All language subtitles for Incredible.Inventions.Series.1.08of10.The.Computer

Narrator:
AROUND THE WORLD,
THE RACE TO WIN WARS

AND EXPLORE THE UNIVERSE
HAS CREATED SOME

OF THE MOST INCREDIBLE
PRODUCTS EVER DESIGNED

AND WE USE THEM EVERY DAY,

UNAWARE OF THEIR
AMAZING ORIGINS.

[ STATIC CRACKLES ]

ON "INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS"...

THE COMPUTER,

DEVELOPED BY WORLD WAR II
MILITARY ENGINEERS,

BUT SO SIMPLE EVEN
A CHILD CAN USE IT.

THE FRISBEE,

HOW A PIE TIN IS TRANSFORMED
BY A FIGHTER PILOT.

SILVERWARE,

HOW USEFUL TOOLS AND WEAPONS
ARE ADAPTED FOR DINING.

WE REVEAL

THE AMAZING HISTORY
AND ENGINEERING

BEHIND THESE
INCREDIBLE INVENTIONS.

♪♪

-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com

CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

♪♪

[ STATIC CRACKLES ]

COMPUTERS HAVE BECOME SUCH
AN EVERYDAY PART OF OUR WORLD,

IT'S DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE
THAT JUST 50 YEARS AGO

THEY WERE ONLY AVAILABLE
TO A SELECT FEW.

AND THEIR CALCULATING POWER

WAS JUST A FRACTION OF TODAY'S

SIMPLEST CELL PHONES.

BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND
THAT THE WORD "COMPUTER"

HAS A DIFFERENT POPULAR
MEANING TODAY

THAN IT DOES OVER
HALF A CENTURY AGO.

THE WORD "COMPUTER"
IS FIRST INTRODUCED

IN THE 17th CENTURY

AND LITERALLY MEANS,
"ONE WHO COMPUTES,"

IN OTHER WORDS,
MAKES CALCULATIONS.

MECHANICAL COMPUTING MACHINES

COME INTO EXISTENCE
AS EARLY AS THE 19th CENTURY,

BUT ELECTRONIC DEVICES
WE KNOW TODAY

DON'T EMERGE
UNTIL WORLD WAR II.

THAT'S WHEN ALAN TURING
AND HIS TEAM

AT THE SECRET BLETCHLEY PARK
DECODING SITE IN ENGLAND

IS TASKED WITH DECODING
THE GERMAN ENIGMA MACHINE

TO GAIN AN EDGE IN THE ATLANTIC
AGAINST HITLER'S U-BOATS.

Halliday: HE WAS PROBABLY
THE FIRST PERSON

TO REALIZE THAT
BY SETTING UP A MACHINE,

WE'D BE ABLE TO COMBAT
OR BE ABLE TO PRODUCE SOMETHING,

WHICH WOULD PRODUCE THE RESULTS,

WHICH WOULD EQUAL FAR MANY
MORE BRAINS, ET CETERA.

BUT, SO IN A WAY, THIS WAS THE
ORIGINS OF THE FIRST COMPUTER.

Narrator:
THIS LEADS TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE COLOSSUS,

THE WORLD'S FIRST PROGRAMMABLE
ELECTRONIC COMPUTER.

IT CAN DECIPHER EVEN
THE MOST COMPLEX CODES,

KEEPING THE ALLIES
ONE STEP AHEAD OF THE NAZIS.

FAST FORWARD 50 YEARS,

AND SIT IN FRONT OF
ANY COMPUTER OR LAPTOP.

YOU PROBABLY TAKE
FOR GRANTED

THE INCREDIBLE POWER
BEHIND MICROPROCESSORS

BUZZING INSIDE THE DEVICE.

MICROPROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY MEANS

THAT CREDIT-CARD-SIZED COMPUTERS

CAN NOW BE PRODUCED
WITH A PROCESSING POWER

THOUSANDS OF TIMES

BETTER THAN THOSE USED
IN THE WAR

AND THOUSANDS OF TIMES
CHEAPER, TOO.

THESE ADVANCEMENTS
ARE PERFECTLY HIGHLIGHTED

BY THE BRITISH
MADE RASPBERRY PI,

A SINGLE-BOARD COMPUTER

CREATED TO TEACH BASIC
COMPUTER SCIENCE IN SCHOOLS.

WHAT MAKES
THE RASPBERRY PI COMPUTER

SO UNIQUE IS IT'S SIMPLICITY,

WHICH MEANS THEY CAN
BE PRODUCED RAPIDLY.

AMAZINGLY, ONE RASPBERRY PI
IS BUILT EVERY 7.5 SECONDS.

THE IDEA BEHIND THE PRODUCTION
PROCESS IS SIMPLE.

YOU ATTACH COMPONENTS
TO A PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD,

OR PCB FOR SHORT,

WITH SOLDER IN ORDER
TO CREATE A MECHANICAL

AND ELECTRONICALLY
CONDUCTED JOINT.

THE PCBS ARE MOUNTED
ON A PANEL

OF SIX RASPBERRY PIs.

THIS ENSURES MINIMAL CONTACT

WHEN HANDLING AND PROVIDES

A WASTE EDGE
AROUND THE BOARDS,

THAT THE MACHINES CAN USE

TO CLAMP THE PANEL
FIRMLY INTO PLACE.

THE BAR LAMINATED
PCBs ARE SCREEN PRINTED

WITH SOLDER PASTE
USING A HUNDRED MICRON STENCIL.

WHEN THE STENCIL IS REMOVED,

TINY PRINTS OF SOLDER
ARE LEFT ON THE BOARD.

THE MACHINE PERFORMS
AN AUTOMATED OPTICAL CHECK

IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE PRINTING
VIA A GRAYSCALE COMPARATOR.

IF ANY PRINTS
ARE MISSING,

THE PIECE CAN BE EASILY
REMOVED AND THE PCB REPRINTED.

AFTER THE PRINTER
HAS BEEN VERIFIED,

THE BOARDS ARE MOVED INTO
AN SMT MOUNTING MACHINE

WHERE THE SURFACE-MOUNT
COMPONENTS OF THE PI ARE ADDED.

SMT STANDS FOR SURFACE
MOUNT TECHNOLOGY

AND IS A METHOD FOR PRODUCING
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS.

EACH OF THE TINY PARTS ARE
IN POCKETS ON THE REEL OF TAPE.

A VACUUM NOZZLE PICKS THEM,
THEN SPINS ROUND

AND PLACES THEM ON THE PCB.

ONCE THE PARTS
HAVE BEEN PLACED,

EVERYTHING MUST BE
SOLDERED INTO POSITION.

THIS IS DONE IN AN AIRFLOW OVEN,

WHICH BAKES THE BOARDS

AND HEATS THE TINY BALLS
OF SOLDER

TO FUSE THEM TO THE COMPONENT,

THE PCB, AND EACH OTHER.

ANOTHER AUTOMATIC OPTICAL
INSPECTION IS NOW CARRIED OUT.

HIGH-RESOLUTION CAMERAS
CHECK THE PCBs

AND ARE THEN MOVED
INTO ANOTHER SMT LINE

WHERE THE PROCESS IS REPEATED

ON THE OTHER SIDE
OF THE BOARDS.

AFTER ONE MORE JOURNEY
INTO THE AIRFLOW OVEN

AND ANOTHER OPTICAL INSPECTION,

IT IS NOW TIME FOR THE BOARDS

TO BE MOVED ONTO
THE HAND MOUNTING LINE.

HERE, ALL THE LARGER
THROUGH-HOLE COMPONENTS

ARE DELICATELY ADDED BY HAND
TO THE RASPBERRY PI's PCB.

THEY INCLUDE USB
AND ETHERNET SOCKETS.

THE BOARDS
ARE THEN PASSED THROUGH

A WAVE SOLDERING MACHINE,

WHERE THE COMPONENTS ARE
PERMANENTLY SOLDERED

TO THE BOARD.

THIS MOLTEN-LAVA
LOOKING SOLDER IS HEATED

AND PASSED UNDER THE BOARD
IN WAVES OF METALLIC LIQUID.

THE HEIGHT OF THE WAVE
IS CAREFULLY MANAGED

TO ENSURE A QUALITY JOINT.

GREAT SKILL AND EXPERT JUDGEMENT

ARE NEEDED TO GET
THIS EXACTLY RIGHT.

WITH THIS DONE,
THE PIs ARE FULLY ASSEMBLED

AND READY FOR MANUAL INSPECTION.

THIS TAKES ABOUT 30 SECONDS
PER BOARD.

THE BOARDS ARE THEN PASSED OVER
TO THE TEST STATION

WHERE THE PIs ARE TESTED

USING IN-HOUSE-DEVELOPED
CUSTOM TESTING EQUIPMENT.

HERE, THE BOARDS ARE
BROKEN OUT OF THE PANEL

AND PLACED
ONTO THE TESTING UNIT.

EACH STATION HAS TWO UNITS

THAT ARE USED
FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING,

AND THE OTHER IS USED
TO RUN THE TEST

AND ALSO PROGRAM
THE VARIOUS SET-UP CODES,

INCLUDING THE MODEL NUMBER
AND PLACE OF ORIGIN.

I THINK RASPBERRY PI IS
A GOOD EXAMPLE

OF WHERE COMPUTERS ARE GOING.
AND COMPUTERS

ARE BECOMING CHEAPER.
COMPUTERS ARE BECOMING SMALLER.

COMPUTERS ARE CONSUMING
LESS POWER.

THE INTERESTING THING
ABOUT RASPBERRY PI 2,

WHICH WE JUST LAUNCHED
AND WHICH IS ABOUT SIX TIMES

AS POWERFUL AS THE
ORIGINAL RASPBERRY PI,

IS THAT IT ACTUALLY
CROSSES OVER THAT LINE

INTO BEING A USABLE
GENERAL-PURPOSE PC.

YOU CAN IMAGINE
BUYING ONE OF THESE

INSTEAD OF A PC
TO BE THE MACHINE

THAT YOU HAVE AT HOME
TO SURF THE WEB

OR CHECK E-MAIL
OR WATCH VIDEOS OFF.

Narrator:
EVERY RASPBERRY PI IS PLACED
INTO AN ANTISTATIC BAG ALONG

WITH THE CUSTOMER'S
SPECIFIC PACKAGING.

AND THE FINISHED COMPUTERS
ARE SENT OFF TO BE DISTRIBUTED

TO THE GROWING MILLIONS
OF USERS AROUND THE GLOBE.

FROM THE COMPLEX
WORLD OF COMPUTING

TO THE SIMPLE PLEASURES
OF A CLASSIC AMERICAN TOY,

WHEN WE RETURN.

[ STATIC CRACKLES ]

Narrator: THE BIG OUTDOORS --
OPEN SPACES,

CONTACT WITH NATURE,
SOCIALIZING WITH OTHERS.

WE HAVE ALWAYS LOVED
TO SPEND TIME

IN BEACHES,
PARKS, AND WOODS

WITH OUTDOOR GAMES DEVELOPED
FOR OUR ENTERTAINMENT.

ONE OF THOSE GAMES
HAS BEEN HUGELY POPULAR

SINCE THE END OF WORLD WAR II.

INSPIRED BY A BAKING TOOL,

DESIGNED IN A PRISON CELL

AND ENJOYED BY MILLIONS OF BEACH
AND PARK GOERS EVERYWHERE,

THIS IS THE FRISBEE.

THIS WONDERFUL INVENTION
ACTUALLY STARTS LIFE

AS AN IMPROVISED PLAY THING.

STUDENTS AT YALE TOOK
THE FRISBEES

OF THE FRISBIE PIE COMPANY.

THEY WERE BEING THROWN
AROUND CAMPUS AND YELLING,

"FRISBIE" IN ORDER TO HAVE FUN.

IT WASN'T REALLY
COMMERCIALIZED.

IT WAS JUST SIMPLY
THE USE OF A TIN.

Narrator:
IN 1938, THE COMMERCIALIZATION
OF THE FRISBEE BEGINS

WHEN A YOUNG AMERICAN
NAMED FRED MORRISON

AND HIS WIFE-TO-BE,
LUCILE,

ARE OFFERED 25 CENTS
FOR A CAKE PAN

THAT THEY ARE THROWING BACK

AND FORTH AT A BEACH
IN SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA.

AT THE TIME, THE CAKE PAN
COST ONLY 5 CENTS.

THE FACT THAT PEOPLE
WERE WILLING TO PAY 25 CENTS

FOR IT GOT FRED MORRISON
TO THINKING.

BUT IT'S DURING WORLD WAR II

THAT THE IDEA FOR THE FRISBEE
REALLY TAKES FLIGHT.

FRED MORRISON FINDS HIMSELF
PILOTING P-47s

DURING THE ALLIES' ADVANCE

THROUGH ITALY,
BUT HE IS SHOT DOWN.

ALTHOUGH HE SURVIVES,
HE IS TAKEN PRISONER OF WAR.

WITH PLENTY OF TIME
ON HIS HANDS,

MORRISON PUTS HIS KNOWLEDGE
OF AERODYNAMICS TO WORK

BY DREAMING UP
THE PERFECT FLYING DISC.

WHEN THE WAR ENDS,
MORRISON RETURNS HOME TO THE US

AND DEVELOPS SEVERAL PROTOTYPES

OF WHAT WE KNOW
TO BE THE FRISBEE

BEFORE PRODUCING THEM IN 1948.

SO HOW DOES THE FRISBEE
ACTUALLY WORK?

A FRISBEE USES THE SAME
AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES

AS AN AIRCRAFT WING
TO ACHIEVE LIFT,

WHICH IS THE FORCE THAT
ALLOWS THE DISK TO FLY.

BECAUSE OF THE FRISBEE'S
CURVED SHAPE AND RIM,

THE AIRFLOW ABOVE IT MUST TRAVEL

AT A HIGHER SPEED
THAN THAT UNDERNEATH,

WHICH CREATES
LOW PRESSURE ABOVE

AND HIGH PRESSURE
BELOW THE DISK.

THE AIR RUSHING OVER THE TOP
IS A LOWER PRESSURE,

AND IT'S ACTUALLY
SUCKED UP BY THAT.

BUT IT'S ALSO BECAUSE IT'S BEEN
SUCKED UP THE AIR UNDERNEATH,

WHICH IS OF A HIGHER PRESSURE,
IS PUSHING THE FRISBEE UPWARDS.

Narrator: BUT THAT IS NOT
THE WHOLE STORY.

THE SECRET
TO THE FRISBEE'S SUCCESS

IS THE SPINNING ACTION.

THE MORE THE SPIN,
THE BETTER IT WILL FLY.

A FRISBEE WILL FLY BEST
WITH THE LEADING EDGE

SLIGHTLY RAISED IN RELATION
TO THE GROUND.

THIS IS CALLED
THE ANGLE OF ATTACK.

SIMPLY PUT, THE GREATER
THE ANGLE OF ATTACK,

THE GREATER THE LIFT GENERATED.

BUT THERE IS
A TRADE-OFF.

THE GREATER THE ANGLE OF ATTACK,

THE MORE DRAG THE OBJECT
WILL CREATE,

SO EVENTUALLY,
IT WON'T BE ABLE TO FLY.

THIS IS CALLED ASTORE.

THE FORCES OF DRAG,
LIFT, AND GRAVITY

DO NOT ALL ACT CONSISTENTLY
ON THE CENTER OF THE FRISBEE,

WHICH WOULD MEAN
A WOBBLY PATH AND FLIGHT.

LAUNCHING THE DISK
WITH A LARGE SPIN

CREATES GYROSCOPIC INERTIA.

THIS OVERCOMES
THE INCONSISTENT FORCES

AND STABILIZES
THE FRISBEE IN FLIGHT.

THE GREATER THE SPIN,
THE MORE STABLE THE DISK

AND THE BETTER IT FLIES.

IN 1957, MORRISON
SELLS THE RIGHTS

TO THE FLYING DISK TO WHAM-O.

AND IN JUNE OF THAT YEAR,
THE DISC IS RENAMED THE FRISBEE.

HUGELY POPULAR AMONG
YOUNG PEOPLE,

IT'S NOT LONG BEFORE
OFFICIAL FRISBEE EVENTS POP UP

ALL OVER AMERICA,

AND WHAM-O RELEASES
THE OFFICIAL PRO FRISBEE MODEL.

THE FLYING DISC, OR FRISBEE,

IS STILL ONE OF THE MOST

POPULAR OUTDOOR
ACTIVITIES TODAY.

THERE IS EVEN A WORLD FLYING
DISC FEDERATION RESPONSIBLE

FOR THE ORGANIZATION
OF THE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS.

ITS WORLDWIDE APPEAL

HAS EVEN BROUGHT IT
TO THE ATTENTION

OF THE INTERNATIONAL
OLYMPIC COMMITTEE.

SO IT MIGHT BE
ONLY A MATTER OF TIME

BEFORE THE CAKE-PAN-INSPIRED
INVENTION

IS AN OFFICIAL PART
OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES.

NOW, THAT'S
AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.

COMING UP NEXT,

HOW TO MAKE
YOUR FLYING PROJECTILE

FROM ORDINARY HOUSEHOLD ITEMS.

[ STATIC CRACKLES ]

♪♪

Narrator: SO IS THE FRISBEE
THE ONLY UNUSUALLY SHAPED,

GYROSCOPICALLY STABLE
FLYING PROJECTILE?

NO.
AND YOU CAN MAKE ONE YOURSELF

OUT OF HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE.

TO BEGIN, TAKE AN EMPTY
1-LITER PLASTIC BOTTLE,

MAKING SURE IT HAS
PERFECTLY STRAIGHT SIDES.

NEXT, WE NEED
TO MAKE A TEMPLATE

TO CREATE 5 FINS
FOR OUR DISCARDED FLYER.

TAKE A PIECE OF PAPER
LARGE ENOUGH

TO WRAP AROUND THE BOTTLE.

MARK UP THE PAPER INTO FIVE
EVENLY SPACED SECTIONS

AND FOLD THEM
INTO A CONCERTINA.

THE FIN NEEDS TO BE A SERIES
OF NICE, SMOOTH CURVES,

SO AFTER MAKING THE CENTER POINT

AND A LINE ABOUT AN INCH
FROM THE TOP OF EACH SECTION,

SKETCH A CURVE SO THAT
WHEN THE PAPER UNFOLDS,

EACH CURVE BLENDS INTO THE NEXT.

NOW, CAREFULLY CUT
THROUGH ALL FIVE SECTIONS

TO REVEAL A TEMPLATE OF 5 FINS.

WRAP THE TEMPLATE
AROUND THE BOTTLE

AND USE A PEN TO MARK
THE SHAPE INTO THE PLASTIC.

NOW, TAKE A PAIR OF SCISSORS

AND CUT OUT YOUR FLYER
TO REVEAL YOUR PERFECT FINS

AND COVER THE BOTTLE
TO COMPLETE THE SHAPE.

NOW THE TRICKY PART,
TAKE OFF YOUR TEMPLATE

AND GO AROUND
THE LEADING EDGE,

GENTLY PINCHING THE PLASTIC
TO CREATE A HALF-INCH LIP.

START SLOWLY AT FIRST,

AND THEN PRESS DOWN UNTIL YOU
HAVE A DEFINITIVE FOLD.

REINFORCE THIS LIP
WITH PIECES OF DUCT TAPE.

YOU SHOULD NOW HAVE
A RIGID, CIRCULAR EDGE.

YOUR DURACYCLE PLASTIC-BOTTLE
FRISBEE CHALLENGER IS NOW READY,

BUT WILL IT WORK?

LIKE A FRISBEE, THROW TECHNIQUE
IS ALL IMPORTANT,

WITH THE SECRET BEING TO ADD
A NICE SPINNING ACTION

ON THE THROW,
AND THERE YOU GO.

WITH A FRONT PROFILE

THAT AFFORDS LOW AIR RESISTANCE

AND SPINNING SIDES
GENERATING LIFT

AND GYROSCOPIC STABILITY
IN A SIMILAR WAY TO THE FRISBEE,

WE REALLY HAVE TAKEN
RECYCLING TO A NEW LEVEL.

WHETHER IT BE CARVING
THE SUNDAY ROAST

OR THE TURKEY AT THANKSGIVING,

WE ALL NEED
THE PROPER UTENSILS.

THESE SIMPLE EVERYDAY
IMPLEMENTS HAVE DEFINED

AND REFINED THE WAY
WE EAT OUR MEALS.

CUTLERY HAS ITS ORIGINS
IN EUROPE,

AND IT IS SHAPED BY THE KINDS
OF FOODS EATEN THERE.

Hurd: EUROPE HAS CERTAINLY BEEN

ONE OF THE CENTERS OF CUTLERY,

AND ITS PREDOMINANCE
WITHIN SOCIETY

IS BASICALLY
BECAUSE THE KIND OF FOOD

WE EAT WARRANTS
THE USE OF CUTLERY.

WE'VE TRADITIONALLY ALWAYS EATEN

A LOT OF LARGE PIECES
OF WHOLE MEAT,

WHOLE VEGETABLES, WHEREAS
IN OTHER CULTURES

WHERE THEY CHOP IT DOWN,
IT'S SLIGHTLY FINER.

YOU THINK OF THINGS LIKE HOW
THE MEAT IS PREPARED IN CHINA

WHERE IT'S KIND OF BROKEN DOWN
INTO FIBERS AND STUFF,

THIS CAN BE PICKED UP
QUITE EASILY WITH CHOPSTICKS.

THE EUROPEAN DIET
HAS ALWAYS WARRANTED

THE USE OF A KNIFE
AND A FORK AND A SPOON.

Narrator: BUT THE BASIC DESIGN
WE RECOGNIZE TODAY

TOOK SOME TIME TO ACHIEVE.

WHEN WE RETURN, THE FASCINATING
HISTORY OF SILVERWARE

AND THE SECRETS
OF HOW IT'S MADE.

[ STATIC CRACKLES ]

Narrator:
IN 1912, AS WORLD WAR I
APPROACHES IN EUROPE,

THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT
ACTIVELY SEARCHES

FOR BETTER QUALITY MATERIALS

TO USE INSIDE
THEIR GUN BARRELS.

CONSTANT EXPOSURE
TO HIGH TEMPERATURES

MEANS THAT THE EXISTING
GUN BARRELS ERODE QUICKLY.

A BRITISH INVENTOR NAMED
HARRY BREARLEY HAS THE ANSWER.

HE CREATES A METAL THAT,
AS A BYPRODUCT,

CHANGES THE FACE
OF CUTLERY PRODUCTION.

WHAT BREARLEY DOES IS
TO INCREASE

THE AMOUNT OF CHROMIUM
IN STEEL COMPOSITION.

UNLIKE ORDINARY MINED STEEL,

THE CHROMIUM STEEL
MIX FORMS A BONDED,

PROTECTED LAYER
OF CHROMIUM OXIDE

ON THE SURFACE
THAT PREVENTS OXYGEN

PENETRATING IT
AND FORMING CORROSION.

THE METAL BREARLEY DEVELOPS
IS CALLED STAINLESS STEEL.

DID YOU KNOW THAT THE FORK
AND KNIFE YOU USE

HAS SUCH A COMPLEX PAST

AND THAT, TODAY,
EVERYONE USES THEM DIFFERENTLY?

Hurd:
IN AMERICA, YOUR FORK WILL BE
IN YOUR LEFT HAND,

AND YOUR KNIFE WILL BE
IN YOUR RIGHT HAND.

ONCE YOU CUT THE MEAT
WITH YOUR KNIFE,

YOU'LL PLACE THE KNIFE AWAY

AND THEN SWAP THE FORK
TO THE RIGHT HAND TO EAT.

IN EUROPE,
IT'S THE OTHER WAY AROUND.

WE KEEP OUR FORK
IN OUR LEFT HAND

AND OUR KNIFE IN OUR RIGHT
HAND THE WHOLE WAY.

WHEN WE PUT IT DOWN
ON THE PLATE,

THAT'S THE INDICATION
THAT WE'VE FINISHED EATING

WHEREAS THE AMERICAN'S
WOULD PUT IT AT,

LIKE, A 10-TO-2 ANGLE.

Narrator:
DINING ETIQUETTE BECOMES
EVEN MORE IMPORTANT

AS GOING OUT TO EAT
BECOMES MORE POPULAR.

Hurd: WHEN RESTAURANTS
BECAME PREDOMINANT,

THERE NEEDED TO BE
SOME KIND OF CODE.

YOU KNOW,
IF YOU'RE AN ARISTOCRAT

SAT IN A SALON
RESTAURANT IN PARIS,

YOU DON'T WANT TO SPEAK
TO THAT WAITER

OR THAT MAITRE D',

THE WAY YOU POSITION YOUR KNIVES

AND FORKS ON THE PLATE
TELLS THE WAITER,

"I'M STILL EATING,"
"I'M NOT EATING.

TAKE IT AWAY,"
OR, "IT WAS RUBBISH."

SO CUTLERY IS KIND
OF THE UNSPOKEN LANGUAGE

OF THE RESTAURANT.

Narrator: SO THE NEXT TIME
YOU ARE OUT FOR A MEAL,

TAKE A LONG HARD LOOK
AT YOUR FORK AND SPOON.

AND BEFORE YOU DIG IN,

REMEMBER YOU HAVE GUN DESIGN

TO THANK FOR ITS CREATION.

LIBERTY TABLETOP HAS BEEN
MAKING CUTLERY

IN SHERRILL, NEW YORK,
SINCE 2005.

SHERRILL, NEW YORK,
IS PRETTY MUCH

IN THE GEOGRAPHIC CENTER
OF NEW YORK STATE.

WE TRY TO SOURCE AS MUCH
OF OUR RAW MATERIALS,

SUPPLIES, PACKAGING,

EVERYTHING THAT WE CAN
IN THE UNITED STATES.

WE REQUIRE THAT OUR STEEL
IS MELTED HERE.

Narrator:
IT'S THE ONLY CUTLERY PRODUCER
IN NORTH AMERICA,

PRODUCING APPROXIMATELY
30,000 PIECES EVERY WEEK.

DEPENDING ON THE COMPLEXITY
OF THE PIECE,

IT CAN TAKE ANYWHERE
FROM 2 TO 4 WEEKS

TO GO FROM START
TO FINISH THROUGH THE FACTORY.

Narrator:
A 2,000-POUND COIL
OF STAINLESS STEEL

IS HOISTED ONTO A MACHINE
VIA A FORKLIFT TRUCK.

THE FLAT STEEL SHEET IS FED
INTO THE BLANKING PRESS

WHERE THE STEEL
IS CUT INTO ROUGH SHAPES.

THOSE BLANKS CAN
ACTUALLY BE ROLLED

AND CUT INTO DIFFERENT SHAPES,

WHICH WOULD MAKE FORKS AND
SPOONS OF DIFFERENT OUTLINES.

Narrator:
THE BLANKING PRESS
TAKES ONE SECOND

TO PRODUCE EACH BLANK,

WHICH CAN THEN BE MADE
INTO SPOONS OR FORKS.

THE BLANKS ARE SENT
TO A ROLLING MILL

WHERE THEY ARE STRETCHED OUT

BETWEEN TWO HARDENED
STEEL ROLLS.

THE ROLLS HAVE A SPECIFIC
PRECISION GROUND PROFILE,

SO THAT THE BALLS OF THE SPOONS
AND THE PRONGS OF THE FORK

WILL BE THINNER
THAN THE HANDLES.

IT'S ACTUALLY SORT OF SIMILAR

IN PROCESS
TO ROLLING OUT PIE DOUGH.

YOU ROLL IT OUT
SO THAT YOU CAN CUT OUT

THE CUT-OUT COOKIES,
FOR EXAMPLE.

SO THAT'S ESSENTIALLY WHAT WE DO

IN THAT PART OF THE PROCESS.

Narrator: AFTER THE BLANKS PASS
THROUGH THE ROLLS,

THEY AUTOMATICALLY FALL
INTO A PUNCH PRESS

WHERE THEY ARE CUT
INTO AN OUTLINED SHAPE.

NEXT, THE PIECES ARE PUT
INTO AN EALING FURNACE,

WHICH SOFTENS UP THE METAL

TO ENABLE FURTHER
STAMPING AND SHAVING.

THE FURNACE HEATS THE METAL

TO A TEMPERATURE
OF 1,900 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT.

♪♪

THE FORKS AND SPOONS

ARE NOW PUT THROUGH
A COINING PRESS

WHERE THE PATTERNS ARE
STAMPED INTO THE HANDLES.

THEY ARE THEN FED
INTO ANOTHER COINING PRESS

WHERE THE BALL OF THE SPOON
OR THE PRONGS OF THE FORK

ARE BENT INTO THE CORRECT SHAPE.

WE BEND THE BOWL
OR THE FORK TINES.

IT'S BASICALLY THE PIECES --

LOOKS JUST LIKE A FORK
OR SPOON THAT YOU WOULD USE,

EXCEPT IT'S NOT POLISHED.

Narrator:
ALL ITEMS ARE THEN POLISHED

IN A SERIES OF SHANKING
AND EDGING MACHINES.

THREE SHANKING MACHINES
PROGRESSIVELY GRIND

AND POLISH THE SHANK AREA.

THAT'S THE PART OF THE CUTLERY
WHERE THE BALL AND HANDLE MEET.

NOW THEY GO THROUGH
AN EDGING MACHINE

WHERE THE HANDLES ARE ALSO
GROUND AND POLISHED.

IN THE FINAL PROCESS,

THE CUTLERY IS BUFFED
TO A MIRROR FINISH.

WE START WITH THE BOWL,
MOVE ONTO THE HANDLE,

AND THEN WE GO BACK
TO THE BOWL AGAIN,

USING TWO TYPES
OF BUFFING COMPOUND.

ONE IS A ROUGHING COMPOUND
THAT SMOOTHS THE SURFACE

AND THEN THE FINAL
BUFFING COMPOUND,

LIQUID BASED, VERY FINE GRAIN.

THEN THE PIECE COMES OUT.

I THINK IT LOOKS LIKE
A PIECE OF JEWELRY.

Narrator: FINALLY, THE CUTLERY
IS INSPECTED

AND INDIVIDUALLY
WRAPPED FOR DELIVERY.

Roberts: WE HAVE ACTUALLY
100% INSPECTION

OF ALL OF OUR FLATWARE.

WE LOOK AT IT ONE AT A TIME,

AND WE WIPE IT
BY HAND

WITHOUT USING
ANY HARSH CHEMICALS.

YOU JUST WIPE THE COMPOUND OFF,
PUT IT IN A BAG,

AND IT'S READY TO GO
TO THE CUSTOMER.

Narrator: SILVERWARE --
TRULY AN INCREDIBLE INVENTION.

SO THERE YOU HAVE IT, A GLANCE
THROUGH THE HIDDEN HISTORY

AND SUPER SCIENCE OF
SOME AMAZING PRODUCTS

THAT YOU USE EVERY DAY.

THE COMPUTER,

THE FRISBEE,

AND SILVERWARE,

THEY MAY SEEM
COMMON AND ORDINARY.

HOWEVER, THESE PRODUCTS
HELP CHANGE THE WORLD

ONE INCREDIBLE INVENTION
AT A TIME.