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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,066 --> 00:00:03,146 - [Male Narrator] Our history is no more 2 00:00:03,183 --> 00:00:04,473 than a series of incredible events. 3 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:08,300 Each one of us can influence its course. 4 00:00:08,333 --> 00:00:10,433 The tiniest of our decisions can influence 5 00:00:10,466 --> 00:00:13,216 the future of mankind. 6 00:00:13,250 --> 00:00:17,120 To know the past is to anticipate the future. 7 00:00:22,216 --> 00:00:26,296 1597, a Japanese general barely 15 years old 8 00:00:26,333 --> 00:00:28,353 is humiliated by military defeat. 9 00:00:28,383 --> 00:00:30,223 His name is Hideaki. 10 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:33,280 October 21st, 1600. 11 00:00:35,016 --> 00:00:37,316 In the heat of battle, General Ieyasu orders his archers 12 00:00:37,350 --> 00:00:40,230 to shoot upon an indecisive ally. 13 00:00:41,483 --> 00:00:44,453 Three years later, Ieyasu becomes shogun, 14 00:00:44,483 --> 00:00:49,073 the uncontested leader of the entire Japanese people. 15 00:00:50,166 --> 00:00:52,246 These three intimately connected events 16 00:00:52,283 --> 00:00:57,173 will lead to a united Japan and 250 years of civil peace. 17 00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:58,470 Let's see how. 18 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:01,470 (dramatic drumming) 19 00:01:04,333 --> 00:01:07,083 We are in the 17th century on a territory 20 00:01:07,116 --> 00:01:10,176 covered with mountains, shaken by earthquakes, 21 00:01:10,216 --> 00:01:13,296 and split into a multitude of islands, 22 00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:17,370 the Land of the Rising Sun, Japan. 23 00:01:19,083 --> 00:01:21,353 This is the period of the shoguns, 24 00:01:21,383 --> 00:01:25,133 the period of the Sengoku and the samurai. 25 00:01:31,383 --> 00:01:35,473 During this period, Japan is a major civilization. 26 00:01:37,166 --> 00:01:40,166 More than 10 million people live on the three main islands, 27 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:42,380 Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku. 28 00:01:48,350 --> 00:01:51,000 In this Japan, the most precious object 29 00:01:51,033 --> 00:01:55,123 measured no more than a few millimeters, a grain of rice. 30 00:01:56,483 --> 00:02:00,223 Rice is the foundation of the economic and social system. 31 00:02:00,250 --> 00:02:02,070 Because it feeds the population, 32 00:02:02,100 --> 00:02:04,280 rice defines the wealth of each individual. 33 00:02:04,316 --> 00:02:06,416 The more land you possess to grow rice, 34 00:02:06,450 --> 00:02:10,030 the higher rank you occupy in society. 35 00:02:12,300 --> 00:02:16,400 So possession of lots of land guarantees lots of power. 36 00:02:27,383 --> 00:02:31,183 Such is the case of those known as the daimyo. 37 00:02:31,216 --> 00:02:33,316 These are local lords with their castles 38 00:02:33,350 --> 00:02:35,080 and their own armies. 39 00:02:35,116 --> 00:02:37,316 The majority of the country's land belongs to them, 40 00:02:37,350 --> 00:02:39,430 so they are very powerful. 41 00:02:43,483 --> 00:02:46,083 In this form of political organization, 42 00:02:46,116 --> 00:02:49,066 the role of the emperor is purely symbolic, 43 00:02:49,100 --> 00:02:51,450 that of a spiritual guide to the nation. 44 00:02:51,483 --> 00:02:54,183 The real power lies in the hands of the shogun, 45 00:02:54,216 --> 00:02:58,296 a sort of supreme general to whom everybody owes obedience. 46 00:03:06,083 --> 00:03:09,233 So the government of Japan relies on a delicate balance, 47 00:03:09,266 --> 00:03:12,416 a sharing of power between the central power of the shogun 48 00:03:12,450 --> 00:03:15,370 and the local power of the daimyo. 49 00:03:20,333 --> 00:03:23,333 To achieve this, both parties need the final piece 50 00:03:23,366 --> 00:03:26,046 on the chessboard of Japanese society, 51 00:03:26,083 --> 00:03:29,033 a military class of professional warriors, 52 00:03:29,066 --> 00:03:30,446 the fearsome samurai. 53 00:03:37,066 --> 00:03:41,316 - [Female Narrator] Welcome to the memory of humanity. 54 00:03:41,350 --> 00:03:43,280 Here, we can control time, 55 00:03:43,316 --> 00:03:46,116 analyze and compare billions of events, 56 00:03:46,150 --> 00:03:50,330 and alter them to rewrite history endlessly. 57 00:03:50,366 --> 00:03:53,096 For example, let's amuse ourselves 58 00:03:53,133 --> 00:03:57,323 by comparing Japan with the Europe of the Middle Ages. 59 00:03:57,350 --> 00:04:00,330 In both cases, a single sovereign, 60 00:04:00,366 --> 00:04:04,026 but with very different authority. 61 00:04:04,066 --> 00:04:07,146 In France, the king holds all the power. 62 00:04:07,183 --> 00:04:09,433 He is an absolute monarch. 63 00:04:09,466 --> 00:04:14,046 In Japan, the emperor's role is merely representative. 64 00:04:15,266 --> 00:04:19,066 On both sides, power resides in the possession of land, 65 00:04:20,250 --> 00:04:23,330 but in Europe, this is organized around family ties 66 00:04:23,366 --> 00:04:25,446 and in Japan around clans. 67 00:04:27,150 --> 00:04:30,170 In Japan, siege machinery is barely developed. 68 00:04:30,200 --> 00:04:33,220 As a result, the castles are often made of wood, 69 00:04:33,250 --> 00:04:36,330 unlike the stone-built castles of Europe. 70 00:04:36,366 --> 00:04:40,076 Knights and samurai have a number of points in common. 71 00:04:40,116 --> 00:04:44,096 They wear armor, ride horses, and live only for battle. 72 00:04:44,133 --> 00:04:48,333 Loyal to one lord, they obey a fierce code of honor. 73 00:04:48,366 --> 00:04:52,026 Wearing a sword or a katana is an honor. 74 00:04:53,133 --> 00:04:57,073 One major difference, the attitude to death. 75 00:04:57,100 --> 00:05:00,080 A samurai cannot live under the burden of dishonor, 76 00:05:00,116 --> 00:05:03,396 and if he fails, he elects to kill himself. 77 00:05:05,066 --> 00:05:09,066 In Japan, as in Europe, the exercise of power 78 00:05:09,100 --> 00:05:11,200 is a question of balancing forces 79 00:05:11,233 --> 00:05:15,083 between central power and local lords. 80 00:05:15,116 --> 00:05:18,066 Sometimes, this balance can be upset. 81 00:05:18,100 --> 00:05:21,020 Then the country falls into chaos. 82 00:05:26,216 --> 00:05:30,066 (ethnic string music) 83 00:05:30,100 --> 00:05:32,070 - [Male Narrator] Into civil war, 84 00:05:32,100 --> 00:05:34,470 when clans ripped themselves apart over power 85 00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:36,480 and the castles burn. 86 00:05:37,016 --> 00:05:41,216 For a century, Japan has had no master and known only war. 87 00:05:41,250 --> 00:05:44,250 This is the terrible Sengoku period. 88 00:05:53,300 --> 00:05:56,330 Conflict and betrayal are the order of the day, 89 00:05:56,366 --> 00:05:59,296 reaching into the very heart of the clans. 90 00:05:59,333 --> 00:06:01,453 Without a powerful shogun to govern Japan, 91 00:06:01,483 --> 00:06:03,033 the warlords take advantage 92 00:06:03,066 --> 00:06:06,026 and fight each other for supremacy. 93 00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:09,220 Finally, one of the warlords manages 94 00:06:09,250 --> 00:06:11,330 to bring a halt to the madness. 95 00:06:11,366 --> 00:06:13,076 He brings people to their senses 96 00:06:13,116 --> 00:06:16,066 and becomes head of the government. 97 00:06:17,133 --> 00:06:20,103 But peace is tedious for the armies. 98 00:06:20,133 --> 00:06:24,223 After a century of internal struggle, they know only war. 99 00:06:26,433 --> 00:06:29,083 To prevent them fighting inside the country, 100 00:06:29,116 --> 00:06:32,446 warriors are sent to busy themselves abroad. 101 00:06:34,150 --> 00:06:38,050 And so Japan decides to invade an old enemy, Korea. 102 00:06:40,083 --> 00:06:41,323 This is the moment 103 00:06:41,350 --> 00:06:45,200 when three major players in our story take the stage. 104 00:06:45,233 --> 00:06:48,333 The invasion of Korea proves a resounding defeat. 105 00:06:48,366 --> 00:06:50,266 Commanders are disgraced, 106 00:06:50,300 --> 00:06:54,070 and in particular, the young Hideaki. 107 00:06:54,100 --> 00:06:56,320 The young, inexperienced commander falls victim 108 00:06:56,350 --> 00:07:00,280 to the political maneuvers of the opportunistic Mitsunari. 109 00:07:00,316 --> 00:07:02,176 The latter, a far better administrator 110 00:07:02,216 --> 00:07:04,316 than military commander, is ready to play 111 00:07:04,350 --> 00:07:08,380 every card in his possession to achieve his ends. 112 00:07:15,316 --> 00:07:17,296 Humiliated by the defeat in Korea, 113 00:07:17,333 --> 00:07:19,183 Hideaki can find only one man 114 00:07:19,216 --> 00:07:22,046 to defend him against all the others, 115 00:07:22,083 --> 00:07:24,453 master strategist Ieyasu, 116 00:07:24,483 --> 00:07:27,203 considered the greatest of the samurai commanders 117 00:07:27,233 --> 00:07:30,033 and an extremely lucky general. 118 00:07:43,350 --> 00:07:47,170 Mitsunari and Ieyasu do not think very highly of each other, 119 00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:51,070 but they do have one thing in common, their ambition, 120 00:07:51,100 --> 00:07:55,070 which will soon explode upon the scene. 121 00:07:55,100 --> 00:07:56,220 The head of the government, 122 00:07:56,250 --> 00:07:58,330 who has kept the country united with an iron fist 123 00:07:58,366 --> 00:08:01,346 for many years, falls sick and dies. 124 00:08:04,283 --> 00:08:06,323 His son, still too young to govern, 125 00:08:06,350 --> 00:08:08,400 is unable to prevent political intrigues 126 00:08:08,433 --> 00:08:10,453 and military maneuvering. 127 00:08:10,483 --> 00:08:13,233 The struggle for power begins. 128 00:08:14,466 --> 00:08:18,376 Mitsunari declares himself protector of the young heir, 129 00:08:18,416 --> 00:08:20,216 but Ieyasu isn't fooled. 130 00:08:20,250 --> 00:08:22,100 He decides to rebel. 131 00:08:26,433 --> 00:08:31,023 For all the lords of Japan, the hour has come to choose, 132 00:08:32,116 --> 00:08:36,016 remain loyal to power and follow Mitsunari, 133 00:08:36,050 --> 00:08:38,180 or join Ieyasu's rebellion. 134 00:08:39,250 --> 00:08:43,020 Once again, the country tears itself apart. 135 00:08:46,316 --> 00:08:47,446 (dramatic instrumental music) 136 00:08:47,483 --> 00:08:50,203 - [Female Narrator] To choose sides. 137 00:08:50,233 --> 00:08:52,473 Often in the history of humanity, 138 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:55,100 men have had to make crucial choices 139 00:08:55,133 --> 00:08:58,103 without being certain of the consequences. 140 00:08:58,133 --> 00:09:02,273 In this medieval Japan, should you line up behind Mitsunari 141 00:09:02,300 --> 00:09:06,400 because he presents continuity of power and legitimacy, 142 00:09:06,433 --> 00:09:10,183 or should you support the opponent of established power, 143 00:09:10,216 --> 00:09:15,016 Ieyasu, because he is more charismatic and more competent? 144 00:09:15,050 --> 00:09:19,270 Let us jump forward several centuries to the 1940s. 145 00:09:19,300 --> 00:09:23,280 The French army has just been destroyed by the German tanks. 146 00:09:23,316 --> 00:09:25,396 The country is cut in two. 147 00:09:25,433 --> 00:09:27,333 To deal with this debacle, 148 00:09:27,366 --> 00:09:30,076 power is handed over to Marshal Petain, 149 00:09:30,116 --> 00:09:32,366 the hero of the First World War. 150 00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:36,170 However, his authority is not recognized by all, 151 00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:38,170 in particular, by General de Gaulle, 152 00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:41,430 who refuses to capitulate to the Germans. 153 00:09:41,466 --> 00:09:44,446 The French army has to make a choice, 154 00:09:44,483 --> 00:09:48,303 legitimacy with Petain or rebellion with de Gaulle? 155 00:09:48,333 --> 00:09:51,103 The majority of the military chooses to stand 156 00:09:51,133 --> 00:09:55,223 behind the old marshal out of loyalty and patriotism. 157 00:09:57,316 --> 00:09:59,446 If the army had chosen de Gaulle, 158 00:09:59,483 --> 00:10:01,303 France could have continued the fight 159 00:10:01,333 --> 00:10:03,483 thanks to its colonial forces. 160 00:10:04,016 --> 00:10:06,346 De Gaulle will be considered a rebel. 161 00:10:06,383 --> 00:10:08,223 Let's continue our story. 162 00:10:08,250 --> 00:10:11,330 (ethnic string music) 163 00:10:13,100 --> 00:10:17,430 - [Male Narrator] Japan is once more put to fire and sword. 164 00:10:17,466 --> 00:10:21,326 Hideaki, although formally humiliated by Mitsunari, 165 00:10:21,366 --> 00:10:23,366 joins the loyalist forces, 166 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:28,070 but he has not forgotten Ieyasu's kindness. 167 00:10:28,100 --> 00:10:31,270 Face to face, two armies of equal might, 168 00:10:31,300 --> 00:10:34,080 that of the rebels led by Ieyasu 169 00:10:34,116 --> 00:10:37,076 and the legitimate under Mitsunari. 170 00:10:40,216 --> 00:10:42,446 The two enemies spend several weeks maneuvering, 171 00:10:42,483 --> 00:10:47,303 besieging castles, taking cities, gathering allies. 172 00:10:47,333 --> 00:10:49,473 Each side has a chance of winning, 173 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:53,150 and a set battle can never be certain, 174 00:10:53,183 --> 00:10:55,473 but the final confrontation cannot be avoided. 175 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:58,430 It will take place in a steep sided valley 176 00:10:58,466 --> 00:11:01,166 in the village of Sekigahara. 177 00:11:03,333 --> 00:11:05,283 Mitsunari arrives first 178 00:11:05,316 --> 00:11:08,096 and deploys his troops on the high ground. 179 00:11:08,133 --> 00:11:09,353 His tactic is simple, 180 00:11:09,383 --> 00:11:13,303 wait on favorable ground 'till Ieyasu attacks. 181 00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:17,100 Then he will counterattack the rebel on his flank 182 00:11:17,133 --> 00:11:20,083 with the support of young Hideyaki. 183 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:25,450 Rain falls on the battlefield all night long. 184 00:11:25,483 --> 00:11:27,373 The ground is sodden. 185 00:11:30,100 --> 00:11:32,480 Exhausted, Ieyasu's soldiers take up position 186 00:11:33,016 --> 00:11:35,076 in the dark in the center of the valley. 187 00:11:35,116 --> 00:11:39,026 (dramatic instrumental music) 188 00:11:43,216 --> 00:11:46,076 For Ieyasu, the night is long. 189 00:11:46,116 --> 00:11:47,476 A few days earlier, he had received 190 00:11:48,016 --> 00:11:50,226 a secret message from young Hideaki. 191 00:11:50,266 --> 00:11:52,366 In the letter, the young general announces 192 00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:54,000 that in the heart of the battle, 193 00:11:54,033 --> 00:11:57,403 he will change sides and fight alongside him. 194 00:12:00,133 --> 00:12:02,433 This alliance could present him with a victory, 195 00:12:02,466 --> 00:12:04,216 but is it a trick? 196 00:12:05,216 --> 00:12:07,096 Can he trust Hideaki? 197 00:12:08,450 --> 00:12:11,280 Is this a trap set by Mitsunari? 198 00:12:12,366 --> 00:12:15,266 There is only one way to find out. 199 00:12:17,116 --> 00:12:21,196 (dramatic music) (men shouting) 200 00:12:26,233 --> 00:12:28,353 (gun fire) 201 00:12:38,233 --> 00:12:40,453 It's a titanic clash, merciless combat, 202 00:12:40,483 --> 00:12:44,103 heroic duals, and an uncertain outcome. 203 00:12:45,333 --> 00:12:50,233 Neither army is able to gain the upper hand over the other. 204 00:12:50,266 --> 00:12:53,096 Ieyasu's forces begin to weaken. 205 00:12:55,100 --> 00:12:56,450 This is when Hideaki is given the order 206 00:12:56,483 --> 00:12:59,073 to charge the rebel flank. 207 00:13:00,300 --> 00:13:04,070 This attack should bring victory to the loyalists, 208 00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:07,350 but Hideaki does not move one inch. 209 00:13:07,383 --> 00:13:09,473 Neither do his 15,000 men. 210 00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:15,230 The 19 year old leader has the future of Japan in his hands. 211 00:13:15,266 --> 00:13:17,266 He faces a terrible choice. 212 00:13:17,300 --> 00:13:20,230 Should he follow his head and support Mitsunari, 213 00:13:20,266 --> 00:13:22,296 the man who once humiliated him, 214 00:13:22,333 --> 00:13:25,323 or should he listen to his heart and join with Ieyasu, 215 00:13:25,350 --> 00:13:28,080 the man who always supported him? 216 00:13:28,116 --> 00:13:29,346 In either camp, the top generals 217 00:13:29,383 --> 00:13:32,333 await the young man's verdict. 218 00:13:32,366 --> 00:13:35,176 But Ieyasu is not a man to sit by and do nothing. 219 00:13:35,216 --> 00:13:37,146 He decides to force fate's hand. 220 00:13:37,183 --> 00:13:41,133 He orders his men to shoot on Hideaki's troops. 221 00:13:44,250 --> 00:13:49,020 For him or against him, the young man has to decide. 222 00:13:49,050 --> 00:13:50,150 (gun fire) 223 00:13:50,183 --> 00:13:53,103 An insane maneuver, but one that works. 224 00:13:54,316 --> 00:13:56,096 Instead of counterattacking, 225 00:13:56,133 --> 00:13:58,323 the young general understands the message. 226 00:13:58,350 --> 00:14:00,220 Responding only with his heart, 227 00:14:00,250 --> 00:14:02,170 he charges Mitsunari's troops 228 00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:05,030 and decides the future of Japan. 229 00:14:10,350 --> 00:14:13,020 (explosion) 230 00:14:15,216 --> 00:14:16,426 (techno music) 231 00:14:16,466 --> 00:14:21,196 - [Female Narrator] We have just reached a turning point. 232 00:14:21,233 --> 00:14:25,183 A turning point is a key event, a crossroads in our history 233 00:14:25,216 --> 00:14:28,446 where the world swings one way or the other. 234 00:14:28,483 --> 00:14:31,223 Ieyasu narrowly wins the battle 235 00:14:31,250 --> 00:14:35,180 thanks to the last minute betrayal by young Hideaki. 236 00:14:35,216 --> 00:14:37,066 To force him to choose, 237 00:14:37,100 --> 00:14:40,120 he orders his troops to fire at him, 238 00:14:40,150 --> 00:14:42,080 but he could've produced the opposite effect 239 00:14:42,116 --> 00:14:44,026 and lost the battle. 240 00:14:44,066 --> 00:14:45,466 What might have happened if Mitsunari 241 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:48,250 had emerged victorious? 242 00:14:48,283 --> 00:14:50,423 Mitsunari was not much liked, 243 00:14:50,450 --> 00:14:53,430 neither were his men, nor his allies. 244 00:14:53,466 --> 00:14:55,216 The peace would not have held, 245 00:14:55,250 --> 00:14:59,470 and Japan would have been plunged back into civil war. 246 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:02,430 Constant warfare would have weakened the country. 247 00:15:02,466 --> 00:15:06,046 Famines would have led to a drop in population. 248 00:15:06,083 --> 00:15:09,033 Nobody would've been able to resist the European colonizers, 249 00:15:09,066 --> 00:15:11,196 and Japan would've suffered the same fate 250 00:15:11,233 --> 00:15:15,323 as Singapore, Burma, or Hong Kong, become a British colony. 251 00:15:17,050 --> 00:15:19,300 And so the Japanese would not have attacked America 252 00:15:19,333 --> 00:15:22,053 at Pearl Harbor in 1941. 253 00:15:22,083 --> 00:15:24,433 The United States may well have stayed on the sidelines 254 00:15:24,466 --> 00:15:26,446 during the Second World War. 255 00:15:26,483 --> 00:15:28,323 They would not have become the superpower 256 00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:31,150 that changed the direction of that war. 257 00:15:31,183 --> 00:15:35,083 The Pacific would've become British. 258 00:15:35,116 --> 00:15:39,226 But let's get back to the Battle of Sekigahara. 259 00:15:39,266 --> 00:15:42,426 (gentle rhythmic music) 260 00:15:44,466 --> 00:15:49,176 - [Male Narrator] Six hours of fighting, 30,000 dead, 261 00:15:49,216 --> 00:15:53,076 the bloodiest battle in the history of medieval Japan. 262 00:15:53,116 --> 00:15:57,196 After his defeat, Mitsunari is captured and beheaded. 263 00:16:04,316 --> 00:16:08,416 And Ieyasu becomes the new uncontested master of Japan. 264 00:16:16,066 --> 00:16:19,046 In 1603, he receives the title of shogun 265 00:16:19,083 --> 00:16:22,183 from the hands of the emperor himself. 266 00:16:22,216 --> 00:16:25,176 With immense authority, Ieyasu imposes a true state 267 00:16:25,216 --> 00:16:29,246 and protects Japan from its old demon, civil war. 268 00:16:35,183 --> 00:16:37,333 To curb the powers of local lords, 269 00:16:37,366 --> 00:16:41,116 he orders the destruction of many castles. 270 00:16:49,483 --> 00:16:51,483 To better control the lords, 271 00:16:52,016 --> 00:16:54,326 he orders them to reside regularly in his city, 272 00:16:54,366 --> 00:16:56,446 Edo, the new capital, 273 00:16:56,483 --> 00:16:59,483 which will be renamed Tokyo in 1868. 274 00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:06,100 In parallel, the borders are reinforced. 275 00:17:06,133 --> 00:17:11,023 Mines and foreign trade comes under his direct control. 276 00:17:11,050 --> 00:17:15,150 Emphasis is placed on urban and agricultural development. 277 00:17:17,450 --> 00:17:20,200 After legitimizing his taking of power, 278 00:17:20,233 --> 00:17:24,323 Ieyasu will offer Japan 250 years of peace and development. 279 00:17:29,183 --> 00:17:33,053 A new era opens up for Japan, the Edo Period. 280 00:17:37,366 --> 00:17:41,066 - [Female Narrator] The winners write history. 281 00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:46,070 As the founder of a regime that enjoyed 250 years of peace, 282 00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:48,480 Ieyasu was, naturally, glorified. 283 00:17:50,316 --> 00:17:52,316 But what if he had lost? 284 00:17:54,100 --> 00:17:57,220 His name would've signified traitor. 285 00:17:57,250 --> 00:18:00,170 His clan would've been dishonored. 286 00:18:01,316 --> 00:18:03,326 Let's go back 1600 years. 287 00:18:07,066 --> 00:18:11,296 Caesar, still just a general, makes a similar choice. 288 00:18:11,333 --> 00:18:13,173 He embraces illegality 289 00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:17,050 by marching on Rome with his legions to seize power. 290 00:18:17,083 --> 00:18:20,253 Defeat means certain death and dishonor. 291 00:18:26,350 --> 00:18:28,320 But the gamble pays off. 292 00:18:28,350 --> 00:18:32,050 Caesar becomes the new ruler of Rome. 293 00:18:32,083 --> 00:18:35,473 Acclaimed by the people, he is the incarnation of a leader 294 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:39,080 to the point where his name enters the language. 295 00:18:39,116 --> 00:18:41,396 Caesar, synonymous with emperor, 296 00:18:41,433 --> 00:18:45,053 will later be turned into kaiser and czar. 297 00:18:45,083 --> 00:18:49,183 A different path for Augustus, Caesar's successor. 298 00:18:49,216 --> 00:18:52,316 Augustus is discrete and pragmatic. 299 00:18:52,350 --> 00:18:56,330 A skillful politician, he manipulates public opinion. 300 00:18:56,366 --> 00:18:58,266 His plots eliminate rivals 301 00:18:58,300 --> 00:19:00,370 more surely than military campaigns, 302 00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:02,420 which he leaves to his generals. 303 00:19:02,450 --> 00:19:07,100 His 40 year reign turns Rome into a vast empire, 304 00:19:07,133 --> 00:19:11,273 but Augustus will never be loved as Caesar was. 305 00:19:11,300 --> 00:19:15,380 Historical reality is often more complex than it seems, 306 00:19:15,416 --> 00:19:19,996 including that of the radiant Japan of the Edo Period. 307 00:19:23,350 --> 00:19:26,100 (eerie music) 308 00:19:27,416 --> 00:19:29,196 - [Male Narrator] Even though the Edo Period 309 00:19:29,233 --> 00:19:33,323 was one of long peace, it still had its dark shadows. 310 00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:38,150 50 years before the Battle of Sekigahara, 311 00:19:38,183 --> 00:19:40,103 a Portuguese vessel made landfall 312 00:19:40,133 --> 00:19:42,073 for the first time in Japan. 313 00:19:42,100 --> 00:19:45,480 It brought with it firearms and Christianity. 314 00:19:48,316 --> 00:19:51,326 And only a few years later, the arquebus has become 315 00:19:51,366 --> 00:19:53,296 the essential weapon on the battlefield, 316 00:19:53,333 --> 00:19:56,473 and 300,000 Japanese become Christians. 317 00:20:01,450 --> 00:20:05,470 A Spanish captain, run aground on Japan around 1597, 318 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:07,430 is said to have boasted that missionaries 319 00:20:07,466 --> 00:20:10,996 were a useful first step to conquest. 320 00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:16,180 After first showing a welcoming face to Christianity, 321 00:20:16,216 --> 00:20:18,176 Ieyasu finally banned it 322 00:20:18,216 --> 00:20:21,466 and persecuted any who tried to resist. 323 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,320 All Europeans are then forbidden residents. 324 00:20:24,350 --> 00:20:26,480 The Japanese themselves are no longer allowed 325 00:20:27,016 --> 00:20:29,096 to leave the archipelago. 326 00:20:29,133 --> 00:20:30,373 Foreign trade is banned. 327 00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:34,100 Any infringement is severely punished. 328 00:20:34,133 --> 00:20:35,433 Japan withdraws into itself 329 00:20:35,466 --> 00:20:39,176 and enters a long period of isolationism. 330 00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:45,100 It will only emerge when forced two centuries later. 331 00:20:45,133 --> 00:20:47,333 (rock music) 332 00:21:15,483 --> 00:21:20,323 In July, 1835, four American warships enter Tokyo Harbor 333 00:21:20,350 --> 00:21:24,070 and compel the emperor to free up trade, 334 00:21:24,100 --> 00:21:28,180 and so Japan is forcibly opened up to the rest of the world. 335 00:21:29,350 --> 00:21:31,430 But that is another story. 336 00:21:35,233 --> 00:21:36,433 (techno music) 337 00:21:36,466 --> 00:21:39,066 - [Female Narrator] History is never black or white, 338 00:21:39,100 --> 00:21:40,400 but shades of gray. 339 00:21:42,150 --> 00:21:46,080 The Edo Period is one of long civil peace and development, 340 00:21:46,116 --> 00:21:49,316 but also one of turning inwards and racism. 341 00:21:49,350 --> 00:21:52,100 Its instigator was an ambitious man 342 00:21:52,133 --> 00:21:56,223 who seized power by force, but exercised it with wisdom. 343 00:21:57,316 --> 00:21:59,326 So it is difficult to tell if his actions 344 00:21:59,366 --> 00:22:02,326 had a positive or a negative effect. 345 00:22:05,483 --> 00:22:08,083 This is far from being an isolated case 346 00:22:08,116 --> 00:22:11,076 in the history of humanity. 347 00:22:11,116 --> 00:22:15,466 Alexander the Great wanted to build one universal empire 348 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:19,050 where all peoples would be equal, but he razed 349 00:22:19,083 --> 00:22:23,203 the cities of Thebes and Persepolis to the ground. 350 00:22:23,233 --> 00:22:26,303 Caesar redistributed farmland to the people 351 00:22:26,333 --> 00:22:30,083 and pushed the Roman Republic to the status of empire, 352 00:22:30,116 --> 00:22:32,066 but to do that, he plunged his country 353 00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:34,180 into a terrible civil war. 354 00:22:41,083 --> 00:22:45,323 Napoleon put an end to the terror of the French Revolution, 355 00:22:45,350 --> 00:22:49,000 but his wars devastated Europe. 356 00:22:49,033 --> 00:22:52,123 Stalin was able to unite the Russian people 357 00:22:52,150 --> 00:22:56,230 and beat the Nazis, but at the cost of millions of lives. 358 00:22:57,450 --> 00:23:02,270 For the world, the United States is the symbol freedom, 359 00:23:02,300 --> 00:23:06,130 but to this day, it is the only country 360 00:23:06,166 --> 00:23:10,076 to have used a nuclear bomb against civilians. 361 00:23:12,216 --> 00:23:15,176 Humanity is capable of the worst, 362 00:23:15,216 --> 00:23:19,016 exterminating millions of people, causing the extinction 363 00:23:19,050 --> 00:23:22,180 of thousands of species of animals and plants, 364 00:23:22,216 --> 00:23:26,046 of oppressions, of lies, and of destruction. 365 00:23:28,116 --> 00:23:31,166 But it is also capable of the best, 366 00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:33,400 creating, protecting, loving. 367 00:23:37,050 --> 00:23:40,220 Like a child, it grows and gains in maturity, 368 00:23:40,250 --> 00:23:42,170 century after century. 369 00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:47,070 The history of humanity is weighed down with errors, 370 00:23:47,100 --> 00:23:49,320 but it is rich in experience. 371 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,400 Perfection is rarely found in the acts of man, 372 00:23:54,433 --> 00:23:57,483 but sometimes in their intentions. 373 00:23:58,016 --> 00:24:01,396 (dramatic instrumental music) 29930

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