01:14:49,816 --> 01:14:53,236
Otepka's request was forwarded
to James Angleton,
1592
01:14:53,279 --> 01:14:55,240
Chief of Counterintelligence.
1593
01:14:55,282 --> 01:14:58,994
He instructed that there be
no research done on Oswald,
1594
01:14:59,036 --> 01:15:03,248
but Otepka continued to work
on the Oswald case.
1595
01:15:03,290 --> 01:15:05,125
The thing of significance
1596
01:15:05,166 --> 01:15:07,584
was that he was really
interested in Lee Harvey Oswald
1597
01:15:07,626 --> 01:15:10,086
before the assassination,
1598
01:15:10,128 --> 01:15:14,799
and he actually had a study
of these defectors in his safe.
1599
01:15:14,841 --> 01:15:18,054
Well, things got worse.
His office was not only bugged,
1600
01:15:18,096 --> 01:15:20,682
they planted people in
his office to spy on him.
1601
01:15:20,724 --> 01:15:24,561
They started putting
confidential documents
in his burn bag,
1602
01:15:24,603 --> 01:15:26,145
and then tried
to blame him in saying
1603
01:15:26,187 --> 01:15:27,896
he's burning
confidential documents.
1604
01:15:27,938 --> 01:15:30,232
The guy has gone,
you know, wacko.
1605
01:15:30,273 --> 01:15:32,025
[Goldberg] As a result,
1606
01:15:32,067 --> 01:15:34,736
he was formally removed
from the State Department
1607
01:15:34,779 --> 01:15:37,907
on November 5th, 1963,
1608
01:15:37,950 --> 01:15:41,119
just 17 days
before the assassination.
1609
01:15:41,161 --> 01:15:44,831
So you will not see Otepka's
name in the Warren Report.
1610
01:15:44,873 --> 01:15:48,458
And he was not called as
a witness before that body.
1611
01:15:48,500 --> 01:15:50,794
In fact, Angleton, the man
1612
01:15:50,835 --> 01:15:55,048
who had access to all
the Oswald files at the CIA,
1613
01:15:55,090 --> 01:15:57,175
coordinated
the agency's response
1614
01:15:57,217 --> 01:16:00,764
to the Warren Commission's
requests.
1615
01:16:00,806 --> 01:16:04,560
[reporter]
The CIA Deputy Director
of Plans, Richard Helms,
1616
01:16:04,601 --> 01:16:06,269
swore to the Warren Commission
1617
01:16:06,311 --> 01:16:08,103
that the agency never had
1618
01:16:08,145 --> 01:16:11,398
or contemplated
any contact with Oswald.
1619
01:16:11,439 --> 01:16:14,401
The line that the CIA fed
the Warren Commission,
1620
01:16:14,442 --> 01:16:16,988
that they really didn't know
anything about this guy.
1621
01:16:17,029 --> 01:16:20,117
We now know that
that was complete nonsense.
1622
01:16:20,158 --> 01:16:23,745
Oswald was
a figure of intense interest
1623
01:16:23,787 --> 01:16:26,456
for four years
before the assassination.
1624
01:16:26,498 --> 01:16:30,292
And a dozen senior CIA officers
1625
01:16:30,333 --> 01:16:32,127
were very
well acquainted with him.
1626
01:16:32,168 --> 01:16:34,796
Everything he did,
where he went,
1627
01:16:34,838 --> 01:16:37,299
what his politics were,
his family life.
1628
01:16:37,340 --> 01:16:41,013
I mean, remember, they were
reading his mother's mail.
1629
01:16:41,054 --> 01:16:43,098
That's how closely
they were watching him
1630
01:16:43,140 --> 01:16:45,892
right up until
Kennedy was killed.
1631
01:16:45,934 --> 01:16:48,687
And then Kennedy was killed,
Oswald's arrested,
1632
01:16:48,729 --> 01:16:52,230
and they say, "Oh,
we know nothing about this man."
1633
01:16:52,272 --> 01:16:56,109
[Goldberg]
In fact, ARRB records show
1634
01:16:56,151 --> 01:17:00,324
that Angleton and the CIA were
receiving reports on Oswald
1635
01:17:00,365 --> 01:17:04,202
up until one week
before the assassination.
1636
01:17:04,244 --> 01:17:05,996
So, you know,
the whole investigation
1637
01:17:06,038 --> 01:17:09,041
would have been
totally different
1638
01:17:09,082 --> 01:17:12,292
if-- if the public and
the investigators had known
1639
01:17:12,334 --> 01:17:16,046
just how much the CIA knew
about the alleged lone nut.
1640
01:17:18,632 --> 01:17:22,053
[Goldberg] One of the places
Oswald leafleted in front of
1641
01:17:22,094 --> 01:17:25,432
was Clay Shaw's
International Trade Mart.
1642
01:17:25,474 --> 01:17:29,978
Shaw, who was arrested by
New Orleans DA Jim Garrison
1643
01:17:30,020 --> 01:17:32,520
on charges that he
was part of the conspiracy
1644
01:17:32,562 --> 01:17:34,356
to kill President Kennedy,
1645
01:17:34,397 --> 01:17:38,526
always denied he was
associated with the CIA.
1646
01:17:38,568 --> 01:17:40,488
[interviewer]
You have never yourself had
any CIA connection?
1647
01:17:40,529 --> 01:17:41,782
None whatsoever.
1648
01:17:41,823 --> 01:17:43,075
Any association
with the organization?
1649
01:17:43,116 --> 01:17:44,242
Not a one.
1650
01:17:44,284 --> 01:17:45,951
[Goldberg]
The Review Board has shown
1651
01:17:45,994 --> 01:17:48,413
these denials to be false.
1652
01:17:48,455 --> 01:17:51,958
Shaw was both
a highly valued contract agent
1653
01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:54,584
and had
a covert security clearance
1654
01:17:54,626 --> 01:17:58,546
for a project code
named QKENCHANT.
1655
01:18:00,632 --> 01:18:02,717
New Orleans attorney
Dean Andrews
1656
01:18:02,759 --> 01:18:05,347
had worked with Oswald
in May of '63
1657
01:18:05,389 --> 01:18:08,767
in an attempt to upgrade
his military discharge
1658
01:18:08,809 --> 01:18:11,395
from its "undesirable" status.
1659
01:18:11,436 --> 01:18:16,064
After the assassination, a man
calling himself Clay Bertrand
1660
01:18:16,106 --> 01:18:19,693
phoned Andrews and asked him
to consider going to Dallas
1661
01:18:19,734 --> 01:18:22,196
to defend Oswald.
1662
01:18:22,238 --> 01:18:26,159
Under oath, Clay Shaw denied
that he was Clay Bertrand,
1663
01:18:26,201 --> 01:18:28,078
and Andrews claimed
that because
1664
01:18:28,120 --> 01:18:30,706
of the medication he was on,
1665
01:18:30,747 --> 01:18:33,166
he had only imagined
the phone call.
1666
01:18:33,208 --> 01:18:35,583
But today, because of the work
1667
01:18:35,625 --> 01:18:38,086
of the Assassination
Records Review Board,
1668
01:18:38,128 --> 01:18:41,297
we now have evidence
and 12 people who confirmed
1669
01:18:41,339 --> 01:18:44,175
that Shaw
used this name as an alias.
1670
01:18:44,217 --> 01:18:47,472
Andrews later admitted
that Shaw was Bertrand
1671
01:18:47,514 --> 01:18:49,433
to author Harold Weisberg,
1672
01:18:49,474 --> 01:18:51,893
but made him promise
not to reveal this
1673
01:18:51,935 --> 01:18:54,187
until after Andrews' death.
1674
01:18:57,522 --> 01:18:59,274
[John Newman] In the FBI,
1675
01:18:59,315 --> 01:19:03,988
uh, a stop or flash was placed
on Oswald's files,
1676
01:19:04,029 --> 01:19:07,367
which meant that no one
1677
01:19:07,409 --> 01:19:10,454
could ask for
a document in those files,
1678
01:19:10,495 --> 01:19:14,040
or no one could even add
a document to those files
1679
01:19:14,082 --> 01:19:18,042
without going through
the FBI's espionage division.
1680
01:19:18,084 --> 01:19:21,004
And that lasted for four years.
1681
01:19:21,045 --> 01:19:24,007
It was essentially
a blinking red light
1682
01:19:24,048 --> 01:19:26,301
on Oswald's files at FBI.
1683
01:19:27,845 --> 01:19:31,391
On 8 October, 1963,
1684
01:19:31,433 --> 01:19:34,853
an FBI agent whose name
was Marvin Gheesling
1685
01:19:34,895 --> 01:19:37,771
took that status
off of Oswald's files.
1686
01:19:39,773 --> 01:19:42,150
What that action did
was to lower
1687
01:19:42,192 --> 01:19:46,405
Oswald's threat profile
at the FBI
1688
01:19:46,448 --> 01:19:50,118
just weeks before
the Kennedy assassination.
1689
01:19:50,160 --> 01:19:52,996
And what that would mean
is there was no reason
1690
01:19:53,038 --> 01:19:56,249
to put Oswald's name
on the security index.
1691
01:19:56,291 --> 01:19:58,458
One thing
about the security index
1692
01:19:58,500 --> 01:20:00,919
is when you have
a Presidential motorcade
1693
01:20:00,960 --> 01:20:03,463
going through
a particular route,
1694
01:20:03,505 --> 01:20:04,923
anybody who's on that index
1695
01:20:04,964 --> 01:20:06,758
has to be removed
from where they are.
1696
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:08,676
They cannot be
on the parade route.
1697
01:20:08,719 --> 01:20:10,555
And, of course, that exposes
1698
01:20:10,597 --> 01:20:13,016
the President
to a dangerous situation
1699
01:20:13,058 --> 01:20:14,601
that he shouldn't have been in.
1700
01:20:14,643 --> 01:20:18,145
That action at the FBI
didn't happen in isolation.
1701
01:20:18,187 --> 01:20:23,149
The same thing happened at CIA
at exactly the same time.
1702
01:20:23,191 --> 01:20:26,195
[Stone]
Who was the CIA's liaison
they chose to work
1703
01:20:26,237 --> 01:20:29,574
with the House Select
Committee in 1978?
1704
01:20:29,616 --> 01:20:30,659
George Joannides.
1705
01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:32,536
He was the case officer
1706
01:20:32,577 --> 01:20:34,454
for the Cuban students
1707
01:20:34,496 --> 01:20:37,040
who had a series of encounters
with Oswald
1708
01:20:37,082 --> 01:20:38,750
before the assassination.
1709
01:20:38,791 --> 01:20:41,167
And then, 13 years later,
1710
01:20:41,209 --> 01:20:44,003
when Congress
reopens the investigation,
1711
01:20:44,045 --> 01:20:46,798
the CIA calls Joannides
out of retirement,
1712
01:20:46,840 --> 01:20:49,008
and make him the point person
1713
01:20:49,050 --> 01:20:51,220
to deal with
the Congressional investigators
1714
01:20:51,262 --> 01:20:53,014
who are looking into the CIA's
1715
01:20:53,056 --> 01:20:55,851
possible role
in the assassination.
1716
01:20:55,892 --> 01:20:58,061
The HSCA
knew nothing about this,
1717
01:20:58,103 --> 01:20:59,895
and I went to Bob Blakey,
1718
01:20:59,937 --> 01:21:02,522
the head of
the HSCA investigation,
1719
01:21:02,564 --> 01:21:04,858
and I said, "Bob, did you ever
know this guy, Joannides?"
1720
01:21:04,899 --> 01:21:06,861
And he said, "Yeah, you know,
we dealt with him a lot.
1721
01:21:06,901 --> 01:21:08,529
He was the liaison."
1722
01:21:08,571 --> 01:21:11,241
And I said, "Did you know
what he was doing in 1963?"
1723
01:21:11,283 --> 01:21:13,493
And he said, "He wasn't
doing anything in 1963.
1724
01:21:13,535 --> 01:21:15,036
"We had
an agreement with the CIA
1725
01:21:15,078 --> 01:21:16,371
"that nobody
who was operational
1726
01:21:16,413 --> 01:21:18,206
"at the time
of the assassination
1727
01:21:18,248 --> 01:21:20,375
would be involved
in the investigation."
1728
01:21:20,416 --> 01:21:24,043
And I said, "Bob, Joannides
was running those Cubans
1729
01:21:24,085 --> 01:21:26,546
"who were in touch with Oswald.
He was running the Cubans
1730
01:21:26,588 --> 01:21:28,756
"who were blaming Castro
for the assassination.
1731
01:21:28,798 --> 01:21:32,469
"He was Dick Helms'
hand-picked man in Miami,
1732
01:21:32,511 --> 01:21:35,557
"controlling the group that
had the most to do with Oswald
1733
01:21:35,599 --> 01:21:37,475
"before and after
the assassination.
1734
01:21:37,517 --> 01:21:39,853
And then he came along
and he stonewalled you."
1735
01:21:39,895 --> 01:21:42,354
The reason why they brought
Joannides in to do it
1736
01:21:42,395 --> 01:21:45,522
was to hide
the connection to Oswald.
1737
01:21:45,565 --> 01:21:47,942
He was definitely shocked
because
1738
01:21:47,984 --> 01:21:50,486
he saw just how clever
they had been.
1739
01:21:50,529 --> 01:21:53,450
They had gone right to
the heart of his investigation,
1740
01:21:53,491 --> 01:21:55,285
and figured out
how to paralyze it.
1741
01:21:55,327 --> 01:21:57,203
I remember that he said,
you know,
1742
01:21:57,245 --> 01:22:00,457
"I'll never believe anything
the CIA tells me again."
1743
01:22:02,666 --> 01:22:05,084
[Goldberg]
Even the Assassination Records
Review Board
1744
01:22:05,126 --> 01:22:09,088
had trouble getting documents
from government agencies.
1745
01:22:09,130 --> 01:22:12,467
What were some
of your difficulties
working with the CIA?
1746
01:22:12,508 --> 01:22:16,556
One of the censors at the CIA
was at a meeting with us,
1747
01:22:16,598 --> 01:22:20,143
and there was a document
that we put up on the screen
1748
01:22:20,185 --> 01:22:21,978
and said,
"We are prepared to release it."
1749
01:22:22,854 --> 01:22:24,270
And I asked him, you know,
1750
01:22:24,312 --> 01:22:26,606
"Tell us why we shouldn't
release this record?"
1751
01:22:26,648 --> 01:22:29,275
And it was silence
for about two minutes.
1752
01:22:29,317 --> 01:22:32,321
And he finally said,
"I know there is a reason,
1753
01:22:32,363 --> 01:22:34,908
I just can't think
of what it is."
1754
01:22:36,159 --> 01:22:37,826
[Goldberg]
In late 1992,
1755
01:22:37,869 --> 01:22:41,081
a month after
the Records Act was passed,
1756
01:22:41,122 --> 01:22:44,583
the Secret Service began
its compliance plan.
1757
01:22:44,625 --> 01:22:47,627
But by January of 1995,
1758
01:22:47,669 --> 01:22:51,756
it had begun destroying
important documents.
1759
01:22:51,798 --> 01:22:54,592
The destruction of records
is actually referenced
1760
01:22:54,634 --> 01:22:59,391
in the Assassination Records
Review Board final, uh, report.
1761
01:22:59,432 --> 01:23:02,519
Very, um, very disappointing.
1762
01:23:02,560 --> 01:23:04,687
Uh, they were records
that related to trips
1763
01:23:04,729 --> 01:23:09,440
that President Kennedy had
taken, uh, in the fall of 1963
1764
01:23:09,482 --> 01:23:12,111
prior to him going to Dallas.
1765
01:23:12,151 --> 01:23:14,698
[John R. Tunheim]
There were many threats made
to President Kennedy's life
1766
01:23:14,738 --> 01:23:16,866
during the year 1963.
1767
01:23:16,908 --> 01:23:18,493
They're called threat sheets.
1768
01:23:18,535 --> 01:23:20,286
And the Secret Service
fought us
1769
01:23:20,328 --> 01:23:22,539
on release of those records.
1770
01:23:22,580 --> 01:23:23,999
They even enlisted
1771
01:23:24,040 --> 01:23:26,541
Vice President Gore's
wife to help them,
1772
01:23:26,583 --> 01:23:29,168
because she had
a very legitimate concern
1773
01:23:29,210 --> 01:23:31,045
for mental health records.
1774
01:23:31,087 --> 01:23:34,298
And the idea was that this might
disclose the names of people
1775
01:23:34,340 --> 01:23:36,259
who had mental health problems.
1776
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:39,389
In the end, when we required
agencies to disclose,
1777
01:23:39,431 --> 01:23:41,349
to swear under oath
that they had
1778
01:23:41,391 --> 01:23:43,560
located all
assassination records,
1779
01:23:43,601 --> 01:23:45,687
had turned
everything over to us,
1780
01:23:45,729 --> 01:23:49,939
the Secret Service refused
to sign the document under oath.
1781
01:23:49,981 --> 01:23:51,232
I think that was telling.
1782
01:23:53,109 --> 01:23:55,821
[Goldberg] Few people knew
that there had been at least
1783
01:23:55,863 --> 01:24:00,410
two prior plots to kill
President Kennedy in 1963.
1784
01:24:00,452 --> 01:24:03,246
One was in Chicago
on November 2nd.
1785
01:24:03,288 --> 01:24:07,041
The second was in Tampa
on November 18th.
1786
01:24:07,083 --> 01:24:09,751
Kennedy ended up
not going to Chicago.
1787
01:24:09,792 --> 01:24:11,419
Tell us about that plot.
1788
01:24:11,461 --> 01:24:14,922
An informant, on October 31st,
1789
01:24:14,964 --> 01:24:19,219
an informant named Lee
gave a warning to the FBI
1790
01:24:19,261 --> 01:24:22,265
stating that four Cubans
1791
01:24:22,307 --> 01:24:24,768
were headed to Chicago
to shoot Kennedy.
1792
01:24:24,809 --> 01:24:28,520
The following day, a landlady
reported to the Chicago police
1793
01:24:28,562 --> 01:24:31,230
that she had rented
a room to four people
1794
01:24:31,272 --> 01:24:33,274
that had rifles
with telescopic sights
1795
01:24:33,316 --> 01:24:35,401
and a sketch of the motorcade.
1796
01:24:35,443 --> 01:24:38,573
The FBI passed that
on to the Secret Service,
1797
01:24:38,615 --> 01:24:41,867
and the Secret Service
botched the surveillance
1798
01:24:41,910 --> 01:24:43,286
of these four individuals.
1799
01:24:43,328 --> 01:24:44,871
Two of them escaped,
1800
01:24:44,913 --> 01:24:47,165
but they actually picked up
two of the snipers,
1801
01:24:47,207 --> 01:24:48,500
and they detained them.
1802
01:24:48,541 --> 01:24:50,625
They were stonewalled
by the snipers.
1803
01:24:50,666 --> 01:24:52,460
They didn't get
any information out of them.
1804
01:24:52,502 --> 01:24:56,089
While this was going on, there
was another threat coming in
1805
01:24:56,130 --> 01:25:01,053
from another alternate patsy
named Thomas Arthur Vallee,
1806
01:25:01,095 --> 01:25:02,597
who was making
open and loud threats
1807
01:25:02,639 --> 01:25:04,933
that he would
assassinate Kennedy.
1808
01:25:04,974 --> 01:25:08,770
They only picked him up
when Kennedy canceled his trip,
1809
01:25:08,812 --> 01:25:12,396
on November 2nd
at 10:00 in the morning.
1810
01:25:12,438 --> 01:25:16,651
What you found in Vallee
and the whole Chicago plot
1811
01:25:16,692 --> 01:25:20,740
is so many similarities to what
eventually happened in Dallas
1812
01:25:20,782 --> 01:25:23,493
that it can't be
considered coincidental.
1813
01:25:23,535 --> 01:25:28,081
Vallee, if we compare him
to Oswald, is an ex-Marine.
1814
01:25:28,123 --> 01:25:30,916
He had been posted,
like Oswald, in the Far East
1815
01:25:30,958 --> 01:25:34,127
on a station
that was linked to the CIA
1816
01:25:34,168 --> 01:25:37,171
because there were
U-2 surveillance planes on it.
1817
01:25:37,213 --> 01:25:41,175
It was easy to portray him
as disgruntled, anti-Kennedy,
1818
01:25:41,217 --> 01:25:42,970
a loner, armed.
1819
01:25:43,011 --> 01:25:45,723
Uh, he had
another intelligence link
1820
01:25:45,765 --> 01:25:48,351
that he shared with Oswald.
1821
01:25:48,393 --> 01:25:51,062
He trained Cuban exiles
for combat,
1822
01:25:51,104 --> 01:25:53,855
which was a CIA responsibility.
1823
01:25:53,896 --> 01:25:56,899
And Oswald, we know,
at least offered to do that.
1824
01:25:56,941 --> 01:26:01,071
He most likely did train Cuban
exiles, but we know he tried to.
1825
01:26:01,113 --> 01:26:03,575
Oswald, as we know,
was moved
1826
01:26:03,616 --> 01:26:07,162
from New Orleans
to Dallas in October
1827
01:26:07,203 --> 01:26:08,830
to be there just
at the right time...
1828
01:26:09,706 --> 01:26:11,249
for the motorcade.
1829
01:26:11,291 --> 01:26:14,333
And he's placed
in a tall building,
where he gets a job.
1830
01:26:14,375 --> 01:26:17,587
He's adjacent
to the perfect kill zone.
1831
01:26:17,628 --> 01:26:20,506
Now, if we look at what
happened to, uh, Vallee,
1832
01:26:20,548 --> 01:26:23,467
he's moved like a pawn,
in August,
1833
01:26:23,509 --> 01:26:26,389
from Long Island to Chicago
1834
01:26:26,431 --> 01:26:28,224
to be there in time
for the motorcade.
1835
01:26:28,266 --> 01:26:29,851
And where does he get a job?
1836
01:26:29,893 --> 01:26:33,187
In a tall building
adjacent to the motorcade
1837
01:26:33,229 --> 01:26:35,855
with a perfect view
of a kill zone.
1838
01:26:35,897 --> 01:26:38,482
It would have
forced Kennedy's motorcade
1839
01:26:38,524 --> 01:26:40,736
to do a sharp turn, slow down,
1840
01:26:40,776 --> 01:26:42,196
and be in a point
1841
01:26:42,237 --> 01:26:45,033
where you could've had
perfect triangulation of fire.
1842
01:26:45,074 --> 01:26:46,659
And what about
the trip to Florida?
1843
01:26:46,701 --> 01:26:48,244
On November 18th,
1844
01:26:48,286 --> 01:26:50,371
Kennedy was scheduled
1845
01:26:50,413 --> 01:26:52,957
to do a 27-mile-long
motorcade in Tampa.
1846
01:26:52,999 --> 01:26:57,460
Secret Service was very nervous
about the Floridian Hotel
1847
01:26:57,501 --> 01:26:59,212
where the motorcade
would've gone by.
1848
01:26:59,253 --> 01:27:00,755
It would have
forced a sharp turn.
1849
01:27:00,796 --> 01:27:03,591
Nobody fired away at him.
But in this case,
1850
01:27:03,633 --> 01:27:08,181
the patsy would've been
a Gilbert Policarpo Lopez.
1851
01:27:08,223 --> 01:27:09,891
He was a Cuban exile.
1852
01:27:09,933 --> 01:27:13,895
He attended Fair Play
for Cuba Committee meetings.
1853
01:27:13,937 --> 01:27:16,771
And what do you think
was the relevance of it?
1854
01:27:16,812 --> 01:27:19,732
[Paul Bleau]
Well, if he had been
assassinated in Tampa,
1855
01:27:19,774 --> 01:27:22,903
Lopez, he would've been
the, uh, potential patsy,
1856
01:27:22,945 --> 01:27:26,115
if they had to admit
to a front shot...
1857
01:27:26,157 --> 01:27:28,409
because Oswald was behind.
1858
01:27:28,451 --> 01:27:32,247
There were rumors
that he had assisted Oswald
1859
01:27:32,288 --> 01:27:34,082
in the assassination in Dallas.
1860
01:27:34,123 --> 01:27:37,208
Had anyone--
anyone tried to speak
to the Warren Commission
1861
01:27:37,250 --> 01:27:38,876
about these incidents?
1862
01:27:38,918 --> 01:27:40,711
[Bleau]
Abraham Bolden
1863
01:27:40,753 --> 01:27:43,339
was the first Black
Secret Service agent
1864
01:27:43,381 --> 01:27:45,383
assigned to
the White House detail,
1865
01:27:45,424 --> 01:27:47,426
and he was
hand-picked by Kennedy.
1866
01:27:47,469 --> 01:27:50,139
He was in Chicago,
uh, when this plot went down.
1867
01:27:50,181 --> 01:27:53,810
So he was there when
the Secret Service was briefed
1868
01:27:53,851 --> 01:27:55,561
about the four snipers.
1869
01:27:55,603 --> 01:27:57,770
And he witnessed how much
1870
01:27:57,812 --> 01:28:00,940
the security
was lax for Chicago.
1871
01:28:00,982 --> 01:28:04,278
And he also witnessed,
after the assassination,
1872
01:28:04,318 --> 01:28:06,530
the steps
that were taken to keep
1873
01:28:06,571 --> 01:28:09,242
the Chicago plot
completely secret.
1874
01:28:09,284 --> 01:28:11,494
No paper trail,
compartmentalized,
1875
01:28:11,536 --> 01:28:14,247
agents ordered
to keep silent about it.
1876
01:28:14,289 --> 01:28:17,208
This information
did not make its way
1877
01:28:17,250 --> 01:28:19,417
to Secret Service agents
1878
01:28:19,458 --> 01:28:21,502
that were protecting Kennedy
1879
01:28:21,544 --> 01:28:23,963
for future motorcades,
including Dallas.
1880
01:28:24,005 --> 01:28:26,048
[Goldberg] Secret Service
Agent Elmer Moore
1881
01:28:26,090 --> 01:28:30,722
was aware of Agent Bolden
and the Chicago plot.
1882
01:28:30,762 --> 01:28:33,766
I met with Elmer
three times face-to-face,
1883
01:28:33,808 --> 01:28:37,020
several phone calls,
very short, one very long one.
1884
01:28:37,061 --> 01:28:40,896
I first asked him,
"Did you ever interview
1885
01:28:40,938 --> 01:28:42,606
Thomas Arthur Vallee?"
1886
01:28:42,648 --> 01:28:44,567
And he says, "Oh, Washington
1887
01:28:44,608 --> 01:28:46,695
wouldn't let me
see the files on that."
1888
01:28:46,737 --> 01:28:49,282
I said, "Oh, well,
what about a man,
1889
01:28:49,324 --> 01:28:51,951
a Secret Service agent by
the name of Abraham Bolden?"
1890
01:28:53,411 --> 01:28:55,830
His demeanor completely changed.
1891
01:28:55,872 --> 01:28:59,666
He stood up from his chair,
he pulled out his revolver,
1892
01:28:59,708 --> 01:29:02,835
and he put it on the table
right in front of me.
1893
01:29:02,877 --> 01:29:05,504
He leaned over
the table and he says,
1894
01:29:05,546 --> 01:29:08,716
"Jim, tell me right now,
who are you working for?"
1895
01:29:11,386 --> 01:29:14,349
I said,
"I'm an independent researcher."
1896
01:29:14,974 --> 01:29:16,017
He told me...
1897
01:29:18,519 --> 01:29:19,937
in a very loud voice...
1898
01:29:21,729 --> 01:29:24,482
and with a very stern look
on his face,
1899
01:29:24,523 --> 01:29:27,361
"We finally got him."
1900
01:29:27,401 --> 01:29:29,196
[Bleau]
Abraham Bolden was one person
1901
01:29:29,237 --> 01:29:31,074
who did try to say what he knew
1902
01:29:31,115 --> 01:29:34,160
to the Warren Commission,
but they blocked him.
1903
01:29:34,202 --> 01:29:35,703
He was blocked from talking
1904
01:29:35,745 --> 01:29:39,415
and eventually railroaded
into some phony crime
1905
01:29:39,457 --> 01:29:41,458
and put into jail
for a number of years.
1906
01:29:45,920 --> 01:29:48,756
[Stone]
The National Archives is home
to forensic evidence
1907
01:29:48,798 --> 01:29:51,008
of Kennedy's assassination,
1908
01:29:51,050 --> 01:29:54,389
and government files
regarding Lee Harvey Oswald.
1909
01:29:54,430 --> 01:29:56,849
But the Review Board
also declassified
1910
01:29:56,891 --> 01:29:59,185
many documents
regarding Kennedy's plans
1911
01:29:59,227 --> 01:30:01,062
for withdrawal from Vietnam,
1912
01:30:01,104 --> 01:30:03,479
and how he planned
to shape his progressive,
1913
01:30:03,521 --> 01:30:06,482
new American foreign policy.
1914
01:30:06,524 --> 01:30:08,901
A policy that,
if put in motion,
1915
01:30:08,943 --> 01:30:12,407
would completely derail plans
secretly already set up
1916
01:30:12,448 --> 01:30:14,450
by the Pentagon and the CIA.
1917
01:30:19,622 --> 01:30:22,916
I never realized
Kennedy was so dangerous
to the establishment.
1918
01:30:24,333 --> 01:30:26,419
Is that why?
1919
01:30:26,460 --> 01:30:27,920
That's the real question,
isn't it?
1920
01:30:27,962 --> 01:30:29,379
"Why?"
1921
01:30:29,422 --> 01:30:33,676
The "how" and the "who"
is just scenery for the public.
1922
01:30:33,717 --> 01:30:37,056
Oswald, Ruby, Cuba, the Mafia,
1923
01:30:37,098 --> 01:30:39,142
keeps 'em guessing
like some kind of parlor game.
1924
01:30:39,183 --> 01:30:42,562
Prevents 'em from asking the
most important question: "Why?"
1925
01:30:42,603 --> 01:30:45,813
Why was Kennedy killed?
Who benefited?
1926
01:30:45,855 --> 01:30:47,481
Who has the power
to cover it up?
1927
01:30:48,190 --> 01:30:49,107
Who?
1928
01:30:51,695 --> 01:30:53,321
[Donald Sutherland]
His first year in office,
1929
01:30:53,363 --> 01:30:56,951
Kennedy must shape
his own policy as President,
1930
01:30:56,993 --> 01:31:00,455
sometimes in conflict with what
his predecessors have done,
1931
01:31:00,496 --> 01:31:03,499
especially in foreign policy.
1932
01:31:03,541 --> 01:31:08,961
And by the fall of 1963,
Kennedy had made many enemies.
1933
01:31:09,003 --> 01:31:12,840
He was working on an American
withdrawal from Vietnam.
1934
01:31:12,882 --> 01:31:16,178
An upcoming State visit
to Indonesia in '64.
1935
01:31:16,219 --> 01:31:20,433
An independent,
unified democracy in the Congo.
1936
01:31:20,475 --> 01:31:24,061
Through Nasser, a balanced
policy in the Middle East.
1937
01:31:24,103 --> 01:31:27,313
Normalization of relations
with Cuba.
1938
01:31:27,354 --> 01:31:30,316
And a détente with Russia.
1939
01:31:30,357 --> 01:31:33,528
Even going so far
as to offer them
a joint mission to the moon.
1940
01:31:34,696 --> 01:31:37,825
But back in April of 1961,
1941
01:31:37,867 --> 01:31:41,162
the first stain on his
administration asserted itself.
1942
01:31:43,206 --> 01:31:46,208
Kennedy, who had campaigned
as a strong anti-Communist,
1943
01:31:46,250 --> 01:31:49,126
signed off on
the Bay of Pigs invasion plan.
1944
01:31:49,168 --> 01:31:50,711
His approval of the plan
1945
01:31:50,753 --> 01:31:53,088
contained two
distinct limitations.
1946
01:31:53,130 --> 01:31:55,883
America would supply
arms and equipment,
1947
01:31:55,925 --> 01:31:59,055
but there would be no Americans
in the landing force.
1948
01:31:59,095 --> 01:32:01,557
Second,
after preliminary air strikes
1949
01:32:01,599 --> 01:32:03,643
by Cuban exile pilots,
1950
01:32:03,684 --> 01:32:05,728
there would
only be further strikes
1951
01:32:05,770 --> 01:32:08,062
after the invasion
secured an airfield.
1952
01:32:09,730 --> 01:32:11,565
Dulles believed
that Kennedy would,
1953
01:32:11,607 --> 01:32:13,734
like Eisenhower,
support the operation
1954
01:32:13,776 --> 01:32:17,405
with direct US military
intervention if needed,
1955
01:32:17,448 --> 01:32:20,826
all the while assuring him
it would not be necessary.
1956
01:32:21,953 --> 01:32:23,913
Well, first, I want to say that
1957
01:32:23,955 --> 01:32:26,582
there will not be,
under any conditions,
1958
01:32:26,624 --> 01:32:29,583
be an intervention in Cuba
by United States armed forces.
1959
01:32:46,852 --> 01:32:49,187
[Sutherland]
The invasion was a disaster.
1960
01:32:49,229 --> 01:32:52,439
Victory has 100 fathers
and defeat is an orphan.
1961
01:32:52,481 --> 01:32:54,400
Further statements, uh...
1962
01:32:54,441 --> 01:32:56,611
detailed, uh, discussions,
1963
01:32:58,071 --> 01:33:01,450
are not to, uh,
conceal responsibility
1964
01:33:01,492 --> 01:33:04,287
because I'm the responsible
officer of the Government.
1965
01:33:04,328 --> 01:33:07,623
[Sutherland] In public,
Kennedy accepted the blame.
1966
01:33:07,665 --> 01:33:09,583
In private,
he and his brother suspected
1967
01:33:09,625 --> 01:33:12,376
they had been
lied to by the CIA.
1968
01:33:12,418 --> 01:33:16,797
Allen Dulles confessed that
the mission was bound to fail
1969
01:33:16,839 --> 01:33:18,757
as it was planned by the CIA,
1970
01:33:18,799 --> 01:33:21,136
without US military support.
1971
01:33:21,176 --> 01:33:23,472
He confessed this
while, uh, preparing
1972
01:33:23,514 --> 01:33:25,641
an article
for Harper's Magazine
1973
01:33:25,683 --> 01:33:27,727
with the young editor,
Willie Morris,
1974
01:33:27,768 --> 01:33:31,604
that he couldn't have done this
with his small group of exiles,
1975
01:33:31,645 --> 01:33:33,062
his Cuban brigade.
1976
01:33:33,105 --> 01:33:36,107
He needed the Marines
and the Air Force to go in,
1977
01:33:36,150 --> 01:33:38,987
and he thought Kennedy was
going to be young and pliable,
1978
01:33:39,029 --> 01:33:41,574
and that in the 11th hour,
Kennedy would be forced
1979
01:33:41,616 --> 01:33:45,161
to send in, uh, the full
might of the US military.
1980
01:33:45,202 --> 01:33:48,581
[Sutherland] While drafting
the article in 1965,
1981
01:33:48,623 --> 01:33:50,416
Dulles told his editor,
1982
01:33:50,458 --> 01:33:54,168
"That Kennedy--
He thought he was a God."
1983
01:33:54,209 --> 01:33:56,420
[David Talbot]
Jack Kennedy did stand firm.
1984
01:33:56,462 --> 01:33:58,213
He did not send in the military.
1985
01:33:58,255 --> 01:34:01,216
He did not make it
an even bigger global crisis
1986
01:34:01,258 --> 01:34:02,509
than it already was.
1987
01:34:02,551 --> 01:34:04,889
Kennedy is just furious.
1988
01:34:04,930 --> 01:34:06,474
He knows he's been lied to,
1989
01:34:06,515 --> 01:34:10,728
deceived by his senior military
and intelligence advisers.
1990
01:34:10,770 --> 01:34:15,147
He announces that the agency,
uh, is going to be downsized.
1991
01:34:15,189 --> 01:34:18,318
And he vows famously,
he tells friends
1992
01:34:18,360 --> 01:34:21,363
he's going to shatter the CIA
into a thousand pieces
1993
01:34:21,404 --> 01:34:23,866
and scatter it to the winds.
1994
01:34:23,908 --> 01:34:27,620
It wasn't just the Bay of Pigs
that angered President Kennedy
1995
01:34:27,662 --> 01:34:29,288
when it came to the CIA.
1996
01:34:29,330 --> 01:34:33,041
In that same month,
in April of 1961,
1997
01:34:33,083 --> 01:34:37,044
he was also being lied to
about a coup in France,
1998
01:34:37,086 --> 01:34:38,712
a military coup
that was aimed at
1999
01:34:38,754 --> 01:34:41,382
overthrowing
President Charles de Gaulle,
2000
01:34:41,423 --> 01:34:43,884
one of our strongest allies.
2001
01:34:43,926 --> 01:34:45,804
[Sutherland] Allen Dulles,
who had a long history
2002
01:34:45,845 --> 01:34:48,349
of antagonism with de Gaulle,
2003
01:34:48,391 --> 01:34:49,809
falsely reported to Kennedy
2004
01:34:49,850 --> 01:34:52,395
that the vast majority
of the French military
2005
01:34:52,436 --> 01:34:55,062
was staunchly opposed
to de Gaulle's support
2006
01:34:55,104 --> 01:34:58,482
of Algerian self-determination.
2007
01:34:58,524 --> 01:35:02,987
What he didn't tell him
was that as far back as 1959,
2008
01:35:03,029 --> 01:35:06,200
the CIA had
discussed his overthrow.
2009
01:35:06,242 --> 01:35:09,995
This coup attempt, orchestrated
by four French generals,
2010
01:35:10,037 --> 01:35:11,664
was quickly put down.
2011
01:35:11,706 --> 01:35:15,666
And several news reports
pointed to Allen Dulles' hand
2012
01:35:15,708 --> 01:35:18,085
in supporting the episode.
2013
01:35:18,127 --> 01:35:20,421
JFK assures
the French ambassador,
2014
01:35:20,462 --> 01:35:22,256
"I have nothing to do with this.
2015
01:35:22,297 --> 01:35:25,426
I stand in full support
of President de Gaulle."
2016
01:35:25,467 --> 01:35:27,929
But he says something
very, very alarming.
2017
01:35:27,971 --> 01:35:31,392
He tells the French ambassador,
President Kennedy,
2018
01:35:31,434 --> 01:35:35,062
that "I'm not in full control,
though, of my entire government.
2019
01:35:35,104 --> 01:35:37,271
"I'm not in control of the CIA
2020
01:35:37,312 --> 01:35:39,732
and I can't speak for
what's happening there."
2021
01:35:39,773 --> 01:35:43,361
That's a stunning admission
for a US President to make.
2022
01:35:44,988 --> 01:35:46,824
[Sutherland] In 1960,
2023
01:35:46,866 --> 01:35:49,744
the Congo had been
granted its independence
2024
01:35:49,785 --> 01:35:51,454
from Belgian colonial rule
2025
01:35:51,495 --> 01:35:54,749
and carried out
a democratic election.
2026
01:35:54,790 --> 01:35:57,125
In the disorder
of the transition,
2027
01:35:57,166 --> 01:36:00,043
the Belgians,
backed by England and France,
2028
01:36:00,085 --> 01:36:02,838
sought to eliminate
its charismatic Prime Minister,
2029
01:36:02,880 --> 01:36:05,048
Patrice Lumumba.
2030
01:36:05,090 --> 01:36:08,344
Eisenhower
and CIA Director Allen Dulles
2031
01:36:08,386 --> 01:36:12,850
favored the European nation
in this colonial conflict.
2032
01:36:12,892 --> 01:36:17,312
Eisenhower gave the go-ahead
to have Lumumba assassinated.
2033
01:36:18,395 --> 01:36:19,646
Kennedy never knew this.
2034
01:36:19,688 --> 01:36:24,444
He gets elected
the following November of 1960,
2035
01:36:24,486 --> 01:36:27,823
and he heads
in the opposite direction.
2036
01:36:27,865 --> 01:36:29,742
To those new states
whom we welcome
2037
01:36:29,784 --> 01:36:32,578
to the ranks of the free,
2038
01:36:32,620 --> 01:36:38,583
we pledge our word that
one form of colonial control
2039
01:36:38,625 --> 01:36:41,418
shall not have passed away
2040
01:36:41,460 --> 01:36:46,298
merely to be replaced
by a far more iron tyranny.
2041
01:36:46,340 --> 01:36:48,634
[Sutherland] But events
are already in motion.
2042
01:36:48,675 --> 01:36:52,138
With the backing of British
and US intelligence and arms,
2043
01:36:52,180 --> 01:36:56,060
Col. Joseph Mobutu's forces
captured President Lumumba
2044
01:36:56,101 --> 01:36:59,354
at the beginning
of December 1960.
2045
01:36:59,395 --> 01:37:01,021
[Richard Mahoney]
Dag Hammarskjold,
2046
01:37:01,063 --> 01:37:04,149
the UN Secretary General,
calls JFK,
2047
01:37:04,192 --> 01:37:06,444
uh, who's the President-elect
at this point,
2048
01:37:06,486 --> 01:37:08,238
and asked him to intercede
2049
01:37:08,279 --> 01:37:11,116
to get Lumumba
released from prison.
2050
01:37:11,158 --> 01:37:15,204
When Kennedy
intervenes to save Lumumba,
2051
01:37:15,246 --> 01:37:18,499
that's a signal
directly to the CIA
2052
01:37:18,541 --> 01:37:21,708
that they have to
dispatch this guy immediately.
2053
01:37:21,750 --> 01:37:26,171
And so 48 hours before Kennedy
takes the oath of office,
2054
01:37:26,213 --> 01:37:29,383
Lumumba is delivered
into the hands of his enemies.
2055
01:37:29,424 --> 01:37:31,636
He's taken out
and shot in the head.
2056
01:37:31,678 --> 01:37:34,639
Kennedy doesn't know this
until months later.
2057
01:37:34,681 --> 01:37:36,016
Who finally tells him?
2058
01:37:36,058 --> 01:37:38,686
The CIA?
No, they still keep it a secret.
2059
01:37:38,727 --> 01:37:42,437
He's informed by his
UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson.
2060
01:37:42,479 --> 01:37:45,065
His face crumples,
he's holding his hand,
2061
01:37:45,107 --> 01:37:47,110
he's grimacing in anguish,
2062
01:37:47,151 --> 01:37:51,155
hearing about the assassination
of Patrice Lumumba.
2063
01:37:51,198 --> 01:37:52,408
[Sutherland]
Within a very short
2064
01:37:52,449 --> 01:37:54,743
period of time
after the assassination,
2065
01:37:54,785 --> 01:37:58,956
Hammarskjold died
in a mysterious plane crash.
2066
01:37:58,998 --> 01:38:00,791
The photographs show his body
2067
01:38:00,833 --> 01:38:03,625
as the only one
not burned or charred,
2068
01:38:03,667 --> 01:38:07,880
and he had a playing card,
reportedly the ace of spades,
2069
01:38:07,921 --> 01:38:11,884
stuffed into his shirt collar
above the knot of the tie.
2070
01:38:11,925 --> 01:38:13,928
There are
controversial documents
2071
01:38:13,970 --> 01:38:15,972
that indicate Allen Dulles
2072
01:38:16,014 --> 01:38:18,100
was involved
in the sabotage of the plane.
2073
01:38:20,603 --> 01:38:22,520
[Lisa Pease] John Foster Dulles
and Allen Dulles,
2074
01:38:22,562 --> 01:38:25,022
they felt, you know,
what they had to say
2075
01:38:25,063 --> 01:38:27,274
was good enough
for the rest of the world,
2076
01:38:27,317 --> 01:38:29,068
that they knew
more than the President.
2077
01:38:29,110 --> 01:38:31,154
There were things
they didn't tell Eisenhower
2078
01:38:31,195 --> 01:38:34,033
that they were doing
under his administration.
2079
01:38:34,074 --> 01:38:36,160
[Talbot]
And actually, Jack Kennedy
2080
01:38:36,201 --> 01:38:39,538
does move to decapitate
the top of the CIA.
2081
01:38:39,580 --> 01:38:41,790
He lets it be known
that Allen Dulles,
2082
01:38:41,832 --> 01:38:43,958
as well as his two top advisers,
2083
01:38:44,000 --> 01:38:45,459
Richard Bissell,
2084
01:38:45,500 --> 01:38:47,920
who is also very involved
with the Bay of Pigs,
2085
01:38:47,961 --> 01:38:49,671
and General Cabell,
2086
01:38:49,713 --> 01:38:52,382
who was, uh, the right-hand man
to Allen Dulles.
2087
01:38:52,424 --> 01:38:54,551
So the top three people
in the CIA,
2088
01:38:54,594 --> 01:38:58,431
Kennedy forces them out
before the end of the year.
2089
01:38:58,474 --> 01:39:01,310
Have you ever committed any
act of violence in your life?
2090
01:39:04,395 --> 01:39:05,395
No.
2091
01:39:07,439 --> 01:39:09,107
[Sutherland]
The existence of communism
2092
01:39:09,149 --> 01:39:10,902
so close to American shores
2093
01:39:10,944 --> 01:39:13,905
kept Cuba on Kennedy's plate.
2094
01:39:13,948 --> 01:39:16,992
And the Joint Chiefs of Staff
presented a plan to Kennedy
2095
01:39:17,034 --> 01:39:19,161
called Operation Northwoods,
2096
01:39:19,203 --> 01:39:21,622
whereby the CIA
would secretly perform
2097
01:39:21,664 --> 01:39:24,124
terrorist acts
in the United States
2098
01:39:24,166 --> 01:39:26,125
and blame them on Castro
2099
01:39:26,166 --> 01:39:29,336
to justify bombings
and an invasion of Cuba.
2100
01:39:29,378 --> 01:39:31,338
And you see all these plans
2101
01:39:31,380 --> 01:39:33,924
being sent
to McNamara and to Kennedy.
2102
01:39:33,966 --> 01:39:35,300
[Horne]
"Fake an attack by Cubans
2103
01:39:35,342 --> 01:39:37,095
against the
Guantanamo Bay sentries.
2104
01:39:37,136 --> 01:39:39,597
Sink a US ship
in Guantanamo Bay
2105
01:39:39,639 --> 01:39:41,016
and blame it on Cuba."
2106
01:39:41,058 --> 01:39:45,520
The one that scares me the most
was very sophisticated.
2107
01:39:45,562 --> 01:39:49,564
Uh, take an airliner and fly it
as a drone over Cuba
2108
01:39:49,606 --> 01:39:50,984
without any people in it,
2109
01:39:51,024 --> 01:39:52,318
with a tape-recording
that would play,
2110
01:39:52,360 --> 01:39:54,028
"We're under attack
by Cuban aircraft!
2111
01:39:54,070 --> 01:39:55,948
'Oh, my God,
they're going to kill us!"
2112
01:39:55,990 --> 01:39:57,199
Blow up the airplane!
2113
01:39:57,241 --> 01:39:58,951
Blow up this huge drone
2114
01:39:58,993 --> 01:40:02,538
and use that to start a war.
2115
01:40:02,579 --> 01:40:05,040
[Sutherland] The President
declined the recommendation.
2116
01:40:06,333 --> 01:40:08,166
The Northwoods plan
was our big find
2117
01:40:08,208 --> 01:40:09,875
in the way of military records.
2118
01:40:09,918 --> 01:40:11,128
They are universally
recognized today
2119
01:40:11,169 --> 01:40:12,671
for their importance.
2120
01:40:12,713 --> 01:40:14,965
It's one of those releases
that the Review Board members,
2121
01:40:15,007 --> 01:40:18,134
the board members themselves
were justifiably proud of
2122
01:40:18,176 --> 01:40:20,138
that came out of
the JFK Records Act.
2123
01:40:22,266 --> 01:40:24,685
[Stone] In addition to
the problems with the CIA,
2124
01:40:24,727 --> 01:40:27,937
Kennedy's own military advisers
started pressuring him
2125
01:40:27,979 --> 01:40:29,604
to send troops to Vietnam.
2126
01:40:29,646 --> 01:40:31,481
A country that
Kennedy had visited
2127
01:40:31,523 --> 01:40:33,651
10 years earlier
as a Congressman,
2128
01:40:33,693 --> 01:40:36,237
and witnessed firsthand
how the French
2129
01:40:36,279 --> 01:40:37,865
were losing their war
2130
01:40:37,905 --> 01:40:41,243
against the Viet Minh
in the fight for independence.
2131
01:40:41,285 --> 01:40:42,577
Once he became President,
2132
01:40:42,619 --> 01:40:46,123
Kennedy wanted
to avoid the same trap.
2133
01:40:46,165 --> 01:40:49,500
The Vietnam decision
is finally arrived at,
2134
01:40:49,541 --> 01:40:51,168
which is NSAM 111,
2135
01:40:51,209 --> 01:40:54,004
where Kennedy
says no combat troops
2136
01:40:54,046 --> 01:40:55,922
but will increase the advisers.
2137
01:40:55,964 --> 01:40:58,925
And that was his decision,
in the Kennedy presidency.
2138
01:40:58,967 --> 01:41:01,512
never to cross that line.
2139
01:41:03,474 --> 01:41:05,934
[Sutherland] Near the end
of his first year in office,
2140
01:41:05,976 --> 01:41:07,561
Kennedy received a report
2141
01:41:07,603 --> 01:41:10,270
from Walt Rostow
and General Maxwell Taylor,
2142
01:41:10,312 --> 01:41:12,397
his foreign policy
and military advisers,
2143
01:41:12,439 --> 01:41:13,940
that called
for increased training
2144
01:41:13,982 --> 01:41:16,069
of South Vietnamese troops,
2145
01:41:16,110 --> 01:41:17,945
increased bombings
of the North,
2146
01:41:17,987 --> 01:41:21,116
and the use
of US combat troops.
2147
01:41:21,158 --> 01:41:22,785
The influence
on Kennedy's reluctance
2148
01:41:22,826 --> 01:41:24,787
to committing ground troops
2149
01:41:24,828 --> 01:41:28,791
was his ambassador to India,
John Kenneth Galbraith.
2150
01:41:28,832 --> 01:41:31,833
[James K. Galbraith] My father
went to see, uh, Walt Rostow.
2151
01:41:31,875 --> 01:41:33,460
He went in to talk to him.
2152
01:41:33,502 --> 01:41:37,297
Rostow gestured on his desk
to the, uh, pile of papers.
2153
01:41:37,339 --> 01:41:40,592
The Rostow Taylor report
was plainly visible.
2154
01:41:40,634 --> 01:41:42,595
Uh, my father asked to see it.
2155
01:41:42,637 --> 01:41:44,472
Walt said that
his security classification
2156
01:41:44,514 --> 01:41:46,517
wasn't sufficiently high.
2157
01:41:46,558 --> 01:41:48,227
My father did not think that
2158
01:41:48,268 --> 01:41:51,687
Walt Rostow's
security classification
was higher than his.
2159
01:41:51,729 --> 01:41:54,564
Uh, and at the given moment,
uh, the phone rang.
2160
01:41:54,606 --> 01:41:56,609
Walt turned to--
to answer the phone
2161
01:41:56,651 --> 01:41:58,778
and-- and Dad
picked up the report
2162
01:41:58,820 --> 01:42:01,824
and walked out
of the office and read it.
2163
01:42:01,865 --> 01:42:03,992
[Sutherland] Kennedy
sent Galbraith to Saigon
2164
01:42:04,034 --> 01:42:07,079
to write a report that would
differ in its recommendations
2165
01:42:07,121 --> 01:42:11,125
from what Taylor and Rostow
had given to him.
2166
01:42:11,166 --> 01:42:12,750
Kennedy knew what he wanted
2167
01:42:12,791 --> 01:42:14,417
and he knew what my father
would deliver, which he did,
2168
01:42:14,459 --> 01:42:17,087
which is a very detailed
and skeptical report
2169
01:42:17,129 --> 01:42:19,840
about the efficiency of the
South Vietnamese government,
2170
01:42:19,881 --> 01:42:23,176
about the capacity
of any military force
2171
01:42:23,219 --> 01:42:25,680
to prevail in
the security situation
2172
01:42:25,721 --> 01:42:28,517
that was in existence
in South Vietnam at that time.
2173
01:42:28,559 --> 01:42:30,185
[Sutherland]
Kennedy told Galbraith
2174
01:42:30,227 --> 01:42:33,687
to deliver his report to
Defense Secretary McNamara,
2175
01:42:33,729 --> 01:42:35,856
and he,
in turn, gave instructions
2176
01:42:35,897 --> 01:42:39,026
to begin the withdrawal
to General Harkins,
2177
01:42:39,068 --> 01:42:42,613
the commanding General
of all forces in Vietnam.
2178
01:42:42,655 --> 01:42:45,784
The Pentagon dragged its feet
on formulating plans,
2179
01:42:45,826 --> 01:42:50,706
and McNamara called for
a meeting in May of 1963.
2180
01:42:50,747 --> 01:42:53,791
One of the most important finds
of the Review Board
2181
01:42:53,833 --> 01:42:56,293
are the notes
from this meeting.
2182
01:42:56,334 --> 01:42:58,295
[Horne] McNamara said,
"It's not fast enough.
2183
01:42:58,336 --> 01:42:59,713
I want you to accelerate it."
2184
01:42:59,754 --> 01:43:02,090
He says,
"I want to pull out 1,000 men,
2185
01:43:02,132 --> 01:43:04,301
uh, in December
by the end of the year.
2186
01:43:04,342 --> 01:43:06,387
"And I want you to pull out
2187
01:43:06,429 --> 01:43:08,472
complete units,
not just individuals."
2188
01:43:08,514 --> 01:43:10,893
He wanted units to come out.
2189
01:43:10,934 --> 01:43:13,562
[Sutherland]
After the withdrawal plan
was approved,
2190
01:43:13,604 --> 01:43:16,021
Kennedy sent
Secretary of Defense McNamara
2191
01:43:16,062 --> 01:43:20,568
and General Taylor
to Saigon in September of '63.
2192
01:43:20,610 --> 01:43:23,404
He planned on using
their report as the basis
2193
01:43:23,446 --> 01:43:26,533
to formally order
the withdrawal to begin.
2194
01:43:26,575 --> 01:43:28,410
Kennedy controlled the report,
2195
01:43:28,452 --> 01:43:30,037
since it was
actually being written
2196
01:43:30,078 --> 01:43:33,248
under the supervision
of Bobby Kennedy.
2197
01:43:33,290 --> 01:43:34,916
[Newman]
Three days later,
2198
01:43:34,958 --> 01:43:36,500
that leaks out
into the newspapers.
2199
01:43:36,541 --> 01:43:39,085
Then his opponents find out.
2200
01:43:39,127 --> 01:43:40,879
And McGeorge Bundy
says to Kennedy, "Hey, look,
2201
01:43:40,921 --> 01:43:42,422
"if they're talking about it
in the newspapers,
2202
01:43:42,464 --> 01:43:43,798
we might as well
put it on paper."
2203
01:43:43,840 --> 01:43:46,051
And they put it,
and it was NSAM 263.
2204
01:43:46,092 --> 01:43:49,305
And that's how it was
actually written and why.
2205
01:43:49,347 --> 01:43:51,266
Well, here's one of the things
2206
01:43:51,308 --> 01:43:52,893
McNamara said
in the secret debrief.
2207
01:43:52,935 --> 01:43:56,437
He said, "We had agreed,
the President and I,
2208
01:43:56,479 --> 01:43:58,313
"that we had trained them,
2209
01:43:58,355 --> 01:44:00,147
"we had given them
everything we could.
2210
01:44:00,190 --> 01:44:02,777
"And if they couldn't win,
too bad.
2211
01:44:02,818 --> 01:44:06,823
We had to get out even if
they were going to be defeated."
2212
01:44:06,865 --> 01:44:10,369
So McNamara and Kennedy had
decided that they were willing
2213
01:44:10,410 --> 01:44:13,455
to pull out of Vietnam
in a losing scenario.
2214
01:44:13,497 --> 01:44:14,623
That's very important.
2215
01:44:15,958 --> 01:44:18,625
But later in that month,
McGeorge Bundy,
2216
01:44:18,667 --> 01:44:21,253
who's the National
Security Adviser,
2217
01:44:21,294 --> 01:44:23,255
puts together a memo
2218
01:44:23,296 --> 01:44:25,382
based upon the--
the truth about the war,
2219
01:44:25,423 --> 01:44:27,550
which is just going terribly.
2220
01:44:27,592 --> 01:44:30,763
And he does it in a way
to try and make sure
2221
01:44:30,805 --> 01:44:32,891
that Kennedy would be able
to go along with this.
2222
01:44:32,933 --> 01:44:34,476
[Sutherland]
This is reflected in
2223
01:44:34,518 --> 01:44:36,728
the National Security
Action Memorandum:
2224
01:44:36,770 --> 01:44:39,604
NSAM 273.
2225
01:44:39,646 --> 01:44:42,857
[Newman] The way Bundy writes
the first draft of 273
2226
01:44:42,899 --> 01:44:44,485
is to say,
"Look, we need to intensify
2227
01:44:44,527 --> 01:44:47,363
"the war effort
against the communists.
2228
01:44:47,405 --> 01:44:49,283
"But the way
we're going to do it
2229
01:44:49,324 --> 01:44:51,952
is to increase
South Vietnamese forces."
2230
01:44:51,994 --> 01:44:54,454
There's not a word
about American forces
2231
01:44:54,496 --> 01:44:56,164
or Americanizing the war.
2232
01:44:58,833 --> 01:45:01,042
While Kennedy's body
is still in the casket
2233
01:45:01,084 --> 01:45:03,586
in the rotunda
over in the Capitol building,
2234
01:45:03,628 --> 01:45:07,966
is when Johnson changes NSAM 273
to a new version.
2235
01:45:08,008 --> 01:45:10,511
And when it comes
to the key paragraph,
2236
01:45:10,553 --> 01:45:12,346
paragraph seven,
which just talks about
2237
01:45:12,388 --> 01:45:14,975
how we're going
to intensify the war,
2238
01:45:15,017 --> 01:45:16,518
instead of changing a few words,
2239
01:45:16,560 --> 01:45:19,812
there's two big hash marks
through that paragraph,
2240
01:45:19,854 --> 01:45:21,438
and it's completely rewritten.
2241
01:45:21,479 --> 01:45:22,856
And I said--
I asked Bundy in an interview,
2242
01:45:22,897 --> 01:45:24,649
I said,
"Who told you to do that?"
2243
01:45:24,692 --> 01:45:26,360
He said, "Johnson did."
2244
01:45:26,402 --> 01:45:27,945
[Sutherland]
These changes allowed the US
2245
01:45:27,987 --> 01:45:31,033
to unilaterally engage
in combat in Vietnam
2246
01:45:31,074 --> 01:45:33,327
rather than simply
supporting and advising
2247
01:45:33,368 --> 01:45:34,870
South Vietnamese troops.
2248
01:45:35,829 --> 01:45:37,621
And within days,
2249
01:45:37,664 --> 01:45:40,791
we're talking about
sending out the DESOTO missions.
2250
01:45:40,833 --> 01:45:43,460
These-- These naval excursions
2251
01:45:43,501 --> 01:45:46,463
along the coastline
of North Vietnam
2252
01:45:46,504 --> 01:45:49,174
that ends up with The Maddox
2253
01:45:49,215 --> 01:45:51,676
and the, and the so-called
Tonkin Gulf attacks.
2254
01:45:51,719 --> 01:45:53,721
And then
the resolution in Congress
2255
01:45:53,763 --> 01:45:56,808
opening the door
to intervention in Vietnam.
2256
01:45:56,850 --> 01:45:59,478
[Sutherland] In the Review
Board's declassifications,
2257
01:45:59,519 --> 01:46:01,770
there's evidence
that Johnson was fully aware
2258
01:46:01,812 --> 01:46:04,147
of Kennedy's
Vietnam withdrawal plans,
2259
01:46:04,189 --> 01:46:05,815
disagreed with them,
2260
01:46:05,857 --> 01:46:08,736
and worked on Robert McNamara
to make him renounce them.
2261
01:46:09,695 --> 01:46:11,530
[Lyndon B. Johnson speaking]
2262
01:46:20,707 --> 01:46:23,125
In retaliation
for this unprovoked
2263
01:46:23,166 --> 01:46:25,627
attack on the high seas,
2264
01:46:25,668 --> 01:46:27,837
our forces
have struck the bases
2265
01:46:27,879 --> 01:46:31,883
used by the North Vietnamese
patrol craft.
2266
01:46:31,925 --> 01:46:34,178
[Sutherland]
And as declassified
memos have revealed,
2267
01:46:34,220 --> 01:46:35,888
by autumn of 1964,
2268
01:46:35,930 --> 01:46:38,600
during his campaign
against Barry Goldwater,
2269
01:46:38,642 --> 01:46:40,727
Johnson had already decided
2270
01:46:40,769 --> 01:46:43,770
that he was going
to escalate the Vietnam War.
2271
01:46:43,812 --> 01:46:45,397
In fact, the directive
that would become
2272
01:46:45,438 --> 01:46:47,190
the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
2273
01:46:47,232 --> 01:46:51,487
had been written before the
Tonkin Gulf Incident itself.
2274
01:46:51,529 --> 01:46:53,280
Three months
before the election,
2275
01:46:53,323 --> 01:46:56,910
Johnson had already planned
for an extensive air war.
2276
01:46:56,952 --> 01:46:59,746
It was to begin
after his inauguration.
2277
01:47:01,373 --> 01:47:05,583
[Johnson] We intend
to convince the communists
2278
01:47:05,625 --> 01:47:10,547
that we cannot be defeated
by force of arms
2279
01:47:10,588 --> 01:47:12,632
or by superior power.
2280
01:47:17,513 --> 01:47:19,558
[Pease] When news
came of Kennedy's death,
2281
01:47:19,599 --> 01:47:21,977
all over the planet,
people were mourning
2282
01:47:22,018 --> 01:47:24,812
and crying
and going to embassies.
2283
01:47:24,854 --> 01:47:27,147
In Latin America,
the people just lit candles
2284
01:47:27,188 --> 01:47:29,567
because they didn't even
have electrical power,
2285
01:47:29,607 --> 01:47:31,110
but they wanted
to honor his killing.
2286
01:47:31,152 --> 01:47:32,903
In the Yucatan Peninsula,
2287
01:47:32,945 --> 01:47:36,783
peasants cleared an area
and planted a peace garden.
2288
01:47:36,825 --> 01:47:38,452
[Philip Muehlenbeck] Nasser
learned of Kennedy's death
2289
01:47:38,493 --> 01:47:40,912
in the middle of the night.
He got up, dressed,
2290
01:47:40,954 --> 01:47:43,540
went down to his office,
and then realized,
2291
01:47:43,582 --> 01:47:45,625
"Well, there's nothing
I can do about this."
2292
01:47:45,666 --> 01:47:48,168
According to his son,
Nasser went to a--
2293
01:47:48,209 --> 01:47:51,296
a great state of depression
after Kennedy's death.
2294
01:47:51,337 --> 01:47:54,757
Uh, relations with Egypt
gradually deteriorated,
2295
01:47:54,799 --> 01:47:57,678
and they increasingly shifted
their allegiance
2296
01:47:57,720 --> 01:47:59,472
towards the Soviet Union
as well.
2297
01:47:59,513 --> 01:48:03,226
A mass was held in the leading
Catholic Church in Cairo,
2298
01:48:03,268 --> 01:48:05,395
which has a capacity of 600.
2299
01:48:05,437 --> 01:48:09,063
They somehow fit 4,000 people
into that church.
2300
01:48:09,105 --> 01:48:11,734
Algeria, which had
special feeling for Kennedy,
2301
01:48:11,774 --> 01:48:13,944
declared a state
of mourning for a week.
2302
01:48:13,986 --> 01:48:17,365
Flags were flown,
uh, at half mast.
2303
01:48:17,407 --> 01:48:20,035
The US ambassador to Egypt said
2304
01:48:20,076 --> 01:48:22,913
that he thought the Egyptians
had seen in Kennedy
2305
01:48:22,954 --> 01:48:24,831
the best of what
they saw in Americans.
2306
01:48:24,873 --> 01:48:28,083
That Kennedy had represented
a kind of ideal of America
2307
01:48:28,125 --> 01:48:30,210
to ordinary Egyptians.
2308
01:48:30,251 --> 01:48:32,170
[Sutherland] Castro got
the news of Kennedy's death
2309
01:48:32,212 --> 01:48:33,963
while discussing détente
2310
01:48:34,005 --> 01:48:36,591
with the French journalist
Jean Daniel.
2311
01:48:36,633 --> 01:48:39,970
He then exclaimed,
"This is bad news.
2312
01:48:40,012 --> 01:48:41,972
Everything is now
going to change."
2313
01:48:44,392 --> 01:48:47,144
When Khrushchev paid his
respects to President Kennedy
2314
01:48:47,187 --> 01:48:49,729
at the American embassy,
2315
01:48:49,771 --> 01:48:52,482
he was reportedly
holding back tears.
2316
01:48:54,068 --> 01:48:56,987
Robert Kennedy knew
that after his brother's death,
2317
01:48:57,029 --> 01:49:01,451
relations with the Soviet Union
hung in the balance.
2318
01:49:01,493 --> 01:49:07,415
My father, he wanted to convey
a message to Premier Khrushchev
2319
01:49:07,457 --> 01:49:09,166
saying that our family knew
2320
01:49:09,208 --> 01:49:12,961
that the Soviets were not
involved in the assassination.
2321
01:49:13,002 --> 01:49:17,382
That it was a right-wing plot
from our own country.
2322
01:49:17,423 --> 01:49:19,551
In other words, the CIA,
2323
01:49:19,592 --> 01:49:21,887
or forces aligned with the CIA.
2324
01:49:21,929 --> 01:49:24,766
[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]
The day that his brother died,
2325
01:49:24,808 --> 01:49:27,852
my father's first phone call
2326
01:49:27,894 --> 01:49:32,981
was to the CIA
desk officer at Langley
2327
01:49:33,022 --> 01:49:38,946
and he asked them, "Did your
people conduct this horror?"
2328
01:49:41,074 --> 01:49:43,702
[Talbot]
We know from how Bobby operated
2329
01:49:43,743 --> 01:49:47,539
that terrible day,
November 22nd, 1963,
2330
01:49:47,581 --> 01:49:50,333
at his home in,
uh, McLean, Virginia,
2331
01:49:50,375 --> 01:49:55,253
that he immediately suspected
there was not a lone gunman.
2332
01:49:55,295 --> 01:49:56,879
Why do we know this?
2333
01:49:56,921 --> 01:49:59,924
Because he was being told
by his closest aides,
2334
01:49:59,966 --> 01:50:02,469
people like Kenny O'Donnell
and Dave Powers,
2335
01:50:02,511 --> 01:50:03,971
who were in the limousine
2336
01:50:04,013 --> 01:50:06,683
immediately behind
President Kennedy's limousine.
2337
01:50:06,725 --> 01:50:08,560
They were both
World War II veterans.
2338
01:50:08,602 --> 01:50:11,144
They knew
what gunfire sounded like.
2339
01:50:11,187 --> 01:50:13,187
They reported it to him
that gunfire
2340
01:50:13,229 --> 01:50:15,481
had not just come
from the-- the rear.
2341
01:50:15,523 --> 01:50:17,359
It had come
from different sides.
2342
01:50:17,401 --> 01:50:19,778
There was gunfire
from the front as well.
2343
01:50:19,820 --> 01:50:22,240
It was a crossfire.
2344
01:50:22,282 --> 01:50:25,118
[Kennedy Jr.]
I was in the East Room,
2345
01:50:25,160 --> 01:50:29,456
with my dad and with Jackie
and a couple of my siblings,
2346
01:50:29,497 --> 01:50:31,791
and Lyndon Johnson came in,
2347
01:50:31,833 --> 01:50:34,751
and told the adults in the room
2348
01:50:34,792 --> 01:50:37,629
that Lee Harvey Oswald
had been killed,
2349
01:50:37,670 --> 01:50:41,090
and that a man had shot him.
2350
01:50:41,132 --> 01:50:44,637
And I said to my dad and mom
at that time,
2351
01:50:44,678 --> 01:50:46,096
"Why did he shoot him?
2352
01:50:46,138 --> 01:50:48,642
Did he--
Did he love our family?"
2353
01:50:48,683 --> 01:50:50,268
And the way that they acted
2354
01:50:50,310 --> 01:50:52,979
was that this only
compounded the tragedy.
2355
01:50:54,562 --> 01:50:55,938
[Sutherland]
Many people at home
2356
01:50:55,980 --> 01:50:57,690
felt that after
Kennedy's death,
2357
01:50:57,732 --> 01:51:01,862
a period of depression and
cynicism overtook the country,
2358
01:51:01,904 --> 01:51:05,532
and that America
was somehow changed forever.
2359
01:51:05,575 --> 01:51:07,202
Our overwhelming disbelief
2360
01:51:07,243 --> 01:51:08,953
in the Warren
Commission's findings
2361
01:51:08,995 --> 01:51:11,539
contributed to
increased skepticism
2362
01:51:11,581 --> 01:51:14,208
of all our foundational beliefs
about government.
2363
01:51:17,001 --> 01:51:20,129
But I think Allen Dulles'
appointment to
the Warren Commission
2364
01:51:20,171 --> 01:51:23,299
is one of the great frauds
of American history.
2365
01:51:23,341 --> 01:51:26,220
I don't think that even if
you had 10 more commissions,
2366
01:51:26,261 --> 01:51:27,763
you'd never
get away from the idea
2367
01:51:27,805 --> 01:51:29,349
that maybe there was a plot.
2368
01:51:29,391 --> 01:51:31,726
We just didn't
find any traces of it.
2369
01:51:31,768 --> 01:51:34,229
What really happened
with Allen Dulles was
2370
01:51:34,270 --> 01:51:37,355
the CIA lobbied to have
him put on the Commission,
2371
01:51:37,397 --> 01:51:40,067
'cause they needed to have one
of their own on the Commission
2372
01:51:40,109 --> 01:51:44,196
to make sure that
certain doors remained closed.
2373
01:51:44,238 --> 01:51:49,953
I think there's a direct thread
between the events of 1963
2374
01:51:49,994 --> 01:51:52,205
and the kind of horror show
2375
01:51:52,247 --> 01:51:56,291
that America is having
to endure right now.
2376
01:51:56,333 --> 01:51:59,168
And I think once
you kill a President
2377
01:51:59,210 --> 01:52:01,045
in broad daylight on the
streets of an American city,
2378
01:52:01,087 --> 01:52:03,714
and everyone knows
that powerful forces did it,
2379
01:52:03,756 --> 01:52:07,594
that sends a signal not
only to the American people,
2380
01:52:07,636 --> 01:52:11,349
but to the American media,
to the American future leaders.
2381
01:52:11,391 --> 01:52:14,352
And if America really wants
a democratic society,
2382
01:52:14,394 --> 01:52:17,854
then we should get to the bottom
of this traumatic crime
2383
01:52:17,895 --> 01:52:21,274
that continues to reverberate
throughout American history.
2384
01:52:21,315 --> 01:52:24,695
They poll historians,
they poll the American people,
2385
01:52:24,737 --> 01:52:27,574
and they say, "Who were
the most popular Presidents?"
2386
01:52:27,615 --> 01:52:29,451
Well, one metric
that you can use
2387
01:52:29,492 --> 01:52:33,872
to objectively-- at least
judge the foreign policy,
2388
01:52:33,913 --> 01:52:36,291
is how many boulevards are named
2389
01:52:36,332 --> 01:52:38,791
after that President
in foreign countries?
2390
01:52:38,833 --> 01:52:42,545
How many hospitals, how many
colleges, how many schools?
2391
01:52:42,587 --> 01:52:47,049
How many statues are--
are standing of that President
2392
01:52:47,091 --> 01:52:48,969
in capitals all over the world?
2393
01:52:49,011 --> 01:52:51,054
And in that sense,
President Kennedy
2394
01:52:51,096 --> 01:52:53,767
beats every other President,
hands down.
2395
01:52:56,811 --> 01:52:58,437
[Stone]
Although many of Kennedy's
2396
01:52:58,479 --> 01:53:00,646
progressive
and unprecedented goals
2397
01:53:00,688 --> 01:53:05,861
and changes in policy were
undone after his assassination,
2398
01:53:05,903 --> 01:53:09,491
a few powerful ones remain.
2399
01:53:09,532 --> 01:53:11,284
I think Mr. Kennedy has done
2400
01:53:11,326 --> 01:53:13,953
some significant things
in civil rights,
2401
01:53:13,995 --> 01:53:16,498
and I would include
the Attorney General.
2402
01:53:16,539 --> 01:53:21,459
I think both of these men
are men of genuine goodwill.
2403
01:53:21,501 --> 01:53:24,337
And, uh, I think
there is a necessity now
2404
01:53:24,378 --> 01:53:26,923
to see the urgency
of the moment.
2405
01:53:29,509 --> 01:53:32,429
I'm asking from you
an unequivocal assurance
2406
01:53:32,471 --> 01:53:35,433
that you will not bar entry
to these students,
2407
01:53:35,475 --> 01:53:37,602
and that you will
step aside peacefully,
2408
01:53:37,644 --> 01:53:40,187
do your constitutional duty.
2409
01:53:40,229 --> 01:53:42,855
[Stone] In showdowns
using federal troops,
2410
01:53:42,897 --> 01:53:46,151
the Kennedy administration won
admission of Black students
2411
01:53:46,193 --> 01:53:49,530
to the last public colleges
in the south.
2412
01:53:49,571 --> 01:53:52,575
George Wallace made it clear
that this fight was not over.
2413
01:53:52,617 --> 01:53:56,329
And the-- the South
this year-- next year
2414
01:53:56,371 --> 01:53:58,748
will decide who
the next President is,
2415
01:53:58,790 --> 01:54:01,166
whoever the South votes for
will be the President.
2416
01:54:01,208 --> 01:54:03,125
And you're gonna see
that the South
2417
01:54:03,167 --> 01:54:06,045
is going to be
against some folks.
2418
01:54:06,087 --> 01:54:08,297
[Stone] That night,
Kennedy addressed the nation
2419
01:54:08,339 --> 01:54:10,383
in what many
consider the finest
2420
01:54:10,424 --> 01:54:12,719
Presidential speech
on civil rights
2421
01:54:12,761 --> 01:54:14,471
since Abraham Lincoln.
2422
01:54:14,513 --> 01:54:17,475
...and that the rights of
every man are diminished
2423
01:54:17,517 --> 01:54:20,562
when the rights
of one man are threatened.
2424
01:54:20,603 --> 01:54:24,230
If an American,
because his skin is dark...
2425
01:54:24,272 --> 01:54:29,403
cannot enjoy the full and free
life which all of us want,
2426
01:54:29,444 --> 01:54:31,655
then who among us
would be content
2427
01:54:31,698 --> 01:54:34,993
to have the color
of his skin changed?
2428
01:54:35,034 --> 01:54:37,871
One hundred years of delay
have passed
2429
01:54:37,912 --> 01:54:41,165
since President Lincoln
freed the slaves,
2430
01:54:41,207 --> 01:54:45,459
yet their heirs, their
grandsons, are not fully free.
2431
01:54:45,501 --> 01:54:50,548
And this nation, for all
its hopes and all its boasts,
2432
01:54:50,590 --> 01:54:54,720
will not be fully free until
all its citizens are free.
2433
01:54:54,761 --> 01:54:56,179
We face, therefore,
2434
01:54:56,221 --> 01:54:58,474
a moral crisis
as a country and a people,
2435
01:54:58,516 --> 01:55:00,476
and this is a matter
which concerns
2436
01:55:00,518 --> 01:55:02,979
this country
and what it stands for.
2437
01:55:03,020 --> 01:55:06,480
And in meeting it, I ask the
support of all of our citizens.
2438
01:55:06,522 --> 01:55:08,649
Thank you very much.
2439
01:55:08,692 --> 01:55:11,778
[somber music playing]
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