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black holes haunt our universe
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dark centers of gravity that swallow
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everything in their path
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what would you see if you got close
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and fell past the point of no return
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into another world of twisted space and
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time
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what secrets can we learn about the
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universe
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on a journey to the center of a monster
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black hole
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[Music]
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imagine traveling to the very center of
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our galaxy
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26 000 light years away
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and finding a vantage point on the night
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sky
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you'd see millions of stars
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and on the horizon a strange dark sphere
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rising
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it's a black hole an object so dense
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nothing can escape its gravitational
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pull
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not even light
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this monster is ten times the size of
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our sun
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yet millions of times heavier it's not
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the only one
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out there
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in nearly every large galaxy astronomers
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have found
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evidence of black holes millions even
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billions of times the mass of the sun
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[Music]
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how did they form and how did they get
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so large
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in the search for answers we are
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beginning to glimpse the forces that
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shape the stars
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planets even life
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and now by tracing the life cycle of
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black holes
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scientists are finding clues to the fate
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that awaits our galaxy
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and the universe at large
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[Music]
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but how do you study something that by
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nature
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evades detection sometimes the universe
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lets
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us in on its most mysterious workings
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march 19 2008 astronomers around the
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world receive
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an alert sent from an orbiting
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observatory called
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swift it had recorded a flash of gamma
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radiation
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a kind of ultra high energy light that
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is the signature of a cataclysmic event
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swift automatically relayed the
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information down to earth
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and within seconds robotic telescopes in
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north and south america
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turn their gaze on the rising light
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astronomers dial into the data to see
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how bright
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and powerful the flash had become
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[Music]
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meanwhile at giant observatories in
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chile
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and in texas they zero in on it
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using specialized instruments to split
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the light
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into all its different wavelengths
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that tells them how far the light had
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traveled to reach earth
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what they find is that it had come from
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seven
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and a half billion light years away
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halfway across the visible universe
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tom vestrand heads a robotic telescope
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project at the los
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alamos national lab in new mexico
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he has been tracking high-energy
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gamma-ray bursts
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for over a decade and has never seen
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anything
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like this
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it was the most luminous thing ever
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detected by mankind
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traditionally think of astronomy as
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something that happens very slowly
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but this was a thing that had been
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traveling to us for 7.5 billion years
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arrived here and for 30 seconds it was
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astonishingly bright
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amazingly bright minutes later even
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still showing signs of
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saturation it was so bright in fact
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that it was visible to the naked eye
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putting together evidence from ground
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and space telescopes
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astronomers determined that the flash
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was a narrow
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but intense beam of light and that most
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likely
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it broadcast the birth of a black hole
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this singular moment is the end point of
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a violent chain of events
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in the core of a large star
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all stars shine by burning light
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elements like
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hydrogen in the largest ones intense
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heat fuses these elements into heavier
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ones
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like carbon silicon and finally iron
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like hot air in a balloon heat and light
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from these nuclear fires
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creates an outward pressure that
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prevents the star's massive outer layers
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from collapsing
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inward eventually that fuel runs out
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the energy flows out through the star
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off into space it can't go on forever
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when the fuel runs out the star starts
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to shrink
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and when that iron core builds up to
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about 1.4 times the mass of the sun it
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can no longer hold itself
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up against the pressure and it will
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collapse
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in some cases as matter slams into the
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star's core
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the impact creates a powerful shock wave
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that races back out
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and literally blows the star apart
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our galaxy is littered with the
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scattered remains of these supernovae
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as shown in images like these from the
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hubble space telescope
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but what happens to the collapsed core
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of these dead stars
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when a large star implodes its weight is
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enough to squash
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all the atoms in its core down to their
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nuclei
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the result an ultra dense ember called
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a neutron star the
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density of a neutron star something like
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taking a mountain and crushing it down
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to the size of a
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marble about so big
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neutrons can withstand incredible
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pressures
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but if enough matter falls onto them
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beyond a critical threshold
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they can be crushed down to nothing
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when that happens a black hole is born
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a black hole is gravity taken to the
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extreme
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its mass is literally packed into a
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point
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and enshrouded within a dark sphere
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called the event
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horizon that sphere
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is the point of no return
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any gas stars or planets that fall in
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disappear forever a black hole
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is a region of space and time which is
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both
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black and empty it's black because light
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can't escape from it gravity pulls the
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light back
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but it's empty because the object or
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system that collapsed to form it in the
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first place has shriveled away to
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nothing
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the common idea that black hole is just
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made of very compacted matter it's wrong
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it's just simply wrong
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it may have been created from very
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compacted matter but the matter is gone
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it's been
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completely destroyed it no longer exists
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and yet it leaves behind a powerful
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legacy
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it's gravity
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according to albert einstein gravity is
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not just the attractive force of planets
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and suns
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[Music]
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it's a warping of space and time what
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scientists call
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space-time in the presence of massive
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objects
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a planet for example goes into orbit
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when it's caught in the warped space
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surrounding a star
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like a ball spinning around a roulette
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wheel
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[Music]
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with the mass of a star squashed down to
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a point
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a black hole is a deep puncture in
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space-time
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when a black hole is born the energy
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gets
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transformed from the energy of the
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matter
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to the energy of warp space-time
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so it's a transformation of the form of
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the energy
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from one to another but the energy is
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still conserved
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what you're left behind with is warped
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space-time that has a huge amount of
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energy in it
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with that energy a black hole can affect
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its environment
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in profound ways
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[Music]
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on our planet earth we know gravity is
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the force that brings everything down
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the impact releases energy a crash
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a thud
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a shatter
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[Music]
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when matter falls toward a black hole
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the energy released can reach
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astronomical proportions
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when we look at how they affect the rest
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of the universe we look at what happens
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around them what happens when
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stuff exploits this huge gravitational
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potential this
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huge gravitational hole that they form
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and
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how that is exploited to make energy
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such energy emissions are part of a
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growing body of evidence
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that black holes famous for hiding in
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the dark
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have a history of outbursts that have
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reached across the cosmos
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and shaped the universe we know
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scientists are following this energy
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like a trail of clues
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leading ever closer to the black hole's
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dark heart
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astronomers once saw black holes as rare
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and exotic
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in a universe seemingly dominated by
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stars
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and galaxies
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a radically new view has emerged from
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surveys of galaxies
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and black holes stretching deep into the
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universe
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giant black holes lurk in the dust lanes
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and swirling gas clouds
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at the centers of nearly every large
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galaxy
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what's more the larger the galaxy the
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larger the black hole
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that's a clue that they must have
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evolved hand in hand
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each shaping the life story of the other
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to find out the role black holes played
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in the evolution of the universe
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astronomers are trying to recreate this
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shared history
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with what amounts to a whole new branch
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of science
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[Music]
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they are using supercomputers to
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simulate the sweep of
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cosmic history including that of
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galaxies
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like our own
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[Music]
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this simulation takes us back to just a
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few hundred million years
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after the beginning of the universe
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gravity drew vast pockets of gas
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into dense centers
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they grew hotter and hotter igniting to
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become the first generation of stars
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these stars lived hot and fast and in
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only a few million years
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some blew up in powerful supernovae
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from these stars likely came the first
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generation
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of black holes
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cosmologists tiziana di mateo is part of
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a wider effort to see what mark these
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early black holes
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left on the universe
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her computer program simulates the
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action of gravity on gas
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the formation of stars galaxies and
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black holes
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her goal is to create a virtual universe
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that evolves like the real one did with
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black holes and galaxies emerging
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and growing together
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our milky way galaxy is located in a
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quiet part of the universe
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with relatively few other galaxies
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around it
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move out across the cosmic void 50
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million light years away
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and you encounter the great virgo
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cluster filled with thousands of
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galaxies
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recent telescope surveys show that this
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region
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is part of a larger pattern of galaxies
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resembling a vast
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spider's web
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to get her virtual universe to look like
321
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this
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tiziana needs to know what cosmic
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conditions gave rise
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to black holes and galaxies in the first
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place
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so it's a beautiful problem because we
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start from extremely well specified
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initial conditions
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we know the initial condition of the
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universe and that's very rare in
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astrophysics in cosmology in
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you know in any branch of physics
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details of what the universe was like in
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its earliest times
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have come courtesy of a breakthrough
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observatory
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00:15:56,160 --> 00:16:00,399
called wmap it found a blotchy pattern
338
00:16:00,399 --> 00:16:02,240
in a kind of radiation
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generated soon after the big bang
340
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[Music]
341
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astronomers believe this pattern is the
342
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origin of the spider's web structure
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they see in their telescopes
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it defines the beginning point of
345
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tisiana's simulation
346
00:16:18,959 --> 00:16:20,560
on top of that now we need to put the
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right physics in order to
348
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take these initial conditions evolve
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them and make the universe the way it
350
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looks like
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today she sets her virtual universe in
352
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motion
353
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it covers a region in the shape of a
354
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cube over a hundred million light years
355
00:16:39,759 --> 00:16:42,880
on a side the result an
356
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intricate cosmic web with gravity
357
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drawing matter into filaments and knots
358
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on the largest of scales
359
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in places where filaments come together
360
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galaxies
361
00:16:55,440 --> 00:16:59,360
and black holes first begin to appear
362
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all the matter that is coming in from
363
00:17:01,279 --> 00:17:03,199
the large scale will also allow
364
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the black hole to to grow
365
00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:08,160
because of this gas is being transported
366
00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:09,599
from large scale all the way into the
367
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galaxy and the galaxy all the way into
368
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the center
369
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and therefore feeding and growing these
370
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central black holes at a very high rate
371
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in this sequence drawn from her
372
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,000
simulation the circles
373
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:28,319
indicate the appearance of black holes
374
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within the data
375
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what she finds is that as these black
376
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holes gain
377
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mass gravity pulls them toward the
378
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densest regions
379
00:17:40,160 --> 00:17:42,160
where a few grow larger than all the
380
00:17:42,160 --> 00:17:44,559
rest
381
00:17:45,120 --> 00:17:48,160
how did these chosen few black holes
382
00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:51,360
grow so rapidly
383
00:17:51,840 --> 00:17:54,720
the orbiting chandra x-ray observatory
384
00:17:54,720 --> 00:17:56,559
recently turned up evidence at the
385
00:17:56,559 --> 00:17:58,320
centers of galaxies
386
00:17:58,320 --> 00:18:02,559
back in the time of the early universe
387
00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:06,960
these images show its remarkable find
388
00:18:06,960 --> 00:18:10,240
actual supermassive black hole pairs
389
00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:12,720
beginning what astronomers believe is a
390
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dance of death
391
00:18:21,039 --> 00:18:23,840
in most cases their forward momentum
392
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simply causes them to go into orbit
393
00:18:25,919 --> 00:18:27,360
around each other
394
00:18:27,360 --> 00:18:30,240
like a planet around a sun this orbit
395
00:18:30,240 --> 00:18:34,320
can go on for billions of years
396
00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:37,280
to grow large one black hole must draw
397
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the other
398
00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:43,840
in close enough to swallow it
399
00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:47,760
albert einstein showed how they do it
400
00:18:47,760 --> 00:18:49,760
he predicted that when massive bodies
401
00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:52,480
accelerate or whip around each other
402
00:18:52,480 --> 00:18:54,480
they can stir up the normally smooth
403
00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:57,840
fabric of space-time
404
00:18:59,120 --> 00:19:01,120
[Music]
405
00:19:01,120 --> 00:19:04,160
it's like a rock hitting a pond
406
00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:06,400
some of the energy of the impact is
407
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:08,000
transferred to waves
408
00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:10,550
that move outward along the surface
409
00:19:10,550 --> 00:19:13,609
[Music]
410
00:19:15,120 --> 00:19:17,760
likewise a titanic collision of black
411
00:19:17,760 --> 00:19:18,720
holes
412
00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:22,000
would send waves gravity waves racing
413
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:24,559
across the universe so you have two
414
00:19:24,559 --> 00:19:26,960
tornadoes embedded in a third larger
415
00:19:26,960 --> 00:19:28,080
tornado
416
00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:29,360
and they're going to come crashing
417
00:19:29,360 --> 00:19:30,960
together and you want to know what
418
00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:31,919
happens
419
00:19:31,919 --> 00:19:33,919
when these tornadoes are not made from
420
00:19:33,919 --> 00:19:36,400
whirling air but made from whirling warp
421
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:39,760
space and time
422
00:19:39,760 --> 00:19:42,640
this simulation shows what happens as
423
00:19:42,640 --> 00:19:44,799
two black holes get close
424
00:19:44,799 --> 00:19:47,200
they turn space into a turbulent sea of
425
00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:49,600
gravity waves
426
00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:51,600
these waves have the effect of carrying
427
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:54,799
energy away from the orbit itself
428
00:19:54,799 --> 00:19:57,039
that allows the pair to draw each other
429
00:19:57,039 --> 00:19:58,000
in and
430
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:01,280
merge into one
431
00:20:01,280 --> 00:20:03,440
we go back to half the age of the
432
00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:04,320
universe and
433
00:20:04,320 --> 00:20:05,760
all these black holes are swallowing
434
00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:07,600
large amounts of gas so
435
00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:09,360
it's a fun time and sort of the golden
436
00:20:09,360 --> 00:20:11,919
age for the growth of most black holes
437
00:20:11,919 --> 00:20:14,000
the reason why this because most of the
438
00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:16,480
large major mergers are occurring
439
00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:21,520
in the universe around this time
440
00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:24,240
this simulation shows how a galaxy like
441
00:20:24,240 --> 00:20:25,120
our own
442
00:20:25,120 --> 00:20:27,200
might have taken shape in a flurry of
443
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:35,440
mergers and collisions
444
00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:38,000
in the beginning gravity drew patches of
445
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:39,120
stars and gas
446
00:20:39,120 --> 00:20:44,639
together a new larger patch drew still
447
00:20:46,840 --> 00:20:48,000
others
448
00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:50,400
in fact the universe is littered with
449
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:52,159
galaxies in the process
450
00:20:52,159 --> 00:20:54,799
of ripping each other apart and crashing
451
00:20:54,799 --> 00:20:56,960
together
452
00:20:56,960 --> 00:20:59,600
in the turmoil of each new merger
453
00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:02,240
another victim is thrust into the jaws
454
00:21:02,240 --> 00:21:04,190
of a growing black hole
455
00:21:04,190 --> 00:21:08,240
[Music]
456
00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:10,159
and in the densest regions of the
457
00:21:10,159 --> 00:21:12,960
universe a small percentage of these
458
00:21:12,960 --> 00:21:15,360
monsters have been able to grow to a
459
00:21:15,360 --> 00:21:16,000
level of
460
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:18,799
size and ferocity we can scarcely
461
00:21:18,799 --> 00:21:20,559
imagine
462
00:21:20,559 --> 00:21:23,919
and yet amid all the violence are clues
463
00:21:23,919 --> 00:21:25,360
to how the universe
464
00:21:25,360 --> 00:21:28,640
and even places like earth came to be
465
00:21:28,640 --> 00:21:31,840
what they are
466
00:21:39,390 --> 00:21:41,679
[Music]
467
00:21:41,679 --> 00:21:44,000
astronomers have long puzzled over a
468
00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:46,559
class of ultra bright beacons of light
469
00:21:46,559 --> 00:21:49,360
from the distant universe called quasars
470
00:21:49,360 --> 00:21:52,159
[Music]
471
00:21:52,159 --> 00:21:54,799
in time they link them to the outpouring
472
00:21:54,799 --> 00:21:57,360
of energy from the centers of galaxies
473
00:21:57,360 --> 00:22:01,039
and to growing black holes but how can
474
00:22:01,039 --> 00:22:03,200
something that emits no light
475
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:06,480
shines so brightly
476
00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:10,080
two minutes
477
00:22:10,559 --> 00:22:12,960
the chance to solve this mystery has
478
00:22:12,960 --> 00:22:15,360
drawn a crowd near nasa's kennedy space
479
00:22:15,360 --> 00:22:16,000
center
480
00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:19,760
in florida 80 seconds
481
00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:23,919
ranges go mounted in the nose of a
482
00:22:23,919 --> 00:22:25,760
rocket just up the beach
483
00:22:25,760 --> 00:22:29,200
is the next generation cosmic explorer
484
00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:32,320
ten nine eight
485
00:22:32,320 --> 00:22:36,240
seven six five four
486
00:22:36,240 --> 00:22:40,000
three two one go
487
00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:43,919
zero lift off the delta rocket carrying
488
00:22:43,919 --> 00:22:46,799
blast gamma-ray telescope circuit the
489
00:22:46,799 --> 00:22:49,280
fermi gamma-ray space telescope
490
00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:51,440
is part of a larger effort to explore
491
00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:53,440
the role black holes play
492
00:22:53,440 --> 00:23:09,840
in shaping the universe
493
00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:19,520
to me the idea that we're standing here
494
00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:20,159
on this
495
00:23:20,159 --> 00:23:23,440
planet in our own little area of our
496
00:23:23,440 --> 00:23:24,320
galaxy
497
00:23:24,320 --> 00:23:26,559
we're able to look around and make
498
00:23:26,559 --> 00:23:27,840
meaningful measurements
499
00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:30,000
have a theoretical understanding of the
500
00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:32,080
entire universe in which we live
501
00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:35,280
to me is something that all of humankind
502
00:23:35,280 --> 00:23:39,520
can justifiably take pride in
503
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:44,559
the black holes that interest steve ritz
504
00:23:44,559 --> 00:23:45,919
a project scientist
505
00:23:45,919 --> 00:23:48,640
and his team are among the largest ones
506
00:23:48,640 --> 00:23:51,840
out there
507
00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:55,279
the energy they emit is thought to stem
508
00:23:55,279 --> 00:23:57,600
from periods of rapid growth
509
00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:00,780
at the center of galactic feeding
510
00:24:00,780 --> 00:24:02,840
[Music]
511
00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:04,799
frenzies
512
00:24:04,799 --> 00:24:07,279
billions of years ago in places where
513
00:24:07,279 --> 00:24:09,840
the universe was dense with matter
514
00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:12,799
gravity drew swarms of young galaxies
515
00:24:12,799 --> 00:24:14,570
hurtling toward each other
516
00:24:14,570 --> 00:24:17,200
[Music]
517
00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:19,919
a large galaxy grew in the center and
518
00:24:19,919 --> 00:24:21,440
when another galaxy fell
519
00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:24,080
toward it it hurled matter at a central
520
00:24:24,080 --> 00:24:26,559
black hole
521
00:24:26,559 --> 00:24:29,200
force-fed like this the black hole could
522
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:30,400
grow up to several
523
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:34,480
billion times the size of our own sun
524
00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:36,480
this crazy growth that black holes will
525
00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:38,159
go through particularly early on
526
00:24:38,159 --> 00:24:40,880
this would be a rare event not
527
00:24:40,880 --> 00:24:42,480
everywhere in a universe particularly
528
00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:43,760
when the universe is
529
00:24:43,760 --> 00:24:46,720
still young we'll have this huge gas
530
00:24:46,720 --> 00:24:48,240
inflows that will allow
531
00:24:48,240 --> 00:24:52,640
the black hole to grow so fast
532
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:57,360
and when a supermassive black hole grows
533
00:24:57,360 --> 00:24:59,360
it bends its rage on the surrounding
534
00:24:59,360 --> 00:25:01,840
universe
535
00:25:03,039 --> 00:25:04,960
you can see the evidence in these
536
00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:06,720
telescope images
537
00:25:06,720 --> 00:25:09,440
they show powerful beams of energy or
538
00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:10,240
jets
539
00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:12,799
coming from the centers of galaxies and
540
00:25:12,799 --> 00:25:13,760
often extending
541
00:25:13,760 --> 00:25:16,240
tens of thousands of light years into
542
00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:18,720
space
543
00:25:23,120 --> 00:25:25,279
such outbursts can have a profound
544
00:25:25,279 --> 00:25:26,880
impact on their host
545
00:25:26,880 --> 00:25:30,559
galaxies and beyond
546
00:25:32,159 --> 00:25:34,960
probing the perseus galaxy cluster the
547
00:25:34,960 --> 00:25:36,880
chandra x-ray observatory
548
00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,000
found immense hot cavities hollowed out
549
00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:43,840
of the surrounding gas
550
00:25:46,240 --> 00:25:48,799
the culprit they believe is a jet of
551
00:25:48,799 --> 00:25:49,760
radiation
552
00:25:49,760 --> 00:25:56,559
coming from a large central galaxy
553
00:25:56,559 --> 00:25:59,520
as it roared out this jet created shock
554
00:25:59,520 --> 00:26:01,120
waves so powerful
555
00:26:01,120 --> 00:26:03,840
it pushed huge volumes of gas beyond the
556
00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:05,130
central region
557
00:26:05,130 --> 00:26:07,279
[Music]
558
00:26:07,279 --> 00:26:10,320
and without this gas new stars can't
559
00:26:10,320 --> 00:26:11,590
form
560
00:26:11,590 --> 00:26:13,360
[Music]
561
00:26:13,360 --> 00:26:15,520
that explains why some of the largest
562
00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:16,559
galaxies
563
00:26:16,559 --> 00:26:19,679
are filled with old stars most likely
564
00:26:19,679 --> 00:26:22,840
born before their black holes began
565
00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:24,240
erupting
566
00:26:24,240 --> 00:26:27,120
at the same time a black hole jet can
567
00:26:27,120 --> 00:26:27,600
seed
568
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,080
the surrounding regions with the heavy
569
00:26:30,080 --> 00:26:31,440
elements needed to form
570
00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:35,760
solar systems and planets like ours
571
00:26:35,760 --> 00:26:37,520
we see these jets of particles being
572
00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:39,600
blown clear out of the galaxy
573
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:41,279
and they're mysterious because we know
574
00:26:41,279 --> 00:26:42,640
when they're pointed
575
00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:44,960
roughly in our direction they're very
576
00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:46,559
strong emitters of very high energy
577
00:26:46,559 --> 00:26:49,039
gamma rays
578
00:26:50,159 --> 00:26:52,320
the fermi telescope joins a growing
579
00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:54,720
fleet of observatories in space
580
00:26:54,720 --> 00:26:56,559
capable of reading the high-energy
581
00:26:56,559 --> 00:26:58,720
x-rays and gamma rays
582
00:26:58,720 --> 00:27:01,520
associated with these jets it's rather
583
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:02,000
like
584
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:05,039
seeing a track of bullets and
585
00:27:05,039 --> 00:27:07,679
trying to follow the forensics down to
586
00:27:07,679 --> 00:27:09,760
what gun could have fired the bullet
587
00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:11,360
where was the gun what were the
588
00:27:11,360 --> 00:27:13,039
properties of the gunpowder
589
00:27:13,039 --> 00:27:15,760
and so on
590
00:27:17,120 --> 00:27:20,159
the gun in this case is a mysterious
591
00:27:20,159 --> 00:27:22,320
whirling region of space-time
592
00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:26,000
the black hole but what allows the gun
593
00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:27,039
to fire
594
00:27:27,039 --> 00:27:30,320
and produce a jet black hole also has
595
00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:32,640
the property that as it spins on its
596
00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:34,640
axis as the earth spins
597
00:27:34,640 --> 00:27:37,440
it drags space into a whirling motion
598
00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:39,279
like the air in a tornado
599
00:27:39,279 --> 00:27:41,760
faster near the horizon slower farther
600
00:27:41,760 --> 00:27:43,120
away just as the air in the
601
00:27:43,120 --> 00:27:46,000
tornado is swirling faster near the core
602
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:49,840
than it is farther away
603
00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:53,840
in the eye of this cosmic tornado gas
604
00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:56,240
and stars flow into the hole along a
605
00:27:56,240 --> 00:28:03,279
rapidly spinning disk
606
00:28:03,279 --> 00:28:05,600
the spinning motion generates magnetic
607
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:06,399
fields
608
00:28:06,399 --> 00:28:10,799
that twist around as matter swirls in
609
00:28:11,120 --> 00:28:12,799
these fields channel some of the
610
00:28:12,799 --> 00:28:14,159
inflowing matter
611
00:28:14,159 --> 00:28:18,480
out into a pair of high-energy jets
612
00:28:19,039 --> 00:28:22,480
so we can extract then the
613
00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:25,200
rotational energy of a black hole nature
614
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:26,720
can extract it
615
00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:28,960
and the amount of energy you get out is
616
00:28:28,960 --> 00:28:31,039
enormously larger
617
00:28:31,039 --> 00:28:33,600
than all the energy you can get from
618
00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:35,520
burning all the nuclear fuel inside the
619
00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:38,000
stars
620
00:28:39,360 --> 00:28:42,240
it's the equations of albert einstein
621
00:28:42,240 --> 00:28:43,919
that describe the source of this
622
00:28:43,919 --> 00:28:45,679
incredible power
623
00:28:45,679 --> 00:28:48,159
the extreme warping of space just
624
00:28:48,159 --> 00:28:51,679
outside the black hole
625
00:28:51,919 --> 00:28:54,559
what we can learn from these equations
626
00:28:54,559 --> 00:28:57,279
doesn't stop at the event horizon
627
00:28:57,279 --> 00:28:59,520
they can also let us enter with our
628
00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:00,480
minds
629
00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:04,399
the realm within a black hole
630
00:29:05,039 --> 00:29:07,440
most likely we'll never directly see how
631
00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:09,760
those equations play out
632
00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:12,880
and live to tell
633
00:29:12,880 --> 00:29:16,159
a future explorer prospecting for data
634
00:29:16,159 --> 00:29:20,559
would tempt fate by traveling too close
635
00:29:20,559 --> 00:29:23,200
if the monster is a collapsed star
636
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,240
weighing a few times the mass of the sun
637
00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:29,520
its gravity rises sharply
638
00:29:29,520 --> 00:29:31,840
the pull on the starship's nose is so
639
00:29:31,840 --> 00:29:32,799
much greater
640
00:29:32,799 --> 00:29:38,320
than on its tail the gravity rips it to
641
00:29:38,840 --> 00:29:41,840
shreds
642
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:48,000
ironically you'd find a gentler ride
643
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:50,880
into a supermassive black hole
644
00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:53,360
its larger size means its gravity is
645
00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:54,080
more spread
646
00:29:54,080 --> 00:29:55,600
out
647
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:58,820
[Music]
648
00:29:59,279 --> 00:30:02,320
what you'd find if you made it inside
649
00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:05,520
is the most extreme destination in all
650
00:30:05,520 --> 00:30:09,840
the universe
651
00:30:10,460 --> 00:30:18,880
[Music]
652
00:30:18,880 --> 00:30:21,440
andrew hamilton an astrophysics
653
00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:22,320
professor
654
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:24,480
has been investigating what happens when
655
00:30:24,480 --> 00:30:25,440
matter falls
656
00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:37,840
inside a black hole
657
00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:41,679
using einstein's equations he and
658
00:30:41,679 --> 00:30:43,520
other scientists believe that falling
659
00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:45,200
into a black hole
660
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:47,679
is equivalent to moving down a river and
661
00:30:47,679 --> 00:30:51,840
tumbling over a waterfall
662
00:30:55,919 --> 00:30:58,640
like a cosmic precipice the outermost
663
00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:00,399
region of the black hole
664
00:31:00,399 --> 00:31:03,840
the event horizon is where space itself
665
00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:05,200
flows relentlessly
666
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:07,360
in
667
00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:12,559
what does one mean by space falling
668
00:31:12,559 --> 00:31:15,120
or doing anything it's just that if you
669
00:31:15,120 --> 00:31:16,559
put objects
670
00:31:16,559 --> 00:31:20,000
in space then they will move in certain
671
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:20,880
ways
672
00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:23,600
and if you put objects near a black hole
673
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:24,240
as they
674
00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:27,360
approach the horizon inevitably they
675
00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:29,600
must approach the speed of light
676
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:31,440
in order to stay at rest otherwise
677
00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:35,200
they're going to fall inside the horizon
678
00:31:38,159 --> 00:31:40,399
if the black hole is spinning the
679
00:31:40,399 --> 00:31:42,320
central region is bounded by what's
680
00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:47,840
known as the inner horizon
681
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:50,559
in a case defined only by einstein's
682
00:31:50,559 --> 00:31:51,840
equations
683
00:31:51,840 --> 00:31:54,720
an object may whip around so fast it
684
00:31:54,720 --> 00:31:57,440
gets flung outward
685
00:31:57,440 --> 00:32:00,240
if there's nothing inside the black hole
686
00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:02,720
except the space-time structure itself
687
00:32:02,720 --> 00:32:04,880
there's nothing inconsistent about
688
00:32:04,880 --> 00:32:05,919
having space
689
00:32:05,919 --> 00:32:07,919
fall inside turn back around and come
690
00:32:07,919 --> 00:32:10,159
back out again because space has no
691
00:32:10,159 --> 00:32:11,440
substance so there's no
692
00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:15,840
problem with it moving through itself
693
00:32:17,919 --> 00:32:20,080
it would be like a river racing over the
694
00:32:20,080 --> 00:32:21,039
falls
695
00:32:21,039 --> 00:32:23,600
hitting the rocks below then flowing
696
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:26,080
back up
697
00:32:27,440 --> 00:32:29,440
in the strange world of general
698
00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:31,279
relativity you've fallen through a
699
00:32:31,279 --> 00:32:31,840
region
700
00:32:31,840 --> 00:32:33,679
a black hole region where space was
701
00:32:33,679 --> 00:32:35,360
falling faster than light
702
00:32:35,360 --> 00:32:37,600
and now space has turned around and is
703
00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:40,840
now pushing you outward faster than
704
00:32:40,840 --> 00:32:42,799
light
705
00:32:42,799 --> 00:32:45,519
imagine charting a starships course into
706
00:32:45,519 --> 00:32:45,840
this
707
00:32:45,840 --> 00:32:49,120
topsy-turvy realm
708
00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:53,760
if you survived the fall down to the
709
00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:55,200
event horizon
710
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:58,640
you'd accelerate through it
711
00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:03,519
you go with the flow you hit the speed
712
00:33:03,519 --> 00:33:05,519
of light at the horizon
713
00:33:05,519 --> 00:33:07,919
now you can still see stuff from the
714
00:33:07,919 --> 00:33:09,120
outside world
715
00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:12,000
even when you're inside the horizon but
716
00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:14,240
people can't see you because space is
717
00:33:14,240 --> 00:33:17,679
falling faster than light
718
00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:22,080
to understand the chaotic region within
719
00:33:22,080 --> 00:33:23,360
hamilton has enlisted
720
00:33:23,360 --> 00:33:26,080
einstein's equations in a project to
721
00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:28,159
visualize the black hole's
722
00:33:28,159 --> 00:33:31,120
inner anatomy
723
00:33:31,130 --> 00:33:33,279
[Music]
724
00:33:33,279 --> 00:33:35,200
you could only get this close on a
725
00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:36,640
spaceship propelled by
726
00:33:36,640 --> 00:33:39,840
pure mathematics
727
00:33:41,519 --> 00:33:43,840
passing through the event horizon we
728
00:33:43,840 --> 00:33:47,279
approach the central zone
729
00:33:48,399 --> 00:33:51,120
as we whip around we are flung out of a
730
00:33:51,120 --> 00:33:53,039
kind of cosmic tunnel
731
00:33:53,039 --> 00:33:56,320
known as a wormhole
732
00:33:59,679 --> 00:34:02,320
at its end we pass through what's known
733
00:34:02,320 --> 00:34:04,080
as a white hole
734
00:34:04,080 --> 00:34:06,159
like characters in a science fiction
735
00:34:06,159 --> 00:34:09,280
story we exit into another time
736
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:14,000
or place perhaps another universe
737
00:34:14,960 --> 00:34:17,520
this strange passage is the work of
738
00:34:17,520 --> 00:34:18,560
theory
739
00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:21,359
in reality it couldn't form amid all the
740
00:34:21,359 --> 00:34:23,280
turbulence
741
00:34:23,280 --> 00:34:26,079
the moment you introduce any real matter
742
00:34:26,079 --> 00:34:27,040
then
743
00:34:27,040 --> 00:34:29,040
the stuff that's trying to fall in tends
744
00:34:29,040 --> 00:34:30,639
to collide with the stuff that's coming
745
00:34:30,639 --> 00:34:32,879
back out again
746
00:34:32,879 --> 00:34:36,639
there's a turbulent chaotic milestone
747
00:34:36,639 --> 00:34:40,159
deep down inside the black hole
748
00:34:43,119 --> 00:34:46,399
in a waterfall this collision zone
749
00:34:46,399 --> 00:34:49,040
is where water crashes on the rocks and
750
00:34:49,040 --> 00:34:53,040
ricochets into the downward flow
751
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,200
here turbulence rises all order
752
00:34:57,200 --> 00:35:00,078
disappears
753
00:35:01,119 --> 00:35:03,920
in a black hole the collision zone is
754
00:35:03,920 --> 00:35:05,520
the inner horizon
755
00:35:05,520 --> 00:35:07,680
where swirling matter envelops the
756
00:35:07,680 --> 00:35:09,320
central core
757
00:35:09,320 --> 00:35:13,760
[Music]
758
00:35:15,119 --> 00:35:17,040
that's the end of the line for a
759
00:35:17,040 --> 00:35:18,240
starship
760
00:35:18,240 --> 00:35:22,399
it gets instantly vaporized
761
00:35:23,680 --> 00:35:25,520
the chief characteristic of this region
762
00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:27,119
near the inner horizon
763
00:35:27,119 --> 00:35:29,599
is that streams of energy are passing
764
00:35:29,599 --> 00:35:31,359
through each other
765
00:35:31,359 --> 00:35:32,800
and they're passing through each other
766
00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:35,440
very rapidly
767
00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:38,480
that counter-streaming of material
768
00:35:38,480 --> 00:35:40,720
begins to build up to the point where
769
00:35:40,720 --> 00:35:41,520
itself
770
00:35:41,520 --> 00:35:45,040
gravitates and that gravity
771
00:35:45,040 --> 00:35:47,839
accelerates those streams even faster
772
00:35:47,839 --> 00:35:50,720
through each other
773
00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:57,440
in the gentle world we know the energy
774
00:35:57,440 --> 00:35:58,800
released by gravity
775
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:03,040
quickly dissipates whatever crashes down
776
00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:06,720
settles into a state of rest
777
00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:12,880
inside a black hole the energy does not
778
00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:13,920
dissipate
779
00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:17,040
instead it builds on itself rising to an
780
00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:18,400
extreme state
781
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:20,490
known as the planck density
782
00:36:20,490 --> 00:36:23,119
[Music]
783
00:36:23,119 --> 00:36:26,480
to grasp what that is imagine taking all
784
00:36:26,480 --> 00:36:28,079
the matter we can see with our
785
00:36:28,079 --> 00:36:29,440
telescopes
786
00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:31,520
all the trillions upon trillions of
787
00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:33,040
stars that make up
788
00:36:33,040 --> 00:36:35,920
all the galaxies in the universe and
789
00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:36,960
crush it
790
00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:39,839
down to the size of a marble no don't
791
00:36:39,839 --> 00:36:40,560
stop there
792
00:36:40,560 --> 00:36:43,200
keep going crush it all the way down to
793
00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:45,040
less than the size of an atom
794
00:36:45,040 --> 00:36:48,240
that is a plank density and that's
795
00:36:48,240 --> 00:36:50,720
the kind of density that is produced
796
00:36:50,720 --> 00:36:51,440
inside
797
00:36:51,440 --> 00:36:54,560
a black hole it's the most extreme
798
00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:57,280
place in our universe outside the big
799
00:36:57,280 --> 00:36:59,599
bang
800
00:37:01,920 --> 00:37:04,560
in this state temperatures rise to a
801
00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:06,880
trillion trillion times hotter
802
00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:10,400
than the center of our sun
803
00:37:10,700 --> 00:37:14,000
[Music]
804
00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:16,079
it would be hard to imagine what
805
00:37:16,079 --> 00:37:17,040
destructive
806
00:37:17,040 --> 00:37:19,440
impact the release of this energy would
807
00:37:19,440 --> 00:37:20,720
have
808
00:37:20,720 --> 00:37:23,760
fortunately extreme gravity holds it
809
00:37:23,760 --> 00:37:25,760
tight within the black hole's event
810
00:37:25,760 --> 00:37:28,320
horizon
811
00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:33,200
despite the roiling turmoil within the
812
00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:36,160
supermassive black hole in our galaxy
813
00:37:36,160 --> 00:37:40,078
is thought to be relatively quiet
814
00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:43,359
has it settled into retirement or will
815
00:37:43,359 --> 00:37:45,440
the energy of whirling space
816
00:37:45,440 --> 00:37:48,079
close to its event horizon somehow be
817
00:37:48,079 --> 00:37:49,359
unleashed
818
00:37:49,359 --> 00:37:52,320
astronomers believe that turbulent times
819
00:37:52,320 --> 00:37:53,720
lie ahead
820
00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:55,520
[Music]
821
00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:58,480
the andromeda galaxy is located two and
822
00:37:58,480 --> 00:38:00,160
a half million light years
823
00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:05,440
from our milky way
824
00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:07,440
scientists calculate that it's barreling
825
00:38:07,440 --> 00:38:09,599
toward us at over 200
826
00:38:09,599 --> 00:38:19,200
000 miles per hour
827
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:21,680
it will take around 5 billion years to
828
00:38:21,680 --> 00:38:23,119
reach us
829
00:38:23,119 --> 00:38:25,440
by that time the sun will have entered
830
00:38:25,440 --> 00:38:27,200
its twilight years
831
00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:29,520
swelling to an enormous size and
832
00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:33,280
scorching the earth
833
00:38:33,280 --> 00:38:36,320
but a much larger galactic catastrophe
834
00:38:36,320 --> 00:38:40,079
is about to unfold a simulation of the
835
00:38:40,079 --> 00:38:42,400
andromeda milky way collision
836
00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:45,599
shows the likely chain of events
837
00:38:45,599 --> 00:38:47,839
at first the two pass in a close
838
00:38:47,839 --> 00:38:49,040
encounter
839
00:38:49,040 --> 00:38:51,200
their mutual gravity tears them both
840
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:53,598
apart
841
00:38:53,839 --> 00:38:55,920
scientists say the odds are that our
842
00:38:55,920 --> 00:38:56,960
solar system
843
00:38:56,960 --> 00:38:59,200
will get flung out to the far edges of
844
00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:01,839
this maelstrom
845
00:39:04,160 --> 00:39:07,359
[Music]
846
00:39:07,359 --> 00:39:10,480
as the galaxies finally settle together
847
00:39:10,480 --> 00:39:13,200
two hungry supermassive black holes in
848
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:14,400
their centers
849
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:17,839
spiral toward each other from all the
850
00:39:17,839 --> 00:39:18,800
turmoil
851
00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:23,760
a new larger black hole will then emerge
852
00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:27,440
who knows whether we will be around to
853
00:39:27,440 --> 00:39:29,599
witness its birth
854
00:39:29,599 --> 00:39:31,839
as astronomers project the continued
855
00:39:31,839 --> 00:39:33,920
evolution of our galaxy
856
00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:36,560
they ask will the matter and energy
857
00:39:36,560 --> 00:39:39,280
impounded within its central black hole
858
00:39:39,280 --> 00:39:42,880
remain there forever
859
00:39:42,880 --> 00:39:45,280
or is the black hole like all other
860
00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:46,800
cosmic bodies
861
00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:57,839
somehow subject to the ravages of time
862
00:40:01,200 --> 00:40:03,520
we live at a time in which most of the
863
00:40:03,520 --> 00:40:05,839
energy of the universe is produced by
864
00:40:05,839 --> 00:40:08,400
stars
865
00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:11,040
trillions of years from now all across
866
00:40:11,040 --> 00:40:12,160
the universe
867
00:40:12,160 --> 00:40:14,880
stars begin to use up their fuel and
868
00:40:14,880 --> 00:40:17,520
fade away
869
00:40:19,100 --> 00:40:21,760
[Music]
870
00:40:21,760 --> 00:40:24,079
the largest stars fall toward the
871
00:40:24,079 --> 00:40:25,680
centers of galaxies
872
00:40:25,680 --> 00:40:27,680
where they're swallowed by supermassive
873
00:40:27,680 --> 00:40:30,480
black holes
874
00:40:34,970 --> 00:40:37,680
[Music]
875
00:40:37,680 --> 00:40:40,800
as the universe decays it gives way to a
876
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:41,920
long era
877
00:40:41,920 --> 00:40:44,800
dominated by the remnants of dying stars
878
00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:47,200
and black holes
879
00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:49,040
the far future of the universe is one
880
00:40:49,040 --> 00:40:50,640
where the stars have burnt out and
881
00:40:50,640 --> 00:40:51,520
formed
882
00:40:51,520 --> 00:40:53,599
neutron stars or white dwarfs and some
883
00:40:53,599 --> 00:40:55,200
black holes and eventually over long
884
00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:56,880
periods of time the black holes merge
885
00:40:56,880 --> 00:41:00,400
together to form bigger black holes
886
00:41:01,359 --> 00:41:03,359
in time much of the matter within
887
00:41:03,359 --> 00:41:04,400
galaxies
888
00:41:04,400 --> 00:41:07,200
will fall into these black holes and
889
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:09,440
they will become the last bastions of
890
00:41:09,440 --> 00:41:11,599
our universe
891
00:41:11,599 --> 00:41:15,040
how long will they last the answer may
892
00:41:15,040 --> 00:41:16,880
come from a theory proposed by the
893
00:41:16,880 --> 00:41:18,079
cosmologist
894
00:41:18,079 --> 00:41:21,599
stephen hawking stephen hawking applied
895
00:41:21,599 --> 00:41:22,880
quantum physics to
896
00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:25,599
black holes and predicted that they
897
00:41:25,599 --> 00:41:26,160
wouldn't be
898
00:41:26,160 --> 00:41:28,160
black but would glow with heat radiation
899
00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:29,839
in a very distinctive way
900
00:41:29,839 --> 00:41:32,560
and of course if there's heat coming off
901
00:41:32,560 --> 00:41:34,079
heat energy coming off this energy
902
00:41:34,079 --> 00:41:37,119
has to come from somewhere
903
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:41,440
the energy hawking said would come from
904
00:41:41,440 --> 00:41:42,880
tiny particles
905
00:41:42,880 --> 00:41:45,520
emerging from the vacuum of space just
906
00:41:45,520 --> 00:41:48,790
outside the event horizon
907
00:41:48,790 --> 00:41:52,730
[Music]
908
00:41:54,560 --> 00:41:57,359
some of those particles radiate away
909
00:41:57,359 --> 00:41:59,440
taking minute amounts of mass
910
00:41:59,440 --> 00:42:01,839
from the black hole like water
911
00:42:01,839 --> 00:42:05,200
evaporating from the ocean
912
00:42:05,440 --> 00:42:08,000
over time the radiation grows stronger
913
00:42:08,000 --> 00:42:09,280
and stronger
914
00:42:09,280 --> 00:42:13,150
as the black hole shrinks and finally
915
00:42:13,150 --> 00:42:14,839
[Music]
916
00:42:14,839 --> 00:42:16,000
explodes
917
00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:19,280
when the last black hole dies that's the
918
00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:22,240
end of the universe as we know it
919
00:42:22,240 --> 00:42:24,640
how can we know if the theory is right
920
00:42:24,640 --> 00:42:26,960
and they actually do decay
921
00:42:26,960 --> 00:42:29,680
if black holes were made in the big bang
922
00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:30,400
with a mass
923
00:42:30,400 --> 00:42:33,119
of about that of mount everest these
924
00:42:33,119 --> 00:42:34,800
black holes ought to be going pop
925
00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:37,040
about now and radio astronomers have
926
00:42:37,040 --> 00:42:38,319
looked to see if they can see
927
00:42:38,319 --> 00:42:40,160
a sort of electromagnetic pulse
928
00:42:40,160 --> 00:42:42,839
associated with that they haven't found
929
00:42:42,839 --> 00:42:45,839
any
930
00:42:46,560 --> 00:42:48,960
there might be other ways to see a black
931
00:42:48,960 --> 00:42:50,560
hole decay
932
00:42:50,560 --> 00:42:53,599
from all across space black hole jets
933
00:42:53,599 --> 00:42:55,280
are blasting particles out
934
00:42:55,280 --> 00:42:59,839
at very near the speed of light
935
00:43:03,680 --> 00:43:06,880
these particles called cosmic rays slam
936
00:43:06,880 --> 00:43:08,880
into our earth's atmosphere with enough
937
00:43:08,880 --> 00:43:09,599
energy
938
00:43:09,599 --> 00:43:13,200
to create miniature black holes
939
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:15,280
these mini monsters would decay
940
00:43:15,280 --> 00:43:16,240
immediately
941
00:43:16,240 --> 00:43:18,880
in a shower of particles but they are
942
00:43:18,880 --> 00:43:20,960
very difficult to observe
943
00:43:20,960 --> 00:43:23,440
we're almost to store the emittances
944
00:43:23,440 --> 00:43:24,880
look good
945
00:43:24,880 --> 00:43:26,720
what if you could produce collisions
946
00:43:26,720 --> 00:43:27,920
this powerful
947
00:43:27,920 --> 00:43:30,319
in an earth-bound lab and under
948
00:43:30,319 --> 00:43:31,920
controlled conditions
949
00:43:31,920 --> 00:43:35,520
actually create a black hole
950
00:43:35,520 --> 00:43:38,079
if you could then watch a decay it would
951
00:43:38,079 --> 00:43:40,800
provide a unique window onto the future
952
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:42,400
of black holes
953
00:43:42,400 --> 00:43:44,720
filling glue so we'll start collimating
954
00:43:44,720 --> 00:43:46,400
a blue ring
955
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:48,160
it's hoped that taking two very high
956
00:43:48,160 --> 00:43:50,079
energy small pieces of a very fast
957
00:43:50,079 --> 00:43:50,960
proton
958
00:43:50,960 --> 00:43:52,560
and colliding with each other you can
959
00:43:52,560 --> 00:43:54,880
put enough energy into a small enough
960
00:43:54,880 --> 00:43:55,599
space
961
00:43:55,599 --> 00:43:56,880
that you can actually create the
962
00:43:56,880 --> 00:43:59,119
conditions by which a black hole would
963
00:43:59,119 --> 00:44:00,079
form
964
00:44:00,079 --> 00:44:01,280
these black holes are supposed to be
965
00:44:01,280 --> 00:44:03,119
very small therefore very hot
966
00:44:03,119 --> 00:44:04,640
and therefore they essentially radiate
967
00:44:04,640 --> 00:44:08,480
themselves away immediately
968
00:44:08,480 --> 00:44:10,160
one point two one point three ten of the
969
00:44:10,160 --> 00:44:12,640
nine bbq is still locked feedback looks
970
00:44:12,640 --> 00:44:13,040
good
971
00:44:13,040 --> 00:44:16,480
all right here we go at brookhaven
972
00:44:16,480 --> 00:44:18,960
national lab in new york state
973
00:44:18,960 --> 00:44:22,079
physicists are using advanced technology
974
00:44:22,079 --> 00:44:24,400
to blast gold atoms in opposite
975
00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:25,359
directions
976
00:44:25,359 --> 00:44:28,240
down giant tunnels almost two and a half
977
00:44:28,240 --> 00:44:29,920
miles long
978
00:44:29,920 --> 00:44:32,000
they accelerate these atoms to within a
979
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:33,200
tiny fraction
980
00:44:33,200 --> 00:44:37,839
of the speed of light
981
00:44:41,920 --> 00:44:47,040
when the atoms collide a fireball erupts
982
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:50,640
sophisticated sensors record a splatter
983
00:44:50,640 --> 00:44:52,720
of subatomic particles
984
00:44:52,720 --> 00:44:57,520
a hot soup of gluons and quarks
985
00:44:58,560 --> 00:45:00,319
what we believe we're creating is a
986
00:45:00,319 --> 00:45:02,000
temperatures approaching 2 trillion
987
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:03,040
degrees centigrade
988
00:45:03,040 --> 00:45:05,119
that's a hundred thousand times hotter
989
00:45:05,119 --> 00:45:08,160
than the interior of the sun
990
00:45:08,160 --> 00:45:10,960
it's hotter than a supernova explosion
991
00:45:10,960 --> 00:45:12,480
it's harder than the surface of a black
992
00:45:12,480 --> 00:45:13,040
hole
993
00:45:13,040 --> 00:45:15,200
it's harder than a neutron star in fact
994
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:16,880
we believe nowhere in the universe is at
995
00:45:16,880 --> 00:45:18,640
that temperature it was last that
996
00:45:18,640 --> 00:45:19,839
temperature in the universe one
997
00:45:19,839 --> 00:45:21,680
microsecond one millionth of a second
998
00:45:21,680 --> 00:45:24,480
after the big bang
999
00:45:27,119 --> 00:45:29,200
it's as if they are running the universe
1000
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:30,480
in reverse
1001
00:45:30,480 --> 00:45:32,880
taking us back to an instant when it was
1002
00:45:32,880 --> 00:45:34,079
extremely hot
1003
00:45:34,079 --> 00:45:36,640
and dense
1004
00:45:37,839 --> 00:45:40,560
creating a black hole it seems will take
1005
00:45:40,560 --> 00:45:43,839
even more energy than that
1006
00:45:43,839 --> 00:45:45,839
in fact more than any earthbound
1007
00:45:45,839 --> 00:45:48,960
collider can pack
1008
00:45:51,520 --> 00:45:54,000
that is unless there's more to our
1009
00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:54,800
universe
1010
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:58,240
and to gravity than we've thought
1011
00:45:58,240 --> 00:46:00,400
our injection efficiency looks good the
1012
00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:02,720
orbit looks good orbit rms is under two
1013
00:46:02,720 --> 00:46:05,280
millimeters in each plane
1014
00:46:05,280 --> 00:46:07,440
einstein's theory of general relativity
1015
00:46:07,440 --> 00:46:09,119
is the one that we find in all the
1016
00:46:09,119 --> 00:46:10,880
textbooks and it's the one that we all
1017
00:46:10,880 --> 00:46:12,480
sort of pledged to defend
1018
00:46:12,480 --> 00:46:14,720
but would be rash to say it's the last
1019
00:46:14,720 --> 00:46:17,119
word on the subject of gravitation
1020
00:46:17,119 --> 00:46:18,640
and there are certainly alternative
1021
00:46:18,640 --> 00:46:20,079
theories around and some of them are
1022
00:46:20,079 --> 00:46:21,119
quite popular
1023
00:46:21,119 --> 00:46:22,800
and some of these theories these are
1024
00:46:22,800 --> 00:46:25,119
non-standard theories of gravitation
1025
00:46:25,119 --> 00:46:28,560
predict that you could make a black hole
1026
00:46:28,560 --> 00:46:29,920
by colliding together
1027
00:46:29,920 --> 00:46:31,200
subatomic particles
1028
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:33,440
[Music]
1029
00:46:33,440 --> 00:46:35,520
some scientists believe they may be able
1030
00:46:35,520 --> 00:46:36,800
to create one
1031
00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:39,040
at a new and more powerful system in
1032
00:46:39,040 --> 00:46:40,000
europe
1033
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:42,860
called the large hadron collider
1034
00:46:42,860 --> 00:46:45,959
[Music]
1035
00:46:46,160 --> 00:46:48,480
the key lies in whether the world we
1036
00:46:48,480 --> 00:46:49,280
know
1037
00:46:49,280 --> 00:46:52,800
is part of a more complex cosmic reality
1038
00:46:52,800 --> 00:46:55,599
beyond the three spatial dimensions plus
1039
00:46:55,599 --> 00:46:56,319
time
1040
00:46:56,319 --> 00:47:01,200
that we experience in our everyday lives
1041
00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:06,960
if so we would be like insects living on
1042
00:47:06,960 --> 00:47:09,520
the two-dimensional surface of a pond
1043
00:47:09,520 --> 00:47:12,400
unaware of the deep and complex reality
1044
00:47:12,400 --> 00:47:14,240
below it
1045
00:47:14,240 --> 00:47:16,720
that we can be living on the surface of
1046
00:47:16,720 --> 00:47:17,359
the pond
1047
00:47:17,359 --> 00:47:20,000
happily minding our own business but not
1048
00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:21,119
realizing that under
1049
00:47:21,119 --> 00:47:22,640
underwater something say a fish
1050
00:47:22,640 --> 00:47:24,160
underwater can be swimming swimming
1051
00:47:24,160 --> 00:47:26,400
through the water causing disturbances
1052
00:47:26,400 --> 00:47:28,160
that propagate up to where we are
1053
00:47:28,160 --> 00:47:30,160
we could feel it happening we could
1054
00:47:30,160 --> 00:47:32,000
essentially see our universe around us
1055
00:47:32,000 --> 00:47:32,559
changing
1056
00:47:32,559 --> 00:47:34,000
but we look around for the cause of it
1057
00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:39,839
and we won't know what it is
1058
00:47:43,040 --> 00:47:45,119
the idea is that a number of extra
1059
00:47:45,119 --> 00:47:46,240
dimensions
1060
00:47:46,240 --> 00:47:50,000
actually intersect our world
1061
00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:54,240
10 12 pi okay when particles collide at
1062
00:47:54,240 --> 00:47:55,839
very high energies
1063
00:47:55,839 --> 00:47:57,920
those extra dimensions enhance the
1064
00:47:57,920 --> 00:47:59,520
gravitational force
1065
00:47:59,520 --> 00:48:02,480
between the particles enough to create a
1066
00:48:02,480 --> 00:48:03,040
micro
1067
00:48:03,040 --> 00:48:07,119
black hole
1068
00:48:07,119 --> 00:48:09,280
the scientists will know a black hole is
1069
00:48:09,280 --> 00:48:11,280
there when they see the shower of
1070
00:48:11,280 --> 00:48:12,079
particles
1071
00:48:12,079 --> 00:48:15,440
predicted by hawking's theory
1072
00:48:15,440 --> 00:48:18,000
and for a moment that will open a window
1073
00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:18,880
to a deeper
1074
00:48:18,880 --> 00:48:21,839
cosmic reality
1075
00:48:22,079 --> 00:48:24,240
the very idea that we could tap into
1076
00:48:24,240 --> 00:48:26,079
this underlying realm
1077
00:48:26,079 --> 00:48:28,559
shows how rich black hole research has
1078
00:48:28,559 --> 00:48:30,960
become
1079
00:48:32,960 --> 00:48:35,920
einstein's theory showed how black holes
1080
00:48:35,920 --> 00:48:37,280
can generate extreme
1081
00:48:37,280 --> 00:48:39,920
energies cause the universe to wobble
1082
00:48:39,920 --> 00:48:40,960
and bend
1083
00:48:40,960 --> 00:48:44,400
and twist up into knots
1084
00:48:46,960 --> 00:48:49,839
the recognition that black holes are
1085
00:48:49,839 --> 00:48:51,680
fundamental to the workings of our
1086
00:48:51,680 --> 00:48:52,720
universe
1087
00:48:52,720 --> 00:48:55,520
is a major discovery of science in our
1088
00:48:55,520 --> 00:48:57,839
time
1089
00:49:00,480 --> 00:49:02,640
and if it turns out that they do have a
1090
00:49:02,640 --> 00:49:04,559
finite lifetime
1091
00:49:04,559 --> 00:49:06,800
their death will signal the end of our
1092
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:08,720
universe
1093
00:49:08,720 --> 00:49:11,520
by some estimates the time horizon of
1094
00:49:11,520 --> 00:49:13,520
the largest black holes
1095
00:49:13,520 --> 00:49:17,119
goes out to a google years take a 1
1096
00:49:17,119 --> 00:49:21,520
and add 100 zeros to it
1097
00:49:22,480 --> 00:49:25,280
that's an unfathomable spread of time
1098
00:49:25,280 --> 00:49:26,160
but it's far
1099
00:49:26,160 --> 00:49:29,920
short of forever the clock may well be
1100
00:49:29,920 --> 00:49:30,480
ticking
1101
00:49:30,480 --> 00:49:35,200
on our universe the alarm will sound
1102
00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:45,839
when the last black hole explodes
1103
00:49:56,510 --> 00:49:59,709
[Music]
1104
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:02,079
you
73933
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