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[narrator] In 1933,
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6000 prisoners
declared socially harmful
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to the Stalinist Regime,
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00:00:55,020 --> 00:00:58,020
were deported to the island of
Nazino.
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An isolated spot in the middle
of a Siberian river.
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Unloaded without provision
or tools
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these deportees underwent
torture by starvation
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to the point they ended up tearing one another into pieces.
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To this day the inhabitants
of the region call the spot
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Cannibal Island.
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[harmonic music]
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[ominous music]
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In the early 1930 the
Soviet Union was perusing
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the program of rapid
Industrialization to
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the determent of the rural areas which was subjected to
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increasingly demanding state
contributions.
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At a time when the harvest was already proving to be mediocre.
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[ominous music]
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Gradually food shortages
and then famine
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reached a large part of Russia.
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The peasant exodus intensified in the zones stricken by famine.
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To Stalin, it was evident
that these peasants
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were counter revolutionaries.
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Against this backdrop
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between January the seventh and twelfth 1933
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came the annual meeting in
Moscow that
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brought together all the ruling classes of the Soviet Union.
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Starlin, in his inaugural
speech,
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developed his new theory.
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Despite the triumph of socialism
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and the elimination of
the exploiting classes
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opposition does not disappear,
it just take different forms.
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Henceforth, criminality
and social deviance
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constitute the main threat
to the building of socialism.
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[ominous music]
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On January 21, Stalin wrote
to Genrikh Jagoda,
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Head of the political police,
a secret directive
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ordering him to call a halt to
the massive exodus of peasants
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from the Ukraine and
the Northern caucasus.
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Special patrols were sent out
onto the roads
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and into the train stations to intercept the fleeing peasants.
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Though most of the fugitives
complied those who refuse
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to return home were
sent to work the land
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in Siberia or Kazakhstan.
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By the spring of 1933 more than 800 000 people
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had been arrested.
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In order to better control
the migratory flows
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and to limit the huge rural
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exodus was hindering
the movement
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of supplies
to the major cities.
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As well as to cleanse the cities of the unproductive elements.
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The administration decided to
make possession of a passport
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compulsory for city dwellers.
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This internal passport would
replace all other forms
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of identity papers.
In under twelve months
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twenty seven million
city dwellers had duly
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received their passport.
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All those refused a passport
was given ten days
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to return to their native
region.
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00:07:24,100 --> 00:07:27,260
Between March and April 1933,
in Moscow alone,
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seventy thousand applicants
was refused and forced
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to leave the city.
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Some inhabitants,
knowing in advance
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that they have never
been issued a passport
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did not report
to the administration
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and instead went into hiding.
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Special militia were formed
across the city
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to weed out these individuals,
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variously described
as parasites
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socially dangerous or
socially harmful
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to the building of communism.
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Spring 1933, Moscow
and Leningrad
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saw more than seventy
three thousand of these
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undocumented citizens,
arrested then transferred
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to special villages
in Siberia or Kazakhstan.
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[morose music]
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On May the first 1933
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thousands more undesirables
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were sent to the Tomsk
transit camp
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for special settlers
in Siberia.
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From there they
would be transferred
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to the Island of Nazino,
located 800km to the north
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[harmonic music]
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[music continues]
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But who were
these men and women?
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How did they end up
on this lost island?
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My name is Ivan Portman.
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A few months ago,
an historian friend of mine
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called the Nazino affair
to my attention.
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My own grandfather had been arrested in Moscow in May 1933,
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before been deported
to Siberia.
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He never came back.
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I have always wanted to know
what happened?
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Perhaps he ended up on Nazino
or else, where?
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That's why I find myself
in Russia
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on the trail of
the Nazino prisoners.
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I decided to make
for the center of Moscow,
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on the Sakharov museum.
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It's home to a vast collection
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of archives devoted to the
Gulag
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and political repression
in the Soviet Union.
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Since the fall
of communism and the opening
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of the Soviet archives
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it has been impossible to trace
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the story
of the tragic episode.
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00:13:24,820 --> 00:13:28,540
It is because a young party
instructor Vassily Velichko,
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took the initiative of
conducting his own enquiry
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into the circumstances in which
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thousands of deportees
had perished.
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Even daring to write
to Stalin himself,
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that this story reached
our ears.
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As the administration could no
longer could hide it blunders,
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a Commission of Enquiry was
launched in September 1933.
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Its purpose was to verify
the truth of the information
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send by comrade Velichko
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and the validity of the
declarations of hundreds
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of survivors who claimed they had been wrongly been deported.
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It is possible with the aid
of the commission documents
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to reconstruct in detail
the spiral of events
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leading up to this terrible
deportation, come abandonment.
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And, but for the initiative of
this junior party manager
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there were doubtless had been no trace of this chilling tale.
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I decided to travel to Tomsk, which is in the heart of Siberia
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more than 4000km from Moscow.
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In Tomsk, I go to the museum
of the history
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of soviet political repression
located in
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former secret police barracks
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that also served as
a prison from 1923-1944.
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The museum itself possesses a large collection of archives.
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[ominous music]
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But who were these individuals
described as socially harmful?
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In what circumstances were
they arrested,
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then sent to Tomsk,
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only to end up on Nazino.
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00:16:45,980 --> 00:16:49,380
A first group of deportees was in fact made up of prisoners
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arrested and sentenced
in the proceeding months,
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between one and five years
detention in camps.
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Rather than hardened criminals
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as the authorities
had dubbed them,
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these were petty delinquents,
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most of them repeat defenders.
Convicted of theft,
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trafficking etc.
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But the police had,
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without hesitation, arrested and deported
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those whose only fault was
to left their papers at home.
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Or people who were simply
passing through
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Moscow and Leningrad.
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00:18:31,820 --> 00:18:36,380
Vladimir Novozhilov, Moscovite, driver for the Kompressor works.
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Awarded bonusses three times.
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Wife and child dually
registered in Moscow.
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He was about to take his wife
to the cinema after work,
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while she was getting ready,
he went down into the street
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to buy some cigarettes,
rounded up and deported.
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00:18:51,180 --> 00:18:54,860
Nikolai Voiken, member of
the communist youth since 1929
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worker at[indistinct]
factory,
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bureau member of his workshop's party sale.
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Thrice commended, arrested
in the street on his way
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to a football match, he had left his passport at home.
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Igor Maslov, party member,
worked at the Moscow gasworks.
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He had invited an engineer
friend and his brother in law
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round to his house for a drink. They all went out
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to buy some hors d'oeuvres
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and were arrested by a police
patrol
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at the food store, they hadn't take their passports with them.
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Deported.
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The engineer and brother in law died on Nazino,
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Maslov survived.
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Rosa Rakamizhova, 12 years old. Did not speak Russian.
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Passing through Moscow,
her mother left her alone
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at the station, while she tried to buy some bread.
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The little girl was arrested by the police as a young vagrant
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and deported, alone.
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Delina Gorbunova, wife of
a naval reserve commander
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of the cruiser Aurora.
Arrested while transiting
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through a Moscow station
on her way home to Leningrad.
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She was pregnant, she had all
her papers with her
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and her train ticket for
Leningrad.
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Gave birth on the island
of Nazino.
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[emotional piano music]
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All of those rounded up
spent very little time
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at the police station
before being loaded
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without a trial of any kind into special police convoy's
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bound for Tomsk.
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"Just go, they will look into
your case there."
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That was the standard
given by police officials
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to the protest from those
arrested,
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were not even given permission
to warn their families.
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[morose music]
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In general all their documents
were confiscated by the police
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so as to avoid any
subsequent accusations.
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Because achieving the targets
was the main objective.
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Those who succeeded in keeping
their old papers
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00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:30,900
often had them extorted during
the ten day journey
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to the camp in Tomsk
by the common law criminals
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Who use them to roll
their cigarettes.
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00:23:43,180 --> 00:23:46,100
According to the testimony
of the Tomsk camp commander
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the outdated elements
from Moscow and Leningrad
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who arrived on May the 10th,
were particularly restless.
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On the second night,
disturbances broke out.
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His statement records that the prisoners had only received
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a piece of bread and salted fish
since their arrival.
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The guards had opened fire on anyone who attempted to escape.
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The day before, they had also
taken away seven prisoners
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to enact a execution. The
situation remained very tense.
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As saturation in the camp was
reaching disaster proportions
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the priority was to get rid of
the more troublesome elements
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by sending them to other camps.
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On May the 14th
several thousand prisoners
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are thus loaded into barges
for transportation
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to the Alexandro-Vakhovskaya
labor camp further north.
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It was therefore decided
to unload the prisoners
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on an Island facing
the village of Nazino.
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In the middle of
the river Ob.
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70 kilo meters downstream of
Alexandrovsky.
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[emotive music]
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00:30:06,140 --> 00:30:11,700
[anticipatory music]
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00:30:11,860 --> 00:30:14,820
According to the initial report made by the doctor
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and the two officers in charge
of the health situation
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00:30:16,860 --> 00:30:18,420
on the island,
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00:30:18,580 --> 00:30:21,100
the practice of extracting
gold crowns turned into
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00:30:21,260 --> 00:30:23,100
fully fledged trafficking.
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Using and abusing their power,
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00:31:38,740 --> 00:31:41,020
the guards set up a reign of
terror not hesitating to
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00:31:41,180 --> 00:31:43,060
execute prisoners on the spot.
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Killing to steal an overcoat
or a pair of shoes.
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00:31:46,540 --> 00:31:49,420
Those who had been deported
by some stroke of misfortune
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00:31:49,620 --> 00:31:50,980
were the most vulnerable.
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Though the guards were brutes,
the commandants
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00:32:13,260 --> 00:32:14,980
weren't to be outdone.
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One would amuse himself
by using the special settlers
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00:32:19,260 --> 00:32:21,740
as they were known, as rowers.
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00:32:22,020 --> 00:32:24,660
He would throw anyone who rowed badly into the water
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00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:27,220
and drowned several deportees
this way.
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00:32:27,980 --> 00:32:30,140
Another will systematically
beat prisoners.
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00:32:30,300 --> 00:32:32,660
Extorting their clothes
against improved rations.
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00:32:33,020 --> 00:32:36,060
Forcing them to dive into the
icy water to retrieve game
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he had shot.
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00:33:39,140 --> 00:33:41,460
The most serious charges
concerned the murder
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00:33:41,620 --> 00:33:43,860
of deportees shot by guards
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00:33:44,100 --> 00:33:46,020
as if they were shooting
animals for sport.
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00:33:46,980 --> 00:33:49,980
In their defense, the guards
and commandants interrogated
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00:33:50,140 --> 00:33:53,340
by the Commission of Enquiry
sited orders given by Tsepkov
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00:33:53,660 --> 00:33:57,140
to open fire without warning
on all those trying to escape.
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00:33:58,620 --> 00:34:00,700
Many prisoners tried their luck
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00:34:00,860 --> 00:34:02,820
by assembling large dried
branches.
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00:34:03,100 --> 00:34:05,740
Three or four together would
manage to build a kind of raft
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00:34:05,900 --> 00:34:07,980
and allow themselves to be
carried by the current.
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00:34:08,340 --> 00:34:10,820
But most drowned
or died of starvation.
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00:34:44,580 --> 00:34:47,020
Valery is the mayor of Nazino.
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He takes me top the island
on his boat.
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00:34:50,340 --> 00:34:54,420
He doesn't talk much but just
his presence speak volumes.
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00:35:02,340 --> 00:35:04,500
The day after the landing on the island
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00:35:04,980 --> 00:35:08,540
the first rumors surfaced
about corpses being butchered
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00:35:08,700 --> 00:35:11,100
and human flesh been cooked
and eaten.
255
00:35:20,220 --> 00:35:22,420
During the two weeks that
followed,
256
00:35:22,580 --> 00:35:25,220
the same health officers
describe similar health cases.
257
00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:28,220
Several dozen bodies were found with the liver,
258
00:35:28,380 --> 00:35:30,300
the heart, and lungs removed.
259
00:36:12,020 --> 00:36:15,820
But the first case of murder followed by a cannibalistic act
260
00:36:15,980 --> 00:36:18,140
was only established
on May 29th.
261
00:36:18,940 --> 00:36:22,260
The three guilty men, aged
between 20 and 30 years old
262
00:36:22,620 --> 00:36:25,940
were arrested and taken to
Alexandrovsky prison.
263
00:36:26,740 --> 00:36:29,860
Three more cannibals were
caught on May 31st.
264
00:36:37,260 --> 00:36:38,300
[eerie music]
265
00:38:56,580 --> 00:39:00,860
In all, around a dozen cases
of cannibalism were recorded.
266
00:39:02,140 --> 00:39:05,420
According to the doctors,
the individuals involved
267
00:39:05,580 --> 00:39:08,260
had committed cannibalistic acts out of habit...
268
00:39:09,380 --> 00:39:12,220
because they had been cannibals for a long time.
269
00:39:13,020 --> 00:39:14,500
Habitual cannibals.
270
00:39:15,780 --> 00:39:18,220
Several of the guards questioned by the Commission of Enquiry
271
00:39:18,380 --> 00:39:22,060
for having shot, as if shooting animals for sport
272
00:39:22,380 --> 00:39:26,300
and deportees who are attempting to escape on improvised rafts,
273
00:39:26,940 --> 00:39:28,740
justified their actions by
claiming
274
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:30,660
they were probably cannibals
275
00:39:30,820 --> 00:39:33,940
with their cow,
in the villains argo.
276
00:39:34,700 --> 00:39:37,580
The cow was a novice invited by convicts to take part
277
00:39:37,740 --> 00:39:38,780
in an escape attempt.
278
00:39:39,660 --> 00:39:43,060
In general he was flattered to be associated with known crooks.
279
00:39:43,540 --> 00:39:47,060
What he didn't know ,however,
was that if rations ran out
280
00:39:47,220 --> 00:39:50,660
he would be killed and his
kidneys and blood consumed,
281
00:39:50,820 --> 00:39:51,900
usually raw.
282
00:39:53,060 --> 00:39:54,780
The fugitives did not light a
fire
283
00:39:54,940 --> 00:39:56,940
for the fear of being spotted.
284
00:40:19,540 --> 00:40:20,580
[morose music]
285
00:41:41,220 --> 00:41:44,700
The situation on the island
of Nazino was further worsened
286
00:41:44,860 --> 00:41:47,780
on May the 25th by the arrival
of another convoy
287
00:41:47,940 --> 00:41:50,060
of fifteen hundred outdated
elements.
288
00:41:51,340 --> 00:41:53,740
The state of health of this
second group was even
289
00:41:53,900 --> 00:41:55,780
more appalling than the previous one.
290
00:41:57,020 --> 00:42:01,300
Commandant Tsepkov returned to
Nazino on May 31st,
291
00:42:01,580 --> 00:42:04,740
accompanied by Vlasov,
Communist Party Secretary
292
00:42:04,900 --> 00:42:07,340
for the Alexandrovsky
district.
293
00:42:07,780 --> 00:42:09,820
He made a long report on what
was happening.
294
00:42:10,900 --> 00:42:13,940
Having listened to the report
the district bureau ordered
295
00:42:14,100 --> 00:42:16,340
the transfer of all prisoners
on the island
296
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:19,700
to more appropriate locations.
Which was done.
297
00:42:20,340 --> 00:42:22,460
Almost all the deportees was
transferred to five sight
298
00:42:22,620 --> 00:42:25,500
to five sights upstream
on the river Nazino.
299
00:42:26,220 --> 00:42:29,180
During the transfer several
hundreds of prisoners died.
300
00:42:47,540 --> 00:42:50,260
But news of what have been
happening on Nazino
301
00:42:50,420 --> 00:42:53,460
reached the ears of those at the highest political levels
302
00:42:53,620 --> 00:42:56,780
who took steps not to let word
of the scandal leak out.
303
00:43:34,020 --> 00:43:36,620
Tsepkov was relieved of his
functions and replaced
304
00:43:36,780 --> 00:43:38,780
by a younger
more energetic commandant
305
00:43:38,940 --> 00:43:40,980
who attempted to improve the
situation.
306
00:43:42,260 --> 00:43:44,780
But he had no time to worry
about the 2000 survivors
307
00:43:44,940 --> 00:43:47,540
of the island of Nazino as
already he had to face
308
00:43:47,700 --> 00:43:51,140
the arrival of further elements from the transit camp in Tomsk.
309
00:43:51,740 --> 00:43:54,380
The Nazino survivors were left
to their own devices.
310
00:44:01,980 --> 00:44:04,540
At the very moment when the
parties regional authorities
311
00:44:04,700 --> 00:44:06,980
were trying to conclude the
Nazino incident,
312
00:44:07,220 --> 00:44:10,380
a young communist official
Vassily Velichko
313
00:44:10,700 --> 00:44:12,740
instructor propagandist and
correspondent
314
00:44:12,900 --> 00:44:14,580
for a local newspaper
315
00:44:14,740 --> 00:44:16,820
decided to conduct his own
inquiry into the situation
316
00:44:16,980 --> 00:44:19,100
in the work settlement camps in
317
00:44:19,260 --> 00:44:21,300
the Alexandrovsky district.
318
00:44:24,380 --> 00:44:27,660
Velichko was the first official who had taken the trouble
319
00:44:27,820 --> 00:44:30,700
to listen to and to pass on
the complaints of these
320
00:44:30,860 --> 00:44:32,620
Nazino deportees.
321
00:45:23,980 --> 00:45:26,580
Stalin received the letter on
September the 30th
322
00:45:27,100 --> 00:45:29,860
and ordered that it be
circulated between the highest
323
00:45:30,020 --> 00:45:31,500
ranked party leaders.
324
00:45:32,260 --> 00:45:35,740
A Commission of Enquiry was set up to set light on events.
325
00:45:36,780 --> 00:45:38,740
The higher ranked regional
party officials
326
00:45:39,100 --> 00:45:41,020
received severe reprimands,
327
00:45:41,940 --> 00:45:44,540
which didn't prevent them in
continuing their careers.
328
00:45:46,020 --> 00:45:49,540
The lower local officials were
sanctioned more harshly.
329
00:45:50,460 --> 00:45:52,780
Tsepkov and Kulibayev
330
00:45:52,940 --> 00:45:55,740
were sentenced to three years
in a camp.
331
00:52:11,380 --> 00:52:18,380
[somber ending music]
25793
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