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- [Male Narrator] Olympia, 2028.
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Tanzanian Frank Edward Akhwari
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receives the laurel wreath,
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symbol of his victory
in the marathon.
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On the eve of the
closing ceremony,
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he is the final
athlete to receive
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the ultimate reward at
the very first edition
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of the modern Olympic Games.
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After 1600 years of oblivion,
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the European Sports
Association is trying
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to put the Olympic
Games back at the center
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of the international stage.
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Symbolically held at the
Sanctuary of Olympia,
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these first games struggled
to attract 500 athletes
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from 20 different countries.
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In a world dominated by
highly monetized sport,
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the games extol
ancient sporting values
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and the absence of
financial stakes.
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But none of this ever happened.
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On June 23, 1894,
one man will succeed
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in relaunching
the Olympic spirit
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and turn the games
into a global event.
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Our history is no more than a
series of incredible events.
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Every one of us can
influence its course.
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(dramatic music)
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(electric guitar music)
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(speaking in foreign language)
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(dramatic music)
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The most infinitesimal
of our decisions
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can influence the
future of humanity.
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To know the past is
to foresee the future.
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In 392 of our era,
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the Christian Roman
Emperor Theodosius I
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declares a ban on pagan events.
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November 25, 1892,
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Baron Pierre de Coubertin
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announces the idea
of reestablishing
the Olympic Games.
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April 6, 1896, in Athens,
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the first edition of
the modern Olympic Games
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is officially opened.
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These three intimately
connected events
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are the key moments in the
history of the Olympic Games.
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(clapping)
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Olympia,
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Ancient Greece,
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152 BC.
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Leonidas, champion of Rhodes,
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is on the start line.
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(dramatic music)
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Early in the day he already
won two other races.
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The heat of the sun
on his naked body
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intensifies his weariness.
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However, his muscles are
ready for the ultimate
battle.
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The one that will take him
over the finish line first.
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The one that will
offer him victory.
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The one that will raise
him to the level of legend.
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(dramatic music)
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In the fifth century BC,
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the Greek world is a
brilliant civilization.
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However, each Greek
city is independent.
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Athens,
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Sparta,
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Corinth,
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or Thebes may well all
be Greek in culture
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and language,
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but they are also rivals.
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These enemies waged
terrible fratricidal wars.
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Only two things appear to rise
above this ancestral rivalry.
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The struggle against
the common enemy,
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Persia.
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And the staging of major
sports competitions
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like the Olympiads.
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The ancient Olympic Games.
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The oldest written evidence
proving the existence
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of the ancient games in Greece
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dates back to 776 BC,
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almost 2,800 years ago.
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They say that Hercules himself,
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son of Zeus,
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built the first
stadium at Olympia,
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the sacred sanctuary
of the Greeks.
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Since then,
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every four years,
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a truce requires every
city to grant a pass.
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Athletes and spectators
may then travel freely
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to the sanctuary.
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Both a sports gathering
and a pilgrimage,
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the Greek Olympics were
much more than mere games.
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For the Greeks,
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the athletes reflect the ideal
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of a harmonious balance
between mind and body.
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Uniquely open to men
and strictly forbidden
to non-Greeks,
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the events pit the champions
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of each city against each other.
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Races on foot.
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Or carrying weapons,
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javelin and discus throwing,
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wrestling,
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boxing,
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chariot racing.
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The victors received the
crown of olive leaves
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and are vetted as heroes.
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Statues are erected
in their memory.
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Coins struck in their likeness.
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Poems written to their glory.
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The ancient games
are so important
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that the Greek calendar
is not divided into years,
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but into Olympiads,
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representing a
period of four years.
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However, in the second
century before our era,
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a new participant
enters the games.
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The Roman Republic.
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Like the Greeks,
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the Romans love the games.
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Greece, conquered by
the legions is annexed.
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The Greek Olympiads
are thus added
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to the long list of
Roman competitions.
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In 27 BC, the Republic
becomes an empire.
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The games turn into a spectacle.
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In the Coliseum,
gladiators fight each other
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to the cheers of
70,000 spectators.
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While at the Circus Maximus,
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horse drawn chariots
compete in ferocious races.
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The whole Roman engineering
genius is put into service
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of entertainment.
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Huge awnings protect the
spectators from the sun.
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Amphitheaters are flooded
to stage real naval battles.
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Exotic forest settings
are reconstructed
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to present fights between
wild beasts and men.
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In the fourth
century of our era,
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the Greek Olympics still
exist on the fringe
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of the 175 days
devoted to the games.
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Now, Christianity has
slowly imposed itself
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as the empire's unique religion.
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Pagan worship is marginalized.
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The games are considered
to be barbaric practices.
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Particular targets,
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gladiatorial contests.
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In 392, Roman Emperor Theodosius
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declares the definitive
banning of pagan worship.
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The following year,
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the Olympiads are
banned in turn.
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After more than
a thousand years,
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the Olympia site is abandoned
and falls into oblivion.
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- [Female Narrator] Welcome
to the memory of humanity.
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Here we can col time,
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analyze and compare
billions of events
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and alter them to rewrite
history endlessly.
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All the events in our history
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however minute they might be
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are memorized and
interconnected.
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It only requires one to be
changed for all the others
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to be shaken to the core.
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Amateur or professional?
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In Ancient Greece,
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athletes were not paid.
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They competed for the
fame and for their city.
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However, the champions became
important personalities
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in their native city
and received all
sorts of advantages.
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An ancient form of sponsorship.
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From the fifth century BC,
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certain athletes lured by gain
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decide to represent a city
other than their native one.
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These shifts of allegiance
were considered to be treason.
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Statues of fallen champions
were even destroyed
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tose their memory.
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The boundary between amateur
and professional athlete
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was already difficult
to determine.
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- [Male Narrator] Olympia
archeological site
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mid 19th century.
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Concealed beneath
1,400 years of dust,
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the ancient sanctuary
is about to resurface.
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The western world has been
passionate about its past.
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And the taste for antiquities
spreads across Europe.
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But even though the sanctuary
is emerging from oblivion,
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the Olympiads are still dead.
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However, in Europe,
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the Olympic age is
incontestably in the air.
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Several initiatives
try to relaunch
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this great ancient event,
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but none comes to fruition.
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And then a visionary
personality enters the stage,
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Baron Pierre de Coubertin.
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A cultivated young socialite,
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the Baron devotes much
of his time to sport.
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Riding,
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rowing,
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fencing,
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boxing,
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pistol shooting.
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It's while traveling in
England that Coubertin
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has a revelation.
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While observing students
at English universities,
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he realizes there's a
connection between the practice
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of sport and the character
building of the individual.
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It's a new way of
looking at education.
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Sport develops
independence in the young.
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Forges their characters.
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Team sports teach
leading together
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and becoming good citizens.
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Returning to France
with this conviction,
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he determines to devote
his life to spreading it.
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And he has a long road
ahead because at that time,
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it was common to say that
sport produces idiots,
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cardiac cases,
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cripples,
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and oafs.
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However, Pierre de Coubertin's
vision goes still further.
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He defends sport.
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But also its free access.
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For him, sport must
be international.
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Sports leagues all over the
world should join together.
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On November 25,
1892, on the occasion
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of the fifth
anniversary of the union
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00:11:02,300 --> 00:11:05,080
of French athletic
sports societies,
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he sets out for the first time
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his idea of restoring
the Olympic Games.
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Two years later,
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on June 23, 1894,
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his vision becomes reality.
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At the Sorbonne
University in Paris,
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the conference for the
restoring of the Olympic Games
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decides to work
towards the renaissance
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of the ancient competition.
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The International Olympic
Committee, or IOC,
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is founded with Demetrius
Vikelas at its head.
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A Greek, a symbol in itself.
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And so on April 6, 1896,
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in Athens,
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in front of more than
60,000 spectators,
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the first Olympiad of
the modern Olympic Games
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bringing together 241 sportsman
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from 14 different countries
is officially open.
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- [Female Narrator] We have
just reached a turning point.
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A turning point is a key event.
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A crossroads in our history
whether the world swings one
way
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00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:11,330
or the other.
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00:12:11,366 --> 00:12:13,366
Through his determination,
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00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:17,200
Baron Pierre de Coubertin
manages to resurrect
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00:12:17,233 --> 00:12:20,153
the Olympic ideal of
the Greek Olympiads
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00:12:20,183 --> 00:12:23,003
through a new
sports competition,
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00:12:23,033 --> 00:12:25,183
the modern Olympic Games.
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00:12:27,016 --> 00:12:29,246
His energy and his passion
overcame the difficulties
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00:12:29,283 --> 00:12:32,273
and today the games are
a major global event.
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00:12:32,300 --> 00:12:35,320
If the Baron had not ced
through this project,
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we could easily imagine
that the idea would have
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00:12:38,250 --> 00:12:41,180
remained within
sporting circles.
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It was already
alive at the period,
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00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:45,120
notably in the United Kingdom.
250
00:12:46,250 --> 00:12:48,220
It might have been
necessary to wait
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00:12:48,250 --> 00:12:50,350
for the 21st century
for fresh attempt
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00:12:50,383 --> 00:12:52,283
to see Olympiads renewal.
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00:12:53,383 --> 00:12:56,223
Driven by sports enthusiasts
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00:12:56,250 --> 00:12:59,250
nostalgic for the
ideals of antiquity.
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00:13:02,183 --> 00:13:04,373
The first editions would
have been very modest.
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00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:07,380
On the fringe of major
global sports events.
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But, perhaps closer to
the ancient Olympiads.
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- [Male Narrator] Faster.
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00:13:16,116 --> 00:13:17,166
Higher.
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00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:18,380
Stronger.
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00:13:19,016 --> 00:13:22,166
For Pierre de Coubertin this
formula perfectly expresses
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00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:24,250
the spirit of the modern games.
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00:13:24,283 --> 00:13:26,203
Surpassing oneself.
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00:13:26,233 --> 00:13:30,253
The Olympic Games become a
formidable human adventure.
265
00:13:30,283 --> 00:13:33,173
Going far beyond a simple
sports competition,
266
00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:36,270
they embody a powerful
symbol of universality.
267
00:13:38,033 --> 00:13:40,253
Each games must take
place in a different city,
268
00:13:40,283 --> 00:13:42,073
in a different country.
269
00:13:43,333 --> 00:13:45,173
As the Olympiads unfold,
270
00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,370
a whole ceremonial
ritual is established.
271
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:51,180
The athletes coming
from all over the world
272
00:13:51,216 --> 00:13:53,376
are united under the same flag.
273
00:13:55,366 --> 00:13:58,116
Designed by the Baron himself,
274
00:13:58,150 --> 00:13:59,350
the symbol of the linked rings
275
00:13:59,383 --> 00:14:01,203
connected one to another
276
00:14:01,233 --> 00:14:03,253
represents the five continents.
277
00:14:04,333 --> 00:14:08,053
After World War I which
tore Europe apart,
278
00:14:08,083 --> 00:14:11,273
it waves for the first time
over the Antwerp Games.
279
00:14:13,366 --> 00:14:16,146
An oath is also introduced.
280
00:14:16,183 --> 00:14:18,153
In the name of all
the competitors,
281
00:14:18,183 --> 00:14:21,223
an athlete vows to
respect the Olympic ideas.
282
00:14:24,250 --> 00:14:26,300
In the name of all competitors,
283
00:14:26,333 --> 00:14:30,353
I promise that we shall take
part in these Olympic games
284
00:14:30,383 --> 00:14:34,173
respecting and abiding by
the rules that govern them.
285
00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:36,230
In the true spirit
of sportsmanship.
286
00:14:36,266 --> 00:14:39,326
For the glory of sport and
the honor of our teams.
287
00:14:42,133 --> 00:14:44,383
At the Stockholm Games in 1912,
288
00:14:45,016 --> 00:14:48,226
women finally officially
obtained the right to take
part.
289
00:14:49,366 --> 00:14:53,196
In 1924, the IOC
organizes what will become
290
00:14:53,233 --> 00:14:55,373
the first Winter
Olympics in Chamonix.
291
00:14:57,366 --> 00:15:01,326
Very quickly, medals replaced
the ancient wreathes.
292
00:15:01,366 --> 00:15:03,226
The winner receives
a gold medal,
293
00:15:03,266 --> 00:15:04,266
second a silver,
294
00:15:04,300 --> 00:15:06,020
and third a bronze.
295
00:15:09,316 --> 00:15:13,046
Starting with the Lake
Placid Games in 1932,
296
00:15:13,083 --> 00:15:15,023
the medals are
presented on a podium
297
00:15:15,050 --> 00:15:16,270
with the winner in the center.
298
00:15:19,050 --> 00:15:20,350
At the Berlin games of 1936,
299
00:15:21,316 --> 00:15:23,276
an ancient ritual is adapted.
300
00:15:25,083 --> 00:15:27,303
Henceforth, a flame lit on
the very site of Olympia
301
00:15:27,333 --> 00:15:30,223
is carried by relay to
the organizing city.
302
00:15:32,133 --> 00:15:34,203
The final carrier has
the honor of lighting
303
00:15:34,233 --> 00:15:37,053
the huge bowl that
is not extinguished
304
00:15:37,083 --> 00:15:38,353
until the end of
the competition.
305
00:15:40,233 --> 00:15:43,083
Gradually all the competitor ar
306
00:15:43,116 --> 00:15:45,066
in an Olympic Village.
307
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:47,220
They even create
Paralympic Games to enable
308
00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:49,270
those with a handicap
to take part.
309
00:15:52,233 --> 00:15:55,283
All this universal symbolism
makes the Olympic Games
310
00:15:55,316 --> 00:15:58,016
this very special event.
311
00:15:58,050 --> 00:16:00,030
So different from any other.
312
00:16:01,150 --> 00:16:02,230
- [Female Narrator]
From the olive wreath
313
00:16:02,266 --> 00:16:04,066
to the gold medal,
314
00:16:05,333 --> 00:16:07,103
in antiquity,
315
00:16:07,133 --> 00:16:11,003
Greek athlete's main reward
was a wreath of leaves.
316
00:16:12,166 --> 00:16:16,266
In our day, we reward Olympic
champions with a medal.
317
00:16:16,300 --> 00:16:20,170
In 2016, at the Rio
Olympics in Brazil,
318
00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:23,270
2,488 medals were struck,
319
00:16:23,300 --> 00:16:26,070
of which 812 were gold.
320
00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:28,200
Each medal weighed 500 grams.
321
00:16:28,233 --> 00:16:31,303
Of which 30% was
recycled material.
322
00:16:31,333 --> 00:16:35,033
The gold medals are actually
made of six grams of gold.
323
00:16:35,066 --> 00:16:36,246
The rest is silver,
324
00:16:36,283 --> 00:16:40,173
which gives them a value of
around $600 U.S. dollars.
325
00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:42,030
In addition to these medals,
326
00:16:42,066 --> 00:16:44,026
athletes also receive bonuses
327
00:16:44,066 --> 00:16:46,066
from their respective countries.
328
00:16:46,100 --> 00:16:47,100
For example,
329
00:16:47,133 --> 00:16:49,003
each French gold
medal winner in Rio
330
00:16:49,033 --> 00:16:51,003
received 50,000 Euros.
331
00:16:52,050 --> 00:16:54,150
The Pierre de Coubertin medal,
332
00:16:54,183 --> 00:16:57,303
also known as the
sportsmanship medal however
333
00:16:57,333 --> 00:16:59,223
is very special.
334
00:16:59,250 --> 00:17:02,080
It is awarded to athletes
who have demonstrated
335
00:17:02,116 --> 00:17:05,026
a true spirit of sportsmanship.
336
00:17:05,066 --> 00:17:06,126
For example,
337
00:17:06,166 --> 00:17:09,346
it was awarded to the
German athlete Luz Long
338
00:17:09,383 --> 00:17:11,333
during the Berlin Olympic Games
339
00:17:11,366 --> 00:17:13,346
in the heart of Nazi Germany.
340
00:17:13,383 --> 00:17:17,053
He helped and advised
a black competitor
341
00:17:17,083 --> 00:17:19,383
allowing him to gain the
top step of the podium.
342
00:17:21,083 --> 00:17:23,073
According to the
Olympic Committee,
343
00:17:23,100 --> 00:17:26,280
it is one of the noblest
honors an athlete can receive.
344
00:17:27,316 --> 00:17:29,296
Since 1936,
345
00:17:29,333 --> 00:17:33,083
it has only been
awarded 22 times.
346
00:17:38,050 --> 00:17:41,070
- [Male Narrator]
August 1, 1936,
347
00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:44,050
swastikas mingle with
the Olympic rings.
348
00:17:46,133 --> 00:17:49,033
In front of 100,000 spectators,
349
00:17:49,066 --> 00:17:53,216
the Fuhrer declares the 11th
modern Olympic Games open.
350
00:17:55,066 --> 00:17:56,296
At the end of the games,
351
00:17:56,333 --> 00:18:00,173
the Third Reich is staggering
under the weight of medals.
352
00:18:02,066 --> 00:18:03,996
Far ahead of the United States,
353
00:18:04,033 --> 00:18:06,003
it wins 89 medals,
354
00:18:06,033 --> 00:18:08,033
of which 33 are gold.
355
00:18:09,216 --> 00:18:12,176
Televised on closed circuit
TV for the first time,
356
00:18:12,216 --> 00:18:13,226
the games are,
357
00:18:13,266 --> 00:18:15,016
for the Nazi regime,
358
00:18:15,050 --> 00:18:17,230
an excellent means of
showing the entire world
359
00:18:17,266 --> 00:18:19,246
the power of the Germanic race.
360
00:18:22,116 --> 00:18:23,316
The only shadow,
361
00:18:23,350 --> 00:18:26,080
although champions in
the trials of strength
362
00:18:26,116 --> 00:18:27,096
such as shot put
363
00:18:27,133 --> 00:18:28,253
or weightlifting,
364
00:18:28,283 --> 00:18:31,203
in athletics the
Germans cannot keep pace
365
00:18:31,233 --> 00:18:33,203
with the Afro-Americans.
366
00:18:33,233 --> 00:18:34,283
In Berlin,
367
00:18:34,316 --> 00:18:37,016
in a stadium covered
in swastikas,
368
00:18:37,050 --> 00:18:39,200
and in the shadow
of Nazi salutes,
369
00:18:39,233 --> 00:18:41,083
before the eyes of the Fuhrer
370
00:18:41,116 --> 00:18:42,216
and the cameras,
371
00:18:42,250 --> 00:18:46,020
the black athlete
James Jesse Owens
372
00:18:46,050 --> 00:18:48,330
sweeps up four gold medals.
373
00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:54,350
The games seem to be moving
slowly away from the ideal
374
00:18:54,383 --> 00:18:58,283
of universality to become
a new field of conflict.
375
00:18:58,316 --> 00:19:00,026
Without soldiers
376
00:19:00,066 --> 00:19:01,096
where the athletes,
377
00:19:01,133 --> 00:19:03,103
often in spite of themselves,
378
00:19:03,133 --> 00:19:05,383
become tools of
propaganda and demands.
379
00:19:08,050 --> 00:19:11,300
1968, the Mexico Olympic Games,
380
00:19:11,333 --> 00:19:13,333
Tommy Smith and John Carlos,
381
00:19:13,366 --> 00:19:16,176
two black American sprinters
step onto the podium
382
00:19:16,216 --> 00:19:17,326
to receive their medals.
383
00:19:19,133 --> 00:19:22,303
Suddenly, they drop their
heads and raise their fists
384
00:19:22,333 --> 00:19:24,333
clad in black leather gloves.
385
00:19:25,316 --> 00:19:27,116
To the eyes of the world,
386
00:19:27,150 --> 00:19:29,170
the athletes denounced
the oppression
387
00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:30,350
of black Americans.
388
00:19:35,066 --> 00:19:39,226
1972, at dawn on September 5th,
389
00:19:39,266 --> 00:19:43,146
eight Palestinian terrorists
take Israeli athletes hostage
390
00:19:43,183 --> 00:19:45,373
to protest the
occupation of Palestine.
391
00:19:49,250 --> 00:19:52,180
The rescue attempt
ends in a bloodbath.
392
00:19:52,216 --> 00:19:54,346
And all the hostages
are murdered.
393
00:19:59,283 --> 00:20:00,383
During the Cold War,
394
00:20:02,166 --> 00:20:04,376
the Olympic Games become
an ideological battleground
395
00:20:05,016 --> 00:20:07,376
between the eastern
and western blocks.
396
00:20:08,016 --> 00:20:10,226
The Americans boycott
the Moscow Games.
397
00:20:10,266 --> 00:20:12,346
The Soviets those
of Los Angeles.
398
00:20:14,366 --> 00:20:16,096
The Olympic Games turn
399
00:20:16,133 --> 00:20:19,083
into a political and
publicity showcase.
400
00:20:20,216 --> 00:20:22,196
Boosted by media coverage,
401
00:20:22,233 --> 00:20:24,023
the event that was conceived
402
00:20:24,050 --> 00:20:28,070
as a source of inspiration
becomes a mirror to society.
403
00:20:32,183 --> 00:20:34,203
- [Female Moderator]
2,800 years ago
404
00:20:34,233 --> 00:20:36,303
the names of the
winners were proclaimed
405
00:20:36,333 --> 00:20:38,123
after each competition.
406
00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:41,000
For the greatest champions,
407
00:20:41,033 --> 00:20:43,173
a statue might be erected.
408
00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:46,020
The athlete wrote
his name in history.
409
00:20:47,216 --> 00:20:51,196
In 1924, the Paris games are
covered by 1,000 reporters.
410
00:20:52,300 --> 00:20:55,020
In 1936, in Berlin,
411
00:20:55,050 --> 00:20:58,180
the games are broadcast on
screen for the first time.
412
00:21:00,083 --> 00:21:02,183
In 1960, Rome was able
413
00:21:02,216 --> 00:21:05,216
to transmit events
live throughout Europe.
414
00:21:05,250 --> 00:21:08,080
Cassettes are loaded
onto planes each evening
415
00:21:08,116 --> 00:21:11,266
and cross the Atlantic
for the United States.
416
00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:16,280
The Los Angeles Games of
1984 mark a turning point.
417
00:21:16,316 --> 00:21:20,016
For the first time the
event is entirely financed
418
00:21:20,050 --> 00:21:23,020
by the private
sector and sponsors.
419
00:21:23,050 --> 00:21:26,170
Today, 20,000 reporters
are accredited
420
00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:29,170
compared to 10,000 athletes.
421
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:31,280
Television broadcasting
rights have risen
422
00:21:31,316 --> 00:21:34,266
from just over one
million dollars in 1960
423
00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:37,350
to nearly two billion in 2012.
424
00:21:39,366 --> 00:21:43,276
Sport and the modern
media are closely related.
425
00:21:43,316 --> 00:21:44,226
Press,
426
00:21:44,266 --> 00:21:45,226
radio,
427
00:21:45,266 --> 00:21:46,216
cinema,
428
00:21:46,250 --> 00:21:47,180
then television.
429
00:21:47,216 --> 00:21:48,096
And today,
430
00:21:48,133 --> 00:21:49,133
the internet.
431
00:21:50,266 --> 00:21:53,026
The Beijing Games were
followed by nearly
432
00:21:53,066 --> 00:21:56,026
five billion television viewers.
433
00:21:56,066 --> 00:21:59,026
A goldmine for
adising rights.
434
00:22:02,366 --> 00:22:05,066
- [Male Narrator] One of the
heroes of the Olympic Games,
435
00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:07,170
Amil Zatopec once said,
436
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:12,030
a runner must run with
dreams in his heart
437
00:22:12,066 --> 00:22:14,046
and not money in his pocket.
438
00:22:15,166 --> 00:22:17,176
Right from start
Pierre de Coubertin
439
00:22:17,216 --> 00:22:19,046
introduced a rule.
440
00:22:19,083 --> 00:22:21,223
The games must remain amateur.
441
00:22:21,250 --> 00:22:24,130
Money must not tarnish
the Olympic ideal.
442
00:22:25,316 --> 00:22:30,066
However, in 1973, the IOC
agrees to review amateurism.
443
00:22:32,250 --> 00:22:36,130
In the 1980s, the
word is stricken from
the Olympic charter.
444
00:22:38,133 --> 00:22:42,123
From now on, money gets closer
to the heart of the games.
445
00:22:44,016 --> 00:22:47,066
The games have a
monumental media impact.
446
00:22:47,100 --> 00:22:50,000
The economic spinoffs
are colossal.
447
00:22:51,350 --> 00:22:55,250
In 2008, the 11 sponsors
of the Beijing Games
448
00:22:55,283 --> 00:22:58,353
spent 900 million
dollars for the rights
449
00:22:58,383 --> 00:23:01,173
to use the Olympicnd
in their advertising.
450
00:23:03,366 --> 00:23:06,196
The recent choice of cities
in emerging countries
451
00:23:06,233 --> 00:23:08,233
to host the games
is clearly part
452
00:23:08,266 --> 00:23:11,026
of the policy of
winning new markets.
453
00:23:15,300 --> 00:23:19,130
The games have become a
global marketing tool.
454
00:23:19,166 --> 00:23:22,066
Sport, a universal product,
455
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:25,100
performance and records,
an ultimate end.
456
00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:30,180
Sport has become spectacle.
457
00:23:31,366 --> 00:23:35,046
The important thing is
no longer to take part,
458
00:23:35,083 --> 00:23:36,183
but to perform.
459
00:23:38,050 --> 00:23:40,220
Although early attempts
at doping are observed
460
00:23:40,250 --> 00:23:42,220
as early as 1904,
461
00:23:42,250 --> 00:23:45,000
the phenomenon
explodes in the 70s.
462
00:23:46,350 --> 00:23:48,220
From the Soviet block athletes
463
00:23:48,250 --> 00:23:50,230
pumped up with growth hormones
464
00:23:50,266 --> 00:23:53,246
to the American sprinters
shot full of steroids,
465
00:23:53,283 --> 00:23:55,353
cheating becomes a state affair.
466
00:23:57,116 --> 00:23:58,226
You must win.
467
00:23:58,266 --> 00:24:00,276
It's a matter of national honor.
468
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:03,030
Never mind the price,
469
00:24:03,066 --> 00:24:05,316
even that of the
life of the athletes.
470
00:24:07,100 --> 00:24:09,370
And they even go so far
as to force athletes
471
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:12,250
to get pregnant
before the events
472
00:24:12,283 --> 00:24:15,083
to increase their
physical capabilities.
473
00:24:15,116 --> 00:24:17,196
Only to abort afterwards.
474
00:24:18,366 --> 00:24:21,366
Today, increasingly
tight anti-doping tests
475
00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:24,000
are trying to stem the tide.
476
00:24:24,033 --> 00:24:26,073
But in a world where
breaking records
477
00:24:26,100 --> 00:24:27,280
has become a cult,
478
00:24:27,316 --> 00:24:29,076
the question is,
479
00:24:29,116 --> 00:24:32,226
how far is society
prepared to go
480
00:24:32,266 --> 00:24:36,096
in order to obtain
the unobtainable?
481
00:24:36,133 --> 00:24:38,323
But that is another story.
482
00:24:41,250 --> 00:24:43,020
- [Female Narrator] At Olympia,
483
00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:45,200
the names of cheaters
were carved on the statues
484
00:24:45,233 --> 00:24:47,103
leading to the stadium
485
00:24:47,133 --> 00:24:49,233
to be seen by all.
486
00:24:49,266 --> 00:24:51,026
In our day,
487
00:24:51,066 --> 00:24:54,366
numerous records are stained
with doubts around doping.
488
00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:57,270
Athletes are surrounded
by scientists.
489
00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,180
Their performance
scrutinized on monitors.
490
00:25:01,183 --> 00:25:02,273
Overspecialized,
491
00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:04,350
for a time they
become super men.
492
00:25:05,350 --> 00:25:07,120
Despite all this,
493
00:25:07,150 --> 00:25:09,380
the games remain
a unique moment.
494
00:25:11,050 --> 00:25:13,300
A moment when one
person can alone reach
495
00:25:13,333 --> 00:25:17,073
the Olympic firmament using
only the strength of their
will
496
00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:18,320
and their perseverance.
497
00:25:19,333 --> 00:25:21,053
From Nadia Comaneci
498
00:25:21,083 --> 00:25:22,223
to Carl Lewis.
499
00:25:22,250 --> 00:25:23,320
From Usain Bolt
500
00:25:23,350 --> 00:25:25,130
to Michael Phelps.
501
00:25:25,166 --> 00:25:27,166
Athletes from all over the world
502
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:30,050
have carved their
exploits in our memories
503
00:25:30,083 --> 00:25:31,153
and our hearts.
504
00:25:32,333 --> 00:25:36,073
They have proved that
technology is not enough.
505
00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:38,250
That money can't do everything.
506
00:25:38,283 --> 00:25:41,373
That dreams and courage
were still a powerful motor
507
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:44,380
in reaching the top
step of the podium.
508
00:25:45,016 --> 00:25:48,016
At the Mexico Olympics in 1968,
509
00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:51,350
Tanzanian John Stephen Akhwari
510
00:25:51,383 --> 00:25:54,183
was last to finish the marathon.
511
00:25:54,216 --> 00:25:56,296
More than an hour
after the winner.
512
00:25:57,250 --> 00:25:59,220
Battered by the ordeal,
513
00:25:59,250 --> 00:26:03,280
he arrived bleeding and limping.
514
00:26:03,316 --> 00:26:06,216
When asked why he
didn't abandon,
515
00:26:06,250 --> 00:26:08,100
he arrived bleeding he replied,
516
00:26:08,133 --> 00:26:12,223
my country did not send me
5,000 miles to start the
race.
517
00:26:14,166 --> 00:26:16,996
They sent me 5,000
miles to finish it.
518
00:26:17,366 --> 00:26:20,316
(dramatic music)
38383
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