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NARRATOR: This is the storyof the most important journey of discovery
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in the history of Egypt.
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It was led by this man, Jean-Francois Champollion.
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CHAMPOLLION: Look.
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My Egypt.
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Virtually everything we know about ancient Egyptstarts with Champollion.
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He uncovered secretswhich had lain buried for 5,000 years,
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not by excavating tombs or temples,
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but by using language.
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Champollion did the seemingly impossible.
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He cracked the code of the pharaohs.
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I've done it. I've done it!
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My God. You can read hieroglyphs.
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His journey would take him thousands of milesto the Pyramids at Giza...
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and the ancient cemetery of Memphis.
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From the awe-inspiring temple at Karnak,
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to the mysterious Valley of the Kings,
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what he discovered in the course of his adventurewould astonish the world.
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Oh, my God.
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Champollion would risk his lifeto complete this pioneering journey
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in order to change foreverhow we see ancient Egypt,
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its pyramids, temples and tombs.
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Oh, this is wonderful!
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Champollion's discoverieswere even to change the way
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the world saw the beginnings of civilisation.
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In 1822, there was only one personwho could read hieroglyphs.
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Jean-Francois Champollion knewhe had the key to Egypt.
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But Europe's educated elite was sceptical.
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To prove himself completely,Champollion needed to travel to Egypt.
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Poor and jobless, this seemed a distant dream.
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Champollion had to satisfy his obsessionwith whatever scraps he could find.
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- Any luck, my darling?
- The best possible.
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- A gloriously successful morning.
- So, where is it?
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- Where's what?
- The bed.
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Bed?
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You were going to the auction house
to buy another bed.
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Oh, yes.
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I changed my mind.
Do we really need another bed? Surely not.
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- Dearest, we talked about it this morning.
- I know, but they're all look so expensive.
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Maybe when I've got a job.
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- You were going to use my father's money.
- They still looked expensive to me.
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What's in the box?
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- The most glorious treasure.
- What exactly?
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Let me show you.
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Oh, no.
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Do you know how rare these are?
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Everything Egyptian is going to London or Turin.
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I have to grab what I can when I see it.
These were calling out to me.
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Why are you still doing this?
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You've already translated hieroglyphs.
Why can't you stop now and do something else?
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'Cause I haven't proved to the world
that my theory works with all hieroglyphs.
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And besides, what good is the power to translate
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if I can't use them
to discover more about the Egyptians?
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I want to find out who they were
and how they lived their lives.
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Why they built all their great monuments,
and what they believed.
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My work has only just begun.
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NARRATOR: Although in the 1820s,Europe was under the spell of ancient Egypt,
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Champollion was deeply frustratedby the lack of material that there was to decipher.
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Then, the Dendera zodiac arrived in Paris.
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This carved relief had been taken from the ceilingof the Dendera Temple
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near the ancient city of Thebes.
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It was potentially an extremely threatening objectfor the Church
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because of its likely age.
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Some believed it so oldit challenged the version of history
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recorded in the Bible.
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As far as the Church was concerned at the time,
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the Bible was a historically accurate document.
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Using it, scholars had dated Noah's Great Flood
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to the year 2349 B.C.
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They believed all ancient civilisations before thatwere wiped out.
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Any evidence to the contrary woulddirectly challenge the authority of the Church.
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It's beautiful.
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Where's it from?
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The roof of a temple in Dendera.
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You can tell from the stars that it's a zodiac.
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Something to do with ancient Egyptian astrology.
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- Are you certain of its age?
- Let me show you.
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This is the cartouche of Queen Arsinoe.
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I'd put it around 2000 B.C.
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That's what I've told King Louis.
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Others think it could be earlier.
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It can't be earlier.
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As we all know,
The Great Flood occurred in 2349 B.C.
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Nothing would have survived.
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Anything that challenges this date
challenges the authority of the Church,
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and the word of God.
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Absolutely, Father Abbot.
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And I am as certain as I can be that this zodiac
poses no threat to the Church.
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Perhaps we should get a second opinion.
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Not if that opinion puts its age before the Flood.
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We could determine the matter secretly.
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On the other hand, if its age poses no danger,
would it not be better
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to confirm, as publicly as possible,
Professor Sacy's expert view,
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and kill off these rumours once and for all.
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Well...
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- lf we must.
- Who do you have in mind?
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Who has the appropriate knowledge and authority?
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What about Champollion?
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He's an opponent of the Church.
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Well, there we are. That's exactly what we need.
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His opinion won't be diverted by his faith.
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True impartiality.
I think that's just what His Majesty's after.
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This was an opportunityChampollion couldn't pass up.
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It could be the first step on his road to Egyptand the realisation of his dream.
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How much did the king pay for this?
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150,000 francs.
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I'm afraid, Monsieur Le Duc, he has
paid too much. This is modern.
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- After the birth of Christ.
- That's not possible.
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The cartouche of the first Queen Arsinoe.
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No, it doesn't. It means this goddess, Al-hayat,
holds up the sky of the south.
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It could come from any period. And this...
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This says "autokrator". The Greek word
for "emperor" used during the Roman period.
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So how old is it?
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No more than 1,500 years.
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Are you prepared to state that publicly?
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- Yes, of course I am.
- Excellent.
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Thank you, Mr Champollion.
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The Church will be most grateful for your support.
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I'm just telling the truth.
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Well, there we are.
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All's well that ends well.
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Eh, Sacy?
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The treasures of Egyptwere slowly starting to trickle into Europe.
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But nobody knew the real significanceof any of the pieces
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because nobody, apart from Champollion,could read hieroglyphs.
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You've made some pretty powerful enemies.
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- Shall I add you to that growing number?
- Hmm.
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As an advisor to the king, I shall have to tell him
that his money might've been better spent.
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- I'll have you to thank for that embarrassment.
- My apologies.
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Not at all.
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Is Sacy correct?
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- Is all this untested?
- Not entirely, no.
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I'm completing a summary of my own theories
at the moment, I'm hoping to publish soon.
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Then I'm desperate to get to Egypt myself
and put my theories to the test.
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- But it's probably just a dream.
- Egypt's proving rather popular at the moment.
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His Majesty wants to add
to his Egyptian acquisitions.
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There's a collection in Italy assembled
by our consul in Alexandria,
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a Monsieur Drovetti.
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The king might like to buy it.
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We're just not sure what to pay.
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This valuation business, it seems rather fluid.
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Thank you for your help. Goodbye.
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Why don't I value it for him?
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This collection in Italy.
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Why don't I value it for the king?
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- I was thinking of asking Sacy.
- But he was wrong.
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By about 2,000 years!
Rather a large margin of error.
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It's like saying this museum was built
before the birth of Christ.
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How wrong does he need to be?
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You're a well-known Republican.
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Can the king trust you with his budget?
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- He might take some persuading.
- Forget the politics.
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My allegiance is to history and the truth.
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No, actually, that's pompous nonsense.
If you give me the money, I'll do the job.
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What do you say?
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My darling!
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- I've got some incredible news.
- Wait! Me first.
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Close your eyes.
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Give me your hand.
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Now follow me.
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- Where are we going?
- Round here. Up the stairs.
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Open.
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Are you pleased?
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I'm going to have a baby.
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Oh, my God! That's wonderful. Oh, Rosine!
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We'll found our own little dynasty.
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A dynasty of hieroglyphic-reading Champollions.
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- What's your news?
- I couldn't have timed it better.
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I have finally got a job.
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- Doing what, teaching again?
- No.
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I've been invited to go to Italy.
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- Italy?
- Yes, but don't worry, it won't be for long.
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- Jacques-Joseph and Zoe, they'll look after you.
- But Italy...
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You have to cross mountains, it takes weeks.
It's dangerous. You might never come back.
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I thought you'd be pleased.
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Italy was Champollion's chance to prove himself.
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The country was blessedwith many treasures of ancient Egypt.
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A huge number of them brought backby the infamous dealer Bernardino Drovetti.
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Curiously, Champollion was to be more acceptedin Turin than he was in Paris.
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Every door was open to him
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in his search for Egyptian antiquitieson behalf of the French king.
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(Thunder rumbling)
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Champollion hoped his growing reputationwould be a passport to Egypt.
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And it was in Italy that he was to meetone of his most influential collaborators.
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Who is responsible for this?
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- A little unfortunate, yes.
- More than a little unfortunate.
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Who are you?
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Ippolito Rossellini,
Professor of Oriental Languages.
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I've come from Pisa to meet you.
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I'm flattered. But this is truly terrible.
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Obviously they teach you nothing of preservation
in Turin or Pisa.
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In Egypt, papyrus will last forever,
but here, it is cold and damp.
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There may be something of enormous value
amongst these scraps, but now how will we know?
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They must be sorted and preserved at once
before they are lost forever.
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Champollion's reputation even penetratedthe corridors of power in the Vatican.
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Pope Leo XII demanded to see him.
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The significance of this momentwasn't lost on Champollion,
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and he later wrote to his brotherabout the meeting.
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CHAMPOLLION:
The Pope, who spoke French very well,
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was pleased to say to me three times
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that I had rendered a beautiful, great,and good duty to religion through my discoveries.
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NARRATOR: The Pope's enthusiastic reception
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followed Champollion's datingof the Dendera zodiac,
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which had, for now,silenced critics of biblical chronology.
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And in his enthusiasm, the Pope even offeredto make Champollion a cardinal.
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An embarrassed Champollion had to point outthat as he was married, with a child,
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he couldn't possibly accept the position.
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Champollion returned to France triumphant,
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with a growing reputation
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and with a huge treasure trove of Egyptianantiquities purchased on behalf of the king.
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He was put in change of the Egyptian collectionat the Louvre.
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00:16:45,846 --> 00:16:48,440
But Champollion was still frustrated.
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The material he had to work withjust wasn't good enough.
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The copies of documents and inscriptionsthat were available to him were often inaccurate.
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The only way he could get accessto enough original material
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on which to test his theory about hieroglyphswas to actually travel to Egypt.
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At least now, as a result of his success in Italy,
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he could put pressure on the French governmentto help him achieve his dream.
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- Must you travel the entire length of Egypt?
- Of course.
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Greek and Roman Alexandria,
for example, is a passing interest
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compared to the glories
of the old kingdom further south.
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- 20 artists, do you really need 20?
- No, I need 30.
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I can't tell His Majesty that.
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His Majesty must understand
that we have to record each hieroglyph
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on every square inch of every temple,
tomb and monument in that vast country.
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- Well, I'm not convinced.
- Did I let you or the king down in Italy?
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No.
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The Louvre now has the beginnings
of a magnificent Egyptian collection.
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You trusted my judgement then,
and you have to trust it again now.
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I need 30 artists.
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- The king will never agree to it.
- I'm only asking for 30.
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When Napoleon invaded Egypt,
he took 167 scholars and scientists.
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And it still wasn't enough.
Their works are filled with errors.
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Ah!
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So what you're saying is that the king
has the opportunity
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to surpass the Emperor's achievements.
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- Lf you want to look at it like that, yes.
- Good. That's what I'll tell him.
239
00:18:24,286 --> 00:18:26,720
- All right, you can have six.
- Six?
240
00:18:26,806 --> 00:18:29,274
The king's only agreed to four.
241
00:18:30,886 --> 00:18:32,558
Six artists it is.
242
00:18:32,646 --> 00:18:33,715
(Clears throat)
243
00:18:33,806 --> 00:18:39,199
Which means far fewer provisions
and fewer donkeys. That's a significant saving.
244
00:18:39,286 --> 00:18:41,516
Even if it will take us twice as long
to do the work?
245
00:18:41,606 --> 00:18:43,198
You'll just have to work harder.
246
00:18:44,526 --> 00:18:48,155
Well, we seem to be edging a little bit closer.
247
00:18:49,326 --> 00:18:53,114
- Does this mean you're consenting?
- There's one final matter to deal with.
248
00:18:53,606 --> 00:18:55,517
A matter of some delicacy.
249
00:18:57,966 --> 00:19:01,845
A certain abbot from the Vatican library
who shall remain nameless...
250
00:19:01,926 --> 00:19:02,995
What about him?
251
00:19:03,086 --> 00:19:06,920
He's written insisting
that the king should deny your funding.
252
00:19:07,566 --> 00:19:12,515
He tells him that you're not interested in Egypt,
but only in attacking Christian beliefs.
253
00:19:12,606 --> 00:19:13,834
That's not true.
254
00:19:14,646 --> 00:19:17,319
Maintains that you're seeking to find evidence
255
00:19:17,406 --> 00:19:21,399
confirming the writings
of the ancient historian Manetho.
256
00:19:21,486 --> 00:19:23,124
Let me quote his phrase.
257
00:19:23,206 --> 00:19:27,643
"A pagan whose work contradicts biblical fact."
258
00:19:28,566 --> 00:19:32,605
- I am seeking the truth.
- Not the Church's truth, obviously.
259
00:19:33,126 --> 00:19:34,639
I know this man.
260
00:19:34,846 --> 00:19:38,202
He's a small-minded, envious cleric
and nothing more.
261
00:19:38,766 --> 00:19:41,758
Please don't prevent him
from completing my life's work...
262
00:19:41,846 --> 00:19:44,918
for science, for truth and for France.
263
00:19:45,766 --> 00:19:50,715
You must understand that the king finds himself
in a difficult position.
264
00:19:56,566 --> 00:19:58,079
These are his terms.
265
00:19:59,406 --> 00:20:04,844
If you find anything in Egypt
that contradicts the teachings of the Church,
266
00:20:04,926 --> 00:20:06,882
you may not publish it.
267
00:20:09,086 --> 00:20:10,565
Do you accept?
268
00:20:13,486 --> 00:20:16,125
It doesn't sound as if I have much choice.
269
00:20:30,206 --> 00:20:31,719
(Baby cooing)
270
00:20:33,246 --> 00:20:34,440
She's so beautiful.
271
00:20:36,006 --> 00:20:37,564
Look how long she is now.
272
00:20:38,846 --> 00:20:41,076
- She's growing up so quickly.
- Quickly?
273
00:20:42,326 --> 00:20:45,284
I suppose so.
It's hard to tell when I see her everyday.
274
00:20:46,486 --> 00:20:49,080
I doubt she'll recognise you
by the time you return.
275
00:20:50,366 --> 00:20:53,483
I'll shower her with the most wondrous gifts
Egypt can provide.
276
00:20:53,566 --> 00:20:56,319
You have your job at the museum now.
Yet still you insist...
277
00:20:56,406 --> 00:20:57,964
Do you think this is easy for me?
278
00:20:58,926 --> 00:21:01,724
I don't know, I'm not sure anymore.
279
00:21:03,926 --> 00:21:06,963
- I know you don't want me to go...
- No, you're wrong.
280
00:21:08,166 --> 00:21:09,963
I'll never understand what you do,
281
00:21:10,526 --> 00:21:14,678
I'll never understand what you think,
but I do understand that Egypt is your first love.
282
00:21:15,606 --> 00:21:17,756
You've made your choice, you must go.
283
00:21:32,766 --> 00:21:36,395
This was the momentChampollion had dreamt of for years.
284
00:21:37,006 --> 00:21:39,042
He was finally going to Egypt.
285
00:21:40,206 --> 00:21:45,280
And on the 18 August, 1828,he set foot in the land of the pharaohs.
286
00:21:57,366 --> 00:21:59,926
Oh, my God. Look.
287
00:22:01,046 --> 00:22:02,161
Look.
288
00:22:02,966 --> 00:22:04,194
I'm here.
289
00:22:04,846 --> 00:22:06,120
I'm here.
290
00:22:06,886 --> 00:22:10,674
This could be the very spot where my emperor
stood claiming this land for France.
291
00:22:26,886 --> 00:22:28,205
My Egypt.
292
00:22:34,446 --> 00:22:37,597
Gentlemen, let's begin. Come on.
293
00:22:48,686 --> 00:22:52,884
The pyramids at Giza symbolisedthe mystery that was ancient Egypt.
294
00:22:53,486 --> 00:22:55,954
No one really knew why they were built.
295
00:22:58,406 --> 00:22:59,759
(Champollion exclaims)
296
00:23:02,126 --> 00:23:04,162
- There's nothing here.
- Never mind.
297
00:23:06,326 --> 00:23:08,078
Oh, this is wonderful.
298
00:23:22,406 --> 00:23:24,124
(Tools clanking)
299
00:23:25,446 --> 00:23:27,676
What the hieroglyphs reveal
300
00:23:27,766 --> 00:23:31,645
is that the Great Pyramid was a tombfor the Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu.
301
00:23:32,406 --> 00:23:35,876
It was built around the year 2560 B.C.
302
00:23:41,526 --> 00:23:44,802
It is believed to have takenover 20 years to construct.
303
00:23:57,206 --> 00:24:00,004
It is certainly a marvel of engineering.
304
00:24:00,326 --> 00:24:05,161
And its size, scale, and sheer mysteryhave captivated us for centuries.
305
00:24:05,726 --> 00:24:10,117
But there simply wasn't enoughin the hieroglyphs at Giza to explain it.
306
00:24:10,806 --> 00:24:14,242
Why would anyone build a tomb in such a style,
307
00:24:14,526 --> 00:24:16,835
and on such an unbelievable scale?
308
00:24:36,406 --> 00:24:39,478
For Champollion to understandthe ancient Egyptians,
309
00:24:39,566 --> 00:24:42,160
he needed to travel deeper into the country.
310
00:24:42,726 --> 00:24:47,595
And at the beginning of October 1828,his journey started in earnest.
311
00:25:20,206 --> 00:25:21,480
Ippolito.
312
00:25:24,566 --> 00:25:26,522
Look, over there.
313
00:25:29,086 --> 00:25:32,681
I used to think that they were feathers
on Cleopatra's cartouche but they're reeds.
314
00:25:33,326 --> 00:25:34,918
They're flapping reeds.
315
00:25:38,126 --> 00:25:39,923
Look, look, look, over here.
316
00:25:40,006 --> 00:25:43,794
The plough, it's exactly the same,
thousands of years later.
317
00:25:46,286 --> 00:25:49,005
And the ibis. You see?
318
00:25:52,246 --> 00:25:53,804
I couldn't see it before.
319
00:25:54,526 --> 00:25:56,562
But it's so clear now I'm here in Egypt.
320
00:25:56,646 --> 00:26:00,355
The hieroglyphs could only be Egyptian,
they could come from no other land.
321
00:26:01,246 --> 00:26:04,158
They've grown out of these plants and creatures,
322
00:26:05,006 --> 00:26:06,564
from this landscape.
323
00:26:07,366 --> 00:26:11,120
A landscape that's unchanged all around us.
324
00:26:16,526 --> 00:26:18,357
Onwards.
325
00:26:23,806 --> 00:26:26,798
Champollion's next stop was Saqqara,
326
00:26:27,006 --> 00:26:31,522
the site of the Great Step Pyramidwhich towered over the vast city of the dead.
327
00:26:36,926 --> 00:26:41,124
Saqqara was a burial site for Memphis,an ancient capital of Egypt.
328
00:26:41,606 --> 00:26:44,074
And it housed the dead of Egypt's elite.
329
00:26:53,166 --> 00:26:56,397
The Step Pyramid was Egypt's very first pyramid,
330
00:26:56,686 --> 00:27:00,235
designed and built bythe pharaoh's chief architect, Imhotep.
331
00:27:01,006 --> 00:27:06,205
Imhotep's name has survived because it wasengraved in hieroglyphs at Saqqara.
332
00:27:06,846 --> 00:27:11,283
All of the pyramids that followedwere a development of Imhotep's ideas.
333
00:27:16,886 --> 00:27:21,277
But Champollion was struggling to discovermany hieroglyphs at Saqqara.
334
00:27:21,486 --> 00:27:23,954
He wrote of his frustrations to his brother.
335
00:27:24,926 --> 00:27:29,397
CHAMPOLLION: This place is, thanksto the rapacious brutality of dealers in antiquities,
336
00:27:29,486 --> 00:27:32,046
almost useless for studying.
337
00:27:32,406 --> 00:27:36,240
Tombs decorated with statues are forthe most part pillaged or filled in again
338
00:27:36,326 --> 00:27:37,918
after having been plundered.
339
00:27:40,046 --> 00:27:44,995
This wasteland is a ghastly series ofsand mounds produced by digging and disturbing,
340
00:27:45,206 --> 00:27:49,404
showered with bones, skulls and debrisof the ancient generations.
341
00:27:53,726 --> 00:27:55,921
The grave robbers have been here before us.
342
00:27:58,326 --> 00:28:02,114
They've stripped away everything.
Even the paintings from the walls.
343
00:28:02,526 --> 00:28:07,156
The Turks rule the country now. To them,
these are just pagan ruins with no value at all.
344
00:28:07,246 --> 00:28:09,521
- What if we're too late?
- ARTIST: Over here!
345
00:28:11,446 --> 00:28:13,437
Over here. Come.
346
00:28:22,046 --> 00:28:23,399
Oh, my God.
347
00:28:25,086 --> 00:28:26,519
(Exclaiming in disbelief)
348
00:28:27,646 --> 00:28:28,965
This is what I'm after.
349
00:28:31,566 --> 00:28:33,318
Oh, this is wonderful!
350
00:28:37,566 --> 00:28:38,919
Let's get to work.
351
00:28:43,606 --> 00:28:47,884
This was the most important moment so faron Champollion's journey.
352
00:28:51,246 --> 00:28:52,440
I can read it.
353
00:28:53,046 --> 00:28:55,560
- I can read it.
- What does it say?
354
00:28:55,646 --> 00:28:56,761
You try.
355
00:28:57,166 --> 00:29:00,078
Remember what I've said.
Translate them into Coptic first.
356
00:29:00,366 --> 00:29:01,515
Here.
357
00:29:01,606 --> 00:29:04,245
- Akhet?
- Akhet.
358
00:29:04,806 --> 00:29:09,038
The season of an inundation, when the Nile floods,
as it must do for the crops to grow.
359
00:29:09,366 --> 00:29:11,357
There are three seasons of four months each.
360
00:29:11,446 --> 00:29:14,165
Akhet and this one, read it.
361
00:29:14,606 --> 00:29:16,642
- Peret, the spring.
- Yes, good.
362
00:29:16,806 --> 00:29:18,205
- And this?
- Shemu.
363
00:29:18,886 --> 00:29:20,956
Excellent, harvest time.
364
00:29:21,326 --> 00:29:23,999
Flood, growth and harvest.
The cycle of Egyptian life.
365
00:29:30,966 --> 00:29:36,836
Egyptians used their calendar to plot accuratelythe rise, fall and the flooding of the Nile,
366
00:29:36,926 --> 00:29:39,804
so they could calculate the best times for planting.
367
00:29:40,566 --> 00:29:43,922
Farming in the fertile Nile valleybecame so efficient,
368
00:29:44,006 --> 00:29:47,715
they had time and resourcesto build spectacular monuments.
369
00:30:23,446 --> 00:30:26,563
You've done it.
Your theory works, you can read everything.
370
00:30:27,486 --> 00:30:29,556
There's still so much I don't understand.
371
00:30:31,126 --> 00:30:32,525
These tombs.
372
00:30:33,526 --> 00:30:35,562
Death was so important to them. Why?
373
00:30:35,646 --> 00:30:39,605
Why create something as fantastical as this
and then bury it out of sight?
374
00:30:42,766 --> 00:30:44,040
You all right?
375
00:30:47,126 --> 00:30:50,675
- Here, have some water.
- Thank you.
376
00:30:51,886 --> 00:30:53,444
It's so hot in here.
377
00:30:57,006 --> 00:30:58,325
I'm better now.
378
00:31:02,526 --> 00:31:06,201
Champollion was on the vergeof the most startling discovery.
379
00:31:28,526 --> 00:31:32,599
This is the family tomb of a man called Menofre.
380
00:31:33,046 --> 00:31:36,641
I think that he could have been a priest,
there are priestly duties described here.
381
00:31:41,926 --> 00:31:44,918
- Oh, my God.
- What is it? What have you found?
382
00:31:47,486 --> 00:31:51,195
Oh, nothing.
Perhaps we have done enough for today.
383
00:31:52,326 --> 00:31:55,159
Why don't you go and join the others?
I'll be with you in a moment.
384
00:31:55,526 --> 00:31:56,675
Of course.
385
00:32:08,326 --> 00:32:09,520
Oh, my God.
386
00:32:28,486 --> 00:32:31,444
CHAMPOLLION:
I am startled by what I am reading fluently
387
00:32:31,526 --> 00:32:35,041
rather than what my imaginationhas been able to come up with.
388
00:32:35,606 --> 00:32:40,441
I have results which are extremely embarrassingfor a regiment of theories.
389
00:32:46,926 --> 00:32:50,441
Champollion had found the tombof a man called Menofre.
390
00:32:50,846 --> 00:32:53,440
He was a royal priest of the 5th Dynasty.
391
00:32:53,526 --> 00:32:57,963
A dynasty, that Champollion calculated,predated Noah's Flood.
392
00:32:59,726 --> 00:33:04,356
This suggested that the Egyptian civilisationhad begun long before the Flood,
393
00:33:04,446 --> 00:33:07,483
and continuedcompletely unaffected by the deluge.
394
00:33:07,686 --> 00:33:11,361
A conclusion that directly challengedthe Biblical story.
395
00:33:14,406 --> 00:33:17,364
Here was evidence that the Bible, the word of God,
396
00:33:17,446 --> 00:33:21,359
was not historically accurateas most Christians then believed.
397
00:33:23,046 --> 00:33:26,959
In 1828,this was a potentially explosive discovery.
398
00:33:27,406 --> 00:33:31,194
But Champollion kept the information to himselfin a secret diary.
399
00:33:33,726 --> 00:33:36,001
No one would know as long as he lived.
400
00:33:55,046 --> 00:33:58,356
Champollion understood the powerof the hieroglyphs.
401
00:33:58,566 --> 00:34:01,126
But his real work was only just beginning.
402
00:34:01,326 --> 00:34:07,117
He wanted to discover the driving force thatlay behind the civilisation that built the pyramids.
403
00:34:14,566 --> 00:34:17,956
How was an ancient people,living thousands of years ago,
404
00:34:18,046 --> 00:34:23,040
able to construct buildings tallerand more extensive than anything in Europe?
405
00:34:27,086 --> 00:34:31,284
Buildings engineered to perfectionand of unsurpassed elegance
406
00:34:31,366 --> 00:34:34,039
whose precise purpose was lost to time.
407
00:34:41,206 --> 00:34:45,404
Champollion continued in search of clueshidden in the hieroglyphs.
408
00:34:54,846 --> 00:34:59,966
More than anywhere else, he expected to findthe information he needed at Thebes,
409
00:35:00,046 --> 00:35:02,924
Egypt's ancient capital, now known as Luxor.
410
00:35:13,966 --> 00:35:18,994
At Thebes, he was confronted withthe sprawling remains of the Temple of Karnak,
411
00:35:19,086 --> 00:35:21,520
the largest temple complex on earth.
412
00:35:25,566 --> 00:35:28,842
CHAMPOLLION: I went to the palace, or rather,the city of monuments of Karnak.
413
00:35:29,646 --> 00:35:33,321
There the full pharaonic splendourput itself on display for me.
414
00:35:33,606 --> 00:35:37,884
All that a man could think ofexecuted on the grandest scale.
415
00:35:38,566 --> 00:35:43,003
It is enough to conclude that we in Europeare no more than lilliputians,
416
00:35:43,086 --> 00:35:46,920
and that no other ancient or modern peoplehas achieved a level of architecture
417
00:35:47,006 --> 00:35:52,364
that is so sublime, so large, so grandioseas the ancient Egyptians did.
418
00:35:55,886 --> 00:35:59,037
NARRATOR: The hieroglyphs on its wallstold Champollion
419
00:35:59,126 --> 00:36:02,914
that this was a templededicated to the greatest gods of Thebes.
420
00:36:08,326 --> 00:36:14,117
Its crowning glory was a spectacular pillared hallbuilt in honour of Amun, king of the gods,
421
00:36:14,446 --> 00:36:19,281
but named Effective is Ramesses
after its builder, Ramesses the Great.
422
00:36:29,646 --> 00:36:35,278
For more than a thousand years, Ramesses' storyhad stared down from the temple walls at Thebes,
423
00:36:35,366 --> 00:36:37,641
unreadable and unknowable.
424
00:36:38,086 --> 00:36:42,398
Now Champollion could begin to bringRamesses' world back to life.
425
00:36:44,486 --> 00:36:47,796
On the walls of each of his templeswas the same story,
426
00:36:47,886 --> 00:36:52,801
his most famous battle at Kadeshagainst Egypt's old enemy, the Hittites,
427
00:36:52,886 --> 00:36:55,081
and in all its gory detail.
428
00:36:55,606 --> 00:36:57,358
For the first time in centuries,
429
00:36:57,446 --> 00:37:02,520
Champollion was able to read a descriptionof how Hittite spies were tortured,
430
00:37:02,686 --> 00:37:07,282
of the time the gods saved Ramessesfrom death at the height of the battle,
431
00:37:07,526 --> 00:37:12,202
and the story of his pet lion,savaging the soldiers of his defeated enemy.
432
00:37:20,686 --> 00:37:25,476
Ramesses made sure that his own heroic partin the acclaimed victory
433
00:37:25,566 --> 00:37:28,285
was faithfully recorded by his scribes.
434
00:37:28,686 --> 00:37:30,358
This is what he said.
435
00:37:33,646 --> 00:37:37,798
"I was like fire. I was like a falcon pouncing,
436
00:37:38,126 --> 00:37:40,560
"I was like a lion with its prey.
437
00:37:40,646 --> 00:37:45,197
"I, alone, against millions of foreign enemieswas triumphant.
438
00:37:45,646 --> 00:37:50,674
"I killed and killed until they laythrown together in their own blood. "
439
00:37:52,166 --> 00:37:55,636
For the first time,Ramesses spoke to the modern world.
440
00:38:09,606 --> 00:38:14,202
Champollion found he could also identifythe names of all the other pharaohs
441
00:38:14,286 --> 00:38:17,244
who had added to the temple complexesin Thebes,
442
00:38:17,326 --> 00:38:19,760
and could even date when they had done so.
443
00:38:29,566 --> 00:38:35,084
But Champollion was still in search of the secretsat the heart of Egypt's ancient religion.
444
00:38:38,446 --> 00:38:40,323
(Speaking Arabic)
445
00:38:43,726 --> 00:38:45,398
He says this is it.
446
00:38:47,366 --> 00:38:49,436
The gateways of the kings.
447
00:38:50,126 --> 00:38:54,005
The last resting place of so many great pharaohs.
448
00:38:54,526 --> 00:38:56,118
The valley of death.
449
00:38:57,006 --> 00:39:00,123
Why don't they call it Valley of the Kings?
Why gateway?
450
00:39:00,206 --> 00:39:03,198
- What does it mean?
- It didn't say.
451
00:39:04,206 --> 00:39:06,481
Perhaps we shall discover why.
452
00:39:13,286 --> 00:39:16,198
Situated across the Nile from Luxor,
453
00:39:16,286 --> 00:39:20,802
the Valley of the Kings is perhapsthe most famous burial ground on earth.
454
00:39:21,326 --> 00:39:27,242
The visible tombs of the earliest Egyptian period,including the pyramids, had proved easy to rob.
455
00:39:27,846 --> 00:39:33,682
So the later pharaohs, such as Tutankhamunand Ramesses were buried in this remote spot,
456
00:39:33,766 --> 00:39:36,803
in the hope of avoiding the attentionof tomb robbers.
457
00:39:39,206 --> 00:39:43,165
The Valley was the royal burial groundfor nearly 500 years,
458
00:39:43,246 --> 00:39:45,362
and contains over 60 tombs.
459
00:39:45,886 --> 00:39:49,276
This is it! This is it, come up and look!
460
00:39:53,686 --> 00:39:54,755
Watch yourself.
461
00:40:03,526 --> 00:40:07,519
12 years before,the discovery of this tomb had brought fame
462
00:40:07,606 --> 00:40:10,518
to the Italian adventurer, Giovanni Belzoni.
463
00:40:46,366 --> 00:40:51,520
By the time Champollion arrived,Belzoni had already removed its sarcophagus
464
00:40:51,606 --> 00:40:54,245
and recorded the pictures on the walls.
465
00:40:54,406 --> 00:40:57,603
But Belzoni could only guess at what it all meant.
466
00:41:16,446 --> 00:41:17,720
There is nothing here.
467
00:41:28,086 --> 00:41:29,360
No, wait.
468
00:41:31,526 --> 00:41:34,518
Ippolito, look. Here, under the dirt.
469
00:41:35,966 --> 00:41:39,038
- Over here, look.
- What have you found?
470
00:41:40,966 --> 00:41:42,319
(Laughing)
471
00:41:50,446 --> 00:41:53,199
This was the tomb of Seti I.
472
00:41:53,286 --> 00:41:56,801
The hieroglyphs showedhe was named after the god Seth,
473
00:41:56,886 --> 00:41:59,798
the god of chaos and necessary violence.
474
00:42:00,446 --> 00:42:02,835
Seti was a fierce warrior king.
475
00:42:09,406 --> 00:42:14,799
His tomb is the largest, deepest and mostlavishly decorated in the Valley of the Kings.
476
00:42:18,206 --> 00:42:20,197
Over here, there's more.
477
00:42:40,006 --> 00:42:41,439
Look at this.
478
00:42:42,086 --> 00:42:44,441
Who is buried in such glory?
479
00:42:45,366 --> 00:42:49,405
There is a cartouche here. Looks like Seti to me.
480
00:42:50,646 --> 00:42:51,999
Yes, that's right.
481
00:42:52,086 --> 00:42:54,554
You're teaching them well, Professor Champollion.
482
00:43:02,646 --> 00:43:06,924
As Champollion worked,slowly a picture began to emerge.
483
00:43:07,366 --> 00:43:10,438
But there were months of workahead of him in the Valley,
484
00:43:10,526 --> 00:43:14,235
and a big obstacle to deciphering the messageof the hieroglyphs
485
00:43:14,326 --> 00:43:17,363
was Champollion's own steadily failing health.
486
00:43:44,606 --> 00:43:47,916
The hieroglyphs revealedthat when the pharaoh died,
487
00:43:48,006 --> 00:43:51,362
his burial ceremony was conductedin great secrecy,
488
00:43:51,446 --> 00:43:53,880
with the location of the tomb concealed.
489
00:44:07,726 --> 00:44:12,083
Food was brought as a sacred offeringto nourish the pharaoh's spirit.
490
00:44:19,486 --> 00:44:23,195
Inside the coffin,his body was bound with bandages
491
00:44:23,286 --> 00:44:25,925
in imitation of the great god Osiris.
492
00:44:32,966 --> 00:44:37,198
The mummy and the provisionsfor his final journey were carried to the tomb
493
00:44:37,286 --> 00:44:39,197
carved deep into the mountain.
494
00:44:47,486 --> 00:44:52,844
Then, as the sun died on the horizon,the pharaoh entered the underworld.
495
00:44:59,326 --> 00:45:04,639
It was the most elaborate burial imaginable.But it still didn't make sense.
496
00:45:05,286 --> 00:45:10,076
Why did ancient Egyptians bury so much wealthin the ground with their kings?
497
00:45:21,286 --> 00:45:22,878
Professor Champollion?
498
00:45:27,286 --> 00:45:28,514
Food's ready.
499
00:45:51,006 --> 00:45:52,962
Champollion, Champollion!
500
00:45:54,286 --> 00:45:57,119
Help! Help!
501
00:45:59,006 --> 00:46:02,760
Professor Champollion. Help!
502
00:46:07,766 --> 00:46:10,121
Please, you must rest.
503
00:46:13,406 --> 00:46:17,001
- No, I must get back to work.
- Please, please, I beg you.
504
00:46:17,606 --> 00:46:20,996
We are so close to understanding
what the Egyptians believed.
505
00:46:24,246 --> 00:46:25,725
They want to give up.
506
00:46:26,886 --> 00:46:29,525
I know they do, but we can't give up now.
507
00:46:31,806 --> 00:46:34,240
- I must explain to them.
- You must rest.
508
00:46:34,326 --> 00:46:37,762
No! There's so little time.
509
00:46:40,486 --> 00:46:42,124
Fetch the drawings.
510
00:46:43,966 --> 00:46:45,081
Please.
511
00:46:51,566 --> 00:46:54,205
Champollion was by now very ill.
512
00:46:54,606 --> 00:46:58,235
But he was determined to explainto his small dedicated team
513
00:46:58,326 --> 00:47:01,284
the true meaning of all the work they had done.
514
00:47:02,166 --> 00:47:03,519
Gentlemen,
515
00:47:04,646 --> 00:47:09,117
these pictures,
pictures you have seen and drawn in every tomb,
516
00:47:10,366 --> 00:47:12,038
do you know what they represent?
517
00:47:14,126 --> 00:47:17,835
They are a journey into the afterlife.
518
00:47:19,406 --> 00:47:21,840
Alberto, you painted this.
519
00:47:22,686 --> 00:47:25,439
- You know what it is?
- No, not at all.
520
00:47:26,406 --> 00:47:28,124
This is the setting sun...
521
00:47:29,166 --> 00:47:32,795
entering the underworld and being worshipped
by the king, by the pharaoh.
522
00:47:33,886 --> 00:47:38,323
Next to it is a scarab beetle,
the symbol of rebirth.
523
00:47:39,766 --> 00:47:41,199
That's what's important.
524
00:47:41,806 --> 00:47:44,036
That little detail and you've got it, Berto.
525
00:47:45,086 --> 00:47:47,884
Rebirth. Now, look closer.
526
00:47:50,246 --> 00:47:54,683
The king illuminates all of Egypt. He's a god.
527
00:47:55,526 --> 00:48:00,202
CHAMPOLLION: He's a source of life for all hissubjects, and in death, he's like the setting sun.
528
00:48:00,686 --> 00:48:04,395
Descending towards a shadowy underworldthrough which he must travel,
529
00:48:04,486 --> 00:48:09,480
if he is to rise again in the celestial worldof Amun, the universal father.
530
00:48:11,286 --> 00:48:15,074
On the eastern walls of every tomb,we see the king during his life.
531
00:48:15,166 --> 00:48:18,715
Battling with the twelve snakes,the twelve hours of the day.
532
00:48:19,566 --> 00:48:23,354
This is Teka, the serpent with the blazing face.
533
00:48:25,246 --> 00:48:28,124
Then through the utter darknessof the underworld.
534
00:48:29,006 --> 00:48:32,237
If he survives this, so do his people.
535
00:48:33,086 --> 00:48:34,519
For all eternity.
536
00:48:35,966 --> 00:48:38,799
Life is a preparation for death.
537
00:48:39,966 --> 00:48:44,835
And everything must be right.Every sacrifice, every prayer, every confession.
538
00:48:46,246 --> 00:48:49,636
These royal tombs are like tunnelsinto the afterlife.
539
00:48:50,966 --> 00:48:52,684
Gateways of the kings.
540
00:48:53,886 --> 00:48:56,195
This is not a valley of death after all.
541
00:48:57,326 --> 00:48:59,476
It is a valley of rebirth.
542
00:49:01,726 --> 00:49:06,004
Nobody has understood this for a thousand years.Maybe more.
543
00:49:07,966 --> 00:49:09,922
This is our work.
544
00:49:11,246 --> 00:49:13,965
This is what you're bringing back to the world.
545
00:49:16,126 --> 00:49:19,596
You're bringing the Egyptians back to life.
546
00:49:55,726 --> 00:49:58,604
NARRATOR: Champollion had discoveredthe central reason
547
00:49:58,686 --> 00:50:01,564
for the magnificenceof the ancient Egyptian tombs.
548
00:50:02,006 --> 00:50:05,715
That all Egyptians invested their hopesof the afterlife
549
00:50:05,806 --> 00:50:10,004
in the successful burial of one man, their pharaoh.
550
00:50:10,286 --> 00:50:13,915
He was their protector in lifeand would be in death.
551
00:50:18,846 --> 00:50:23,283
Champollion's revelation made sensenot only of the Valley of the Kings,
552
00:50:23,446 --> 00:50:27,803
but also of Egypt's most famous tomb,The Great Pyramid at Giza.
553
00:50:28,326 --> 00:50:31,318
And thanks to the deciphering of the hieroglyphs,
554
00:50:31,486 --> 00:50:36,241
we now know the order of events that surroundedthe pharaoh's burial in the pyramid.
555
00:50:37,126 --> 00:50:41,756
When the pharaoh died, his coffinwas brought down the Nile to the dockside
556
00:50:41,846 --> 00:50:44,360
where sacred rituals were performed.
557
00:51:05,926 --> 00:51:11,683
As part of the ritual, the coffin was probably takento the lowest subterranean chamber first.
558
00:51:18,126 --> 00:51:19,923
And then to the chamber above it.
559
00:51:20,846 --> 00:51:25,124
The final part of the journey would've beento take the coffin to the third chamber.
560
00:51:44,926 --> 00:51:50,603
At last, beneath the great granite roof,the coffin was laid in its stone sarcophagus.
561
00:51:51,486 --> 00:51:56,958
With the king now prepared for his journey,he was in position to be launched into eternity.
562
00:52:08,806 --> 00:52:14,164
The idea was that he would be propelledtowards one point in particular in the night sky.
563
00:52:14,526 --> 00:52:16,403
One that never moves.
564
00:52:17,126 --> 00:52:21,961
The Egyptians revered this point as eternal.The location of heaven itself.
565
00:52:22,846 --> 00:52:25,360
They also revered the stars that circled it.
566
00:52:34,646 --> 00:52:38,355
Today we know these starsas the circumpolar stars.
567
00:52:39,126 --> 00:52:42,482
The Egyptians called them The Indestructibles.
568
00:53:03,446 --> 00:53:07,075
In the north wall of the king's chamberis a tiny vent.
569
00:53:07,406 --> 00:53:11,877
The beginning of a narrow shaftthat penetrates through the massive masonry
570
00:53:11,966 --> 00:53:13,763
to the pyramid's outer wall.
571
00:53:14,286 --> 00:53:18,040
It's trained like a telescopeat just one point in the sky.
572
00:53:18,126 --> 00:53:19,718
The Indestructibles.
573
00:53:21,966 --> 00:53:25,561
The Egyptians believedthey had not just located heaven,
574
00:53:25,646 --> 00:53:27,955
but constructed the means to get there.
575
00:53:29,646 --> 00:53:32,763
The Great Pyramid was a resurrection machine.
576
00:53:33,286 --> 00:53:38,804
It secured everlasting life for the pharaoh,and through the pharaoh, his people.
577
00:53:45,486 --> 00:53:50,037
Champollion's work in the Valley of the Kingstransformed our understanding.
578
00:53:50,726 --> 00:53:53,320
And deciphering the hieroglyphs made possible
579
00:53:53,406 --> 00:53:57,001
the most famous single momentin the discovery of ancient Egypt.
580
00:53:57,686 --> 00:54:00,564
Nearly 100 years later, in the same valley,
581
00:54:00,806 --> 00:54:04,685
the most dazzling array of treasures ever seenwas unearthed.
582
00:54:15,326 --> 00:54:16,918
Can you see anything?
583
00:54:17,406 --> 00:54:18,600
Yes.
584
00:54:20,526 --> 00:54:22,164
Wonderful things.
585
00:54:22,526 --> 00:54:25,836
One, two, three and lift.
586
00:54:26,526 --> 00:54:29,518
Pull, gentlemen, pull. Come on, pull!
587
00:54:30,446 --> 00:54:32,198
That's it. Good. Good.
588
00:54:35,606 --> 00:54:36,959
A little more.
589
00:54:37,086 --> 00:54:39,316
(Grunting)
590
00:54:55,406 --> 00:55:00,161
The only reason Howard Carter, the manwho discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun,
591
00:55:00,246 --> 00:55:04,842
knew that the Pharaoh even existedwas due to Champollion's achievement.
592
00:55:05,606 --> 00:55:10,600
It allowed the Egyptologists who followedto read the few remaining inscriptions
593
00:55:10,686 --> 00:55:14,235
that gave clues to the reign of this obscure king.
594
00:55:36,886 --> 00:55:40,561
The price Champollion paidfor his discovery was high.
595
00:55:41,206 --> 00:55:44,994
Just 18 monthsafter he returned to France, he died.
596
00:55:45,966 --> 00:55:49,038
The cause of his deathwas said to be a massive stroke.
597
00:55:50,246 --> 00:55:53,522
In reality, he never recovered from the struggle
598
00:55:53,606 --> 00:55:57,758
of that two-year journey into the heart of Egypt.
599
00:55:58,758 --> 00:56:08,758
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