All language subtitles for iHuman.2019.PROPER.1080p.WEBRip.x265-RARBG

- Intelligence is
the ability to understand.

We passed on what
we know to machines.

- The rise of
artificial intelligence

is happening fast, but some
fear the new technology

might have more problems
than anticipated.

- We will not control it.

- Artificially
intelligent algorithms are here,

but this is only the beginning.

- In the age of
AI, data is the new oil.

- Today, Amazon,
Google and Facebook

are richer and more
powerful than any companies

that have ever existed
throughout human history.

- A handful
of people working

at a handful of
technology companies

steer what a billion
people are thinking today.

- This
technology is changing

what does it mean to be human?

- Artificial intelligence

is simply non-biological
intelligence.

And intelligence itself
is simply the ability

to accomplish goals.

I'm convinced that AI
will ultimately be either

the best thing ever
to happen to humanity,

or the worst thing
ever to happen.

We can use it to solve all
of today's and tomorrow's

greatest problems;
cure diseases, deal
with climate change,

lift everybody out of poverty.

But, we could use exactly
the same technology

to create a brutal global
dictatorship with unprecedented

surveillance and
inequality and suffering.

That's why this is the
most important conversation

of our time.

- Artificial intelligence
is everywhere

because we now have
thinking machines.

If you go on social
media or online,

there's an artificial
intelligence engine

that decides what to recommend.

If you go on Facebook
and you're just scrolling

through your friends' posts,

there's an artificial
intelligence engine

that's picking which
one to show you first

and which one to bury.

If you try to get insurance,
there is an AI engine

trying to figure out
how risky you are.

And if you apply for a
job, it's quite possible

that an AI engine
looks at the resume.

- We are made of data.

Every one of us is made of data,

in terms of how we behave,

how we talk, how we love,
what we do every day.

So, computer scientists

are developing deep
learning algorithms

that can learn to
identify, classify,

and predict patterns within
massive amounts of data.

We are facing a form of
precision surveillance,

you could call it
algorithmic surveillance,

and it means that you
cannot go unrecognized.

You are always under
the watch of algorithms.

- Almost all the AI
development on the planet today

is done by a handful of
big technology companies

or by a few large governments.

If we look at what AI is
mostly being developed for,

I would say it's killing,
spying, and brainwashing.

So, I mean, we have military AI,

we have a whole surveillance
apparatus being built

using AI by major governments,

and we have an advertising
industry which is oriented

toward recognizing what ads
to try to sell to someone.

- We humans have come to
a fork in the road now.

The AI we have today
is very narrow.

The holy grail of AI research
ever since the beginning

is to make AI that can do
everything better than us,

and we've basically built a God.

It's going to revolutionize
life as we know it.

It's incredibly important
to take a step back

and think carefully about this.

What sort of society do we want?

- So, we're in this
historic transformation.

Like we're raising
this new creature.

We have a new
offspring of sorts.

But just like actual offspring,

you don't get to control
everything it's going to do.

- We are living at
this privileged moment where,

for the first time, we
will see probably that AI

is really going to outcompete
humans in many, many,

if not all, important fields.

- Everything is going to change.

A new form of life is emerging.

When I was a boy, I thought,
how can I maximize my impact?

And then it was clear that
I have to build something

that learns to become
smarter than myself,

such that I can retire,

and the smarter thing
can further self-improve

and solve all the problems
that I cannot solve.

Multiplying that tiny
little bit of creativity

that I have into infinity,

and that's what has been
driving me since then.

How am I trying to build

a general purpose
artificial intelligence?

If you want to be intelligent,
you have to recognize speech,

video and handwriting, and
faces, and all kinds of things,

and there we have made
a lot of progress.

See, LSTM, neural networks,

which we developed in our labs
in Munich and in Switzerland,

and it's now used for speech
recognition and translation,

and video recognition.

They are now in everybody's
smartphone, almost one billion

iPhones and in over two
billion Android phones.

So, we are generating all
kinds of useful by-products

on the way to the general goal.

The main goal, some Artificial
General Intelligence,

an AGI that can learn

to improve the learning
algorithm itself.

So, it basically can learn
to improve the way it learns

and it can also recursively
improve the way it learns,

the way it learns without
any limitations except for

the basic fundamental
limitations of computability.

One of my favorite
robots is this one here.

We use this robot for our
studies of artificial curiosity.

Where we are trying to teach
this robot to teach itself.

What is a baby doing?

A baby is curiously
exploring its world.

That's how he learns
how gravity works

and how certain things
topple, and so on.

And as it learns to ask
questions about the world,

and as it learns to
answer these questions,

it becomes a more and more
general problem solver.

And so, our artificial
systems are also learning

to ask all kinds of
questions, not just slavishly

try to answer the questions
given to them by humans.

You have to give AI the freedom
to invent its own tasks.

If you don't do that, it's not
going to become very smart.

On the other hand,

it's really hard to predict
what they are going to do.

- I feel that technology
is a force of nature.

I feel like there is a lot of
similarity between technology

and biological evolution.

Playing God.

Scientists have been accused
of playing God for a while,

but there is a real sense

in which we are
creating something

very different from anything
we've created so far.

I was interested in
the concept of AI

from a relatively early age.

At some point, I got
especially interested

in machine learning.

What is experience?

What is learning?

What is thinking?

How does the brain work?

These questions
are philosophical,

but it looks like we can
come up with algorithms that

both do useful things and help
us answer these questions.

Like it's almost like
applied philosophy.

Artificial General
Intelligence, AGI.

A computer system that
can do any job or any task

that a human does,
but only better.

Yeah, I mean, we definitely
will be able to create

completely autonomous
beings with their own goals.

And it will be very important,

especially as these beings
become much smarter than humans,

it's going to be important
to have these beings,

that the goals of these beings
be aligned with our goals.

That's what we're
trying to do at OpenAI.

Be at the forefront of research
and steer the research,

steer their initial conditions
so to maximize the chance

that the future will
be good for humans.

Now, AI is a great thing
because AI will solve

all the problems
that we have today.

It will solve employment,
it will solve disease,

it will solve poverty,

but it will also
create new problems.

I think that

the problem of fake news
is going to be 1000,

a million times worse.

Cyberattacks will become
much more extreme.

You will have totally
automated AI weapons.

I think AI has the potential

to create infinitely
stable dictatorships.

You're gonna see dramatically
more intelligent systems

in 10 or 15 years from now,
and I think it's highly likely

that those systems

will have completely
astronomical impact on society.

Will humans actually benefit?

And who will benefit,
who will not?

- In 2012, IBM estimated that

an average person is
generating 500 megabytes

of digital footprints
every single day.

Imagine that you wanted
to back-up one day worth

of data that humanity is
leaving behind, on paper.

How tall will be the stack
of paper that contains

just one day worth of data
that humanity is producing?

It's like from the earth to
the sun, four times over.

In 2025, we'll be generating
62 gigabytes of data

per person, per day.

We're leaving a ton of
digital footprints while going

through our lives.

They provide computer algorithms
with a fairly good idea

about who we are,

what we want, what we are doing.

In my work, I looked
at different types

of digital footprints.

I looked at Facebook likes,
I looked at language,

credit card records,
web browsing histories,
search records.

and each time I found that if
you get enough of this data,

you can accurately
predict future behavior

and reveal important
intimate traits.

This can be used in great ways,

but it can also be used
to manipulate people.

Facebook is delivering
daily information

to two billion people or more.

If you slightly
change the functioning

of the Facebook engine,

you can move the
opinions and hence,

the votes of millions of people.

- Brexit!
- When do we want it?

- Now!

- A politician
wouldn't be able to figure out

which message each one of
his or her voters would like,

but a computer can see
what political message

would be particularly
convincing for you.

- Ladies and gentlemen,

it's my privilege to speak
to you today about the power

of big data and psychographics
in the electoral process.

- Data from
Cambridge Analytica

secretly harvested the
personal information

of 50 million unsuspecting
Facebook users.

- USA, USA, USA!

- The data firm hired

by Donald Trump's
presidential election campaign

used secretly
obtained information

to directly target
potential American voters.

- With that, they
say they can predict

the personality of every single
adult in the United States.

- Tonight we're hearing
from Cambridge Analytica

whistleblower,
Christopher Wiley.

- What we worked on was
data harvesting programs

where we would pull data and run

that data through algorithms
that could profile

their personality traits and
other psychological attributes

to exploit mental
vulnerabilities that
our algorithms showed

that they had.

- Cambridge Analytica
mentioned once

or said that their models
were based on my work,

but Cambridge Analytica is
just one of the hundreds

of companies that are using
such methods to target voters.

You know, I would be
asked questions by
journalists such as,

"So how do you feel about

electing Trump and
supporting Brexit?"

How do you answer
to such question?

I guess that I have to deal
with being blamed for all of it.

- How tech started was
as a democratizing force,

as a force for good, as
an ability for humans

to interact with each
other without gatekeepers.

There's never been
a bigger experiment

in communications
for the human race.

What happens when everybody
gets to have their say?

You would assume that it
would be for the better,

that there would
be more democracy,

there would be more discussion,

there would be more tolerance,
but what's happened is that

these systems have
been hijacked.

- We stand for
connecting every person.

For a global community.

- One company,
Facebook, is responsible

for the communications of
a lot of the human race.

Same thing with Google.

Everything you want know about
the world comes from them.

This is global
information economy

that is controlled by a
small group of people.

- The world's richest companies

are all technology companies.

Google, Apple, Microsoft,
Amazon, Facebook.

It's staggering how, in
probably just 10 years,

that the entire
corporate power structure

are basically in the business
of trading electrons.

These little bits and bytes
are really the new currency.

- The way that data is monetized

is happening all around us,
even if it's invisible to us.

Google has every amount
of information available.

They track people by
their GPS location.

They know exactly what your
search history has been.

They know your
political preferences.

Your search history
alone can tell you

everything about an individual
from their health problems

to their sexual preferences.

So, Google's reach is unlimited.

- So we've seen
Google and Facebook

rise into these large
surveillance machines

and they're both
actually ad brokers.

It sounds really mundane, but
they're high tech ad brokers.

And the reason they're so
profitable is that they're using

artificial intelligence to
process all this data about you,

and then to match you
with the advertiser

that wants to reach people
like you, for whatever message.

- One of the problems
with technology

is that it's been
developed to be addictive.

The way these companies
design these things

is in order to pull
you in and engage you.

They want to become essentially
a slot machine of attention.

So you're always
paying attention,

you're always jacked
into the matrix,

you're always checking.

- When somebody
controls what you read,

they also control
what you think.

You get more of what you've
seen before and liked before,

because this gives more traffic
and that gives more ads,

but it also locks you
into your echo chamber.

And this is what leads
to this polarization

that we see today.

- Jair Bolsonaro,
Jair Bolsonaro!

- Jair Bolsonaro,
Brazil's right-wing

populist candidate sometimes
likened to Donald Trump,

winning the presidency Sunday
night in that country's

most polarizing
election in decades.

- Bolsonaro!

- What we are seeing
around the world

is upheaval and
polarization and conflict

that is partially
pushed by algorithms

that's figured out that
political extremes,

tribalism, and sort of
shouting for your team,

and feeling good
about it, is engaging.

- Social media may
be adding to the attention

to hate crimes around the globe.

- It's about how people
can become radicalized

by living in the fever
swamps of the Internet.

- So is this a key
moment for the tech giants?

Are they now prepared
to take responsibility

as publishers for what
they share with the world?

- If you deploy a
powerful potent technology

at scale, and if you're talking
about Google and Facebook,

you're deploying things
at scale of billions.

If your artificial intelligence
is pushing polarization,

you have global
upheaval potentially.

- White lives matter!

- Black lives matter!

Black lives matter,
Black lives matter,

Black lives matter,
Black lives matter!

- Artificial General
Intelligence, AGI.

Imagine your smartest friend,

with 1,000 friends,
just as smart,

and then run them at a 1,000
times faster than real time.

So it means that in
every day of our time,

they will do three
years of thinking.

Can you imagine how
much you could do

if, for every day, you could
do three years' worth of work?

It wouldn't be an
unfair comparison to say

that what we have right now
is even more exciting than

the quantum physicists of
the early 20th century.

They discovered nuclear power.

I feel extremely lucky to
be taking part in this.

Many machine learning experts,

who are very knowledgeable
and experienced,

have a lot of
skepticism about AGI.

About when it would happen,

and about whether it
could happen at all.

But right now, this is something

that just not that many
people have realized yet.

That the speed of computers,
for neural networks, for AI,

are going to become maybe
100,000 times faster

in a small number of years.

The entire hardware
industry for a long time

didn't really know
what to do next,

but with artificial
neural networks,

now that they actually work,

you have a reason to
build huge computers.

You can build a brain in
silicon, it's possible.

The very first AGIs
will be basically very,

very large data centers
packed with specialized

neural network processors
working in parallel.

Compact, hot, power
hungry package,

consuming like 10 million
homes' worth of energy.

A roast beef sandwich.

Yeah, something
slightly different.

Just this once.

Even the very first AGIs

will be dramatically
more capable than humans.

Humans will no longer
be economically useful

for nearly any task.

Why would you want
to hire a human,

if you could just get a computer

that's going to do it much
better and much more cheaply?

AGI is going to be
like, without question,

the most important
technology in the history

of the planet by a huge margin.

It's going to be bigger
than electricity, nuclear,

and the Internet combined.

In fact, you could say
that the whole purpose

of all human science, the
purpose of computer science,

the end Game, this is the
end Game, to build this.

And it's going to be built.

It's going to be
a new life form.

It's going to be,

it's going to make us obsolete.

- We had programs
go down where we sent out

AK47 fire, over.

- Standby for
four one dash three.

- European manufacturers
know the Americans

have invested heavily in
the necessary hardware.

- Step into a
brave new world of power,

performance and productivity.

- All of the images you are
about to see on the large screen

will be generated by
what's in that Macintosh.

- It's my honor and
privilege to introduce to you

the Windows 95 Development Team.

- Human physical labor has
been mostly obsolete for

getting on for a century.

Routine human mental labor
is rapidly becoming obsolete

and that's why
we're seeing a lot

of the middle class
jobs disappearing.

- Every once in a while,

a revolutionary product comes
along that changes everything.

Today, Apple is
reinventing the phone.

- Machine intelligence
is already all around us.

The list of things
that we humans

can do better than machines

is actually shrinking
pretty fast.

- Driverless cars are great.

They probably will
reduce accidents.

Except, alongside with
that, in the United States,

you're going to lose
10 million jobs.

What are you going to do with
10 million unemployed people?

- The risk for social
conflict and tensions,

if you exacerbate inequalities,
is very, very high.

- AGI can, by definition,

do all jobs better
than we can do.

People who are saying,
"There will always be jobs

that humans can do better
than machines," are simply

betting against science and
saying there will never be AGI.

- What we are seeing
now is like a train hurtling

down a dark tunnel at breakneck
speed and it looks like

we're sleeping at the wheel.

- A large fraction of
the digital footprints

we're leaving behind
are digital images.

And specifically, what's
really interesting

to me as a psychologist

are digital images of our faces.

Here you can see the difference
in the facial outline

of an average gay and an
average straight face.

And you can see
that straight men

have slightly broader jaws.

Gay women have
slightly larger jaws,

compared with straight women.

Computer algorithms can
reveal our political views

or sexual orientation,
or intelligence,

just based on the
picture of our faces.

Even a human brain can
distinguish between gay

and straight men
with some accuracy.

Now it turns out
that the computer

can do it with much
higher accuracy.

What you're seeing
here is an accuracy of

off-the-shelf facial
recognition software.

This is terrible news

for gay men and women
all around the world.

And not only gay men and women,

because the same algorithms
can be used to detect other

intimate traits, think being
a member of the opposition,

or being a liberal,
or being an atheist.

Being an atheist is
also punishable by death

in Saudi Arabia, for instance.

My mission as an academic
is to warn people

about the dangers of algorithms

being able to reveal
our intimate traits.

The problem is that when
people receive bad news,

they very often choose
to dismiss them.

Well, it's a bit scary

when you start
receiving death threats

from one day to another,

and I've received quite
a few death threats,

but as a scientist, I
have to basically show

what is possible.

So what I'm really interested
in now is to try to see

whether we can predict other
traits from people's faces.

Now, if you can detect
depression from a face,

or suicidal thoughts,
maybe a CCTV system

on the train station
can save some lives.

What if we could
predict that someone

is more prone to commit a crime?

You probably had a
school counselor,

a psychologist hired
there to identify children

that potentially may have
some behavioral problems.

So now imagine if you could
predict with high accuracy

that someone is likely to
commit a crime in the future

from the language
use, from the face,

from the facial expressions,
from the likes on Facebook.

I'm not developing new
methods, I'm just describing

something or testing something
in an academic environment.

But there obviously
is a chance that,

while warning people against
risks of new technologies,

I may also give some
people new ideas.

- We haven't yet seen the future

in terms of the ways in which
the new data-driven society

is going to really evolve.

The tech companies want
to get every possible bit

of information that they
can collect on everyone

to facilitate business.

The police and the military
want to do the same thing

to facilitate security.

The interests that the two
have in common are immense,

and so the extent
of collaboration
between what you might

call the Military-Tech Complex
is growing dramatically.

- The CIA, for a very long time,

has maintained a close
connection with Silicon Valley.

Their venture capital
firm known as In-Q-Tel,

makes seed investments to
start-up companies developing

breakthrough technology that
the CIA hopes to deploy.

Palantir, the big
data analytics firm,

one of their first seed
investments was from In-Q-Tel.

- In-Q-Tel has struck
gold in Palantir

in helping to create
a private vendor

that has intelligence and
artificial intelligence

capabilities that the government
can't even compete with.

- Good evening, I'm Peter Thiel.

I'm not a politician, but
neither is Donald Trump.

He is a builder and it's
time to rebuild America.

- Peter Thiel,
the founder of Palantir,

was a Donald Trump
transition advisor

and a close friend and donor.

Trump was elected
largely on the promise

to deport millions
of immigrants.

The only way you can do that
is with a lot of intelligence

and that's where
Palantir comes in.

They ingest huge troves
of data, which include,

where you live, where
you work, who you know,

who your neighbors are,
who your family is,

where you have visited,
where you stay,

your social media profile.

Palantir gets all of that
and is remarkably good

at structuring it in a way
that helps law enforcement,

immigration authorities
or intelligence agencies

of any kind, track
you, find you,

and learn everything there
is to know about you.

- We're putting AI in
charge now of evermore

important decisions that
affect people's lives.

Old-school AI used to have
its intelligence programmed in

by humans who understood
how it worked, but today,

powerful AI systems have
just learned for themselves,

and we have no clue
really how they work,

which makes it really
hard to trust them.

- This isn't some futuristic
technology, this is now.

AI might help determine
where a fire department

is built in a community or
where a school is built.

It might decide
whether you get bail,

or whether you stay in jail.

It might decide where the
police are going to be.

It might decide
whether you're going

to be under additional
police scrutiny.

- It's popular now in the US
to do predictive policing.

So what they do is
they use an algorithm

to figure out where
crime will be,

and they use that to tell

where we should send
police officers.

So that's based on a
measurement of crime rate.

So we know that there is bias.

Black people and Hispanic
people are pulled over,

and stopped by the police
officers more frequently

than white people are, so we
have this biased data going in,

and then what happens
is you use that to say,

"Here's where the
cops should go."

Well, the cops go to
those neighborhoods,

and guess what they
do, they arrest people.

And then it feeds back
biased data into the system,

and that's called
a feedback loop.

- Predictive policing
leads at the extremes

to experts saying,
"Show me your baby,

and I will tell you whether
she's going to be a criminal."

Now that we can predict it,
we're going to then surveil

those kids much more closely
and we're going to jump on them

at the first sign of a problem.

And that's going to make
for more effective policing.

It does, but it's going to
make for a really grim society

and it's reinforcing
dramatically
existing injustices.

- Imagine a world in which
networks of CCTV cameras,

drone surveillance
cameras, have sophisticated

face recognition technologies
and are connected

to other government
surveillance databases.

We will have the
technology in place to have

all of our movements
comprehensively
tracked and recorded.

What that also means
is that we will have

created a surveillance
time machine

that will allow governments
and powerful corporations

to essentially hit
rewind on our lives.

We might not be under
any suspicion now

and five years from now,
they might want to know

more about us, and can
then recreate granularly

everything we've done,
everyone we've seen,

everyone we've been around
over that entire period.

That's an extraordinary
amount of power

for us to seed to anyone.

And it's a world that I
think has been difficult

for people to imagine,
but we've already built

the architecture to enable that.

- I'm a political reporter
and I'm very interested

in the ways powerful industries
use their political power

to influence the
public policy process.

The large tech companies and
their lobbyists get together

behind closed doors and
are able to craft policies

that we all have to live under.

That's true for surveillance
policies, for policies in terms

of data collection,

but also increasingly important
when it comes to military

and foreign policy.

Starting in 2016, the
Defense Department

formed the Defense
Innovation Board.

That's a special body created
to bring top tech executives

into closer contact
with the military.

Eric Schmidt, former
chairman of Alphabet,

the parent company of Google,

became the chairman of the
Defense Innovation Board,

and one of their first
priorities was to say,

"We need more artificial
intelligence integrated

into the military."

- I've worked with a group
of volunteers over the

last couple of years to take
a look at innovation in the

overall military, and my summary
conclusion is that we have

fantastic people who are
trapped in a very bad system.

- From the Department of
Defense's perspective,

where I really started
to get interested in it

was when we started thinking
about Unmanned Systems and

how robotic and unmanned systems
would start to change war.

The smarter you made the
Unmanned Systems and robots,

the more powerful you might
be able to make your military.

- Under Secretary of Defense,

Robert Work put together
a major memo known as

the Algorithmic Warfare
Cross-Functional Team,

better known as Project Maven.

Eric Schmidt gave a number of
speeches and media appearances

where he said this effort
was designed to increase fuel

efficiency in the Air Force,
to help with the logistics,

but behind closed doors there
was another parallel effort.

Late in 2017 as part
of Project Maven,

Google, Eric Schmidt's firm,
was tasked to secretly work

on another part
of Project Maven,

and that was to take
the vast volumes

of image data vacuumed up

by drones operating in
Iraq and Afghanistan

and to teach an AI

to quickly identify
targets on the battlefield.

- We have a sensor and the
sensor can do full motion video

of an entire city.

And we would have three
seven-person teams working

constantly and they could
process 15% of the information.

The other 85% of the
information was just left

on the cutting room
floor, so we said,

"Hey, AI and machine learning

would help us process
100% of the information."

- Google has long had
the motto, "Don't be evil."

They have created a public image

that they are devoted
to public transparency.

But for Google to
slowly transform

into a defense contractor,

they maintained
the utmost secrecy.

And you had Google
entering into this contract

with most of the employees,

even employees who were working

on the program completely
left in the dark.

- Usually within Google,
anyone in the company

is allowed to know about any
other project that's happening

in some other part
of the company.

With Project Maven, the fact
that it was kept secret,

I think was alarming to people

because that's not
the norm at Google.

- When this story
was first revealed,

it set off a firestorm
within Google.

You had a number of employees
quitting in protests,

others signing a petition
objecting to this work.

- You have to really say,

"I don't want to be
part of this anymore."

There are companies
called defense contractors

and Google should just not
be one of those companies

because people need to trust
Google for Google to work.

- Good morning and
welcome to Google I/O.

- We've seen emails that
show that Google simply

continued to mislead their
employees that the drone

targeting program was only a
minor effort that could at most

be worth $9 million to the firm,

which is drops in the bucket

for a gigantic
company like Google.

But from internal
emails that we obtained,

Google was expecting Project
Maven would ramp up to as much

as $250 million, and that this
entire effort would provide

Google with Special Defense
Department certification to make

them available for even
bigger defense contracts,

some worth as much
as $10 billion.

The pressure for Google to
compete for military contracts

has come at a time
when its competitors

are also shifting their culture.

Amazon, similarly pitching the
military and law enforcement.

IBM and other leading firms,

they're pitching law
enforcement and military.

To stay competitive, Google
has slowly transformed.

- The Defense Science
Board said of all of the

technological advances that
are happening right now,

the single most important thing
was artificial intelligence

and the autonomous operations
that it would lead.

Are we investing enough?

- Once we develop
what are known as

autonomous lethal
weapons, in other words,

weapons that are not
controlled at all,

they are genuinely autonomous,

you've only got to get
a president who says,

"The hell with international
law, we've got these weapons.

We're going to do what
we want with them."

- We're very close.

When you have the
hardware already set up

and all you have to
do is flip a switch

to make it fully autonomous,

what is it there that's
stopping you from doing that?

There's something
really to be feared

in war at machine speed.

What if you're a machine
and you've run millions

and millions of
different war scenarios

and you have a team of drones

and you've delegated
control to half of them,

and you're collaborating
in real time?

What happens when
that swarm of drones

is tasked with engaging a city?

How will they take
over that city?

The answer is we won't
know until it happens.

- We do not want an
AI system to decide

what human it would attack,

but we're going up against
authoritarian competitors.

So in my view, an
authoritarian regime

will have less problem
delegating authority

to a machine to make
lethal decisions.

So how that plays out
remains to be seen.

- Almost the gift of AI now
is that it will force us

collectively to think through
at a very basic level,

what does it mean to be human?

What do I do as a human better

than a certain super
smart machine can do?

First, we create our technology
and then it recreates us.

We need to make sure that we
don't miss some of the things

that make us so beautiful human.

- Once we build
intelligent machines,

the philosophical vocabulary
we have available to think

about ourselves as human
increasingly fails us.

If I ask you to write up a
list of all the terms you have

available to describe
yourself as human,

there are not so many terms.

Culture, history, sociality,
maybe politics, civilization,

subjectivity, all of these
terms ground in two positions

that humans are more
than mere animals

and that humans are
more than mere machines.

But if machines truly
think there is a large set

of key philosophical questions
in which what is at stake is:

Who are we?

What is our place in the world?

What is the world?

How is it structured?

Do the categories that
we have relied on,

do they still work?

Were they wrong?

- Many people think
of intelligence as
something mysterious

that can only exist inside of
biological organisms, like us,

but intelligence is all
about information processing.

It doesn't matter whether
the intelligence is processed

by carbon atoms inside of
cells and brains, and people,

or by silicon
atoms in computers.

Part of the success of
AI recently has come

from stealing great
ideas from evolution.

We noticed that the
brain, for example,

has all these neurons inside
connected in complicated ways.

So we stole that idea
and abstracted it

into artificial neural
networks in computers,

and that's what
has revolutionized
machine intelligence.

If we one day get Artificial
General Intelligence,

then by definition, AI can
also do better the job of AI

programming and that means
that further progress in making

AI will be dominated not by
human programmers, but by AI.

Recursively self-improving AI
could leave human intelligence

far behind, creating
super intelligence.

It's gonna be the last
invention we ever need to make,

because it can then
invent everything else

much faster than we could.

- There is a future that
we all need to talk about.

Some of the fundamental
questions about the future

of artificial intelligence,
not just where it's going,

but what it means for
society to go there.

It is not what computers can do,

but what computers should do.

As the generation of
people that is bringing AI

to the future,

we are the generation

that will answer this
question first and foremost.

- We haven't created
the human-level
thinking machine yet,

but we get closer and closer.

Maybe we'll get to human-level
AI in five years from now

or maybe it'll take 50
or 100 years from now.

It almost doesn't matter.

Like these are all
really, really soon,

in terms of the overall
history of humanity.

Very nice.

So, the AI field is
extremely international.

China is up and coming and
it's starting to rival the US,

Europe and Japan in
terms of putting a lot

of processing power behind AI

and gathering a lot of
data to help AI learn.

We have a young generation
of Chinese researchers now.

Nobody knows where
the next revolution

is going to come from.

- China always wanted to become
the superpower in the world.

The Chinese government thinks AI

gave them the chance to become

one of the most advanced
technology wise, business wise.

So the Chinese government look

at this as a huge opportunity.

Like they've raised a flag and
said, "That's a good field.

The companies should
jump into it."

Then China's commercial
world and companies say,

"Okay, the government
raised a flag, that's good.

Let's put the money into it."

Chinese tech giants, like Baidu,

like Tencent and like AliBaba,

they put a lot of the
investment into the AI field.

So we see that China's AI
development is booming.

- In China, everybody has
Alipay and WeChat pay,

so mobile payment is everywhere.

And with that, they can
do a lot of AI analysis

to know like your spending
habits, your credit rating.

Face recognition technology
is widely adopted in China,

in airports and train stations.

So, in the future, maybe
in just a few months,

you don't need a paper
ticket to board a train.

Only your face.

- We generate the
world's biggest platform

of facial recognition.

We have 300,000 developers
using our platform.

A lot of it is
selfie camera apps.

It makes you look
more beautiful.

There are millions and millions
of cameras in the world,

each camera from my point
is a data generator.

In a machine's eye, your face
will change into the features

and it will turn your face
into a paragraph of code.

So we can detect how old you
are, if you're male or female,

and your emotions.

Shopping is about what kind
of thing you are looking at.

We can track your eyeballs,
so if you are focusing

on some product,

we can track that
so that we can know

which kind of people like
which kind of product.

- The Chinese government
is using multiple

different kinds of
technologies, whether it's AI,

whether it's big data
platforms, facial recognition,

voice recognition,
essentially to monitor

what the population is doing.

I think the Chinese
government has made very clear

its intent to gather massive
amounts of data about people

to socially engineer a
dissent-free society.

The logic behind the
Chinese government's

social credit system,
it's to take the idea that

whether you are credit
worthy for a financial loan

and adding to it a very
political dimension to say,

"Are you a trustworthy
human being?

What you've said online,

have you ever been critical
of the authorities?

Do you have a criminal record?"

And all that information is
packaged up together to rate

you in ways that if you have
performed well in their view,

you'll have easier
access to certain kinds

of state services or benefits.

But if you haven't
done very well,

you are going to be
penalized or restricted.

There's no way for people to
challenge those designations

or, in some cases,

even know that they've
been put in that category,

and it's not until they
try to access some kind

of state service or
buy a plane ticket,

or get a passport, or
enroll their kid in school,

that they come to learn
that they've been labeled

in this way,

and that there are
negative consequences

for them as a result.

We've spent the better part
of the last one or two years

looking at abuses
of surveillance
technology across China,

and a lot of that work
has taken us to Xinjiang,

the Northwestern region of
China that has a more than half

population of Turkic Muslims,
Uyghurs, Kazakhs and Hui.

This is a region
and a population the
Chinese government

has long considered to be
politically suspect or disloyal.

We came to find information
about what's called

the Integrated Joint
Operations Platform,

which is a predictive policing
program and that's one

of the programs that has been
spitting out lists of names

of people to be subjected
to political re-education.

A number of our interviewees
for the report we just released

about the political education
camps in Xinjiang just

painted an extraordinary
portrait of a
surveillance state.

A region awash in
surveillance cameras

for facial recognition purposes,
checkpoints, body scanners,

QR codes outside people's homes.

Yeah, it really is the
stuff of dystopian movies

that we've all gone
to and thought,

"Wow, that would be a
creepy world to live in."

Yeah, well, 13 million
Turkic Muslims in China

are living in that
reality right now.

- The Intercept reports
that Google is planning to

launch a censored version of
its search engine in China.

- Google's search
for new markets leads it

to China, despite Beijing's
rules on censorship.

- Tell us more about
why you felt it was

your ethical
responsibility to resign,

because you talk
about being complicit

in censorship and
oppression, and surveillance.

- There is a Chinese venture
company that has to be

set up for Google
to operate in China.

And the question is, to what
degree did they get to control

the blacklist and to what
degree would they have just

unfettered access to
surveilling Chinese citizens?

And the fact that Google
refuses to respond

to human rights
organizations on this,

I think should be extremely
disturbing to everyone.

Due to my conviction
that dissent

is fundamental to
functioning democracies

and forced to resign in
order to avoid contributing

to or profiting from the erosion

of protections for dissidents.

The United Nations is currently
reporting that between

200,000 and one million
Uyghurs have been disappeared

into re-education camps.

And there is a serious argument

that Google would be complicit

should it launch a surveilled
version of search in China.

Dragonfly is a project meant
to launch search in China under

Chinese government regulations,
which include censoring

sensitive content, basic
queries on human rights,

information about political
representatives is blocked,

information about student
protests is blocked.

And that's one small part of it.

Perhaps a deeper concern is
the surveillance side of this.

When I raised the
issue with my managers,

with my colleagues,

there was a lot of concern,
but everyone just said,

"I don't know anything."

And then when there
was a meeting finally,

there was essentially
no addressing

the serious concerns
associated with it.

So then I filed my
formal resignation,

not just to my manager,

but I actually distributed
it company-wide.

And that's the letter
that I was reading from.

Personally, I
haven't slept well.

I've had pretty
horrific headaches,

wake up in the middle of
the night just sweating.

With that said, what I
found since speaking out

is just how positive the global
response to this has been.

Engineers should demand
to know what the uses

of their technical
contributions are

and to have a seat at the table
in those ethical decisions.

Most citizens don't really
understand what it means to be

in a very large scale
prescriptive technology.

Where someone has already
pre-divided the work

and all you know about
is your little piece,

and almost certainly you don't
understand how it fits in.

So, I think it's worth
drawing the analogy

to physicists' work
on the atomic bomb.

In fact, that's actually
the community I came out of.

I wasn't a nuclear
scientist by any means,

but I was an applied
mathematician

and my PhD program
was actually funded

to train people to
work in weapons labs.

One could certainly argue

that there is an
existential threat

and whoever is leading in
AI will lead militarily.

- China fully expects to
pass the United States

as the number one economy in
the world and it believes that

AI will make that jump more
quickly and more dramatically.

And they also see it as
being able to leapfrog

the United States in
terms of military power.

Their plan is very simple.

We want to catch
the United States

and these technologies by 2020,

we want to surpass
the United States

in these technologies by 2025,

and we want to be
the world leader

in AI and autonomous
technologies by 2030.

It is a national plan.

It is backed up by at least
$150 billion in investments.

So, this is definitely a race.

- AI is a little bit like fire.

Fire was invented
700,000 years ago,

and it has its pros and cons.

People realized you can
use fire to keep warm

at night and to cook,

but they also realized

that you can kill
other people with that.

Fire also has this
AI-like quality of growing

in a wildfire without
further human ado,

but the advantages outweigh
the disadvantages by so much

that we are not going
to stop its development.

Europe is waking up.

Lots of companies in
Europe are realizing

that the next wave of AI

will be much bigger
than the current wave.

The next wave of AI
will be about robots.

All these machines that make
things, that produce stuff,

that build other machines,
they are going to become smart.

In the not-so-distant
future, we will have robots

that we can teach
like we teach kids.

For example, I will talk to a
little robot and I will say,

"Look here, robot, look here.

Let's assemble a smartphone.

We take this slab
of plastic like that

and we takes a
screwdriver like that,

and now we screw in
everything like this.

No, no, not like this.

Like this, look, robot,
look, like this."

And he will fail a couple
of times but rather quickly,

he will learn to do the
same thing much better

than I could do it.

And then we stop the learning
and we make a million copies,

and sell it.

Regulation of AI sounds
like an attractive idea,

but I don't think it's possible.

One of the reasons
why it won't work is

the sheer curiosity
of scientists.

They don't give a
damn for regulation.

Military powers won't give a
damn for regulations, either.

They will say, "If we,
the Americans don't do it,

then the Chinese will do it."

And the Chinese will
say, "If we don't do it,

then the Russians will do it."

No matter what kind of political
regulation is out there,

all these military
industrial complexes,

they will almost by
definition have to ignore that

because they want to
avoid falling behind.

- A program developed by
the company OpenAI can write

coherent and credible stories
just like human beings.

- It's one
small step for machine,

one giant leap for machine kind.

IBM's newest artificial
intelligence system took on

experienced human debaters
and won a live debate.

- Computer-generated
videos known as deep fakes

are being used to put women's
faces on pornographic videos.

- Artificial intelligence
evolves at a very crazy pace.

You know, it's like
progressing so fast.

In some ways, we're only
at the beginning right now.

You have so many potential
applications, it's a gold mine.

Since 2012, when deep learning
became a big game changer

in the computer
vision community,

we were one of the first to
actually adopt deep learning

and apply it in the field
of computer graphics.

A lot of our research
is funded by government,

military intelligence agencies.

The way we create these
photoreal mappings,

usually the way it works is
that we need two subjects,

a source and a target, and
I can do a face replacement.

One of the applications
is, for example,

I want to manipulate
someone's face

saying things that he did not.

It can be used for creative
things, for funny contents,

but obviously, it can also
be used for just simply

manipulate videos and
generate fake news.

This can be very dangerous.

If it gets into the wrong hands,

it can get out of
control very quickly.

- We're entering an era
in which our enemies can

make it look like anyone
is saying anything

at any point in time,

even if they would
never say those things.

Moving forward, we need
to be more vigilant

with what we trust
from the Internet.

It may sound basic,
but how we move forward

in the age of information is
going to be the difference

between whether we survive
or whether we become

some kind of fucked up dystopia.

- One criticism that
is frequently raised

against my work is saying that,

"Hey, you know there
were stupid ideas

in the past like
phrenology or physiognomy.

There were people claiming
that you can read a character

of a person just
based on their face."

People would say,
"This is rubbish.

We know it was just thinly
veiled racism and superstition."

But the fact that someone
made a claim in the past

and tried to support this
claim with invalid reasoning,

doesn't automatically
invalidate the claim.

Of course, people
should have rights

to their privacy when it comes

to sexual orientation
or political views,

but I'm also afraid

that in the current
technological environment,

this is essentially impossible.

People should realize
there's no going back.

There's no running away
from the algorithms.

The sooner we accept
the inevitable and
inconvenient truth

that privacy is gone,

the sooner we can actually
start thinking about

how to make sure
that our societies

are ready for the
Post-Privacy Age.

- While speaking about
facial recognition,

in my deep thoughts, I sometimes
get to the very dark era

of our history.

When the people had
to live in the system,

where some part of the
society was accepted

and some part of the society
was accused to death.

What would Mengele do to
have such an instrument

in his hands?

It would be very quick and
efficient for selection

and this is the
apocalyptic vision.

- So in the near future,
the entire story of you

will exist in a vast array of
connected databases of faces,

genomes, behaviors and emotion.

So, you will have a digital
avatar of yourself online,

which records how well you
are doing as a citizen,

what kind of a
relationship do you have,

what kind of political
orientation and
sexual orientation.

Based on all of those data,
those algorithms will be able to

manipulate your behavior
with an extreme precision,

changing how we think and
probably in the future,

how we feel.

- The beliefs and
desires of the first AGIs

will be extremely important.

So, it's important to
program them correctly.

I think that if
this is not done,

then the nature of evolution
of natural selection will favor

those systems, prioritize their
own survival above all else.

It's not that it's going
to actively hate humans

and want to harm them,

but it's just going
to be too powerful

and I think a good analogy

would be the way
humans treat animals.

It's not that we hate animals.

I think humans love animals

and have a lot of
affection for them,

but when the time comes

to build a highway
between two cities,

we are not asking the
animals for permission.

We just do it because
it's important for us.

And I think by default, that's
the kind of relationship

that's going to be between us

and AGIs which are
truly autonomous

and operating on
their own behalf.

If you have an arms-race
dynamics between multiple kings

trying to build the AGI first,

they will have less
time to make sure

that the AGI that they build

will care deeply for humans.

Because the way I imagine it
is that there is an avalanche,

there is an avalanche
of AGI development.

Imagine it's a huge
unstoppable force.

And I think it's pretty likely
the entire surface of the

earth would be covered with
solar panels and data centers.

Given these kinds of concerns,

it will be important that
the AGI is somehow built

as a cooperation with
multiple countries.

The future is going to be
good for the AIs, regardless.

It would be nice if it would
be good for humans as well.

- Is there a lot of
responsibility weighing
on my shoulders?

Not really.

Was there a lot of
responsibility on the shoulders

of the parents of Einstein?

The parents somehow made him,

but they had no way of
predicting what he would do,

and how he would
change the world.

And so, you can't really hold
them responsible for that.

So, I'm not a very
human-centric person.

I think I'm a little stepping
stone in the evolution

of the Universe towards
higher complexity.

But it's also clear to me that
I'm not the crown of creation

and that humankind as a whole
is not the crown of creation,

but we are setting the
stage for something

that is bigger than
us, that transcends us.

And then will go
out there in a way

where humans cannot follow

and transform the entire
universe, or at least,

the reachable universe.

So, I find beauty and
awe in seeing myself

as part of this
much grander theme.

- AI is inevitable.

We need to make sure we have
the necessary human regulation

to prevent the weaponization
of artificial intelligence.

We don't need any
more weaponization

of such a powerful tool.

- One of the most
critical things, I think,

is the need for
international governance.

We have an imbalance of
power here because now

we have corporations with
more power, might and ability,

than entire countries.

How do we make sure
that people's voices
are getting heard?

- It can't be a law-free zone.

It can't be a rights-free zone.

We can't embrace all of these
wonderful new technologies

for the 21st century without
trying to bring with us

the package of human rights
that we fought so hard

to achieve, and that
remains so fragile.

- AI isn't good and
it isn't evil, either.

It's just going to
amplify the desires

and goals of
whoever controls it.

And AI today is
under the control

of a very, very small
group of people.

The most important question
that we humans have

to ask ourselves at
this point in history

requires no technical knowledge.

It's the question

of what sort of future
society do we want to create

with all this
technology we're making?

What do we want the role of
humans to be in this world?