Original subtitles

Increasingly, we live in a world where nothing makes any sense.

Events come and go like waves of a fever,

leaving us confused and uncertain.

Those in power tell stories to help us make sense

of the complexity of reality.

But those stories are increasingly unconvincing and hollow.

Excuse me, I'm lost...

This is a film about why those stories have stopped making sense.

And how that led us in the West to become a dangerous and destructive

force in the world.

It is told through the prism of a country

at the centre of the world. Afghanistan.

Who are you?

MUSIC: Come Down To Us by Burial

Here we are

I'm tired

Break it down

Break it down, to my eyes

Baby, come on, come on

And, girl, I know

I know you want it

I'm trusting you, I'm going

Going

Tonight, do you feel alive?

Tonight, do you feel alive?

Come down to us

Come down

Down...

In 1946, American engineers, along with their wives and families,

began to arrive at a dusty airstrip in Helmand

in southern Afghanistan.

They worked for the biggest construction company

in the world - called Morrison Knudsen -

and the King of Afghanistan had brought them there

to build a giant planned new world -

a complex of dams, canals, roads, and even a new model city.

The king's aim was to harness the power of the giant Helmand river

and turn his country into a modern society - just like in the West.

ARCHIVE: 'The Asiatic kingdom of Afghanistan is located

'roughly 10,000 miles from either coastline of the United States.

'Almost directly on the opposite side of the globe, westward from China,

'beyond the Himalayas.

'It is a landlocked country, bordered on the north by the Soviet Union,

'and on the east by Pakistan, and on the west by Iran.'

The King was called Zahir Shah, and he often came to visit the project.

Afghanistan was a deeply conservative country and he was

determined to modernise it.

What the King was trying to create in Helmand was a copy of what

President Roosevelt had done in America in the 1930s.

And the company he had hired - Morrison Knudsen -

had worked back then for Roosevelt,

building a new world of dams and power stations across America.

Now they were going to do the same for Afghanistan.

The engineers and their families lived in a complex of houses

around the King's country palace in Helmand.

It became known as Little America.

INDISTINCT VOICES

You got everything you need?

Quite a lot of stuff lying around. There is a dead insurgent lying here.

A man in his early 20s.

Come on, let's go. Let's go.

DIALOGUE IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE

ALL SHOUTING AT ONCE

OK, I'll follow you in. Off you go.

OK.

Good morning.

Stand up.

How are you? WOMEN: I'm fine, thanks.

You are very good.

How are your families?

What will it take to stop the fighting?

TRANSLATOR REPEATS

HE ANSWERS IN HIS OWN LANGUAGE

MOBILE PHONE PLAYS SONG AS RINGTONE

RINGTONE STOPS

INDISTINCT VOICES MIX WITH MUSIC

How long have you been with the Taliban, if you don't mind me asking?

Chris, what's going on?

All right, wow!

LAUGHTER

Wow. You look creepy up close.

A little creepy from far away too!

Yeah, that's true.

What's going on? How are you feeling?

I'm feeling pretty good right now.

It's been a pretty exciting day.

Yeah, getting kills out here.

Today, just for documentation,

today was the day we went against order and we shot anyway.

We killed, like, a whole bunch of people.

24 unapproved rounds.

24 unapproved high-explosive mortar rounds.

That's about 40,000 pounds of death right there.

Yo. Yo.

Fuck it, looks like a rave in here, almost.

All I got to say... Actually, I do have something to say.

Let's hear it.

I love the fucking Marine Corp. LAUGHTER

- I know many of you... - We got you on camera saying it!

I know, I know many of you don't, but what we did today...

Yeah, we need born killers, like you.

Oh, we're all born killers.

INDISTINCT VOICES

At the end of the Second World War, President Roosevelt travelled to

the Great Bitter Lake in the middle of the Suez Canal.

At the same time, he sent another American warship

to pick up the King of Saudi Arabia, King Abdulaziz.

The meeting of King and President was to have powerful - and disastrous -

consequences both for the West and, in a strange way, for Afghanistan.

Roosevelt was dying, but over the last 13 years

he had used his power on an epic scale to transform the world.

After the Wall Street crash and the terrible depression that followed,

Roosevelt had taken charge.

He had passed laws that broke up the banks

so they would never run out of control again.

And he had rebuilt America with a series of giant dams

that brought electrical power and employment to millions of people.

And he had planned and fought a world war against Germany and Japan.

Now, as Roosevelt sat waiting for Abdulaziz,

no-one could possibly have imagined the consequences of this meeting.

For it was going to unleash forces that in the future

would undermine everything that Roosevelt had worked for -

his belief that politicians should use their power in a planned way

to reshape the world.

But Roosevelt knew that to keep that power, America needed oil.

And he wanted to forge an alliance with the King to make sure

the vast Saudi oilfields remained under American control.

In their conversation, the two men laid the foundations for an alliance

that continues to the present day.

America would get its oil - and in return, Saudi Arabia would receive

wealth and security from America.

But the King was well aware of the dangers of opening up his country

to the influence of the modern West.

And in the negotiations that followed, he laid down a condition.

We will take your technology and your money, he said -

but you must leave our faith alone.

The Saudi faith was called Wahhabism.

It was a radical, violent and extremely puritanical form of Islam,

and its followers among the Bedouin tribes hated the modern world.

Wahhabism was part of a wider movement in Islam

that had risen up in reaction to the European empires.

Another was the Deobandi movement in India.

They all believed that modern imperialism was corrupting

the true nature of Islam, and wanted to go back to a world

based on the original teachings of the Islamic texts.

Abdulaziz had harnessed this force in the 1920s to seize power.

But he had unleashed something that didn't want to stop.

The Wahhabists wanted to go on and create a caliphate

across the whole of the Arab world -

and to stop them, in 1929, Abdulaziz machine-gunned them.

He ruthlessly killed the warriors who had made him King.

But their belief - a violent, intolerant and, above all,

backward-looking version of Islam -

remained at the heart of Saudi Arabian society.

And the deal made that day on the Great Bitter Lake

meant that America would get its oil

but it would also be protecting Wahhabism -

a force that had its own global ambitions.

Ambitions that were very different from America's.

HARP PLAYS

Who's the turban job on the throne?

You mean the Khasi.

That's Randy Lal.

Who?

Randy Lal, the Khasi of Kalabar.

Ooh!

How do you know he is, then?

- How do I know he's what? - Randy.

- That's his name! - Ooh!

He's very good looking, isn't he?

Yes, only the most richest and powerful rajah in northern India,

that's all.

- He's smiling at us. - Smile back.

Coo-ee!

You don't have to go raving mad.

My father, who are those people?

That, light of my darkness, is Sir Sidney Rough Diamond,

a British governor whose benevolent rule

and wise guidance we could well do without.

By the mid-1950s, the American engineers had built

the giant dams that were going to create what they called

"a new wonderland of vegetation and power" in Helmand.

But the project was running into problems

and it was beginning to lose its innocence.

As the giant dams were completed, they had an unexpected effect.

They raised the level of the water table

and started to bring salt to the surface.

And one of the plants that thrived in this new soil were poppies.

Some of those leading the project said they should stop.

But the American government stepped in and insisted that they should

continue because by now the dams had become a central part

of the struggle with the Soviet Union.

All sides in the Cold War began to compete to offer Afghanistan

bigger and better schemes to modernise the country.

Afghan politicians exploited this ruthlessly.

The Prime Minister, Mohammed Daoud, spent his time travelling the world

playing the countries - Russia, America and China -

off against each other.

Daoud wanted to use the modernization as a way of consolidating his power.

Afghanistan was a fragmented country.

Power was divided between ethnic groups and tribes.

Daoud was a Pashtun and he saw how the dam project in Helmand

could be used to consolidate the Pashtun grip on the whole country.

He persuaded the Americans to make the project even bigger,

to turn it into a giant piece of social engineering.

Thousands of Pashtun nomads,

who spent their time roaming the border area with Pakistan,

would be settled in the new farmland created by the dams.

Daoud presented it as just another innocent piece of modernisation -

and the Americans happily agreed.

What they didn't realise was that they were unwittingly being sucked

into Afghan power politics.

Not only was Daoud increasing Pashtun power, but he

was sowing the seeds of bitter rivalries

over the division and ownership of land in Helmand.

UPBEAT DANCE MUSIC PLAYS

TRUMPET PLAYS AFGHAN FOLK MUSIC

CROWD CLAPS ALONG

FOLK DANCE MUSIC PLAYS

BOYS CALL IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE

GUNSHOTS

BARRAGE OF GUNFIRE

SHOUTING

CAR HORN BEEPS

MAN SHOUTS IN HIS OWN LANGUAGE

ALARM BLARES

MEN TALK QUIETLY

SHIP'S HORN BLARES

CAMEL GRUNTS

The British Board of Trade,

in the booklet it gives out to visiting British businessmen,

does try to be helpful, but this is what it says about Arabic time,

and that's only one of them.

"Sunset is taken as zero, when watches are set to 12.

"A business appointment given for, say, two o'clock in the evening

"will therefore be for two hours after sunset

"and for five o'clock in the morning, seven hours before sunset.

"It's important to remember that sunset should be regarded

"as midnight. The time of sunrise is irrelevant."

I don't know about you but I know sun time is roughly six hours, uh...

plus five, in other words it's either 11 o'clock, morning or evening.

- But which? - Well, it's 11 o'clock.

But it must have some relevance to the time of day.

- Yes. - How do you, as a businessman,

make appointments?

Um... I normally make them by my watch.

I ask them personally whether they are conforming to either Arabic time,

sun time or GMT plus three. They normally say the other two.

I ask them to give me a time at GMT plus three.

Now, sun time is six hours after this, roughly.

Six hours after that?

Six hours plus five, give or take an hour.

Do you know what time it is now?

Not really!

In 1964, King Faisal became the new leader of Saudi Arabia.

Faisal set out to modernise the country.

He created western-style bureaucracies and a welfare system.

He even allowed television for the first time.

But he faced two threats.

One was from the religious leaders inside Saudi Arabia.

They were the Wahhabists, who had brought his family to power

and gave his rule legitimacy.

They distrusted any idea of modernising Saudi society.

Faisal was also facing a dangerous situation abroad,

from communism, that was spreading through the Arab world.

His solution was simple.

Faisal decided to use the religious leaders and their conservative

beliefs as a force to counter the international threat of communism.

But he knew that this would also divert their attention

away from his domestic policies.

Faisal used the growing oil money

to set up hundreds of schools and institutes across the Islamic world -

some as far away as Pakistan.

Their job was to spread Wahhabist ideas and help to turn Islam into

a unified international force strong enough to stand up to communism.

What Faisal was doing was taking the dangerous

and unstable fanaticism at the heart of Saudi society

and directing it outwards, beyond its borders.

It was a ruthless way of creating stability in his own country.

America gave this tacit approval

because it was part of the global struggle against communism.

But in 1966, Faisal gave America

a glimpse of how uncontrollable an ally Saudi Arabia could be.

He went to New York

and publicly attacked America's support for Israel.

It caused an outrage.

HE SPEAKS IN ARABIC

The reasons are that unfortunately,

the Jews throughout the world support Israel.

They provide assistance to Israel and in our present situation,

we consider those who provide assistance to our enemy

as our own enemy.

HE SPEAKS ARABIC

I'd like to hire a photocopy machine.

- OK. - For three months.

That's OK.

- Possibly for six months. - Yes, why not?

Um...

If you like it for one year, one for...

What I need from you is, how many conditions and how much it will be.

MAN SPEAKS HIS OWN LANGUAGE

Ho, ho, ho, ho.

Do you have a lot of... all that toner and the developer?

Yeah, we want you to maintain it and service it. OK?

MEN SPEAK IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE

Sir, we buy paper from them, the colour from them, that's OK?

Yeah. Can you give me a price for three months,

possibly for six months?

The contract must last for three months.

OK.

THEY SPEAK IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE

500 dollar per month.

- 500 dollar per month. - Per month?

- It's very expensive. - That is very expensive.

What you have, if you're bringing in here,

you can set them here, I will copy for you.

No, no, we want to take the copier away.

MUSIC: The Bewlay Brothers by David Bowie

And so the story goes, they wore the clothes

They said the things to make it seem improbable

Whale of a lie like they hope it was

And the good men tomorrow had their feet in the wallow

And their heads of brawn were nicer shorn

And how they bought their positions with saccharin and trust

And the world was asleep to our latent fuss

Sighings swirl through the streets like the crust of the sun

The Bewlay Brothers

In our wings that bark

Flashing teeth of brass

Standing tall in the dark

Oh, and we were gone...

Your Excellency, your presence enriches my humble home.

May the benevolence of the god Shivu bring blessings on your house.

And on yours.

And may his wisdom bring success in all your undertakings.

And in yours.

And may his radiance light up your life.

And up yours.

- Do you ever... - It really angers me.

Do you ever feel frustrated at perhaps, I mean,

you've spoken about corruption and certainly in the past

you've made very strong views against officials, for example,

who are corrupt, but many of those officials haven't left their jobs,

they haven't obeyed your orders.

No, they have all left their jobs.

Certainly.

In the past few days, the 28 that you have sacked,

19, our information is that 19 of them are still in their positions.

No, that's not true. They have all gone.

They have all gone.

- OK. - Definitely. Definitely.

So you're confident, then, that your power is building

in terms of being able to enact,

to make sure that your orders are obeyed.

I'm... I'm building a new administration for Afghanistan.

I'm working on a clean, efficient administration.

Back! Back off! Back the fuck off!

Get the fuck out of the way. Get the fuck out!

MUSIC RESUMES: The Bewlay Brothers by David Bowie

I was stone, he was wax

So he could scream and still relax, unbelievable

And we frightened the small children away

And our talk was old and dust would flow through our veins

And though it was midnight back at the kitchen door

Like the grim face on the cathedral floor

The solid book we wrote cannot be found today

And it was stalking time for the moon boys, the Bewlay Brothers

With our backs on the arch

And the Devil may be here

But he can't sing about that

Oh, and we were gone

Real cool traders

We were so turned on...

MUSIC DISTORTS, FADES

You thought we were fakers...

DOG BARKS

The other day, a friend of Blue Peter's, Angela Mulliner,

invited me to help her groom some dogs with very shaggy coats indeed,

a pair of Afghan hounds.

This should be a good spot.

'You need plenty of space to groom dogs this size,

'so we picked the park.

'Their names were Kingsley and Cleo and I said I'd do Cleo.'

How often is one supposed to do this?

- Very frequently. - Oh, gosh.

Don't sit down, Cleo, there's a good girl.

'Angela and I wanted the dogs to look their very best

'because we were taking them out on a special assignment.

'We were all going off to The Mall

'and we had to be there by 12 o'clock.'

- Come on, then, dogs. - Come on.

'We felt very proud of Kingsley and Cleo because they had been invited

'to join a guard of honour.'

'Afghan hounds were going to salute their king, because

'for the first time ever, the King of Afghanistan was coming to London.'

MARCHING BAND PLAYS

'About 20 members of the Southern Afghan Hound Society

'had brought their dogs along to line the route

'and there were Afghans of all colours and sizes.'

'And when the Queen pointed us out,

'the King of Afghanistan seemed delighted to see us.

CHEERING

'For the first time in their lives,

'British Afghan hounds were seeing people from their own country

'because in the carriages that followed the Queen,

'there were more people from the Royal Court of Afghanistan.'

ADAM CURTIS: But the ordered world, where kings and queens ruled

and dogs behaved obediently, was about to collapse.

In 1971, the King of Afghanistan

had come on his first ever state visit to Britain

but it was also his last,

because his ambitious Prime Minister, Mohammed Daoud,

was already plotting against him.

And in 1973, Daoud took power in a coup.

He declared Afghanistan a republic, and sent the King into exile.

DOGS BARK

Two months later, Egypt attacked Israel

and a Middle East war started.

To begin with, it looked as though Israel would be defeated.

But the American government came to its rescue, airlifting arms

on a massive scale to prevent the Israelis from being overwhelmed.

The Israelis counterattacked and the Arabs faced a disaster.

But then Saudi Arabia came to the rescue

because King Faisal realised

that his country had a weapon that could stop Israel.

Overnight, Faisal raised the price of oil five times

and threatened a complete embargo

unless America forced Israel to pull back.

It worked. A ceasefire was agreed.

And everyone realised that the balance of power in the world

had suddenly changed.

What we want is the complete withdrawal of the Israeli forces

from the occupied Arab territories

and then you will have the oil

at the same level of September '73.

Is this demand absolute and rigid or is this just a negotiating position?

Definitely. Definitely.

We won't give up any inch of these lands.

Doesn't this new massive increase in the price of oil

mean a change in the world balance of power

between the developing nations like you, the producers,

and us, the developed industrialised nations?

Yes, it will.

And what do you think arises from that?

Well, a new type of relationship.

You have to adjust yourself to the new circumstances

and I think you have to sit down and talk seriously with us

about this new era.

When Saudi Arabia raised the price of oil,

they did it to change the political balance of power in the world.

But it also had another, unexpected, effect

because it allowed the men who ran the banks and the financial system

in America and Britain to begin to break free of political control.

Billions of dollars flooded from the West into Saudi Arabia -

most of which the Saudis didn't know what to do with.

So they gave them to the Western banks to invest.

The banks then made a crucial decision - they kept many

of those dollars free from control by the American government

and they became a vast pool of wealth, known as petrodollars,

that could be lent and traded anywhere around the world

without political control.

As western politicians struggled to deal with the economic

and social chaos that had been created by the oil price rise,

their bankers were building a new global financial system

based on recycling the Saudi billions.

And the banks began to become rich and powerful again.

DISTANT MUFFLED SHOUTING

Does he know where the Taliban are?

The biggest Taliban shelter... Taliban...

THEY SPEAK IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE

- Marjah? - Marjah.

He said Taliban is in Marjah.

LAUGHING: Uh-huh, Marjah. Marjah.

THEY SPEAK THEIR OWN LANGUAGE

They use his compound as... MAN SPEAKS HIS OWN LANGUAGE

- Assalamu alaikum. - Assalamu alaikum.

Right. Are we in Kushal Kalay just now?

Is this Kushal Kalay? What is the name of this village?

MAN TRANSLATES

This is the edge of Kushal Kalay.

Have the Taliban gone now or are they still in Kushal Kalay?

HE TRANSLATES

OK. Where... Sh, sh, sh.

Where has he seen Taliban? Where?

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

Sure, sure.

HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE

How far?

HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE

Here, the Taliban?

HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE

There, there, there! Right, sir - sir!

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

This guy's ID-ing these here and saying they're Taliban.

HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE Yeah. Two men.

HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE Yeah, there.

Taliban, yeah?

HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE

KIDS SHOUT

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

WIND HOWLS

As western countries collapsed economically in the 1970s,

students from Europe and America fled from the chaos.

They came to Afghanistan as a land of dreams.

A different, innocent world,

free of the corruption of politics and money in the West.

MAN: Then you see some Afghan come dozing out of the sand,

hardly give you a look, and carry on past.

You long to ask, "Where are you going? Where have you come from?"

But he just disappears into the murk,

going about his everyday business.

A traveller is someone

who proceeds through a country

under his own initiative,

with a certain internal drive to learn,

to find out something more than the superficial.

To me, an Afghan was some figure from a woodblock print

in a book about India.

The reality of an Afghan was so beyond that,

their strength of character which comes through

in their most simple action.

This is a long jacket. For men.

For generation. It goes from mother to daughter.

A possum.

This is antelope.

Look at this coat.

But Afghan students still believed in the idea of revolution.

Back in the 1960s, many students from Kabul University had been sent

to universities in America.

It had been part of the modernisation project.

And they brought back with them radical ideas

from the American student left.

Back in Kabul,

those ideas then got mixed up with other left-wing theories

that the Afghan students found in badly-translated Russian books

about Marxism.

And in 1978 they decided to have a revolution.

One of the leaders was Hafizullah Amin,

and after the revolution he ordered a film to be made

about the role he had played.

Amin also starred in the film, playing himself.

It shows policemen coming to Amin's house to arrest him.

He tries to hide some secret papers.

But the policemen take him to jail, leaving his wife and daughter.

Amin is then shown directing the revolution from his prison cell.

And then riding on a tank to the president's palace.

REPORTER: Tanks loyal to young communist army officers

now guard the palace where President Daoud ruled.

Inside, he and his family, including his young grandchildren,

are shot dead when his palace guard lost their courageous battle

to defend him.

Men from the different tribes who live in this backward country

swarm all over tanks knocked out in the battle.

They seem pleased to see the end of the old, feudal regime.

ADAM CURTIS: The revolutionaries gave a press conference.

Amin, it was announced, would become Foreign Minister.

And the president of the revolutionary council

was another ex-student - Mohammed Taraki.

Our relationship with all the countries, including Soviet Union,

and all our neighbours and throughout the world will be peace,

will depend on the amount of their support to our government

in political, economical field.

Does this mean, Mr President,

that you will be following a strict policy of non-alignment?

This is quite correct.

The aim of the revolution was to create a new Afghanistan,

and parades were held in Kabul to celebrate the radical vision.

One of the main aims was to redistribute land fairly,

to get rid of a feudal system of landowners and peasants.

Every farmer was to be allowed to own their own land.

And young revolutionaries from Kabul

were filmed going out into the countryside

to measure out the new plots,

followed by the grateful farmers kissing their new land certificates.

But in reality, the land reforms set the seeds for a bitter conflict

in Helmand. It made the divisions

that had begun with President Daoud's reforms in the 1960s much worse.

As the land was parcelled out,

families accused each other of stealing the best bits.

And all sorts of hatreds and rivalries

were born in Afghan rural society,

rivalries that would set village against village, tribe against tribe.

And in Kabul, the revolutionaries started to hate each other, too.

Hafizullah Amin decided that he should be in charge,

and he arranged for his rival, Taraki, to be killed.

Taraki was smothered with a cushion.

Amin ordered that anyone who opposed the reforms

should be thrown in jail or killed.

In Helmand, 100 political prisoners were taken up in a plane

and thrown into the giant lake created by the American dam.

The Soviet leaders in Moscow became terrified that Afghanistan

was falling apart and they decided to intervene.

They rang Amin to tell him that they were sending Russian troops

to help his revolution.

And at the end of 1979, the troops began to arrive at Kabul Airport.

What the Russians didn't tell Amin

was that the troops were also coming to kill him.

The Russians put a sniper on one of the main roads in Kabul.

But Amin's convoy drove too fast and the sniper missed.

GUNSHOT

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

They tried again.

This time they put poison in Amin's can of Pepsi

in the presidential palace.

But his nephew drank it instead...

and died.

Amin gave a banquet in a palace outside Kabul.

The Soviets smuggled in a chef who poisoned the food.

This time it worked -

all the guests, and Amin, fell on the floor, writhing in agony.

But the Afghan servants rang for help

and two Russian doctors turned up who knew nothing of the plot.

They pumped Amin's stomach and he revived.

So the Russian troops attacked the palace, threw a grenade at Amin,

and shot him.

SHOUTING IN OWN LANGUAGE

INDISTINCT VOICES ON RADIO

INDISTINCT VOICES ON RADIO

Couldn't be happier. And I'm particularly happy today.

Why?

We had a very good election last night

and the people came out in huge numbers to vote.

And voted a new president, which is the people's choice,

and that's democracy in action.

And I'm very proud of the people of the United States.

Oh, I was thrilled.

I think the stock market will go up, everyone will be happy,

the economy is going to level off,

our international relations will become much more stable.

I've worked very, very hard on the election in some of the phone banks

and all of my friends did. Thrilled to pieces about it.

I, uh, always have voted, uh, Democrat.

So, you know, times have changed now so, I'm not a baby any more

so I had to make a change and I made a change.

And so the right man won.

President Reagan simplified everything for America.

For ten years, the country had been battered and torn apart

by waves of economic and social chaos.

Reagan set out to give the country a new sense of purpose.

He took all the problems, even the most complex,

and turned them into reassuring moral fables.

And abroad, the world he depicted was one where,

although good might struggle with evil for a while,

in the end, goodness and innocence would triumph.

We have it in our power

to begin the world over again.

APPLAUSE

It was a vision of the world that, over the next 20 years,

would rise up to possess all of us in the West, both left and right.

Conflicts that, in the past, would have been seen as political struggles

were redefined. They became instead battles against dark, demonic forces

that threatened innocent people.

And the role of we, the good people of the West,

was to intervene to save those innocents.

One of the places this dream began was Afghanistan.

America was already helping the rebels

who were fighting the Russians, but Reagan increased the aid massively

and made it the symbol of his new vision.

He even dedicated the space shuttle to the Afghan freedom fighters.

Just as the Columbia we think represents man's finest aspirations

in the field of science and technology,

so, too, does the struggle of the Afghan people represent man's

highest aspirations for freedom.

Accordingly, I am dedicating, on behalf of the American people,

the March 22nd launch of the Columbia

to the people of Afghanistan.

But right from the beginning there was a dangerous,

destructive force at the very heart of this project.

This was because Reagan's partner in the battle to bring freedom

to Afghanistan was Saudi Arabia.

The Saudi intelligence agencies worked with the CIA to ship arms

and money to the Afghan rebels.

On the surface, the Saudis did this because a fellow Muslim country

had been invaded by communists.

But it was also part of their attempt to export the dangerous

fundamentalism at the heart of their own society.

In 1979, a group of Saudi radicals

had taken over the Grand Mosque in Mecca.

For two weeks, the authorities had fought running battles

with the insurgents.

They discovered that a number of the attackers had been taught

by the most senior religious leader in the country.

It made the ruling family realise just how fragile

their grip on power was.

So as well as sending the money and the weapons,

they encouraged young radicals to go and fight in Afghanistan.

One of them was a young Osama bin Laden.

The aim was to divert their anger.

But it meant that with the arms would also come the pessimistic

and intolerant version of Islam - Wahhabism.

To begin with, these ideas would have little influence in Afghanistan.

But they would take hold there and mutate into a dark and violent force

that was completely at odds with Reagan's vision of freedom.

At the beginning, though, no-one knew who to give the weapons to,

and an odd group of adventurers went into Afghanistan to find out.

One of the first was a Texan socialite called Joanne Herring.

When I went in to Afghanistan - I don't even know how I got in -

the president of Pakistan flew me to the border, you know,

the no man's land that the British created - very wisely -

between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

And we boarded a truck - I put on men's clothing -

and we got on this truck and went somewhere.

And we went into these camps

and there would be these men

with beards and turbans... in rags, really.

They had nothing.

And with their 1918 Enfield rifles,

they would stand there and they'd say,

"To the last drop of blood!"

And your heart would just burst. But I thought,

"What will they do with an unveiled woman coming in here?"

And I thought, you know, they really may kill me

because they might not understand why I'm here. But they did.

They were so grateful. So grateful.

They said, "The world doesn't know. Thank you for coming."

PLANES PASS OVERHEAD

EXPLOSION

My...heart was given immediately to these people

who believed so much in their god,

and I think it's the same god...

..as I worship.

Just in another way.

And they would come back and, of course, completely exhausted

and almost dead - those who were still alive -

and then this new group would say,

"I can't wait to go out and kill Russians."

MAN: 'This is Radio Afghanistan calling Europe.'

This is Radio Afghanistan, Kabul, and here is the news.

43 cases of bullets for 300 3-bore guns,

an Egyptian Kalashnikov,

11,300 other bullets of various types,

including rocket launchers and mines,

and 170 various types of weapons,

45 mortar shells,

light and heavy machine guns, typewriters and cameras,

have recently been seized from the counter revolutionary bandits...

MALE REPORTER: Ask him to speak to the daughter.

MAN TRANSLATES

FEMALE REPORTER: Can he give her the flower? Give her the flower.

MEN SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

MALE REPORTER: Karen, please.

It is better if he gives her flower than if Karen gives her the flower.

MEN TALK OWN LANGUAGE

Sorry. Can you do it? Ask him to do it while I'm filming.

Just ask him to put it down...

MAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE

Yeah, yeah, yeah, OK.

MAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE

EXPLOSION

MAN COUGHS

GUITAR PLAYS

MAN SINGS IN OWN LANGUAGE

In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union was falling apart.

The attempt to create a planned socialist society had failed.

It had become a stagnant world where the shops were half empty,

criminal gangs looted the factories,

and no-one believed in the system any longer.

The ageing Soviet leaders knew that Russian society was collapsing

but they had no idea what to do.

And in the face of this, Afghanistan became, for them, a last desperate

attempt to create a model version of their original communist ideal.

Faced with a growing rebellion in the countryside,

the Russians took over Afghanistan

and installed another student revolutionary as president.

He was called Babrak Karmal

and he did what he was told.

And as well as the Russian troops, thousands of teachers and doctors

came to set up programmes and hospitals that were going to

transform the lives of the Afghan people.

SHE SINGS IN OWN LANGUAGE

..it was 151...in the right arm in sitting position.

Why did you come to Afghanistan?

Was it compulsory posting or was it of your own free choice?

Why...I did come to Afghanistan?

OK, I will tell you.

I'm doctor.

I want to help people.

Patient. It is the main reason I come to Afghanistan.

Do you say this right?

But it was your free choice that you came here, you were not sent here?

Only free choice. Only free choice.

And Afghan women were taught to be independent

so they could free themselves from the repression

of what the Soviets saw as a backward religion.

You know, after the revolution,

the woman in Afghanistan will be same, like man, yes?

They're the same.

You know what I mean?

You know, in society

and also in economy and everything.

But outside the cities, the mujaheddin rebels

increased their attacks.

They were becoming more confident and powerful.

Using weapons supplied by the Americans and the Saudis,

they ambushed Russian convoys.

GUNFIRE AND EXPLOSIONS

The mujaheddin treatment of their Russian prisoners

was ruthless and cruel.

..and we captured two Russians alive.

Then we took them to our commander.

And then the commander told us to stone them into death.

And we took them and we stoned them into death.

- They stoned them to death? Yes.

Have many people here stoned Russians or Afghan communists to death?

MAN TRANSLATES

MURMURS OF AGREEMENT

In response, the Russians launched search and destroy missions,

often bombing whole villages,

massacring hundreds of civilians.

The war became a vicious struggle,

with the mujaheddin using equally brutal tactics.

And any idea of transforming Afghanistan began to slip away,

and the Russians retreated into the cities.

INDISTINCT RADIO CHATTER

Comrade General, what is the military situation in the country?

But the rebels came into the cities

and began to kill the Russian civilians.

They hid bombs in everyday objects

that exploded the moment anyone used them.

Everything around the Russians became frightening and unstable.

The forces that they had unleashed were pursuing them

and as they did so they began to eat away at the very foundations

of Soviet communism.

One of the bravest and most honest of the Russian journalists

in Afghanistan was Artyom Borovik.

He wrote, "We thought that we were civilising a backwards country

"by exposing it to television, to modern bombers, to schools,

"to the latest models of tanks,

"to books, to long-range artillery,

"to newspapers, to economic aid, to AK-47s.

"But we rarely stopped to think how Afghanistan would influence us,

"despite the hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers, diplomats,

"journalists and political advisers who passed through it.

"They were thrown into a country where bribery, corruption,

"profiteering and drugs were no less common

"than the long lines in Soviet stores.

"These diseases can be far more infectious and dangerous

"than hepatitis, particularly when they reach epidemic proportions."

HE LAUGHS

Borovik said the Russians resembled the astronauts

in a famous Soviet science fiction film called Solaris.

The astronauts find a planet covered with a giant ocean

that seems to be conscious.

And to try and influence the ocean,

they bombard it with X-rays.

What they don't realise is that the ocean is irradiating them.

It is playing back, in the astronauts' minds,

memories of the past,

but in such a vivid way that they begin not to trust anything

that they think or believe.

Afghanistan, Borovik said,

was doing the same to the Russians.

It had led them to distrust the very basis of everything they believed in.

And they were taking that distrust back with them

into the heart of Russia.

APPLAUSE ON TV

'Could Labour have managed a rally like this?'

AUDIENCE: 'No!'

'In the old days, perhaps, but not now.

'For they are the party of yesterday,

'and tomorrow is ours.'

APPLAUSE ON TV

The massive increase in the price of oil imposed by the Saudis

had caused economic and social chaos in the West.

Governments had struggled to deal with it, but they had failed.

And in the 1980s, right-wing governments came to power in Britain

and America who turned to radical new ways to create economic growth.

To begin with, the new policies seemed to work.

Inflation was squeezed out of the system

and the economies began to stabilise.

But then there were other unexpected consequences.

Interest rates had risen massively -

and this decimated manufacturing industry in both Britain and America.

Factory after factory closed.

High-paid skilled jobs were replaced by low-wage jobs

in the service industries,

and living standards began to fall.

But then the politicians found a solution.

If you couldn't make wages grow any longer,

instead you would get the banks to lend people money.

And in the mid-1980s, governments removed the restrictions

on the banks' lending,

and a wave of borrowing spread through Britain and America.

Even if their wages were static, people felt wealthier,

and had the money to buy things and keep the economy working.

And the power to manage society began to move even more from politics

to the financial system.

Weapons free, battle stations.

Weapons free, weapons free.

But there was one industry in Britain that had survived

and, in fact, was growing.

It was the arms industry and its vast trade with Saudi Arabia.

But rather than strengthening the politicians' power,

it undermined it further, through corruption.

REPORTER: The King's train was 20 minutes late

arriving at Victoria Station.

It was delayed while a suspicious box on a bridge over the track

was checked, and found to be harmless.

When he eventually stepped on to the platform,

it was to a full royal welcome.

ADAM CURTIS: Through the 1970s, British arms companies had signed

more and more contracts with the Saudis,

and they became a central part of a new industry

that was run from the very heart of the British government.

We're in the Ministry of Defence in Whitehall.

Behind these doors there's a room.

A room which few people apart from Arab Sheiks

and other potential foreign customers have ever set eyes on before.

This way, please.

This is it, the permanent Defence Equipment Exhibition,

the supermarket of the sales organisation which this year

will sell nearly �600 million worth of British military hardware

to foreign governments.

Week in, week out, overseas service chiefs come here discreetly

to shop for anything from guided missile destroyers and aircraft

to a pair of army boots.

And they've got quite a choice.

There are hundreds of individual British manufacturers

in this business. Glossy coloured brochures in every language,

including, of course, Arabic.

Everywhere in this amazing exhibition there are models showing

the hardware in action, showing what the hardware can do.

Big missiles, little missiles -

here's the short blowpipe surface-to-air missile with which

one soldier can bring an aircraft out of the sky,

straight from the shoulder.

More missiles here, the short Tigercat missile,

simple in operation, recommended for its high lethality at low cost.

Aircraft are very expensive these days

and so you don't want them to have just one...

ADAM CURTIS: By the 1980s, the giant orders from Saudi Arabia

had become essential to Britain.

While much of British industry had closed,

the arms business kept growing.

..from air to ground.

No, no, no, I'm the Prime Minister.

I have to see the super saleswomen do their job.

ADAM CURTIS: And in 1985 Mrs Thatcher announced what was going to be

the biggest arms deal in history.

The extraordinary arms deal,

which has impressed military experts throughout the world.

It emerged today that Britain and Saudi Arabia have signed

what's thought to be one of the biggest arms agreements.

The deal will mean Saudi Arabia will get many more combat planes,

training aircraft, new mine hunters, two new airbases,

and much training and support.

It means Britain is pulling level with, if not overtaking,

the United States as the biggest military supplier to the Saudis.

ADAM CURTIS: The Al-Yamamah deal was presented as a triumph

of British ingenuity and skill.

But ever since, there have been allegations that really it was

secured by vast bribes to key members of the Saudi establishment.

British Aerospace admit that there were payments,

but insist they were not bribes.

But then, in 1990,

it became clear that all the arms trade with Saudi Arabia

had been a complete charade.

Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait

and the leaders of Saudi Arabia realised that,

despite all this hardware - all the planes, the missiles,

the bombs and the radar systems -

that their country was incapable of using it properly to defend itself

against Saddam Hussein.

So they had to turn to America and its military might for help.

At my direction, elements of the 82nd Airborne Division,

as well as key units of the United States Air Force,

are arriving today to take up defensive positions in Saudi Arabia.

I took this action to assist the Saudi Arabian government

in the defence of its homeland.

Osama bin Laden had returned from Afghanistan

and he went to see the Saudi Defence Minister and pleaded with him