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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,216 --> 00:00:06,116 - [Narrator] New York, August 15th 1914, First World War. 2 00:00:06,150 --> 00:00:08,480 The fourth fleet, pride of the royal navy, 3 00:00:09,016 --> 00:00:10,416 has just weighed anchor. 4 00:00:10,450 --> 00:00:13,180 In a few weeks, the expeditionary force 5 00:00:13,216 --> 00:00:15,216 of the 13 colonies will land in Europe, 6 00:00:15,250 --> 00:00:18,420 ready to defend the motherland, the British Empire. 7 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:24,020 In the 20th century, the United Kingdom is a great 8 00:00:24,050 --> 00:00:27,180 colonial power from America to Asia, 9 00:00:27,216 --> 00:00:30,466 the Union Jack flies over every continent. 10 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:34,300 During the last century, she created the vastest empire 11 00:00:34,333 --> 00:00:37,073 in the history of humanity. 12 00:00:37,100 --> 00:00:39,320 The huge statue of her majesty, Queen Victoria, 13 00:00:39,350 --> 00:00:42,400 stands triumphant at the entrance to New York bay, 14 00:00:42,433 --> 00:00:45,453 reminding all of the power of the British Crown. 15 00:00:47,033 --> 00:00:48,473 But none of this ever happened. 16 00:00:50,066 --> 00:00:52,466 In 1759, a tiny grain of sand will decide 17 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:56,320 the fate of New France and change the face of the world. 18 00:00:58,050 --> 00:01:01,420 Our history is no more than a series of incredible events. 19 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:06,200 Every one of us can influence it's course. 20 00:01:08,016 --> 00:01:10,296 (upbeat music) 21 00:01:26,083 --> 00:01:27,423 The most infinitesimal of our decisions 22 00:01:27,450 --> 00:01:30,070 can influence the future of humanity. 23 00:01:30,100 --> 00:01:32,350 To know the past is to foresee the future. 24 00:01:39,400 --> 00:01:44,130 July 1534, Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, 25 00:01:44,166 --> 00:01:46,266 has just made contact with the Amerindians 26 00:01:46,300 --> 00:01:48,420 in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. 27 00:01:48,450 --> 00:01:53,180 May 28th 1754, George Washington, a British militia man, 28 00:01:53,216 --> 00:01:54,996 carries out a surprise attack 29 00:01:55,033 --> 00:01:57,083 on a French embassy in the Ohio Valley. 30 00:01:58,216 --> 00:02:02,326 September 18th 1759, at the end of a long siege, 31 00:02:02,366 --> 00:02:05,026 Quebec, capital of New France, 32 00:02:05,066 --> 00:02:07,376 falls into the hands of the British Crown. 33 00:02:07,416 --> 00:02:09,346 These three events are key moments 34 00:02:09,383 --> 00:02:12,073 in the history of New France. 35 00:02:12,100 --> 00:02:14,350 They will lead to the creation of Canada. 36 00:02:18,133 --> 00:02:20,153 Newfoundland, viking encampment. 37 00:02:22,050 --> 00:02:24,320 The colony has just survived its first winter. 38 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:29,100 We are 500 years before Christopher Columbus' voyage, 39 00:02:29,133 --> 00:02:31,433 and the Scandinavian explorers are the first Europeans 40 00:02:31,466 --> 00:02:34,196 to set foot on the continent of North America. 41 00:02:39,483 --> 00:02:41,203 A land of abundance, 42 00:02:41,233 --> 00:02:44,433 roaming with mighty herds of bison and caribou, 43 00:02:44,466 --> 00:02:48,026 covered as far as the eye can see with vast forests, 44 00:02:48,066 --> 00:02:51,026 criss-crossed by rivers teaming with fish and beaver, 45 00:02:51,066 --> 00:02:52,376 the north of America suffers from 46 00:02:52,416 --> 00:02:54,216 extreme climate conditions. 47 00:02:56,116 --> 00:02:57,466 Winter lasts five months, 48 00:02:59,216 --> 00:03:02,146 and temperatures can drop to lower than minus 40 degrees. 49 00:03:03,350 --> 00:03:05,350 And yet, in the 16th century, 50 00:03:05,383 --> 00:03:08,353 daring adventurers will set out to explore its coasts, 51 00:03:08,383 --> 00:03:10,173 and then its interior. 52 00:03:13,433 --> 00:03:17,483 May 10th 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier 53 00:03:18,016 --> 00:03:21,166 arrives within sight of the great island of Newfoundland 54 00:03:21,200 --> 00:03:24,420 for his first expedition in the name of Francois I, 55 00:03:24,450 --> 00:03:26,080 king of France. 56 00:03:27,300 --> 00:03:30,170 During his voyages, he will first explore the coasts, 57 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:33,220 and then venture up one of the greatest rivers of the world, 58 00:03:33,250 --> 00:03:34,400 the Saint Lawrence. 59 00:03:36,050 --> 00:03:38,080 But, although he was one of the first Europeans 60 00:03:38,116 --> 00:03:40,046 to explore these territories, 61 00:03:40,083 --> 00:03:42,403 he is far from being the first man to set foot there. 62 00:03:45,166 --> 00:03:47,096 For over 10,000 years, 63 00:03:47,133 --> 00:03:49,323 the Amerindians have inhabited the continent. 64 00:03:51,066 --> 00:03:53,216 They are then some hundreds of thousands 65 00:03:53,250 --> 00:03:57,150 divided into tribes, nations, and confederations. 66 00:03:57,183 --> 00:03:59,173 In contrast to the Spanish conquistadors 67 00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:01,320 with the Aztecs a few years earlier, 68 00:04:01,350 --> 00:04:03,030 relations between the French 69 00:04:03,066 --> 00:04:05,216 and the Natives will remain generally amicable. 70 00:04:07,133 --> 00:04:09,433 This peaceful entente is the keystone 71 00:04:09,466 --> 00:04:11,116 of the future French colony, 72 00:04:11,150 --> 00:04:14,080 and is unique in the history of America. 73 00:04:15,200 --> 00:04:17,150 What's more, from hearing the Natives 74 00:04:17,183 --> 00:04:19,323 constantly inviting him to their village, 75 00:04:19,350 --> 00:04:22,030 which they call Kanata, 76 00:04:22,066 --> 00:04:25,276 Cartier decides to use the word to name the region. 77 00:04:25,316 --> 00:04:28,376 This is first appearance of the word Canada. 78 00:04:30,150 --> 00:04:32,370 Trade is rapidly established between Amerindians 79 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:36,480 and Europeans, beaver belts for rifles, clothing, or pots. 80 00:04:38,250 --> 00:04:41,330 The trappers camps gradually turn into small trading posts. 81 00:04:42,433 --> 00:04:46,083 Colonists begin to settle permanently, 82 00:04:46,116 --> 00:04:48,296 but living conditions are testing for the French, 83 00:04:48,333 --> 00:04:50,253 accustomed to a gentler climate. 84 00:04:51,366 --> 00:04:54,076 Two out of every three colonists give up 85 00:04:54,116 --> 00:04:56,276 and return to France after the first winter. 86 00:04:58,150 --> 00:05:02,420 The others adapt, they are now no longer completely French, 87 00:05:02,450 --> 00:05:04,350 they become Canadians. 88 00:05:07,433 --> 00:05:09,303 July third, 1608. 89 00:05:10,366 --> 00:05:13,266 After several disastrous attempts, 90 00:05:13,300 --> 00:05:15,470 the embryo of a city rises from the earth 91 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:18,030 on the banks of the Saint Lawrence river. 92 00:05:19,150 --> 00:05:22,070 This spot, a strategic one because 93 00:05:23,133 --> 00:05:25,353 located on the main trading route for skins, 94 00:05:25,383 --> 00:05:29,003 and at the precise point where the river narrows, 95 00:05:29,033 --> 00:05:30,403 is well known to the Natives. 96 00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:36,070 They call it Quebec. 97 00:05:39,400 --> 00:05:42,200 - [Narrator] Welcome to the memory of humanity. 98 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:46,330 Here, we can control time, 99 00:05:46,366 --> 00:05:49,116 analyze and compare billions of events, 100 00:05:49,150 --> 00:05:52,020 and alter them to rewrite history endlessly. 101 00:05:54,100 --> 00:05:57,270 All the events in our history, however minute they might be, 102 00:05:57,300 --> 00:06:00,170 are memorized and interconnected. 103 00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:02,230 It only requires one to be changed 104 00:06:02,266 --> 00:06:04,416 for all the other to be shaken to their core. 105 00:06:06,016 --> 00:06:09,346 For example, let's go back to the 17th century 106 00:06:09,383 --> 00:06:13,323 and compare the Amerindian and European ways of life. 107 00:06:13,350 --> 00:06:16,120 In both cases, the peoples are heirs 108 00:06:16,150 --> 00:06:19,220 to a culture thousands of years old. 109 00:06:19,250 --> 00:06:22,350 Linguistic differences between the Huron of the Great Lakes 110 00:06:22,383 --> 00:06:24,403 and the Micmac of the Saint Lawrence 111 00:06:24,433 --> 00:06:28,183 are as great as those between the English and the Germans, 112 00:06:28,216 --> 00:06:31,416 and the same applies to their cultures and eating habits. 113 00:06:34,100 --> 00:06:37,430 As in Europe, the Amerindian nations forge alliances, 114 00:06:37,466 --> 00:06:39,346 and frequently go to war. 115 00:06:42,350 --> 00:06:46,380 However, Amerindian societies are more egalitarian, 116 00:06:46,416 --> 00:06:50,066 social and community life, collective property, 117 00:06:50,100 --> 00:06:52,080 and equality between all, 118 00:06:52,116 --> 00:06:55,226 regardless of age, sex, or filiation. 119 00:06:57,150 --> 00:07:01,220 We are a long way from the caricature of the noble savage. 120 00:07:06,466 --> 00:07:08,276 - [Narrator] Early 18th century. 121 00:07:09,450 --> 00:07:12,000 In a century of living together, the French Canadians 122 00:07:12,033 --> 00:07:14,123 have learned a lot from the Amerindians. 123 00:07:15,183 --> 00:07:17,383 The colonists have made ever deeper inroads 124 00:07:17,416 --> 00:07:20,466 into the country, mainly using the river network. 125 00:07:22,233 --> 00:07:26,323 They are now called runners of the woods, they are hearty, 126 00:07:26,350 --> 00:07:29,220 and can run for hours over hill and forest, 127 00:07:29,250 --> 00:07:32,480 are sharp shooters, often speak several Native languages, 128 00:07:33,016 --> 00:07:34,296 and marry with the Natives. 129 00:07:36,333 --> 00:07:39,483 They will map almost half of the North American continent, 130 00:07:40,016 --> 00:07:41,176 giving the regions they pass through 131 00:07:41,216 --> 00:07:43,196 the names of the tribes who live there. 132 00:07:44,366 --> 00:07:48,246 Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, or Wisconsin. 133 00:07:50,400 --> 00:07:52,300 A century after it was founded, 134 00:07:52,333 --> 00:07:56,423 the tiny trading post of Quebec is now a city of 9,000. 135 00:07:57,366 --> 00:07:59,426 It has been through tough times, 136 00:07:59,466 --> 00:08:02,296 extraordinarily harsh winters, famine, 137 00:08:02,333 --> 00:08:04,423 and war with the Iroquois. 138 00:08:06,416 --> 00:08:09,026 Along with Montreal and Louisbourg, 139 00:08:09,066 --> 00:08:11,046 Quebec is one of the principal cities 140 00:08:11,083 --> 00:08:13,183 of the royal colony of New France. 141 00:08:15,316 --> 00:08:19,076 But, for the Crown, Canada costs a lot, 142 00:08:19,116 --> 00:08:21,146 and brings in little. 143 00:08:21,183 --> 00:08:24,173 Under Louis XV, the more profitable sugar islands 144 00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:26,130 of the Caribbean take preference. 145 00:08:27,450 --> 00:08:31,150 Furthermore, the colony is ice bound half of the year, 146 00:08:31,183 --> 00:08:32,203 which interrupts trade, 147 00:08:32,233 --> 00:08:34,253 and makes it complicated to provision. 148 00:08:36,133 --> 00:08:39,003 In the metropole, the future of these 149 00:08:39,033 --> 00:08:42,133 few acres of snow is far from being a priority. 150 00:08:45,116 --> 00:08:48,016 For the United Kingdom, it's quite the opposite. 151 00:08:51,350 --> 00:08:53,280 Great Britain is an island. 152 00:08:54,400 --> 00:08:58,300 In order to grow, it is forced to look outwards. 153 00:08:58,333 --> 00:09:02,023 Very quickly, an imperialist policy is born in London, 154 00:09:03,250 --> 00:09:06,470 British possessions in America are not merely trading posts, 155 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:10,480 they are above all new territories to occupy, 156 00:09:11,016 --> 00:09:13,116 exploit, and defend. 157 00:09:14,433 --> 00:09:17,023 And that is how, in the 17th century, 158 00:09:17,050 --> 00:09:19,400 waves of colonists founded New England, 159 00:09:21,050 --> 00:09:23,050 setting out with their possessions and their families, 160 00:09:23,083 --> 00:09:25,123 they have no intention of returning. 161 00:09:26,283 --> 00:09:28,473 Driven from England by religious persecution, 162 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:30,380 they are carried along by the conviction 163 00:09:30,416 --> 00:09:33,266 that they must establish a purer society. 164 00:09:34,483 --> 00:09:38,003 Henceforth, the Amerindians, regarded as an embarrassment, 165 00:09:38,033 --> 00:09:39,373 are fought and driven out. 166 00:09:42,216 --> 00:09:45,426 In 1750, the 13 British colonies have more 167 00:09:45,466 --> 00:09:50,146 than a million inhabitants, and they are expanding fast. 168 00:09:50,183 --> 00:09:53,073 The French Canadians are barely 17,000, 169 00:09:53,100 --> 00:09:56,300 on a territory at least five times greater. 170 00:09:56,333 --> 00:09:58,023 Between dynamic British colonies 171 00:09:58,050 --> 00:10:01,030 and underpopulated Franco-Amerindian territories, 172 00:10:01,066 --> 00:10:03,246 competition is more present than ever. 173 00:10:09,050 --> 00:10:11,350 - [Narrator] Adapt or disappear. 174 00:10:11,383 --> 00:10:14,123 In America, the English colonists import 175 00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:18,120 their way of working, and impose it on the Amerindians. 176 00:10:18,150 --> 00:10:22,070 The French, in minority, and in a hostile environment, 177 00:10:22,100 --> 00:10:24,230 adapt and treat them as equals. 178 00:10:25,400 --> 00:10:27,320 They know that the survival of their country 179 00:10:27,350 --> 00:10:30,070 depends on their relations with their allies. 180 00:10:31,250 --> 00:10:34,380 Rather than fight a pitched battle, costly in men, 181 00:10:34,416 --> 00:10:38,046 they prefer the skirmish, ambushes, raids, 182 00:10:38,083 --> 00:10:41,303 stealthy movement and fighting in the forest. 183 00:10:41,333 --> 00:10:44,103 The Canadians call it little war, 184 00:10:44,133 --> 00:10:47,273 a sort of guerrilla warfare, and it's a hunt, 185 00:10:47,300 --> 00:10:51,420 a man hunt, move from tree to tree to remain covered, 186 00:10:51,450 --> 00:10:54,400 shoot only when sure of hitting your target, 187 00:10:54,433 --> 00:10:57,053 only emerge from hiding to fire, 188 00:10:57,083 --> 00:11:00,103 and then attack hand to hand. 189 00:11:00,133 --> 00:11:01,233 The British army, however, 190 00:11:01,266 --> 00:11:04,246 had conserved its fighting tactics, 191 00:11:04,283 --> 00:11:08,203 but it does have an ace, its discipline. 192 00:11:08,233 --> 00:11:12,253 In a fixed battle, it is able to fire continuously. 193 00:11:12,283 --> 00:11:16,373 One line of soldiers fires while the preceding line reloads. 194 00:11:18,283 --> 00:11:21,203 Guerrilla against fire power, 195 00:11:21,233 --> 00:11:25,073 it's the same plan as that adopted by the Afghan Mujahideen 196 00:11:25,100 --> 00:11:27,450 against the Soviet army in the 20th century. 197 00:11:31,350 --> 00:11:34,200 - [Narrator] May 28th 1754. 198 00:11:34,233 --> 00:11:37,323 This day marks the end of the status quo. 199 00:11:37,350 --> 00:11:39,480 British militia men carry out a surprise attack 200 00:11:40,016 --> 00:11:41,376 on a French embassy. 201 00:11:41,416 --> 00:11:44,166 Leading them is the young George Washington, 202 00:11:44,200 --> 00:11:47,280 the future first president of the United States of America. 203 00:11:54,233 --> 00:11:56,253 The execution of the French ambassador 204 00:11:56,283 --> 00:11:58,433 is the declaration of a war that will impact 205 00:11:58,466 --> 00:12:01,426 on every continent, the Seven Years War. 206 00:12:05,316 --> 00:12:08,396 France and England, the two great powers of the period, 207 00:12:08,433 --> 00:12:11,203 will confront each other on land and sea, 208 00:12:11,233 --> 00:12:13,273 in Europe and in their colonies. 209 00:12:16,266 --> 00:12:20,016 From the beginning, England plays its trump card, 210 00:12:20,050 --> 00:12:24,130 the Royal Navy deploys across the ocean, it's mission, 211 00:12:26,466 --> 00:12:30,146 destroy the French Navy, block her ports, 212 00:12:30,183 --> 00:12:33,133 preventing her from getting aid to her colonies. 213 00:12:33,166 --> 00:12:36,266 In short, paralyze the realm. 214 00:12:36,300 --> 00:12:38,450 The navy, with fearsome efficiency, 215 00:12:38,483 --> 00:12:42,123 manages to cut off France's arms. 216 00:12:42,150 --> 00:12:46,100 The French colonies are now left to their own devices. 217 00:12:46,133 --> 00:12:49,253 In New France, it looks to be a difficult fight. 218 00:12:51,133 --> 00:12:54,033 Canada is then governed by the Marquis of Vaudreuil, 219 00:12:54,066 --> 00:12:58,126 a Canadian, born in Quebec, he favors the little war. 220 00:13:00,033 --> 00:13:02,333 For two years, militia and Amerindians have inflicted 221 00:13:02,366 --> 00:13:05,316 defeat after defeat on the English troops. 222 00:13:05,350 --> 00:13:07,370 The French as masters of the terrain, 223 00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:11,020 but now he has to work with the commander 224 00:13:11,050 --> 00:13:14,000 of the Royal Armies, the Marquis of Montcalm, 225 00:13:14,033 --> 00:13:16,383 recently arrived from France. 226 00:13:16,416 --> 00:13:18,066 The latter, enjoying the same 227 00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:20,030 hierarchical level as Vaudreuil, 228 00:13:20,066 --> 00:13:23,026 has no taste for this inglorious form of warfare, 229 00:13:23,066 --> 00:13:25,466 but he quickly learns to use it effectively. 230 00:13:28,183 --> 00:13:30,123 The combined force of the regular troops 231 00:13:30,150 --> 00:13:32,350 and the Canadian militia is a redoubtable one. 232 00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:36,300 The English forts fall to the French shelling 233 00:13:36,333 --> 00:13:38,303 while their patrols walk into ambushes 234 00:13:38,333 --> 00:13:40,123 set by the Canadian militia. 235 00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:44,080 From the banks of the Hudson 236 00:13:44,116 --> 00:13:46,326 to the snow covered slopes of Lake Champlain, 237 00:13:46,366 --> 00:13:50,146 the English troops are shoved and harassed from all sides. 238 00:13:52,416 --> 00:13:56,126 But on the seas, the Royal Navy rules supreme. 239 00:13:58,383 --> 00:14:02,423 On July 27th 1758, Louisbourg, key to New France, 240 00:14:03,483 --> 00:14:05,403 falls into the hands of the English. 241 00:14:07,416 --> 00:14:11,226 French reinforcements are arriving only in dribs and drabs, 242 00:14:11,266 --> 00:14:14,416 whereas the British troops are increasingly numerous. 243 00:14:16,383 --> 00:14:17,473 The fight is close. 244 00:14:20,033 --> 00:14:22,203 Montcalm knows that he will finally be overwhelmed, 245 00:14:22,233 --> 00:14:24,453 and begs for reinforcements, 246 00:14:24,483 --> 00:14:28,233 but France is also fighting battles on the continent, 247 00:14:28,266 --> 00:14:31,096 no one will come to the rescue of New France. 248 00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:36,070 On June fourth, 1759, a formidable fleet of English 249 00:14:36,100 --> 00:14:39,020 war ships leaves Louisbourg and heads for Quebec. 250 00:14:41,033 --> 00:14:43,423 On board are nearly 2,000 cannon, 251 00:14:43,450 --> 00:14:46,450 and 22,000 soldiers and seamen. 252 00:14:46,483 --> 00:14:49,183 The battle for Quebec is about to begin. 253 00:14:53,150 --> 00:14:55,030 - [Narrator] Control of the seas. 254 00:14:58,050 --> 00:15:01,130 During the conflict, the Royal Navy is everywhere 255 00:15:01,166 --> 00:15:04,216 and wins almost all its battles. 256 00:15:04,250 --> 00:15:09,200 It's superiority is crushing, sailing powerful vessels 257 00:15:09,233 --> 00:15:13,083 with two or three decks armed with batteries of cannon, 258 00:15:13,116 --> 00:15:15,076 it controls the oceans. 259 00:15:16,283 --> 00:15:19,273 The key to its success lies in its iron discipline, 260 00:15:19,300 --> 00:15:22,280 constant training, and effective logistics. 261 00:15:24,100 --> 00:15:28,000 Whereas the French sailors only put to sea to do battle, 262 00:15:28,033 --> 00:15:31,433 the English are almost constantly at sea, training. 263 00:15:31,466 --> 00:15:35,026 In the same space of time, their crews manage to fire 264 00:15:35,066 --> 00:15:38,366 three rounds of cannon to a single one from the French. 265 00:15:41,483 --> 00:15:45,133 Whereas in France, ship's captain is often regarded 266 00:15:45,166 --> 00:15:49,076 as a mere title, the British captains are promoted on merit, 267 00:15:49,116 --> 00:15:51,426 are effective and hardened by naval combat. 268 00:15:53,283 --> 00:15:55,303 The spirit of initiative, daring, 269 00:15:55,333 --> 00:15:58,333 and speed are the keystones to the Royal Navy. 270 00:16:00,283 --> 00:16:04,333 It's motto: if you want peace, prepare for war. 271 00:16:05,433 --> 00:16:08,083 In our day, its only equivalent would be 272 00:16:08,116 --> 00:16:11,016 the military supremacy of the United States, 273 00:16:11,050 --> 00:16:13,130 the only country capable of delivering 274 00:16:13,166 --> 00:16:17,346 considerable firepower to the far side of the globe. 275 00:16:17,383 --> 00:16:20,373 - [Narrator] Quebec, early 1759. 276 00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:22,350 The French commanders don't agree. 277 00:16:24,083 --> 00:16:27,333 Governor Vaudreuil wants to defend the entire territory, 278 00:16:27,366 --> 00:16:30,166 military commander Montcalm considers it to be lost, 279 00:16:30,200 --> 00:16:32,480 and withdraws the majority of his troops to Quebec. 280 00:16:34,250 --> 00:16:37,080 He has 15,000 men under his orders. 281 00:16:37,116 --> 00:16:39,146 The fight is still far from lost, 282 00:16:39,183 --> 00:16:41,083 especially as navigation on the Saint Lawrence 283 00:16:41,116 --> 00:16:44,046 is almost impossible for those who don't know the river. 284 00:16:45,250 --> 00:16:47,200 But, aboard the British flagship, 285 00:16:48,300 --> 00:16:51,230 General James Wolfe holds a crucial ace, 286 00:16:51,266 --> 00:16:54,166 highly accurate French marine charts. 287 00:16:55,383 --> 00:16:58,423 On June 26, against all expectations, 288 00:16:58,450 --> 00:17:01,170 the English warships sail past Orleans island 289 00:17:01,200 --> 00:17:03,080 and into sight of Quebec. 290 00:17:04,383 --> 00:17:08,273 The city is immediately besieged, the French troops, 291 00:17:08,300 --> 00:17:11,070 having vainly attempted to set fire to the enemy ships, 292 00:17:11,100 --> 00:17:13,300 entrench in their positions. 293 00:17:13,333 --> 00:17:17,073 On the 29th, the English step ashore on the opposite bank. 294 00:17:17,100 --> 00:17:18,300 Cannons are set up in a battery, 295 00:17:18,333 --> 00:17:21,023 and soon begin to pound the city. 296 00:17:21,050 --> 00:17:23,250 Mid-July, a part of the British fleet braves 297 00:17:23,283 --> 00:17:26,053 the French cannons and moves up river. 298 00:17:26,083 --> 00:17:28,453 The city is now exposed on two fronts. 299 00:17:30,183 --> 00:17:33,323 By the end of July, Wolfe launches a massive attack, 300 00:17:33,350 --> 00:17:35,480 but the English troops suffer heavy losses. 301 00:17:37,033 --> 00:17:39,453 The general now adopts a new strategy, 302 00:17:39,483 --> 00:17:42,323 he sends his rangers to ravage the hinterland. 303 00:17:43,366 --> 00:17:47,346 1,400 farms are destroyed and burned, 304 00:17:47,383 --> 00:17:50,303 but the city, protected by its cliffs and its cannons, 305 00:17:50,333 --> 00:17:52,423 still does not surrender. 306 00:17:52,450 --> 00:17:56,470 Wolfe has already lost many men, more seriously, 307 00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:58,170 winter's approaching, 308 00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:00,470 and his fleet risks becoming trapped in the ice. 309 00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:04,220 He decides to risk everything. 310 00:18:06,233 --> 00:18:08,203 During the night of September 12th, 311 00:18:08,233 --> 00:18:09,483 after foiling the French centuries, 312 00:18:10,016 --> 00:18:12,126 he secretly disembarks a part of his troops 313 00:18:12,166 --> 00:18:13,376 to the west of the city. 314 00:18:15,466 --> 00:18:17,346 Reputedly impassable, 315 00:18:17,383 --> 00:18:20,353 the steep relief is Quebec's best defense. 316 00:18:23,300 --> 00:18:25,130 Disciplined and professional, 317 00:18:25,166 --> 00:18:27,466 the British soldiers begin the assault on the cliff. 318 00:18:29,166 --> 00:18:31,396 Overthrowing the French defenses, they gain a foothold 319 00:18:31,433 --> 00:18:35,173 on the summit and immediately form a battle line. 320 00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:37,400 Wolfe knows his position is precarious, 321 00:18:37,433 --> 00:18:39,323 just one vigorous French counter attack 322 00:18:39,350 --> 00:18:41,470 could destroy him and his men. 323 00:18:44,083 --> 00:18:47,203 But the French fail to seize their opportunity. 324 00:18:47,233 --> 00:18:50,203 When Montcalm finally arrives to face the British 325 00:18:50,233 --> 00:18:52,353 on the place known as the Plains of Abraham, 326 00:18:52,383 --> 00:18:55,073 they are ready to fight, muskets loaded. 327 00:18:56,233 --> 00:18:57,423 They are a mere few thousand, 328 00:18:57,450 --> 00:19:00,050 while Montcalm disposes of many more troops, 329 00:19:00,083 --> 00:19:02,103 but half of his men are more used to 330 00:19:02,133 --> 00:19:04,153 skirmishing than to pitched battle. 331 00:19:06,116 --> 00:19:08,326 Large numbers of French reinforcements are on the way, 332 00:19:08,366 --> 00:19:11,476 he only needs to wait a few hours to be sure of victory. 333 00:19:13,183 --> 00:19:16,023 This is when Montcalm takes a crucial decision. 334 00:19:16,050 --> 00:19:18,380 Anxious to see the enemy consolidate his positions, 335 00:19:18,416 --> 00:19:22,096 he decides not to wait any longer and launches the attack. 336 00:19:24,216 --> 00:19:27,046 The English line, impassable, holds firm. 337 00:19:28,283 --> 00:19:31,053 Even when the first French bullets hit their ranks, 338 00:19:31,083 --> 00:19:33,353 his Majesty's soldiers remain calm. 339 00:19:34,433 --> 00:19:37,153 They wait 'til the French, in disorder, 340 00:19:37,183 --> 00:19:40,473 come within range, 'til their muskets have been fired, 341 00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:44,330 then, as one man, they aim and unleash hell. 342 00:19:47,233 --> 00:19:49,303 The volley is devastating, 343 00:19:49,333 --> 00:19:53,083 the French soldiers are cut down by a hail of lead. 344 00:19:53,116 --> 00:19:55,426 In a few minutes, the fate of the battle is sealed, 345 00:19:57,150 --> 00:20:01,000 the French line collapses, the regulars beat a retreat. 346 00:20:02,333 --> 00:20:04,273 From the woods, the Canadian militia 347 00:20:04,300 --> 00:20:06,000 riddle the British troops with lead 348 00:20:06,033 --> 00:20:08,403 and wreak havoc, but to no purpose. 349 00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:13,200 Two hours later, the battle is lost. 350 00:20:26,116 --> 00:20:28,466 - [Narrator] We have just reached a turning point. 351 00:20:29,450 --> 00:20:32,220 A turning point is a key event, 352 00:20:32,250 --> 00:20:34,120 a cross roads in our history, 353 00:20:34,150 --> 00:20:37,450 where the world swings one way or the other. 354 00:20:37,483 --> 00:20:41,373 By prematurely attacking a troop of disciplined soldiers, 355 00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:43,430 Montcalm is heading for failure. 356 00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:47,320 Demoralized, the inhabitants of Quebec 357 00:20:47,350 --> 00:20:50,270 surrender to the English troops. 358 00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:54,030 What would've happened if he had waited for reinforcement? 359 00:20:54,066 --> 00:20:55,316 If he had held the line 360 00:20:55,350 --> 00:20:58,320 and ordered his militia to harass the enemy soldiers? 361 00:20:59,483 --> 00:21:02,123 Once the reinforcements had arrived, 362 00:21:02,150 --> 00:21:05,150 he could've defeated the British and saved the city. 363 00:21:05,183 --> 00:21:08,433 Waging the little war, New France would've continued, 364 00:21:08,466 --> 00:21:10,426 and would've retained part of its territory 365 00:21:10,466 --> 00:21:13,016 until the end of the war in Europe. 366 00:21:14,300 --> 00:21:17,300 With the French enemy still present on its borders, 367 00:21:17,333 --> 00:21:20,023 the English American colonies would've probably 368 00:21:20,050 --> 00:21:21,380 not have sought their independence, 369 00:21:21,416 --> 00:21:24,026 and would've remained loyal to the Crown. 370 00:21:25,350 --> 00:21:27,480 North America would've remained a territory 371 00:21:28,016 --> 00:21:30,026 shared by British and French, 372 00:21:30,066 --> 00:21:33,166 maybe even up until the dawn of the First World War. 373 00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:38,200 - [Narrator] The outcome of the battle 374 00:21:38,233 --> 00:21:41,103 of the Plains of Abraham was settled within minutes. 375 00:21:42,366 --> 00:21:46,016 The leaders of both camps, mortally wounded, do not survive. 376 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:52,150 Five days later, the city of Quebec surrenders. 377 00:21:52,183 --> 00:21:54,453 The Canadians, cut off from the kingdom of France, 378 00:21:54,483 --> 00:21:58,023 unable to provision them, will fight on for a few months 379 00:21:58,050 --> 00:22:00,420 with the energy of despair. 380 00:22:00,450 --> 00:22:02,200 But every British soldier killed 381 00:22:02,233 --> 00:22:05,053 is immediately replaced by two others. 382 00:22:05,083 --> 00:22:07,153 The Royal Navy is everywhere. 383 00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:11,280 After supporting them to the end, 384 00:22:11,316 --> 00:22:15,066 the last of the Amerindian allies abandon the French, 385 00:22:15,100 --> 00:22:18,030 inescapable victims of a war already lost. 386 00:22:20,233 --> 00:22:22,353 On September eighth, 1760, 387 00:22:22,383 --> 00:22:26,083 the capitulation of Montreal marks the end of New France. 388 00:22:29,083 --> 00:22:32,023 The Seven Years War is a disaster for France, 389 00:22:32,050 --> 00:22:34,170 which loses a large part of her colonies, 390 00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,100 including all of her possessions in North America. 391 00:22:39,416 --> 00:22:42,326 When signing the Treaty of Paris in 1763, 392 00:22:42,366 --> 00:22:44,426 French diplomats prefer to save their islands 393 00:22:44,466 --> 00:22:47,096 in the Caribbean rather than the vast, 394 00:22:47,133 --> 00:22:49,183 icebound territories of Canada. 395 00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:55,100 The Canadians become British subjects, 396 00:22:55,133 --> 00:23:00,023 as a result, they must speak English and become Protestants. 397 00:23:00,050 --> 00:23:02,300 The Amerindians, deprived of their allies, 398 00:23:02,333 --> 00:23:04,233 now trade with the English. 399 00:23:05,416 --> 00:23:07,416 A century later, the United Kingdom, 400 00:23:07,450 --> 00:23:12,000 the big winner, will become an immense colonial empire, 401 00:23:12,033 --> 00:23:15,023 the greatest in the entire history of humanity. 402 00:23:16,133 --> 00:23:19,103 The 19th century will be British, 403 00:23:19,133 --> 00:23:23,233 the English language will become universal, but ironically, 404 00:23:24,416 --> 00:23:27,066 the end of a French presence in North America 405 00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:30,120 leaves the 13 English colonies with no enemies. 406 00:23:32,200 --> 00:23:35,120 A few years later, weighed down with taxes, 407 00:23:35,150 --> 00:23:37,030 the colonists will no longer see 408 00:23:37,066 --> 00:23:38,466 any interest in British sovereignty, 409 00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:41,180 and will fight for their independence. 410 00:23:41,216 --> 00:23:43,176 The French, eager for revenge, 411 00:23:43,216 --> 00:23:46,066 will crush the British fleet in the Chesapeake Bay, 412 00:23:46,100 --> 00:23:50,200 and win the war at the side of the American revolutionaries. 413 00:23:50,233 --> 00:23:53,203 Without her, United States would never have seen 414 00:23:53,233 --> 00:23:57,323 the light of day, but that is another story. 415 00:24:01,233 --> 00:24:03,483 - [Narrator] The world's face has changed. 416 00:24:04,016 --> 00:24:06,126 The Seven Years War is the first 417 00:24:06,166 --> 00:24:08,366 conflict with global impact. 418 00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,320 All the European powers took part, 419 00:24:11,350 --> 00:24:13,450 involving their respective colonies, 420 00:24:13,483 --> 00:24:16,383 the conflict spread across the world. 421 00:24:16,416 --> 00:24:20,326 At the end of the war, the cards are dealt again. 422 00:24:20,366 --> 00:24:25,046 By losing Canada, France leaves the field wide open. 423 00:24:25,083 --> 00:24:27,203 The British exploit the opportunity, 424 00:24:27,233 --> 00:24:28,433 the Anglo-Saxon language 425 00:24:28,466 --> 00:24:31,376 and culture gradually imposes itself there. 426 00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:38,070 Give or take 10 minutes, the time for a few musket follies, 427 00:24:38,100 --> 00:24:40,030 and the opposite could've happened. 428 00:24:43,016 --> 00:24:46,446 Today, Canada is a flourishing, multicultural nation. 429 00:24:48,100 --> 00:24:50,000 At first marginalized, 430 00:24:50,033 --> 00:24:52,473 the French community is now perfectly integrated, 431 00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:54,450 and is a full part of the nation. 432 00:24:56,133 --> 00:25:00,323 First Amerindian, then French, and finally English, 433 00:25:00,350 --> 00:25:04,000 the inhabitants of Canada have learned to live together, 434 00:25:04,033 --> 00:25:06,283 a blend of three cultures, 435 00:25:06,316 --> 00:25:09,126 they have been able to create their own identity. 436 00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:13,420 They have become Canadians. 437 00:25:13,450 --> 00:25:16,450 (epic action music) 35937

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