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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,283 --> 00:00:03,153 - [Male Narrator] Olympia, 2028. 2 00:00:04,266 --> 00:00:07,096 Tanzanian Frank Edward Akhwari 3 00:00:07,133 --> 00:00:09,003 receives the laurel wreath, 4 00:00:09,033 --> 00:00:11,233 symbol of his victory in the marathon. 5 00:00:11,266 --> 00:00:13,216 On the eve of the closing ceremony, 6 00:00:13,250 --> 00:00:15,100 he is the final athlete to receive 7 00:00:15,133 --> 00:00:18,183 the ultimate reward at the very first edition 8 00:00:18,216 --> 00:00:20,096 of the modern Olympic Games. 9 00:00:22,300 --> 00:00:25,000 After 1600 years of oblivion, 10 00:00:25,033 --> 00:00:27,103 the European Sports Association is trying 11 00:00:27,133 --> 00:00:29,253 to put the Olympic Games back at the center 12 00:00:29,283 --> 00:00:31,253 of the international stage. 13 00:00:31,283 --> 00:00:34,123 Symbolically held at the Sanctuary of Olympia, 14 00:00:34,150 --> 00:00:37,120 these first games struggled to attract 500 athletes 15 00:00:37,150 --> 00:00:39,180 from 20 different countries. 16 00:00:39,216 --> 00:00:42,126 In a world dominated by highly monetized sport, 17 00:00:42,166 --> 00:00:44,226 the games extol ancient sporting values 18 00:00:44,266 --> 00:00:46,346 and the absence of financial stakes. 19 00:00:48,250 --> 00:00:50,330 But none of this ever happened. 20 00:00:50,366 --> 00:00:54,266 On June 23, 1894, one man will succeed 21 00:00:54,300 --> 00:00:56,250 in relaunching the Olympic spirit 22 00:00:56,283 --> 00:00:59,083 and turn the games into a global event. 23 00:01:00,316 --> 00:01:03,376 Our history is no more than a series of incredible events. 24 00:01:05,366 --> 00:01:08,126 Every one of us can influence its course. 25 00:01:08,166 --> 00:01:11,076 (dramatic music) 26 00:01:13,266 --> 00:01:17,066 (electric guitar music) 27 00:01:18,283 --> 00:01:20,273 (speaking in foreign language) 28 00:01:20,300 --> 00:01:23,230 (dramatic music) 29 00:01:29,316 --> 00:01:31,096 The most infinitesimal of our decisions 30 00:01:31,133 --> 00:01:33,283 can influence the future of humanity. 31 00:01:33,316 --> 00:01:36,166 To know the past is to foresee the future. 32 00:01:43,116 --> 00:01:45,146 In 392 of our era, 33 00:01:45,183 --> 00:01:48,073 the Christian Roman Emperor Theodosius I 34 00:01:48,100 --> 00:01:50,330 declares a ban on pagan events. 35 00:01:53,016 --> 00:01:54,226 November 25, 1892, 36 00:01:56,116 --> 00:01:58,066 Baron Pierre de Coubertin 37 00:01:58,100 --> 00:02:01,220 announces the idea of reestablishing the Olympic Games. 38 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:07,230 April 6, 1896, in Athens, 39 00:02:07,266 --> 00:02:09,996 the first edition of the modern Olympic Games 40 00:02:10,033 --> 00:02:11,083 is officially opened. 41 00:02:14,066 --> 00:02:17,096 These three intimately connected events 42 00:02:17,133 --> 00:02:20,283 are the key moments in the history of the Olympic Games. 43 00:02:23,033 --> 00:02:25,183 (clapping) 44 00:02:26,266 --> 00:02:27,216 Olympia, 45 00:02:27,250 --> 00:02:29,020 Ancient Greece, 46 00:02:29,050 --> 00:02:29,380 152 BC. 47 00:02:32,283 --> 00:02:34,303 Leonidas, champion of Rhodes, 48 00:02:34,333 --> 00:02:36,353 is on the start line. 49 00:02:36,383 --> 00:02:38,253 (dramatic music) 50 00:02:38,283 --> 00:02:42,073 Early in the day he already won two other races. 51 00:02:43,166 --> 00:02:45,096 The heat of the sun on his naked body 52 00:02:45,133 --> 00:02:47,173 intensifies his weariness. 53 00:02:48,350 --> 00:02:52,070 However, his muscles are ready for the ultimate battle. 54 00:02:52,100 --> 00:02:56,000 The one that will take him over the finish line first. 55 00:02:56,033 --> 00:02:59,053 The one that will offer him victory. 56 00:02:59,083 --> 00:03:02,383 The one that will raise him to the level of legend. 57 00:03:03,016 --> 00:03:05,026 (dramatic music) 58 00:03:05,066 --> 00:03:07,096 In the fifth century BC, 59 00:03:07,133 --> 00:03:10,073 the Greek world is a brilliant civilization. 60 00:03:11,133 --> 00:03:14,053 However, each Greek city is independent. 61 00:03:14,083 --> 00:03:14,383 Athens, 62 00:03:15,016 --> 00:03:15,326 Sparta, 63 00:03:15,366 --> 00:03:17,046 Corinth, 64 00:03:17,083 --> 00:03:18,383 or Thebes may well all be Greek in culture 65 00:03:19,016 --> 00:03:19,996 and language, 66 00:03:20,033 --> 00:03:22,023 but they are also rivals. 67 00:03:23,183 --> 00:03:26,203 These enemies waged terrible fratricidal wars. 68 00:03:27,383 --> 00:03:31,123 Only two things appear to rise above this ancestral rivalry. 69 00:03:31,150 --> 00:03:34,020 The struggle against the common enemy, 70 00:03:34,050 --> 00:03:35,100 Persia. 71 00:03:35,133 --> 00:03:37,183 And the staging of major sports competitions 72 00:03:37,216 --> 00:03:38,376 like the Olympiads. 73 00:03:39,016 --> 00:03:40,366 The ancient Olympic Games. 74 00:03:43,300 --> 00:03:46,130 The oldest written evidence proving the existence 75 00:03:46,166 --> 00:03:47,276 of the ancient games in Greece 76 00:03:47,316 --> 00:03:50,326 dates back to 776 BC, 77 00:03:50,366 --> 00:03:53,126 almost 2,800 years ago. 78 00:03:54,316 --> 00:03:56,376 They say that Hercules himself, 79 00:03:57,016 --> 00:03:58,076 son of Zeus, 80 00:03:58,116 --> 00:04:00,326 built the first stadium at Olympia, 81 00:04:00,366 --> 00:04:03,276 the sacred sanctuary of the Greeks. 82 00:04:03,316 --> 00:04:04,226 Since then, 83 00:04:04,266 --> 00:04:05,996 every four years, 84 00:04:06,033 --> 00:04:09,033 a truce requires every city to grant a pass. 85 00:04:10,150 --> 00:04:13,220 Athletes and spectators may then travel freely 86 00:04:13,250 --> 00:04:15,200 to the sanctuary. 87 00:04:15,233 --> 00:04:18,083 Both a sports gathering and a pilgrimage, 88 00:04:18,116 --> 00:04:21,326 the Greek Olympics were much more than mere games. 89 00:04:25,283 --> 00:04:26,323 For the Greeks, 90 00:04:26,350 --> 00:04:28,300 the athletes reflect the ideal 91 00:04:28,333 --> 00:04:32,023 of a harmonious balance between mind and body. 92 00:04:32,050 --> 00:04:36,030 Uniquely open to men and strictly forbidden to non-Greeks, 93 00:04:36,066 --> 00:04:37,376 the events pit the champions 94 00:04:38,016 --> 00:04:40,016 of each city against each other. 95 00:04:41,233 --> 00:04:42,373 Races on foot. 96 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:44,080 Or carrying weapons, 97 00:04:44,116 --> 00:04:46,216 javelin and discus throwing, 98 00:04:46,250 --> 00:04:47,220 wrestling, 99 00:04:47,250 --> 00:04:48,220 boxing, 100 00:04:48,250 --> 00:04:50,130 chariot racing. 101 00:04:50,166 --> 00:04:53,046 The victors received the crown of olive leaves 102 00:04:53,083 --> 00:04:55,373 and are vetted as heroes. 103 00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:58,080 Statues are erected in their memory. 104 00:04:58,116 --> 00:05:00,216 Coins struck in their likeness. 105 00:05:00,250 --> 00:05:03,300 Poems written to their glory. 106 00:05:03,333 --> 00:05:06,033 The ancient games are so important 107 00:05:06,066 --> 00:05:09,046 that the Greek calendar is not divided into years, 108 00:05:09,083 --> 00:05:10,283 but into Olympiads, 109 00:05:10,316 --> 00:05:13,116 representing a period of four years. 110 00:05:16,333 --> 00:05:19,373 However, in the second century before our era, 111 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:22,320 a new participant enters the games. 112 00:05:22,350 --> 00:05:24,220 The Roman Republic. 113 00:05:26,366 --> 00:05:28,016 Like the Greeks, 114 00:05:28,050 --> 00:05:30,170 the Romans love the games. 115 00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:34,050 Greece, conquered by the legions is annexed. 116 00:05:34,083 --> 00:05:36,053 The Greek Olympiads are thus added 117 00:05:36,083 --> 00:05:38,373 to the long list of Roman competitions. 118 00:05:43,050 --> 00:05:47,270 In 27 BC, the Republic becomes an empire. 119 00:05:47,300 --> 00:05:49,280 The games turn into a spectacle. 120 00:05:51,033 --> 00:05:53,153 In the Coliseum, gladiators fight each other 121 00:05:53,183 --> 00:05:56,103 to the cheers of 70,000 spectators. 122 00:05:57,116 --> 00:05:58,376 While at the Circus Maximus, 123 00:05:59,016 --> 00:06:02,146 horse drawn chariots compete in ferocious races. 124 00:06:03,350 --> 00:06:06,380 The whole Roman engineering genius is put into service 125 00:06:07,016 --> 00:06:08,266 of entertainment. 126 00:06:08,300 --> 00:06:12,050 Huge awnings protect the spectators from the sun. 127 00:06:12,083 --> 00:06:16,003 Amphitheaters are flooded to stage real naval battles. 128 00:06:16,033 --> 00:06:18,223 Exotic forest settings are reconstructed 129 00:06:18,250 --> 00:06:21,380 to present fights between wild beasts and men. 130 00:06:23,383 --> 00:06:26,073 In the fourth century of our era, 131 00:06:26,100 --> 00:06:28,350 the Greek Olympics still exist on the fringe 132 00:06:28,383 --> 00:06:32,053 of the 175 days devoted to the games. 133 00:06:33,133 --> 00:06:36,333 Now, Christianity has slowly imposed itself 134 00:06:36,366 --> 00:06:39,076 as the empire's unique religion. 135 00:06:40,100 --> 00:06:42,130 Pagan worship is marginalized. 136 00:06:42,166 --> 00:06:45,216 The games are considered to be barbaric practices. 137 00:06:46,283 --> 00:06:48,083 Particular targets, 138 00:06:48,116 --> 00:06:50,066 gladiatorial contests. 139 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:54,380 In 392, Roman Emperor Theodosius 140 00:06:55,016 --> 00:06:58,026 declares the definitive banning of pagan worship. 141 00:06:59,183 --> 00:07:00,253 The following year, 142 00:07:00,283 --> 00:07:02,383 the Olympiads are banned in turn. 143 00:07:04,250 --> 00:07:06,280 After more than a thousand years, 144 00:07:06,316 --> 00:07:10,316 the Olympia site is abandoned and falls into oblivion. 145 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:16,120 - [Female Narrator] Welcome to the memory of humanity. 146 00:07:19,100 --> 00:07:21,220 Here we can col time, 147 00:07:21,250 --> 00:07:24,150 analyze and compare billions of events 148 00:07:24,183 --> 00:07:27,273 and alter them to rewrite history endlessly. 149 00:07:28,316 --> 00:07:30,296 All the events in our history 150 00:07:30,333 --> 00:07:32,253 however minute they might be 151 00:07:32,283 --> 00:07:35,153 are memorized and interconnected. 152 00:07:35,183 --> 00:07:38,303 It only requires one to be changed for all the others 153 00:07:38,333 --> 00:07:40,283 to be shaken to the core. 154 00:07:42,033 --> 00:07:44,233 Amateur or professional? 155 00:07:45,283 --> 00:07:47,073 In Ancient Greece, 156 00:07:47,100 --> 00:07:49,050 athletes were not paid. 157 00:07:49,083 --> 00:07:52,303 They competed for the fame and for their city. 158 00:07:52,333 --> 00:07:56,103 However, the champions became important personalities 159 00:07:56,133 --> 00:08:00,253 in their native city and received all sorts of advantages. 160 00:08:00,283 --> 00:08:02,383 An ancient form of sponsorship. 161 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:07,120 From the fifth century BC, 162 00:08:07,150 --> 00:08:10,000 certain athletes lured by gain 163 00:08:10,033 --> 00:08:14,153 decide to represent a city other than their native one. 164 00:08:14,183 --> 00:08:18,353 These shifts of allegiance were considered to be treason. 165 00:08:18,383 --> 00:08:22,003 Statues of fallen champions were even destroyed 166 00:08:22,033 --> 00:08:23,323 tose their memory. 167 00:08:25,300 --> 00:08:29,230 The boundary between amateur and professional athlete 168 00:08:29,266 --> 00:08:31,996 was already difficult to determine. 169 00:08:39,133 --> 00:08:41,223 - [Male Narrator] Olympia archeological site 170 00:08:41,250 --> 00:08:43,050 mid 19th century. 171 00:08:46,050 --> 00:08:49,250 Concealed beneath 1,400 years of dust, 172 00:08:49,283 --> 00:08:52,303 the ancient sanctuary is about to resurface. 173 00:08:55,350 --> 00:08:58,380 The western world has been passionate about its past. 174 00:09:00,150 --> 00:09:02,370 And the taste for antiquities spreads across Europe. 175 00:09:05,233 --> 00:09:09,083 But even though the sanctuary is emerging from oblivion, 176 00:09:09,116 --> 00:09:11,166 the Olympiads are still dead. 177 00:09:13,100 --> 00:09:15,070 However, in Europe, 178 00:09:15,100 --> 00:09:18,120 the Olympic age is incontestably in the air. 179 00:09:19,266 --> 00:09:21,326 Several initiatives try to relaunch 180 00:09:21,366 --> 00:09:24,026 this great ancient event, 181 00:09:24,066 --> 00:09:26,046 but none comes to fruition. 182 00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:31,130 And then a visionary personality enters the stage, 183 00:09:31,166 --> 00:09:33,046 Baron Pierre de Coubertin. 184 00:09:34,216 --> 00:09:37,016 A cultivated young socialite, 185 00:09:37,050 --> 00:09:40,020 the Baron devotes much of his time to sport. 186 00:09:40,050 --> 00:09:40,350 Riding, 187 00:09:40,383 --> 00:09:41,323 rowing, 188 00:09:41,350 --> 00:09:42,270 fencing, 189 00:09:42,300 --> 00:09:43,230 boxing, 190 00:09:43,266 --> 00:09:44,196 pistol shooting. 191 00:09:45,266 --> 00:09:47,376 It's while traveling in England that Coubertin 192 00:09:48,016 --> 00:09:49,166 has a revelation. 193 00:09:51,083 --> 00:09:54,153 While observing students at English universities, 194 00:09:54,183 --> 00:09:57,053 he realizes there's a connection between the practice 195 00:09:57,083 --> 00:10:00,383 of sport and the character building of the individual. 196 00:10:02,183 --> 00:10:05,223 It's a new way of looking at education. 197 00:10:05,250 --> 00:10:08,180 Sport develops independence in the young. 198 00:10:08,216 --> 00:10:10,076 Forges their characters. 199 00:10:11,183 --> 00:10:13,323 Team sports teach leading together 200 00:10:13,350 --> 00:10:15,270 and becoming good citizens. 201 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:21,280 Returning to France with this conviction, 202 00:10:21,316 --> 00:10:25,016 he determines to devote his life to spreading it. 203 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:31,370 And he has a long road ahead because at that time, 204 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:35,030 it was common to say that sport produces idiots, 205 00:10:35,066 --> 00:10:36,196 cardiac cases, 206 00:10:36,233 --> 00:10:37,153 cripples, 207 00:10:37,183 --> 00:10:38,123 and oafs. 208 00:10:41,300 --> 00:10:45,230 However, Pierre de Coubertin's vision goes still further. 209 00:10:46,283 --> 00:10:48,033 He defends sport. 210 00:10:48,066 --> 00:10:50,216 But also its free access. 211 00:10:50,250 --> 00:10:53,170 For him, sport must be international. 212 00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:57,120 Sports leagues all over the world should join together. 213 00:10:57,150 --> 00:11:00,300 On November 25, 1892, on the occasion 214 00:11:00,333 --> 00:11:02,273 of the fifth anniversary of the union 215 00:11:02,300 --> 00:11:05,080 of French athletic sports societies, 216 00:11:05,116 --> 00:11:07,016 he sets out for the first time 217 00:11:07,050 --> 00:11:10,150 his idea of restoring the Olympic Games. 218 00:11:10,183 --> 00:11:11,323 Two years later, 219 00:11:11,350 --> 00:11:14,130 on June 23, 1894, 220 00:11:14,166 --> 00:11:16,166 his vision becomes reality. 221 00:11:17,266 --> 00:11:19,266 At the Sorbonne University in Paris, 222 00:11:19,300 --> 00:11:22,100 the conference for the restoring of the Olympic Games 223 00:11:22,133 --> 00:11:24,103 decides to work towards the renaissance 224 00:11:24,133 --> 00:11:26,023 of the ancient competition. 225 00:11:27,316 --> 00:11:31,016 The International Olympic Committee, or IOC, 226 00:11:31,050 --> 00:11:34,030 is founded with Demetrius Vikelas at its head. 227 00:11:35,016 --> 00:11:37,226 A Greek, a symbol in itself. 228 00:11:39,133 --> 00:11:42,103 And so on April 6, 1896, 229 00:11:42,133 --> 00:11:43,183 in Athens, 230 00:11:43,216 --> 00:11:46,126 in front of more than 60,000 spectators, 231 00:11:46,166 --> 00:11:49,296 the first Olympiad of the modern Olympic Games 232 00:11:49,333 --> 00:11:52,183 bringing together 241 sportsman 233 00:11:52,216 --> 00:11:56,026 from 14 different countries is officially open. 234 00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:01,380 - [Female Narrator] We have just reached a turning point. 235 00:12:02,350 --> 00:12:05,220 A turning point is a key event. 236 00:12:05,250 --> 00:12:09,370 A crossroads in our history whether the world swings one way 237 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:11,330 or the other. 238 00:12:11,366 --> 00:12:13,366 Through his determination, 239 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:17,200 Baron Pierre de Coubertin manages to resurrect 240 00:12:17,233 --> 00:12:20,153 the Olympic ideal of the Greek Olympiads 241 00:12:20,183 --> 00:12:23,003 through a new sports competition, 242 00:12:23,033 --> 00:12:25,183 the modern Olympic Games. 243 00:12:27,016 --> 00:12:29,246 His energy and his passion overcame the difficulties 244 00:12:29,283 --> 00:12:32,273 and today the games are a major global event. 245 00:12:32,300 --> 00:12:35,320 If the Baron had not ced through this project, 246 00:12:35,350 --> 00:12:38,220 we could easily imagine that the idea would have 247 00:12:38,250 --> 00:12:41,180 remained within sporting circles. 248 00:12:41,216 --> 00:12:43,166 It was already alive at the period, 249 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:45,120 notably in the United Kingdom. 250 00:12:46,250 --> 00:12:48,220 It might have been necessary to wait 251 00:12:48,250 --> 00:12:50,350 for the 21st century for fresh attempt 252 00:12:50,383 --> 00:12:52,283 to see Olympiads renewal. 253 00:12:53,383 --> 00:12:56,223 Driven by sports enthusiasts 254 00:12:56,250 --> 00:12:59,250 nostalgic for the ideals of antiquity. 255 00:13:02,183 --> 00:13:04,373 The first editions would have been very modest. 256 00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:07,380 On the fringe of major global sports events. 257 00:13:09,066 --> 00:13:12,126 But, perhaps closer to the ancient Olympiads. 258 00:13:15,050 --> 00:13:16,080 - [Male Narrator] Faster. 259 00:13:16,116 --> 00:13:17,166 Higher. 260 00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:18,380 Stronger. 261 00:13:19,016 --> 00:13:22,166 For Pierre de Coubertin this formula perfectly expresses 262 00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:24,250 the spirit of the modern games. 263 00:13:24,283 --> 00:13:26,203 Surpassing oneself. 264 00:13:26,233 --> 00:13:30,253 The Olympic Games become a formidable human adventure. 265 00:13:30,283 --> 00:13:33,173 Going far beyond a simple sports competition, 266 00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:36,270 they embody a powerful symbol of universality. 267 00:13:38,033 --> 00:13:40,253 Each games must take place in a different city, 268 00:13:40,283 --> 00:13:42,073 in a different country. 269 00:13:43,333 --> 00:13:45,173 As the Olympiads unfold, 270 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,370 a whole ceremonial ritual is established. 271 00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:51,180 The athletes coming from all over the world 272 00:13:51,216 --> 00:13:53,376 are united under the same flag. 273 00:13:55,366 --> 00:13:58,116 Designed by the Baron himself, 274 00:13:58,150 --> 00:13:59,350 the symbol of the linked rings 275 00:13:59,383 --> 00:14:01,203 connected one to another 276 00:14:01,233 --> 00:14:03,253 represents the five continents. 277 00:14:04,333 --> 00:14:08,053 After World War I which tore Europe apart, 278 00:14:08,083 --> 00:14:11,273 it waves for the first time over the Antwerp Games. 279 00:14:13,366 --> 00:14:16,146 An oath is also introduced. 280 00:14:16,183 --> 00:14:18,153 In the name of all the competitors, 281 00:14:18,183 --> 00:14:21,223 an athlete vows to respect the Olympic ideas. 282 00:14:24,250 --> 00:14:26,300 In the name of all competitors, 283 00:14:26,333 --> 00:14:30,353 I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic games 284 00:14:30,383 --> 00:14:34,173 respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them. 285 00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:36,230 In the true spirit of sportsmanship. 286 00:14:36,266 --> 00:14:39,326 For the glory of sport and the honor of our teams. 287 00:14:42,133 --> 00:14:44,383 At the Stockholm Games in 1912, 288 00:14:45,016 --> 00:14:48,226 women finally officially obtained the right to take part. 289 00:14:49,366 --> 00:14:53,196 In 1924, the IOC organizes what will become 290 00:14:53,233 --> 00:14:55,373 the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix. 291 00:14:57,366 --> 00:15:01,326 Very quickly, medals replaced the ancient wreathes. 292 00:15:01,366 --> 00:15:03,226 The winner receives a gold medal, 293 00:15:03,266 --> 00:15:04,266 second a silver, 294 00:15:04,300 --> 00:15:06,020 and third a bronze. 295 00:15:09,316 --> 00:15:13,046 Starting with the Lake Placid Games in 1932, 296 00:15:13,083 --> 00:15:15,023 the medals are presented on a podium 297 00:15:15,050 --> 00:15:16,270 with the winner in the center. 298 00:15:19,050 --> 00:15:20,350 At the Berlin games of 1936, 299 00:15:21,316 --> 00:15:23,276 an ancient ritual is adapted. 300 00:15:25,083 --> 00:15:27,303 Henceforth, a flame lit on the very site of Olympia 301 00:15:27,333 --> 00:15:30,223 is carried by relay to the organizing city. 302 00:15:32,133 --> 00:15:34,203 The final carrier has the honor of lighting 303 00:15:34,233 --> 00:15:37,053 the huge bowl that is not extinguished 304 00:15:37,083 --> 00:15:38,353 until the end of the competition. 305 00:15:40,233 --> 00:15:43,083 Gradually all the competitor ar 306 00:15:43,116 --> 00:15:45,066 in an Olympic Village. 307 00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:47,220 They even create Paralympic Games to enable 308 00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:49,270 those with a handicap to take part. 309 00:15:52,233 --> 00:15:55,283 All this universal symbolism makes the Olympic Games 310 00:15:55,316 --> 00:15:58,016 this very special event. 311 00:15:58,050 --> 00:16:00,030 So different from any other. 312 00:16:01,150 --> 00:16:02,230 - [Female Narrator] From the olive wreath 313 00:16:02,266 --> 00:16:04,066 to the gold medal, 314 00:16:05,333 --> 00:16:07,103 in antiquity, 315 00:16:07,133 --> 00:16:11,003 Greek athlete's main reward was a wreath of leaves. 316 00:16:12,166 --> 00:16:16,266 In our day, we reward Olympic champions with a medal. 317 00:16:16,300 --> 00:16:20,170 In 2016, at the Rio Olympics in Brazil, 318 00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:23,270 2,488 medals were struck, 319 00:16:23,300 --> 00:16:26,070 of which 812 were gold. 320 00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:28,200 Each medal weighed 500 grams. 321 00:16:28,233 --> 00:16:31,303 Of which 30% was recycled material. 322 00:16:31,333 --> 00:16:35,033 The gold medals are actually made of six grams of gold. 323 00:16:35,066 --> 00:16:36,246 The rest is silver, 324 00:16:36,283 --> 00:16:40,173 which gives them a value of around $600 U.S. dollars. 325 00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:42,030 In addition to these medals, 326 00:16:42,066 --> 00:16:44,026 athletes also receive bonuses 327 00:16:44,066 --> 00:16:46,066 from their respective countries. 328 00:16:46,100 --> 00:16:47,100 For example, 329 00:16:47,133 --> 00:16:49,003 each French gold medal winner in Rio 330 00:16:49,033 --> 00:16:51,003 received 50,000 Euros. 331 00:16:52,050 --> 00:16:54,150 The Pierre de Coubertin medal, 332 00:16:54,183 --> 00:16:57,303 also known as the sportsmanship medal however 333 00:16:57,333 --> 00:16:59,223 is very special. 334 00:16:59,250 --> 00:17:02,080 It is awarded to athletes who have demonstrated 335 00:17:02,116 --> 00:17:05,026 a true spirit of sportsmanship. 336 00:17:05,066 --> 00:17:06,126 For example, 337 00:17:06,166 --> 00:17:09,346 it was awarded to the German athlete Luz Long 338 00:17:09,383 --> 00:17:11,333 during the Berlin Olympic Games 339 00:17:11,366 --> 00:17:13,346 in the heart of Nazi Germany. 340 00:17:13,383 --> 00:17:17,053 He helped and advised a black competitor 341 00:17:17,083 --> 00:17:19,383 allowing him to gain the top step of the podium. 342 00:17:21,083 --> 00:17:23,073 According to the Olympic Committee, 343 00:17:23,100 --> 00:17:26,280 it is one of the noblest honors an athlete can receive. 344 00:17:27,316 --> 00:17:29,296 Since 1936, 345 00:17:29,333 --> 00:17:33,083 it has only been awarded 22 times. 346 00:17:38,050 --> 00:17:41,070 - [Male Narrator] August 1, 1936, 347 00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:44,050 swastikas mingle with the Olympic rings. 348 00:17:46,133 --> 00:17:49,033 In front of 100,000 spectators, 349 00:17:49,066 --> 00:17:53,216 the Fuhrer declares the 11th modern Olympic Games open. 350 00:17:55,066 --> 00:17:56,296 At the end of the games, 351 00:17:56,333 --> 00:18:00,173 the Third Reich is staggering under the weight of medals. 352 00:18:02,066 --> 00:18:03,996 Far ahead of the United States, 353 00:18:04,033 --> 00:18:06,003 it wins 89 medals, 354 00:18:06,033 --> 00:18:08,033 of which 33 are gold. 355 00:18:09,216 --> 00:18:12,176 Televised on closed circuit TV for the first time, 356 00:18:12,216 --> 00:18:13,226 the games are, 357 00:18:13,266 --> 00:18:15,016 for the Nazi regime, 358 00:18:15,050 --> 00:18:17,230 an excellent means of showing the entire world 359 00:18:17,266 --> 00:18:19,246 the power of the Germanic race. 360 00:18:22,116 --> 00:18:23,316 The only shadow, 361 00:18:23,350 --> 00:18:26,080 although champions in the trials of strength 362 00:18:26,116 --> 00:18:27,096 such as shot put 363 00:18:27,133 --> 00:18:28,253 or weightlifting, 364 00:18:28,283 --> 00:18:31,203 in athletics the Germans cannot keep pace 365 00:18:31,233 --> 00:18:33,203 with the Afro-Americans. 366 00:18:33,233 --> 00:18:34,283 In Berlin, 367 00:18:34,316 --> 00:18:37,016 in a stadium covered in swastikas, 368 00:18:37,050 --> 00:18:39,200 and in the shadow of Nazi salutes, 369 00:18:39,233 --> 00:18:41,083 before the eyes of the Fuhrer 370 00:18:41,116 --> 00:18:42,216 and the cameras, 371 00:18:42,250 --> 00:18:46,020 the black athlete James Jesse Owens 372 00:18:46,050 --> 00:18:48,330 sweeps up four gold medals. 373 00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:54,350 The games seem to be moving slowly away from the ideal 374 00:18:54,383 --> 00:18:58,283 of universality to become a new field of conflict. 375 00:18:58,316 --> 00:19:00,026 Without soldiers 376 00:19:00,066 --> 00:19:01,096 where the athletes, 377 00:19:01,133 --> 00:19:03,103 often in spite of themselves, 378 00:19:03,133 --> 00:19:05,383 become tools of propaganda and demands. 379 00:19:08,050 --> 00:19:11,300 1968, the Mexico Olympic Games, 380 00:19:11,333 --> 00:19:13,333 Tommy Smith and John Carlos, 381 00:19:13,366 --> 00:19:16,176 two black American sprinters step onto the podium 382 00:19:16,216 --> 00:19:17,326 to receive their medals. 383 00:19:19,133 --> 00:19:22,303 Suddenly, they drop their heads and raise their fists 384 00:19:22,333 --> 00:19:24,333 clad in black leather gloves. 385 00:19:25,316 --> 00:19:27,116 To the eyes of the world, 386 00:19:27,150 --> 00:19:29,170 the athletes denounced the oppression 387 00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:30,350 of black Americans. 388 00:19:35,066 --> 00:19:39,226 1972, at dawn on September 5th, 389 00:19:39,266 --> 00:19:43,146 eight Palestinian terrorists take Israeli athletes hostage 390 00:19:43,183 --> 00:19:45,373 to protest the occupation of Palestine. 391 00:19:49,250 --> 00:19:52,180 The rescue attempt ends in a bloodbath. 392 00:19:52,216 --> 00:19:54,346 And all the hostages are murdered. 393 00:19:59,283 --> 00:20:00,383 During the Cold War, 394 00:20:02,166 --> 00:20:04,376 the Olympic Games become an ideological battleground 395 00:20:05,016 --> 00:20:07,376 between the eastern and western blocks. 396 00:20:08,016 --> 00:20:10,226 The Americans boycott the Moscow Games. 397 00:20:10,266 --> 00:20:12,346 The Soviets those of Los Angeles. 398 00:20:14,366 --> 00:20:16,096 The Olympic Games turn 399 00:20:16,133 --> 00:20:19,083 into a political and publicity showcase. 400 00:20:20,216 --> 00:20:22,196 Boosted by media coverage, 401 00:20:22,233 --> 00:20:24,023 the event that was conceived 402 00:20:24,050 --> 00:20:28,070 as a source of inspiration becomes a mirror to society. 403 00:20:32,183 --> 00:20:34,203 - [Female Moderator] 2,800 years ago 404 00:20:34,233 --> 00:20:36,303 the names of the winners were proclaimed 405 00:20:36,333 --> 00:20:38,123 after each competition. 406 00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:41,000 For the greatest champions, 407 00:20:41,033 --> 00:20:43,173 a statue might be erected. 408 00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:46,020 The athlete wrote his name in history. 409 00:20:47,216 --> 00:20:51,196 In 1924, the Paris games are covered by 1,000 reporters. 410 00:20:52,300 --> 00:20:55,020 In 1936, in Berlin, 411 00:20:55,050 --> 00:20:58,180 the games are broadcast on screen for the first time. 412 00:21:00,083 --> 00:21:02,183 In 1960, Rome was able 413 00:21:02,216 --> 00:21:05,216 to transmit events live throughout Europe. 414 00:21:05,250 --> 00:21:08,080 Cassettes are loaded onto planes each evening 415 00:21:08,116 --> 00:21:11,266 and cross the Atlantic for the United States. 416 00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:16,280 The Los Angeles Games of 1984 mark a turning point. 417 00:21:16,316 --> 00:21:20,016 For the first time the event is entirely financed 418 00:21:20,050 --> 00:21:23,020 by the private sector and sponsors. 419 00:21:23,050 --> 00:21:26,170 Today, 20,000 reporters are accredited 420 00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:29,170 compared to 10,000 athletes. 421 00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:31,280 Television broadcasting rights have risen 422 00:21:31,316 --> 00:21:34,266 from just over one million dollars in 1960 423 00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:37,350 to nearly two billion in 2012. 424 00:21:39,366 --> 00:21:43,276 Sport and the modern media are closely related. 425 00:21:43,316 --> 00:21:44,226 Press, 426 00:21:44,266 --> 00:21:45,226 radio, 427 00:21:45,266 --> 00:21:46,216 cinema, 428 00:21:46,250 --> 00:21:47,180 then television. 429 00:21:47,216 --> 00:21:48,096 And today, 430 00:21:48,133 --> 00:21:49,133 the internet. 431 00:21:50,266 --> 00:21:53,026 The Beijing Games were followed by nearly 432 00:21:53,066 --> 00:21:56,026 five billion television viewers. 433 00:21:56,066 --> 00:21:59,026 A goldmine for adising rights. 434 00:22:02,366 --> 00:22:05,066 - [Male Narrator] One of the heroes of the Olympic Games, 435 00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:07,170 Amil Zatopec once said, 436 00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:12,030 a runner must run with dreams in his heart 437 00:22:12,066 --> 00:22:14,046 and not money in his pocket. 438 00:22:15,166 --> 00:22:17,176 Right from start Pierre de Coubertin 439 00:22:17,216 --> 00:22:19,046 introduced a rule. 440 00:22:19,083 --> 00:22:21,223 The games must remain amateur. 441 00:22:21,250 --> 00:22:24,130 Money must not tarnish the Olympic ideal. 442 00:22:25,316 --> 00:22:30,066 However, in 1973, the IOC agrees to review amateurism. 443 00:22:32,250 --> 00:22:36,130 In the 1980s, the word is stricken from the Olympic charter. 444 00:22:38,133 --> 00:22:42,123 From now on, money gets closer to the heart of the games. 445 00:22:44,016 --> 00:22:47,066 The games have a monumental media impact. 446 00:22:47,100 --> 00:22:50,000 The economic spinoffs are colossal. 447 00:22:51,350 --> 00:22:55,250 In 2008, the 11 sponsors of the Beijing Games 448 00:22:55,283 --> 00:22:58,353 spent 900 million dollars for the rights 449 00:22:58,383 --> 00:23:01,173 to use the Olympicnd in their advertising. 450 00:23:03,366 --> 00:23:06,196 The recent choice of cities in emerging countries 451 00:23:06,233 --> 00:23:08,233 to host the games is clearly part 452 00:23:08,266 --> 00:23:11,026 of the policy of winning new markets. 453 00:23:15,300 --> 00:23:19,130 The games have become a global marketing tool. 454 00:23:19,166 --> 00:23:22,066 Sport, a universal product, 455 00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:25,100 performance and records, an ultimate end. 456 00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:30,180 Sport has become spectacle. 457 00:23:31,366 --> 00:23:35,046 The important thing is no longer to take part, 458 00:23:35,083 --> 00:23:36,183 but to perform. 459 00:23:38,050 --> 00:23:40,220 Although early attempts at doping are observed 460 00:23:40,250 --> 00:23:42,220 as early as 1904, 461 00:23:42,250 --> 00:23:45,000 the phenomenon explodes in the 70s. 462 00:23:46,350 --> 00:23:48,220 From the Soviet block athletes 463 00:23:48,250 --> 00:23:50,230 pumped up with growth hormones 464 00:23:50,266 --> 00:23:53,246 to the American sprinters shot full of steroids, 465 00:23:53,283 --> 00:23:55,353 cheating becomes a state affair. 466 00:23:57,116 --> 00:23:58,226 You must win. 467 00:23:58,266 --> 00:24:00,276 It's a matter of national honor. 468 00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:03,030 Never mind the price, 469 00:24:03,066 --> 00:24:05,316 even that of the life of the athletes. 470 00:24:07,100 --> 00:24:09,370 And they even go so far as to force athletes 471 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:12,250 to get pregnant before the events 472 00:24:12,283 --> 00:24:15,083 to increase their physical capabilities. 473 00:24:15,116 --> 00:24:17,196 Only to abort afterwards. 474 00:24:18,366 --> 00:24:21,366 Today, increasingly tight anti-doping tests 475 00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:24,000 are trying to stem the tide. 476 00:24:24,033 --> 00:24:26,073 But in a world where breaking records 477 00:24:26,100 --> 00:24:27,280 has become a cult, 478 00:24:27,316 --> 00:24:29,076 the question is, 479 00:24:29,116 --> 00:24:32,226 how far is society prepared to go 480 00:24:32,266 --> 00:24:36,096 in order to obtain the unobtainable? 481 00:24:36,133 --> 00:24:38,323 But that is another story. 482 00:24:41,250 --> 00:24:43,020 - [Female Narrator] At Olympia, 483 00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:45,200 the names of cheaters were carved on the statues 484 00:24:45,233 --> 00:24:47,103 leading to the stadium 485 00:24:47,133 --> 00:24:49,233 to be seen by all. 486 00:24:49,266 --> 00:24:51,026 In our day, 487 00:24:51,066 --> 00:24:54,366 numerous records are stained with doubts around doping. 488 00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:57,270 Athletes are surrounded by scientists. 489 00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,180 Their performance scrutinized on monitors. 490 00:25:01,183 --> 00:25:02,273 Overspecialized, 491 00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:04,350 for a time they become super men. 492 00:25:05,350 --> 00:25:07,120 Despite all this, 493 00:25:07,150 --> 00:25:09,380 the games remain a unique moment. 494 00:25:11,050 --> 00:25:13,300 A moment when one person can alone reach 495 00:25:13,333 --> 00:25:17,073 the Olympic firmament using only the strength of their will 496 00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:18,320 and their perseverance. 497 00:25:19,333 --> 00:25:21,053 From Nadia Comaneci 498 00:25:21,083 --> 00:25:22,223 to Carl Lewis. 499 00:25:22,250 --> 00:25:23,320 From Usain Bolt 500 00:25:23,350 --> 00:25:25,130 to Michael Phelps. 501 00:25:25,166 --> 00:25:27,166 Athletes from all over the world 502 00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:30,050 have carved their exploits in our memories 503 00:25:30,083 --> 00:25:31,153 and our hearts. 504 00:25:32,333 --> 00:25:36,073 They have proved that technology is not enough. 505 00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:38,250 That money can't do everything. 506 00:25:38,283 --> 00:25:41,373 That dreams and courage were still a powerful motor 507 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:44,380 in reaching the top step of the podium. 508 00:25:45,016 --> 00:25:48,016 At the Mexico Olympics in 1968, 509 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:51,350 Tanzanian John Stephen Akhwari 510 00:25:51,383 --> 00:25:54,183 was last to finish the marathon. 511 00:25:54,216 --> 00:25:56,296 More than an hour after the winner. 512 00:25:57,250 --> 00:25:59,220 Battered by the ordeal, 513 00:25:59,250 --> 00:26:03,280 he arrived bleeding and limping. 514 00:26:03,316 --> 00:26:06,216 When asked why he didn't abandon, 515 00:26:06,250 --> 00:26:08,100 he arrived bleeding he replied, 516 00:26:08,133 --> 00:26:12,223 my country did not send me 5,000 miles to start the race. 517 00:26:14,166 --> 00:26:16,996 They sent me 5,000 miles to finish it. 518 00:26:17,366 --> 00:26:20,316 (dramatic music) 38383

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