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[narrator] For over a century,

the Roman Coliseum has hosted the
most grueling and bloody games

in human history,

fought and won by the Roman gladiator.

♪ ♪

At the end of the second century,

the Roman people witness
a game like no other.

For the first time in history,

a Roman Emperor will fight to the death.

[announcer] All hail Commodus,

Emperor of Rome!

♪ ♪

[screams]

[cheers]

[narrator] Commodus's reign will
mark the beginning of the fall...

of the greatest civilization on Earth.

But his story begins more
than a decade earlier.

[theme music playing]

Synced and corrected by Aaronnmb
www.addic7ed.com

[narrator] By the end
of the second century,

there's no civilization as massive
or as powerful as the Roman Empire.

Almost one in five people on Earth
lives within the Empire's boundaries...

and is under rule of one of the
most powerful men on the planet,

the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

For more than a decade,

Aurelius has waged war to
defend the Empire's reach.

And he reigns over a territory
that spans thousands of miles.

From Western Europe and the Middle East,

through parts of Africa and
the entire Mediterranean.

[Prof. Corey Brennan]
Marcus Aurelius was

considered really one of
the most successful Emperors.

He was not just Emperor, but he
was a distinguished philosopher.

He was a student of Epictetus,

who was the leading Stoic
philosopher of the day,

and he was a gifted philosophical
writer in his own right.

His meditations are still read today.

[narrator] Over the last century,

Rome has been built into one
of the most advanced cities

in the ancient world.

And, under Aurelius's reign,

it's given rise to a modern era.

[Tom Holland] The Roman Empire
in the second century

was a formidable global superpower.

They had the most
proficient military forces.

They ruled the most
civilized array of people.

There was anything that you
wanted by Roman standards,

you could find in their empire.

And what kept this empire together

was an incredibly efficient
array of infrastructure.

[Prof. Marden Nichols] Ancient
Rome during this time period

was the greatest empire that
the world had ever known.

It was responsible for
enormous advances in technology

such as the system of Roman roads or
the aqueducts that supplied water.

The city of Rome itself had
reached one million people.

So it was the first

large-scale urban metropolis.

[narrator] Marcus Aurelius
rules over 50 million people

within the boundaries
of the Roman Empire.

And no one lives better than his son...

Commodus.

[Holland] The problem that was
ushered in by Marcus Aurelius

when instead of doing what
his predecessors had done,

and adopting a person who was qualified

by temperament, and upbringing,
and training to serve as Emperor,

instead wanted his son to succeed him.

[Nichols] Commodus was
the first Roman Emperor

who was ever born to a sitting emperor.

Growing up the son of an emperor,

as someone who was raised from
birth to succeed his father,

we have to imagine that
Commodus's ego had no place to go.

Knowing that he would have this role,

that this had planted
some seed in his mind

that he was, in some
sense, extraordinary.

Commodus.

- [groans]
- [sighs]

Go.

Good morning, Mother.

Now.

Do you know what time it is?

Early.

I'm sending you to Germania.

What? Why?

Because all you do here is
drink and play with whores.

But there's a war.

It'll teach you discipline.

I'm not going anywhere.

It's already been decided.

Your father's expecting you.

[Brennan] When you think about
Commodus, who had more, personally,

and more, historically, going
for him than any other human being

previous in the history
of human existence...

I mean, in fact, no Roman Emperor
for 80 years had had a son.

However, one would be very,
very hard pressed to find

a less intellectually,

less energetic, less motivated

person with that type of responsibility
in the whole of human history.

♪ ♪

[narrator] Against his will,

Commodus has been called to Germania.

Ordered to train under his father
to become the next Emperor.

Hundreds of miles from Rome,

along the borders of the Empire,

massive armies of Germanic tribes
are invading Roman territory.

And the Roman military has
been called to the front lines.

With one of the strongest ground
and naval forces in the world,

the Roman military is made up

of hundreds of thousands
of highly trained soldiers,

equipped with the latest weaponry,

and prepared to defend
the Empire's borders...

at all costs.

[Brennan] There was the
problem of Rome's neighbors.

Both to the east, and to the north.

The Parthians to the east

and Germanic tribes to the
north, which were a threat.

Romans had been fighting Germans,

at this point, for 250 years.

And the border

on the Danube had always been a problem.

And, in fact, as it turns
out, always would be a problem.

[Holland] The Roman army

was the most formidable fighting machine

that the ancient world had seen.

The basis for their success

was less their capacity for killing,

and more their capacity
for entrenchment.

It was a capacity for
digging fortresses,

for fashioning all the
infrastructure of a frontier force

that served to ensure
that the Roman frontiers

were essentially
guarded and held secure.

[Cleander] Oh, Saoterus,
that's disgusting.

I hope you learned your lesson.
You'll never outdrink me, my friend.

- Never again.
- [Cleander laughs]

Tell my father I'm here.

Let's hope we're not
stuck here for too long.

Come with me.

[Prof. Clifford Ando] Marcus
Aurelius and Commodus

have come down in history as
very, very different individuals.

After all, he was also a
leading general of his time

and led many wars along
the Danube frontier.

Commodus probably was as
irresponsible as people say.

That said, Marcus Aurelius does not
appear to have shown any hesitation

in promoting Commodus
from a very young age.

♪ ♪

Where is he?

[sigh]

What?

I promised your mother

I'd try and do my best
to make a man of you.

I never break my word. Ever.

It begins now.

You want me to train
like some common soldier?

[grunting]

Again.

Again.

Again.

I'm going to show you what happens when
you don't know how to handle a sword.

[Prof. Aaron Irvin] One
of the great debates,

not just among Roman
historians of today,

but even of the time, was why Commodus?

Why did Marcus Aurelius choose Commodus?

Why, despite the fact that
everybody seemed to see

that he was not up to this task,
why was there still the insistence

that Commodus was going
to be the next Emperor?

Perhaps we can chalk it up to naïveté

or a kind of generic
just love for his son,

blinding him to the realities

that his son was not up to the task.

And his son was not
ready for this position.

[Nichols] The means
through which Commodus

was groomed and trained
to become Emperor

were unparalleled in Roman history.

He had high hopes for his
son during this period.

What Marcus Aurelius imagined for
his child and what his child became

were two very different things.

[narrator] As Commodus trains,

the Germanic tribes begin to
push through Roman defenses,

banding together and launching a
massive assault on the Roman army.

[Holland] The great Roman nightmare
was of Northern Barbarians

sweeping southwards and conquering Rome.

In the reign of Marcus Aurelius,
there was a disturbance.

He knew that he had no
choice but to confront that.

And as it turned out, the wars
that Marcus Aurelius fought

against the German people were

as strenuous and challenging
as any Barbarian enemy

that the Roman people had faced.

[narrator] Lasting years...

it's a devastating war.

Killing thousands of men on both sides.

The war also takes its
toll on the Emperor...

who soon falls ill.

[Anthony Everitt] Marcus
Aurelius spent most of his life

dealing with, fighting,
trying to resist, coping with

Barbarian tribes pressing up
against the frontiers of the Empire.

And as the health of Marcus
Aurelius began to fade,

there was a great deal of worrying.

He seems to have had problems
in his chest and stomach.

It may have been cancer.

It may have been something to do with
his heart. One doesn't really know.

[narrator] With the
Emperor's health diminishing,

news is sent to the palace.

But on its way back to Rome,

the message is quickly distorted.

And soon enough, it becomes a rumor...

that Marcus Aurelius has died.

[Ando] In the case of Marcus Aurelius,

it seems quite clear that
rumors started to spread

that the Emperor had died.

And sometimes these may
well have been engineered.

And what is crucial about this, is
that verification of these rumors

in the Roman world would have
been phenomenally difficult.

[narrator] Before long,

the rumor of Marcus Aurelius's death

reaches the most powerful
woman in the Empire...

Empress Faustina.

[Jerry Toner] Faustina was
Marcus Aurelius's wife.

She was the daughter
of the previous Emperor,

Antoninus Pius.

And she was a successful
wife with Marcus,

gave him children over that period.

So she must immediately have looked for
her safety and for her family's safety.

[narrator] Devastated by news
of her husband's death,

Faustina fears her son
isn't ready for the throne,

and knows she has to come up with a
plan before word reaches the Senate.

The Roman Senate is made up of the
most influential men in the Empire.

All looking for opportunities to
further their political careers.

[Brennan] There were
clearly any number of folks

in the Roman Senate

themselves, who were senators,
who thought that they had

even better claim to nobility

or to the throne than the
reigning Emperor himself.

In general, it seems
that being at the top

was a very lonely and dangerous
place in Ancient Rome.

[narrator] Throughout the Empire,

governors and ambitious leaders
are determined to seize control.

And a challenge to the throne could
come from any of the Empire's regions.

With rumors quickly spreading,

a power grab could soon take hold.

The play for the throne puts
members of the royal family at risk.

Including the Emperor's daughter...

Lucilla.

Married to her father's trusted advisor,

Lucilla has already been
groomed for a life of influence.

[Irvin] Lucilla had been

one of the oldest of
Marcus Aurelius's children

who had survived into adulthood.

She had been involved in Roman politics,

the back room deals, the administration.

So she was far more experienced.

She had far better contacts.

She had resources at her disposal
that Commodus didn't even know existed.

[narrator] But with the throne
being called into question,

Lucilla knows her
ambitions are in jeopardy.

[Toner] Lucilla was
Commodus's older sister

12 years older.

And so she was used to having a place
at the top table in Roman society.

But she certainly seems to
have been slightly jealous

of the increasingly powerful role
that her younger brother Commodus

would have to inherit.

Here, take that.

No.

Yes.

No one told me we were leaving.

You've heard?

Where are we going?

I'm going to Egypt.

You're staying here.

We can't abandon Rome completely.

And there are things I need to do,

to secure our safety.

In Egypt.

You're seeing Avidius Cassius.

I'm doing what I need to do

to protect our family.

So to protect Commodus,

you'll leave me here by myself.

I know it's dangerous.

But what other choice do we have?

My cloak.

I will return as quickly as I can.

We will all be together.
We will all be safe!

Trust me.

Go!

[Prof. David Levene] Any
member of the imperial family

is potentially in danger
when the Emperor dies.

It is extremely common

for emperors who fall from power

to have their entire family wiped out.

[narrator] Determined
to protect her family

and secure her own power,

Faustina sets a plan in motion.

Instead of waiting for an overthrow,

the Empress plans to leave her city...

immediately.

Traveling more than 1,000 miles south...

across the Mediterranean to one of
the Empire's furthest regions...

Egypt.

One of the wealthiest
territories in the world,

Egypt is one of the
leading producers of grain,

and is home to one of the largest
ports in the Northern Hemisphere.

Guarded by more than
15,000 Roman soldiers,

and run by the second most
powerful man in the Empire,

Egyptian governor Avidius Cassius.

[Irvin] Egypt was the personal territory

of the Emperor. It was
actually his estate,

and Cassius was tasked with
keeping control of Egypt,

essentially keeping control of
the Emperor's own private lands.

He had been trusted by the family.

He had been in the inner circle.

[guard] Sir...

the report you requested.

I want you to double
the guards at the port.

There's been some
pilfering of the grain.

I'm not happy.

- You can go.
- Sir.

[Prof. Andrew Scott] The
image we get out of Faustina

is one of untrustworthiness
and promiscuity.

There are many rumors going
around about both of these areas.

And we can see a partial answer to that

in Faustina's bid to Avidius Cassius,

where she thought
maybe she would be able

to retain her position in the Empire,

perhaps even as his wife.

That was unexpected.

Cassius,

you've always been there for me

ever since we were children.

Now you're the only
one who can protect me.

I think you might be overestimating me.

How could I?

Marcus always said

you were the second most
powerful man in the Empire.

You could be Emperor yourself,

if you wanted.

Emperor?

With the strength of your armies

and my name behind you,

no one could stop you.

Emperor of Rome.

But you must promise me one thing.

Anything.

Protect my family.

Commodus.

As if he were your own.

[Levene] Allegedly, again,

she had actually promised
to marry Avidius Cassius

after Marcus's presumed death

in order to solidify
that transfer of power.

Because, if a power
vacuum had been left,

that would've put Faustina and
everybody else around Marcus

in an extremely perilous position.

♪ ♪

[narrator] With Empress
Faustina's backing,

Avidius Cassius raises an
army to march on Rome...

and claim the throne for himself.

Within months,

he seizes control of major territories
in the eastern Roman Empire.

And with support from leaders in
Egypt, Syria, Judaea, and Arabia,

he makes the ultimate
move for the throne.

[Irvin] Cassius declared
himself Emperor.

Egypt declared him to
be the Emperor as well.

Two of the legions located within
Egypt declared Cassius for Emperor.

And then, it was gradually revealed
that Marcus Aurelius was still alive.

That he hadn't passed away after all,

that the messages had been
incorrectly interpreted.

And now,

we have two rival Emperors.

We have a potential civil
war within the Empire.

[narrator] As news of Aurelius'
recovery reaches Egypt,

Empress Faustina knows she must
face her husband in Germania.

While Avidius Cassius chooses to
continue his campaign for the throne.

[Levene] Avidius Cassius,
I think, had little choice

but to continue with his campaign.

If he backed away at that point,

then everybody's going to know,

including Marcus, is going to know

that he was ready to seize the
power from Marcus's own son,

who was the closest person
in line for the succession.

[general] Avidius Cassius has
raised seven legions already.

Three in Syria, two in Judaea,
one in Arabia, and one in Egypt.

So only Cappadocia and
Bithynia have remained loyal.

[general] If we split
our forces in half,

we send ten legions across the
Mediterranean to Alexandria...

No, no. Ten legions are not
enough to hold the front here.

Our men would be
spread as far as Vetera.

They'd be practically useless.

With all due respect, Emperor,

- your wife has put Rome...
- My wife has nothing to do with it.

Mother? She's involved?

No.

Rumors only, nothing more.

Listen, if we move the fifteenth north,

to Dacia.

We take the twelfth...

♪ ♪

[narrator] After inadvertently
starting a war for the throne,

Faustina knows she must
return to her husband...

and try to maintain
her place as Empress.

[Irvin] Faustina, unfortunately,
overplayed her hand.

The great women in Roman society

always supported their
men, elevated their men,

pushed the men that they represented
into greater positions of power,

greater positions of competition,

and helped to drive them forward.

We can see this playing out, of course,

directly in the case of Avidius Cassius.

Where she clearly trusted him
and had every reason to believe

that he would make a fantastic emperor.

Unfortunately, of course,
we have a miscommunication

that ends up backfiring
on that entire situation.

I need to talk to my mother.

The generals in there want you dead.

By the Gods, how has this
gotten so out of control?

I never intended this.

Well is it true?

Did you betray us?

I thought your father was dead.

I knew what that meant,

how they would come for us.

I was only trying to protect us,

to protect you.

So it was a misunderstanding.

So tell Father that.

He'll never believe me.

It's the truth. Of
course he'll believe you.

The truth...

He'll understand. He has to.

Is it true?

- You know me better than that.
- That is not an answer.

You think I'd betray my own family?

My husband?

I think someone can be
driven to do anything,

when their life's in jeopardy.

And some things are
beyond even imagining.

Faustina. Tell me the truth.

- I don't know what you want.
- I need the truth!

You tell me plainly. Now.

I've been faithful to you.

Always.

And these stories,

concerning you and Avidius Cassius?

They're lies.

It's rumors...

If there is one thing that's true,

it's that I love you.

And I would not do anything to hurt you.

Anything else is a lie.

I just needed to hear it

from your own lips.

Marcus.

Protect Commodus.

Sir...

[Toner] Being a Roman Emperor
was a difficult job.

You are atop of a system

that managed one of the largest
empires the world had ever known.

But there were also problems of loyalty.

In such a big empire,
you need to delegate.

But who can you trust?

Can you trust even
members of your own family?

Often, sadly, not.

[groans]

[gurgling]

Mother...

[theme music playing]

Synced and corrected by Aaronnmb
www.addic7ed.com

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