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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:21,421 --> 00:00:26,791 Good evening, tonight's programme is on the human face and so am I 2 00:00:27,327 --> 00:00:30,694 because this is a human face that I'm standing on 3 00:00:31,431 --> 00:00:36,835 The BBC has miniaturised me at enormous expense, by BBC standards of course, 4 00:00:37,203 --> 00:00:42,163 so that we can take an even closer look than usual at the subject of beauty 5 00:00:44,677 --> 00:00:46,235 Hello! 6 00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:50,807 And the question that we're hoping to answer tonight is what is beauty 7 00:00:51,251 --> 00:00:53,845 and is it in the eye of the beholder? 8 00:00:54,387 --> 00:00:57,083 So, let's start by asking some babies 9 00:01:03,329 --> 00:01:06,321 From our earliest days we appreciate beauty 10 00:01:06,633 --> 00:01:10,729 Research has shown babies spend longer looking at adults with smooth skin, 11 00:01:10,970 --> 00:01:12,767 big eyes and full lips 12 00:01:20,480 --> 00:01:22,539 And they don't like uglies 13 00:01:23,316 --> 00:01:26,308 The fact that the tiniest babies are drawn to beautiful faces 14 00:01:26,486 --> 00:01:29,580 shows how much beauty matters to us human beings 15 00:01:30,657 --> 00:01:33,751 For instance, the face I'm standing on this evening 16 00:01:33,927 --> 00:01:35,690 belongs to Elizabeth Hurley 17 00:01:36,763 --> 00:01:37,491 Good evening! 18 00:01:37,664 --> 00:01:38,494 Good evening 19 00:01:39,032 --> 00:01:41,694 And obviously we wouldn't have asked Elizabeth to do the show 20 00:01:41,968 --> 00:01:44,436 if she looked like this 21 00:01:46,139 --> 00:01:50,371 Beauty does matter but the odd thing is it matters 22 00:01:50,543 --> 00:01:53,205 even more than we consciously realise 23 00:01:53,646 --> 00:01:59,107 You know, professionally and personally it gets you in almost every door 24 00:01:59,285 --> 00:02:02,721 If they think you're the most stylish man or the most handsome man, 25 00:02:02,889 --> 00:02:07,223 then related to work, then wonderful 26 00:02:07,393 --> 00:02:11,625 It is a true fact of our society that looks are important 27 00:02:11,798 --> 00:02:15,029 Anyone that doesn't believe it, no, women that say, 28 00:02:15,201 --> 00:02:17,931 "I keep a clean house, he loves me", 29 00:02:18,104 --> 00:02:20,732 no woman's husband ever came home and said, 30 00:02:20,907 --> 00:02:24,434 "the floor's immaculate, lie down you hot slut", never happens 31 00:02:27,180 --> 00:02:31,617 All the studies show that beautiful people get better jobs and earn more money 32 00:02:32,352 --> 00:02:35,150 Appearances even matter when it comes to getting the top job, 33 00:02:35,321 --> 00:02:38,757 for example, which of these two men would you vote for 34 00:02:39,559 --> 00:02:43,188 In September 1960 John Kennedy and Richard Nixon appeared on radio 35 00:02:43,363 --> 00:02:45,991 and television battling for the presidency 36 00:02:46,299 --> 00:02:48,631 I believe the programmes that Senator Kennedy 37 00:02:48,801 --> 00:02:52,259 advocates will have a tendency to stifle those creative entities 38 00:02:52,438 --> 00:02:54,565 I really don't need Mr Nixon to tell me 39 00:02:54,741 --> 00:02:56,971 what my responsibilities are as a citizen... 40 00:02:57,477 --> 00:03:01,174 People who listened to the debate on the radio thought that Nixon had won, 41 00:03:01,347 --> 00:03:04,214 but people who watched it n television disagreed 42 00:03:04,817 --> 00:03:08,082 Nixon's sweats and his five o'clock shadow put them off 43 00:03:08,254 --> 00:03:10,415 and they pronounced Kennedy the winner 44 00:03:11,057 --> 00:03:14,322 Nixon had refused makeup saying it was for gays 45 00:03:16,863 --> 00:03:20,060 If you have beauty it brings many hidden advantages 46 00:03:20,366 --> 00:03:23,699 but what gives it this extraordinary power? 47 00:03:24,604 --> 00:03:27,903 After all, Helen of Troy didn't just win the Miss Pelopponese title, 48 00:03:28,074 --> 00:03:30,269 she started a nine-year war 49 00:03:37,317 --> 00:03:39,683 Let's start by seeing what most people think 50 00:03:40,019 --> 00:03:41,953 Well, I think beauty is in the eye of the beholder, 51 00:03:42,121 --> 00:03:44,316 I mean, I can think of some very beautiful actresses 52 00:03:44,490 --> 00:03:47,323 and models who I think are fabulous and I can say to a boy, 53 00:03:47,493 --> 00:03:51,657 my gosh, she's gorgeous - I can't stand her, I hate those big lips 54 00:03:51,831 --> 00:03:54,800 and she's way too thin - but I genuinely think she's gorgeous 55 00:03:56,970 --> 00:04:00,064 How do supermodels like Kate Moss affect you? 56 00:04:01,407 --> 00:04:03,705 Because the fashion industry is unanimous 57 00:04:03,977 --> 00:04:05,877 Something like Kate's face is incredible 58 00:04:06,045 --> 00:04:08,912 because her bone structure just sort of, you know, bowls you over, 59 00:04:09,515 --> 00:04:11,483 she has got such fabulous bone structure 60 00:04:11,651 --> 00:04:13,744 so as far as a canvas for a makeup artist to make her up and, 61 00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:19,085 you know, she's just so desperately photogenic as well 62 00:04:20,159 --> 00:04:23,253 Sarah Doukas is head of the Storm Model Agency 63 00:04:23,429 --> 00:04:25,556 She discovered Kate Moss and she's acknowledged 64 00:04:25,732 --> 00:04:29,293 as an expert at spotting the next fashionable face 65 00:04:29,469 --> 00:04:32,802 She believes that ideas of beauty change all the time 66 00:04:33,940 --> 00:04:36,340 It's very fast-flowing, I mean, we find a lot of faces 67 00:04:36,509 --> 00:04:38,841 and they are fashionable for a moment 68 00:04:40,079 --> 00:04:44,880 We're constantly looking for new faces but it's become voracious 69 00:04:46,853 --> 00:04:49,117 It doesn't get more voracious than this, 70 00:04:49,289 --> 00:04:52,850 seven hundred entries in a competition to find a new face for the Agency 71 00:04:54,227 --> 00:04:55,854 When it all started ten, fifteen years ago, 72 00:04:56,029 --> 00:04:59,396 the faces started to look very unconventional, you know, 73 00:04:59,565 --> 00:05:02,625 you used to hear people say, she's hideous or, you know, 74 00:05:02,802 --> 00:05:04,429 I mean, I think that girl is really quite ugly, I mean, 75 00:05:04,604 --> 00:05:07,835 I think the general public are probably quite aghast 76 00:05:08,007 --> 00:05:11,943 at some of the strange faces in magazines like The Face for example, 77 00:05:12,578 --> 00:05:14,546 but I think gradually obviously it gets inside one 78 00:05:14,714 --> 00:05:17,274 and it's what we consider is beautiful 79 00:05:19,419 --> 00:05:23,515 Today Sarah is face to face with the ten finalists she's selected 80 00:05:23,690 --> 00:05:25,783 She's looking for the next beautiful face 81 00:05:25,958 --> 00:05:28,119 that will work for the fashion industry 82 00:05:29,862 --> 00:05:32,023 This is Zara, aged seventeen 83 00:05:34,967 --> 00:05:44,672 This is Samantha aged sixteen, Laura aged eighteen, Rachel aged eighteen 84 00:05:45,144 --> 00:05:47,203 So who will they go for and why? 85 00:05:48,081 --> 00:05:50,811 Eyes should be wide spaced; you can't have a weak jaw; 86 00:05:52,318 --> 00:05:54,946 you can't have a sort of flat nose because the light hits it 87 00:05:55,121 --> 00:05:57,749 and you end up sort of with a, you know, a banana 88 00:05:57,924 --> 00:06:00,893 I love the nose and the mouth, it's slightly imbalanced, 89 00:06:01,060 --> 00:06:02,721 it's, do you know what I mean? 90 00:06:02,895 --> 00:06:05,762 The eyes are slightly smaller than, she's just got such an interesting... 91 00:06:06,432 --> 00:06:11,597 do you think she's a possible... I'm still thinking back to Rachel... 92 00:06:12,972 --> 00:06:14,701 I don't know, there's just something about her... 93 00:06:14,874 --> 00:06:16,307 I know, she's serene and beautiful... 94 00:06:16,476 --> 00:06:18,341 although she's terribly pretty and she's beautiful, 95 00:06:18,511 --> 00:06:19,671 she's got a very sort of... 96 00:06:19,846 --> 00:06:23,907 There's some disagreement about who is more beautiful, Rachel or Zara 97 00:06:24,617 --> 00:06:26,881 Yeah, its' not as interesting I would say... 98 00:06:27,854 --> 00:06:30,379 Yes, it hasn't got as much sort of depth, 99 00:06:30,556 --> 00:06:34,617 whereas somebody like Zara has got such a good structure in place, 100 00:06:34,794 --> 00:06:36,523 the camera just loves her face... 101 00:06:37,597 --> 00:06:40,259 They've chosen Zara Would you have? 102 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:44,363 Apart from a big hooter, cross eyes or missing teeth, 103 00:06:44,537 --> 00:06:47,165 the widely held view in the fashion industry seems to be 104 00:06:47,340 --> 00:06:50,207 that beauty is what the fashion industry says it is, 105 00:06:50,376 --> 00:06:53,243 but I suspect there's more to beauty than that 106 00:06:54,614 --> 00:06:58,209 So, what can we say about his potent force in our lives? 107 00:06:58,384 --> 00:07:01,148 Well, here's a starting point 108 00:07:01,521 --> 00:07:03,352 Look at the face I'm standing on 109 00:07:04,323 --> 00:07:08,123 Now, whether you think Elizabeth Hurley is extraordinarily pretty 110 00:07:08,294 --> 00:07:10,922 or stunningly beautiful isn't worth arguing about 111 00:07:11,097 --> 00:07:15,466 because very few people are going to maintain that she's a total dog... 112 00:07:16,102 --> 00:07:17,194 Thanks John 113 00:07:17,370 --> 00:07:20,305 Not at all Elizabeth and welcome to the show 114 00:07:20,940 --> 00:07:26,242 Now, this gives us a clue to what scientists have been discovering 115 00:07:29,081 --> 00:07:32,915 Many scientists think that far from being a matter of personal taste, 116 00:07:33,085 --> 00:07:35,519 there are universal rules for beauty, 117 00:07:35,688 --> 00:07:38,589 patterns that beautiful people have in common, 118 00:07:38,758 --> 00:07:41,420 something that can even be measured 119 00:07:45,131 --> 00:07:48,760 Well, these five look very different to me so, the grid... 120 00:07:48,935 --> 00:07:53,429 Facial surgeon Dr Stephen Marquardt has spent over twenty-five years 121 00:07:53,606 --> 00:07:57,599 almost obsessively searching for the rules that govern beauty 122 00:07:58,511 --> 00:08:01,639 My job was to make faces more attractive that were 123 00:08:01,814 --> 00:08:06,183 deformed from birth or in car accidents, those kinds of things 124 00:08:12,158 --> 00:08:14,683 I noticed most of the patients did look more attractive when I was done, 125 00:08:15,461 --> 00:08:19,192 a few looked about the same and occasionally they wouldn't look as good, 126 00:08:19,732 --> 00:08:23,327 and that was, that was very distressing, as you can imagine, 127 00:08:23,970 --> 00:08:26,336 particularly if some of the operations were nine hours in length 128 00:08:26,506 --> 00:08:31,239 and to operate that long and have, we always would fix the functional problem 129 00:08:32,111 --> 00:08:35,547 but to have them not look as good was extremely disappointing 130 00:08:36,015 --> 00:08:37,983 So what did that make you feel? 131 00:08:40,086 --> 00:08:42,054 It made me wonder what attractiveness was, 132 00:08:42,221 --> 00:08:43,916 I was doing the same thing for everyone 133 00:08:47,393 --> 00:08:50,362 Hoping to find some clues to the rules which govern beauty, 134 00:08:50,530 --> 00:08:55,024 Stephen Marquardt went out and asked people who worked in the beauty industry 135 00:08:56,302 --> 00:08:58,896 So I just started canvassing different people that I knew in those industries 136 00:08:59,071 --> 00:09:01,596 and it was pathetic, I couldn't believe it, 137 00:09:01,774 --> 00:09:03,298 nobody knew what beauty was... 138 00:09:03,476 --> 00:09:06,570 nobody could understand it, people, everybody had a different idea 139 00:09:09,081 --> 00:09:11,606 Everybody had an opinion about what beauty was 140 00:09:11,784 --> 00:09:14,116 and a lot of people's opinion was it's kind of a, 141 00:09:14,287 --> 00:09:16,915 ethereal oneness with the universe, if you will, 142 00:09:17,223 --> 00:09:19,783 and when they told me "ethereal oneness with the universe" it's like, 143 00:09:19,959 --> 00:09:23,087 hey wow, wait a minute, I'm a surgeon, you know, that isn't, 144 00:09:23,262 --> 00:09:27,096 that's not gonna help me out, so I kept looking 145 00:09:31,137 --> 00:09:34,698 Stephen wanted to see if people could agree on anything about beauty, 146 00:09:34,874 --> 00:09:37,342 so he did his own study 147 00:09:37,510 --> 00:09:40,240 He got photographs of eighteen very different women 148 00:09:40,613 --> 00:09:42,911 and then asked people from all over the world to say 149 00:09:43,082 --> 00:09:45,607 which they found more and less attractive 150 00:09:46,485 --> 00:09:48,680 We had people rank these eighteen faces according to 151 00:09:48,854 --> 00:09:50,879 what they thought was more attractive to least attractive 152 00:09:51,057 --> 00:09:53,082 They found the faces up here most attractive, 153 00:09:53,259 --> 00:09:55,819 then as you came down here they found them less and less attractive 154 00:09:55,995 --> 00:09:59,362 until we get down to this area when they found them barely human looking 155 00:10:00,933 --> 00:10:03,800 Some of these patients were taken out of medical textbooks, 156 00:10:03,970 --> 00:10:06,564 they were published years and years ago and today 157 00:10:06,739 --> 00:10:09,606 no one would ever get this bad before they were treated 158 00:10:10,576 --> 00:10:13,374 These are all real people, they're all women between the ages 159 00:10:13,546 --> 00:10:16,037 of about fourteen and twenty-four to thirty 160 00:10:16,415 --> 00:10:19,441 This is the entire range of human visual appearance of the faces 161 00:10:19,619 --> 00:10:23,282 and we try to include everything in our study and, astoundingly, 162 00:10:23,456 --> 00:10:26,050 everybody in the world within about ninety-seven percent 163 00:10:26,225 --> 00:10:28,921 ranked these eighteen photographs exactly the same 164 00:10:30,830 --> 00:10:32,764 We thought people from Asia would have a different concept, 165 00:10:32,932 --> 00:10:34,729 but it was very consistent all through the world, 166 00:10:34,900 --> 00:10:36,925 didn't make any difference whether somebody was four years old 167 00:10:37,103 --> 00:10:41,631 or eighty years old, they ranked them the same, it was just astounding 168 00:10:42,608 --> 00:10:46,544 What this study suggests is that there are some things we can all agree on, 169 00:10:46,712 --> 00:10:49,180 some universal rules of beauty 170 00:10:50,082 --> 00:10:55,042 So what are some of these universal factors that hold true for all beauty? 171 00:10:58,924 --> 00:11:02,690 Let's start by looking at babies Ahh... 172 00:11:03,295 --> 00:11:06,264 Babies seem to generally be considered very attractive, 173 00:11:06,699 --> 00:11:08,496 so I started studying baby's faces 174 00:11:08,668 --> 00:11:11,637 and I wondered if there was an ideal face for baby and it turns out there is, 175 00:11:11,804 --> 00:11:14,068 there is an archetypal face, not only for the adult 176 00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:16,606 but there is one for the infant too 177 00:11:19,679 --> 00:11:22,876 But baby's beauty is quite different from adult beauty 178 00:11:24,950 --> 00:11:26,645 This baby looks wrong, doesn't he? 179 00:11:26,819 --> 00:11:30,380 It's because he's got an adult face on a baby's body 180 00:11:30,556 --> 00:11:33,184 For some reason the medieval artist Giotto 181 00:11:33,359 --> 00:11:36,385 didn't give this face a baby's proportions 182 00:11:37,830 --> 00:11:41,129 Babies judged attractive tend to have plump cheeks, rosebud lips 183 00:11:41,300 --> 00:11:45,737 and enormous eyes all scrunched up together in the centre of the face 184 00:11:45,905 --> 00:11:50,706 It's these proportions that release our protective instincts. Ahh... 185 00:11:52,244 --> 00:11:54,303 Yes, he's not quite what I'm looking for 186 00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:57,210 Well what about this one? 187 00:12:00,052 --> 00:12:01,986 No, no, I don't think so 188 00:12:02,388 --> 00:12:03,582 How about this? 189 00:12:04,123 --> 00:12:06,819 Sorry to be difficult but it's not right 190 00:12:07,393 --> 00:12:13,298 Well, I don't think I have anything else, unless this appeals to you at all? 191 00:12:14,233 --> 00:12:19,933 Now that is beautiful, oh, I love the way he dribbles, does he hunt? 192 00:12:20,106 --> 00:12:21,095 No 193 00:12:21,273 --> 00:12:23,969 Good, cos I can't wait to protect him 194 00:12:26,779 --> 00:12:32,240 Ahh. It's that helpless, nurture-me look that men eventually learn 195 00:12:32,418 --> 00:12:34,477 is what makes babies attractive 196 00:12:35,087 --> 00:12:39,251 What's certainly true is that good-looking babies often stay good-looking 197 00:12:40,226 --> 00:12:43,457 Out of earshot I could hear people, the grown ups, saying oh, 198 00:12:43,629 --> 00:12:45,494 he's very good looking, he's just like his father, 199 00:12:45,664 --> 00:12:46,358 he's just like his father... 200 00:12:46,532 --> 00:12:48,056 When was that, when do you remember that? 201 00:12:48,234 --> 00:12:54,230 I think I was probably four, five, he didn't understand it 202 00:12:54,406 --> 00:12:59,605 but there was something about your look, something that was right about you 203 00:13:01,881 --> 00:13:03,143 Look at these teenagers 204 00:13:03,315 --> 00:13:08,275 The baby face features, large eyes, rounded cheeks and full lips 205 00:13:08,554 --> 00:13:12,285 are still judged attractive - but a lot's changed 206 00:13:14,260 --> 00:13:15,852 They become attractive in a different way, 207 00:13:16,028 --> 00:13:20,522 not in a parental nurturing way but in a sexually attractive way for a mate 208 00:13:20,699 --> 00:13:23,691 When did you realise that you were beautiful? 209 00:13:25,037 --> 00:13:32,739 I realised that other people thought I was beautiful around thirteen or fourteen, 210 00:13:32,912 --> 00:13:38,475 I, I started noticing that the behaviour of others around me changed 211 00:13:42,321 --> 00:13:45,313 If we're talking about female beauty and standards of female attractiveness, 212 00:13:45,491 --> 00:13:49,518 the two largest predictors are youth and health 213 00:13:49,962 --> 00:13:53,398 Dr David Buss studies human mating behaviour 214 00:13:58,771 --> 00:14:03,174 Things like clear skin, smooth skin, full lips because lips, 215 00:14:03,342 --> 00:14:07,073 most people don't know this, lips get thinner as you age 216 00:14:07,246 --> 00:14:10,773 and so full lips is a sign of youth, also a sign of health 217 00:14:13,452 --> 00:14:18,185 Stephen Marquardt suggests there may be an age range of maximum beauty 218 00:14:19,658 --> 00:14:22,286 There's a certain window during our life 219 00:14:22,461 --> 00:14:24,053 when we're most attractive particularly women, 220 00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:26,664 and that's about, between the ages of fourteen and twenty-four, 221 00:14:27,299 --> 00:14:29,460 that's, they start menstruating at fourteen, 222 00:14:29,635 --> 00:14:31,626 they're ready to reproduce and that correlates 223 00:14:31,804 --> 00:14:37,606 and coincides with their highest window of attractiveness physically, 224 00:14:37,776 --> 00:14:39,471 and particularly facially 225 00:14:39,645 --> 00:14:43,081 I don't think that's true at all in girls or boys as it happens cos I, 226 00:14:43,249 --> 00:14:47,777 it's a different sort of sweet puppyish sort of prettiness when your very young, 227 00:14:47,953 --> 00:14:52,583 but you know, it doesn't really move you, I don't think, it's sweet 228 00:14:53,626 --> 00:14:58,723 I think I got prettier in my late twenties certainly than in my early twenties, 229 00:14:58,898 --> 00:15:01,162 whereas you know convention would have it you look at your best 230 00:15:01,333 --> 00:15:03,528 when you're seventeen then go off the boil from then on 231 00:15:07,039 --> 00:15:10,839 Scientists however suggest that although there may be individual differences, 232 00:15:11,010 --> 00:15:14,707 basically youthful features advertise sex 233 00:15:17,182 --> 00:15:19,514 Sex, of course, advertises products 234 00:15:19,685 --> 00:15:22,813 This is Zara who you'll remember was plucked out of obscurity 235 00:15:22,988 --> 00:15:25,047 to be a new fashion model 236 00:15:27,993 --> 00:15:29,517 I got a letter through the post, which was harsh 237 00:15:29,695 --> 00:15:31,754 cos I didn't know whether to open it or not 238 00:15:31,931 --> 00:15:34,900 The first letters I saw were "I hope you are alright, so I was like, 239 00:15:35,067 --> 00:15:38,434 oh, what's this gonna be, you know, and it was just, 240 00:15:38,604 --> 00:15:40,868 congratulations in big black capital letters 241 00:15:44,877 --> 00:15:47,311 Zara's now much in demand but why? 242 00:15:47,613 --> 00:15:50,980 What is it about her face that people find so compelling? 243 00:15:51,150 --> 00:15:54,176 Scientist Dr Stephen Marquardt thinks he knows 244 00:15:56,322 --> 00:15:58,950 The question's gonna come up for you with people, 245 00:15:59,124 --> 00:16:00,489 what is attractive about you? 246 00:16:00,659 --> 00:16:04,060 You are attractive and people will tell you you're attractive 247 00:16:04,229 --> 00:16:07,289 and the reason you're attractive is you have the components of 248 00:16:07,466 --> 00:16:10,333 both the adult beautiful face and the baby's beautiful face, 249 00:16:10,502 --> 00:16:13,027 which is really interesting, it's very unusual 250 00:16:13,472 --> 00:16:16,964 What it does is it incorporates not only the adult beauty of the high cheekbones 251 00:16:17,142 --> 00:16:21,272 and the pretty nose, nice shape, and the nice forehead, nice jaw line, 252 00:16:21,447 --> 00:16:25,383 but also the slightly retreated chin and the cupid's bow upper lip 253 00:16:25,551 --> 00:16:29,078 She has a very short upper lip like a baby and a cupid's bow upper lip 254 00:16:29,254 --> 00:16:31,119 like a baby and the retreated chin of a baby 255 00:16:31,290 --> 00:16:36,023 and the larger features of an infant, which is very attractive, 256 00:16:36,195 --> 00:16:39,164 combined with the adult features of the high cheekbones, 257 00:16:39,331 --> 00:16:42,095 pretty nose, beautiful skin and big eyes 258 00:16:44,970 --> 00:16:47,200 I've always thought I've got really peaky eyes, little eyes, 259 00:16:47,373 --> 00:16:50,638 I don't know and big lips, I used to hate my lips when I was younger 260 00:16:50,809 --> 00:16:53,778 and everyone used to call me Joker at school cos that smile, 261 00:16:53,946 --> 00:16:56,210 can you see that, I used to get picked on 262 00:16:59,485 --> 00:17:01,817 So how beautiful do you consider Zara? 263 00:17:02,287 --> 00:17:06,314 Well, before you decide let's hear some other theories about beauty 264 00:17:09,495 --> 00:17:12,191 Almost all scientific theories about beauty are based on 265 00:17:12,364 --> 00:17:15,162 so-called evolutionary psychology 266 00:17:15,334 --> 00:17:21,102 The idea is that much human behaviour is subconsciously driven by our animal past 267 00:17:21,273 --> 00:17:24,071 For all our apparent sophistication, we are, deep down, 268 00:17:24,243 --> 00:17:29,408 creatures driven by a fairly basic biological urge- to mate 269 00:17:31,984 --> 00:17:33,884 And to have offspring 270 00:17:34,620 --> 00:17:39,148 But how well does this theory explain human behaviour connected with beauty? 271 00:17:40,626 --> 00:17:43,686 Well, looking down at Elizabeth's face makes me think of makeup... 272 00:17:43,862 --> 00:17:44,794 Estee Lauder 273 00:17:44,963 --> 00:17:46,590 That's enough of that! 274 00:17:47,766 --> 00:17:51,293 Human beings have been using makeup for over four thousand years, 275 00:17:51,470 --> 00:17:54,303 so they must have developed some inkling of what 276 00:17:54,473 --> 00:17:58,569 they're trying to achieve with it, what buttons they're trying to press 277 00:17:59,611 --> 00:18:03,843 Even in ancient Egypt women were already using the same techniques they do today 278 00:18:04,283 --> 00:18:06,911 They enhanced their eyes with coal and used iron 279 00:18:07,086 --> 00:18:09,350 and copper ores to decorate their face 280 00:18:10,656 --> 00:18:14,285 Dermatologist Dr Vail Reese thinks makeup has one main purpose 281 00:18:14,460 --> 00:18:19,056 Well, makeup really tries to minimise any discolouration of the skin, 282 00:18:19,231 --> 00:18:24,225 any irregular contour and then better allow attention to be drawn 283 00:18:24,403 --> 00:18:26,769 to certain features such as the eyes or the lips, 284 00:18:26,939 --> 00:18:30,705 which we as humans want to accentuate, at least in women at least 285 00:18:31,076 --> 00:18:33,044 You put on a base to sort of even everything out 286 00:18:33,212 --> 00:18:37,171 and it's like making a flat clean canvas and then you start painting 287 00:18:38,150 --> 00:18:40,641 So, how do we paint features and why? 288 00:18:40,919 --> 00:18:45,583 Well, eye makeup; can make the eyes look bigger, therefore younger and sexier 289 00:18:45,958 --> 00:18:50,918 Also darkening the upper lids can produce so-called bedroom eyes 290 00:18:51,363 --> 00:18:55,766 Why do bedroom eyes exist? Why do we associate that with sexiness? 291 00:18:55,934 --> 00:19:01,167 It's because in the last stage of sexual encounters, 292 00:19:01,673 --> 00:19:06,508 a moment or two before our orgasm, one of the muscles that 293 00:19:06,678 --> 00:19:11,479 keeps the upper eyelid up relaxes and the eyes begin to droop, 294 00:19:11,650 --> 00:19:15,142 so someone who has bedroom eyes in a sense looks like 295 00:19:15,320 --> 00:19:17,880 they're always on the verge of orgasm, that is where extended... 296 00:19:18,056 --> 00:19:21,025 A permanent characteristic that reminds us of the way 297 00:19:21,193 --> 00:19:23,388 we look at that particular moment, just before... 298 00:19:23,562 --> 00:19:24,893 ...without even thinking about it 299 00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:29,599 Next, lipstick 300 00:19:29,768 --> 00:19:33,727 Psychologists argue that when you get aroused your lips get fuller 301 00:19:33,906 --> 00:19:37,865 and redder and that's what red lipstick is trying to mimic 302 00:19:38,977 --> 00:19:42,879 When people are sexually aroused, the psychologists tell me, 303 00:19:44,082 --> 00:19:48,519 the lips, for example, will not only get larger, they become engorged, 304 00:19:48,687 --> 00:19:51,315 there's more blood in the lips so they actually get a darker colour 305 00:19:51,990 --> 00:19:53,651 You read Desmond Morris on that, didn't you? 306 00:19:53,825 --> 00:19:56,726 Yes, some of it, but I didn't know whether all of that was right, 307 00:19:56,895 --> 00:19:58,829 but what I was talking about is just the fact that... 308 00:19:58,997 --> 00:19:59,964 I think it's rubbish 309 00:20:00,132 --> 00:20:01,292 You think it's rubbish? 310 00:20:01,466 --> 00:20:03,593 Utter rubbish He said that women do red lips, 311 00:20:03,769 --> 00:20:07,364 mirroring the red vulvas of chimpanzees when they're in heat 312 00:20:07,973 --> 00:20:09,964 Well, it's obvious, isn't it? Bollocks 313 00:20:12,144 --> 00:20:15,875 Some evolutionary biology may be bollocks but I do believe that 314 00:20:16,048 --> 00:20:20,712 makeup helps advertise fertility by emphasising youth and health 315 00:20:21,186 --> 00:20:23,051 and the link between beauty and health turns out 316 00:20:23,222 --> 00:20:25,986 to be much closer than I ever imagined 317 00:20:26,625 --> 00:20:28,024 Just look at those hurdlers 318 00:20:32,297 --> 00:20:35,061 Ever wondered why top athletes tend to be good looking? 319 00:20:41,106 --> 00:20:45,668 Professor John Manning is doing research which links looks with running ability 320 00:20:46,345 --> 00:20:49,041 He's doing it here by measuring ears 321 00:20:51,383 --> 00:20:54,546 Our research has concentrated on athletic ability 322 00:20:54,953 --> 00:20:57,080 and what the face tells us about that 323 00:20:57,889 --> 00:21:00,551 The link which ties athletic ability to beauty 324 00:21:00,726 --> 00:21:03,718 in Professor Manning's research is symmetry 325 00:21:10,035 --> 00:21:12,435 Whether the two sides of your face are the same 326 00:21:12,604 --> 00:21:16,335 or very different seems to affect your running ability 327 00:21:24,182 --> 00:21:30,382 Runners with asymmetric ears run more slowly than runners with symmetric ears, 328 00:21:30,555 --> 00:21:35,857 and this is not a question of wind speed and aerodynamic aspects of the face 329 00:21:38,563 --> 00:21:42,192 So what's going on here? Well, people with symmetrical bodies 330 00:21:42,367 --> 00:21:46,326 find it easier to run faster, and having more symmetrical ears 331 00:21:46,505 --> 00:21:49,474 is a sign you've got a more symmetrical body 332 00:21:51,176 --> 00:21:54,077 This is amazing when you think about it, because these are, 333 00:21:54,246 --> 00:21:57,181 asymmetries are very, very small, they're of the order of a millimetre or so, 334 00:21:57,349 --> 00:22:03,219 but we seem to be able to perceive them and people rate symmetric faces 335 00:22:03,388 --> 00:22:05,720 as being more attractive than asymmetric faces 336 00:22:06,792 --> 00:22:09,124 Do you agree? How do you prefer me? 337 00:22:09,294 --> 00:22:13,958 Normal like this? Or symmetrical like this? 338 00:22:16,034 --> 00:22:18,502 And what's the big thing about symmetry? 339 00:22:18,770 --> 00:22:21,295 Well, it all begins in the womb 340 00:22:23,208 --> 00:22:25,073 We all start off looking like aliens 341 00:22:25,577 --> 00:22:28,137 but we're programmed to grow symmetrically so, 342 00:22:28,313 --> 00:22:32,249 if all goes well we turn into pretty symmetrical adults 343 00:22:34,519 --> 00:22:36,578 But things can go wrong 344 00:22:38,824 --> 00:22:42,555 Now, obviously a symmetrical face is typically a healthy face, 345 00:22:42,728 --> 00:22:50,100 but you have a parasitic infection or if you have congenital malformation 346 00:22:50,268 --> 00:22:54,329 of some kind that's distorted your face, it's going to produce an asymmetry 347 00:22:54,506 --> 00:22:57,566 and when you detect something asymmetrical it's no longer attractive 348 00:22:57,743 --> 00:22:59,643 and you don't want to mate with it 349 00:23:01,046 --> 00:23:03,640 What neurologist Dr Ramachandran is saying is that 350 00:23:03,815 --> 00:23:06,545 if you're unfortunate enough to have been infested 351 00:23:06,718 --> 00:23:08,845 with a parasite such as a tapeworm 352 00:23:09,020 --> 00:23:11,488 and it's residing inside you when you're growing up, 353 00:23:11,890 --> 00:23:16,293 then this will affect not only your bodily health but also your face 354 00:23:17,129 --> 00:23:19,427 If you have a parasitic infection you may not be able, 355 00:23:19,598 --> 00:23:22,158 you may not be very fertile, for all these reasons 356 00:23:22,334 --> 00:23:25,303 it's best to avoid an asymmetrical face and this may be one reason why you're, 357 00:23:25,470 --> 00:23:30,134 there's a repulsion, so you recoil from anything that's deformed, 358 00:23:30,308 --> 00:23:32,071 asymmetrical, distorted... 359 00:23:32,244 --> 00:23:33,711 Because it could be dangerous 360 00:23:33,879 --> 00:23:35,210 Because it could be dangerous 361 00:23:36,214 --> 00:23:41,208 In a more primitive sense, the face advertises health, okay? 362 00:23:41,686 --> 00:23:44,382 Any doctor will tell you one of the first things they teach you 363 00:23:44,556 --> 00:23:47,116 in medical school is to look at the face 364 00:23:47,426 --> 00:23:52,762 In Stephen Marquardt's study, the faces ranked good looking were more symmetrical, 365 00:23:53,064 --> 00:23:55,931 the less attractive faces were less symmetrical 366 00:23:56,101 --> 00:24:01,198 and the grossly asymmetric induced a feeling almost of repulsion 367 00:24:02,374 --> 00:24:06,811 It's this innate reaction to faces that Hollywood has exploited 368 00:24:07,446 --> 00:24:10,904 You'll have the clear-complected individual as the hero 369 00:24:11,082 --> 00:24:16,349 and then any skin defect can be used by film-makers to identify to audiences, 370 00:24:16,521 --> 00:24:20,423 "watch out for this one", so that skin really becomes a reflection 371 00:24:20,592 --> 00:24:23,959 not just of health but of moral content 372 00:24:25,030 --> 00:24:29,023 I'm so unhappy, my stepmother and sisters are going to the ball without me, 373 00:24:29,301 --> 00:24:31,166 I do wish I could go to 374 00:24:31,536 --> 00:24:33,527 And so you shall 375 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:35,829 Who are you? 376 00:24:36,107 --> 00:24:41,101 I'm your fairy godmother dear, I've got a heart of gold 377 00:24:42,147 --> 00:24:44,581 I don't trust you, you're hideous 378 00:24:45,383 --> 00:24:47,851 This is facial fascism 379 00:24:48,019 --> 00:24:49,577 Poor woman. 380 00:24:49,921 --> 00:24:52,355 It's true that people with bad skin are not evil, I mean, 381 00:24:52,524 --> 00:24:54,219 both you and I know that rationally 382 00:24:54,392 --> 00:24:57,953 but they have done studies to show that if you, 383 00:24:58,129 --> 00:25:01,098 they will take subjects and have them interact with someone 384 00:25:01,266 --> 00:25:03,461 who is clear complected or interact with someone 385 00:25:03,635 --> 00:25:06,069 say with acne scars or a large scar, 386 00:25:06,538 --> 00:25:08,733 that there was more hesitation, there was more concern, 387 00:25:08,907 --> 00:25:11,432 more fear associated with the people that 388 00:25:11,610 --> 00:25:13,737 did not have normal skin or good skin 389 00:25:17,449 --> 00:25:20,247 Henry de Lotbiniere has facial cancer, 390 00:25:20,685 --> 00:25:23,483 he knows what it's like to be stared at and judged by others 391 00:25:23,655 --> 00:25:26,351 But he's very philosophical about the way he looks 392 00:25:26,525 --> 00:25:29,983 and he's not upset by the honest reaction of children 393 00:25:32,063 --> 00:25:35,499 I find it extremely entertaining talking to a five-year-old 394 00:25:36,468 --> 00:25:39,995 about why I've only got one eye or look slightly odd, 395 00:25:41,006 --> 00:25:45,875 and I've always been impressed by the simple way that the five-year-old 396 00:25:46,912 --> 00:25:51,611 is just interested and enjoys the conversation on the bus 397 00:25:52,117 --> 00:25:55,678 with a complete stranger about what it's like to only have one eye 398 00:25:56,788 --> 00:26:00,884 This is Henry at twenty-one when he was studying to become a barrister 399 00:26:01,192 --> 00:26:02,750 and he's still working 400 00:26:03,795 --> 00:26:07,822 If I went into some absolutely extreme state then it might be different, 401 00:26:08,366 --> 00:26:14,464 but certainly having an eye removed, having the shape looking a bit odd, 402 00:26:15,106 --> 00:26:19,975 losing all the nerves and muscles in the left hand side of my face, 403 00:26:20,512 --> 00:26:25,176 so that when I smile in a happy way as I understand it the right hand side 404 00:26:25,350 --> 00:26:28,786 of my face moves but the left hand doesn't move a bit, 405 00:26:29,521 --> 00:26:33,013 it simply for some reason doesn't worry me 406 00:26:35,093 --> 00:26:37,857 Henry was forty-two when he first discovered that 407 00:26:38,029 --> 00:26:40,293 he had a rare facial cancer 408 00:26:40,765 --> 00:26:44,462 It started under his left eye and gradually progressed 409 00:26:45,837 --> 00:26:50,137 Henry's proud to have a family who've supported him through all his surgery 410 00:26:50,508 --> 00:26:53,875 I mean, my wife and children don't appear 411 00:26:55,180 --> 00:26:56,875 to pay any attention to what I look like, 412 00:26:57,048 --> 00:27:00,449 they don't get worried, they don't express relief that 413 00:27:00,619 --> 00:27:07,149 I'm not too bad and I think that helps me as the patient enormously 414 00:27:07,325 --> 00:27:12,262 because I'm not being reminded of it, I don't have people sympathising, 415 00:27:12,731 --> 00:27:16,189 I don't have people saying, "I wish they'd done a better job", 416 00:27:17,302 --> 00:27:19,930 and that leaves me just being me 417 00:27:22,007 --> 00:27:26,137 Possibly, the gradual change in his appearance made it slightly easier 418 00:27:26,311 --> 00:27:28,404 for Henry and his family to deal with 419 00:27:28,713 --> 00:27:31,807 A sudden change can be traumatic in a different way 420 00:27:32,617 --> 00:27:35,814 Dr Stephen Marquardt was only four years old when his mother's face 421 00:27:35,987 --> 00:27:38,581 was badly damaged in a car accident 422 00:27:39,557 --> 00:27:42,253 My grandmother and aunt just took me in and actually, you know, 423 00:27:42,427 --> 00:27:44,952 I was walking ahead of them down the hallway of my grandmother's house, 424 00:27:45,130 --> 00:27:48,258 my mother walked out of the bedroom she was staying in at the time 425 00:27:48,433 --> 00:27:52,233 and her eyes were all bloodshot, her nose was squashed on her face, 426 00:27:52,404 --> 00:27:55,168 she had no upper teeth, her two jaws were wired together, 427 00:27:55,340 --> 00:27:58,207 her face was all cut and sutured, I mean, she looked like a monster 428 00:27:58,376 --> 00:28:00,241 and I just about had a heart attack 429 00:28:00,412 --> 00:28:04,849 I turned around and she mumbled, "Stevie", you know, "hi", 430 00:28:05,016 --> 00:28:09,077 through her wired jaws and I turned around and ran out the room screaming 431 00:28:09,254 --> 00:28:11,848 and I didn't trust my grandmother, my aunt or my uncles or anybody 432 00:28:12,023 --> 00:28:14,389 for several weeks after that, I wouldn't have anything to do with them 433 00:28:17,062 --> 00:28:18,996 She wasn't my mother any more, she didn't act the same, 434 00:28:19,164 --> 00:28:22,691 she didn't look the same, she didn't talk the same, 435 00:28:23,568 --> 00:28:25,763 there was just, and then everybody said, "this is your mother", 436 00:28:25,937 --> 00:28:29,338 it was very difficult at four and a half at that point or five years old, 437 00:28:29,507 --> 00:28:31,407 it was like, "here's your mother back, have a nice day" 438 00:28:35,113 --> 00:28:37,138 Interestingly, the surgeon who did take care of her at the time 439 00:28:37,315 --> 00:28:40,079 of her accident was a maxillofacial surgeon like I was, 440 00:28:40,385 --> 00:28:43,183 and I think that probably at some point, level, 441 00:28:43,354 --> 00:28:45,288 maybe that's why I got into it 442 00:28:45,457 --> 00:28:49,860 Life is a crazy thing, crazy things happen and sometimes you don't realise 443 00:28:50,028 --> 00:28:52,360 where you've been until you look in your rear view mirror, you know 444 00:28:52,897 --> 00:28:57,061 Stephen's childhood experience not only led him into a career as a surgeon, 445 00:28:57,235 --> 00:29:00,136 it also motivated his search for the rules of beauty 446 00:29:00,371 --> 00:29:04,068 He found his first clues in the writings of a Greek philosopher 447 00:29:04,843 --> 00:29:06,242 Remember Pythagoras? 448 00:29:06,911 --> 00:29:09,539 The square of the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle is equal 449 00:29:09,714 --> 00:29:11,841 to the sum of the squares of the other two sides 450 00:29:12,650 --> 00:29:15,312 Thank you Elizabeth Yes, him 451 00:29:15,987 --> 00:29:18,012 He claimed not only to quantify, 452 00:29:18,189 --> 00:29:22,057 to understand the secret of the code of beauty, 453 00:29:22,427 --> 00:29:25,885 he claimed to see beauty in the universe, that's a pretty big statement 454 00:29:26,064 --> 00:29:27,429 I'm looking for beauty in the face, 455 00:29:27,599 --> 00:29:30,796 he says he found it for the universe, that's pretty amazing 456 00:29:33,805 --> 00:29:36,330 What Pythagoras realised is that plants and animals 457 00:29:36,508 --> 00:29:40,035 grow according to fairly precise mathematical laws 458 00:29:40,478 --> 00:29:43,970 It's not just chance that flowers unfold in beautiful patterns, 459 00:29:44,149 --> 00:29:48,916 and the Greeks found the patterns were based on a particular geometrical ratio, 460 00:29:49,387 --> 00:29:52,550 but it wasn't until the Renaissance that an Italian did the maths 461 00:29:52,724 --> 00:30:00,563 He figured out that the key to beauty was the ratio of 1 to 1.618 462 00:30:05,537 --> 00:30:13,706 Grazie. Oh, Miss Linguini, wait, take your glasses off, 463 00:30:16,648 --> 00:30:20,049 now let your hair come a-tumbling down 464 00:30:39,204 --> 00:30:42,401 Miss Linguini, you're beautiful 465 00:30:46,411 --> 00:30:52,145 And yet, and you're not going to believe this, 1.618 actually works 466 00:30:53,117 --> 00:30:56,644 Do something like measure the distance from the floor to your navel 467 00:30:56,821 --> 00:30:59,346 and then from your navel to your head 468 00:30:59,791 --> 00:31:03,887 If you're well proportioned the ratio should be 1 to 1.618, 469 00:31:04,062 --> 00:31:07,896 and that ratio is seen all over the beautiful body 470 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,059 People started noticing it, artists noticed it, the width of the, 471 00:31:11,236 --> 00:31:14,535 in a beautiful face for example, not in any face but it had to be beautiful, 472 00:31:14,706 --> 00:31:16,333 if a face was beautiful the 473 00:31:16,507 --> 00:31:20,341 width of the mouth was exactly 1.618 times the width of the nose, 474 00:31:20,578 --> 00:31:22,512 if the face wasn't beautiful that wasn't the case 475 00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:27,447 Dentists, in their dental work, noticed that the upper front tooth 476 00:31:27,619 --> 00:31:30,645 was 1.618 times as wide as the next tooth over, 477 00:31:30,822 --> 00:31:34,155 the lateral incisor, so the central incisor was 1.618 times 478 00:31:34,325 --> 00:31:36,316 the width of the lateral incisor, the next tooth over 479 00:31:36,694 --> 00:31:38,025 Wonderful, give me some more examples 480 00:31:38,196 --> 00:31:42,292 Your fingers, the, your fingers are each called phalanges, 481 00:31:42,467 --> 00:31:44,560 and each bone in the finger is called a phalanx, 482 00:31:44,736 --> 00:31:46,863 and the phalanx that's the most, 483 00:31:47,038 --> 00:31:50,064 the closest to your knuckle here is 1.618 times 484 00:31:50,241 --> 00:31:54,337 the phalanx that's in the middle and that's 1.618 times 485 00:31:54,512 --> 00:31:56,673 the length of the phalanx at the end which is finger nail 486 00:31:56,848 --> 00:31:59,646 So that was kind of amazing, this number would come up over and over again 487 00:32:02,020 --> 00:32:06,514 Now remember Zara? Would all this theory work on a real person like her? 488 00:32:09,260 --> 00:32:11,490 This is what's called a golden divider, 489 00:32:11,663 --> 00:32:14,257 it divides different line areas or distances from, 490 00:32:14,432 --> 00:32:18,232 into 1 and 1.618, which is the golden ratio and in a beautiful face 491 00:32:18,403 --> 00:32:23,033 we'll see that ordinarily the width of the mouth is 1.618 times 492 00:32:23,207 --> 00:32:26,973 the width of the nose, and it does in Zara, exactly 493 00:32:27,145 --> 00:32:30,581 If we look at the teeth we can see that ordinarily, show me your teeth, 494 00:32:30,748 --> 00:32:33,842 smile a little bit, the width of the upper front tooth is 1.618 times 495 00:32:34,018 --> 00:32:36,248 the width of the tooth right next to it and the same on the other side, 496 00:32:36,421 --> 00:32:38,548 the width of the upper front tooth is 1.618 times 497 00:32:38,723 --> 00:32:39,781 the width of the tooth next to it, 498 00:32:39,958 --> 00:32:42,893 so it's amazing how this proportion is repeated over 499 00:32:43,061 --> 00:32:45,586 and over again in a beautiful face and the same thing with Zara, 500 00:32:45,763 --> 00:32:50,894 if I do the width of her mouth, sorry, I'll do it again, 501 00:32:53,538 --> 00:32:55,096 I'm a surgeon I'm used to sharp things, 502 00:32:55,273 --> 00:33:00,506 I hardly ever cut myself, okay, so, so if I do the width of her mouth 503 00:33:00,678 --> 00:33:04,170 to the width of her face the camera should be able to see that this, 504 00:33:04,349 --> 00:33:07,648 the width of the mouth is 1.618 times the distance 505 00:33:07,819 --> 00:33:09,548 from the mouth to the corner of the cheek 506 00:33:10,922 --> 00:33:11,889 And it is 507 00:33:12,056 --> 00:33:15,219 Anyway, this relationship holds up over and over again in the face 508 00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:17,921 and Zara's a great example, that's why she's so pretty 509 00:33:18,262 --> 00:33:20,730 So Zara's face fits the golden ratio 510 00:33:24,002 --> 00:33:30,908 And the golden ratio 1 to 1.618 seems to apply to all beautiful faces 511 00:33:31,909 --> 00:33:35,606 Now, this idea that maths can explain a beautiful face, any beautiful face, 512 00:33:35,780 --> 00:33:39,238 has been taken even further by Stephen Marquardt 513 00:33:39,784 --> 00:33:42,014 So, if I look at the nose the nose is a triangle and the front, 514 00:33:42,186 --> 00:33:44,416 and the side view the nose is a triangle again 515 00:33:45,656 --> 00:33:50,150 And in a beautiful face the sides of the triangle are 1.618 times 516 00:33:50,328 --> 00:33:55,595 greater than the base and from a triangle you can build a pentagon 517 00:33:56,367 --> 00:33:58,961 What's the most attractive configuration of the face, 518 00:33:59,137 --> 00:34:00,195 the most attractive expression? 519 00:34:00,371 --> 00:34:04,501 Smiling, when I smile you start to see the pentagons here 520 00:34:04,675 --> 00:34:08,076 Oh, yes I do, there, it's there, there, there 521 00:34:08,246 --> 00:34:09,543 Right, exactly 522 00:34:10,515 --> 00:34:12,915 Stephen Marquardt combined pentagons and triangles, 523 00:34:13,084 --> 00:34:15,746 all with the 1.618 ratio, and built a mask 524 00:34:17,488 --> 00:34:19,353 He claims that the closer a face 525 00:34:19,524 --> 00:34:22,493 conforms to his mask the more beautiful it is 526 00:34:24,395 --> 00:34:25,953 Start with Kate Moss 527 00:34:26,764 --> 00:34:28,527 Now Kate looks totally different than the others, 528 00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:33,466 but if I put the mask on her you can see that it's very close 529 00:34:33,638 --> 00:34:39,099 Now, the interesting thing about Kate is that her eyes are preternaturally wide 530 00:34:39,277 --> 00:34:42,075 or unusually wide, her eyebrows fit beautifully, 531 00:34:42,246 --> 00:34:45,238 her lips, her nose, her jaw line, very, very nice, 532 00:34:45,416 --> 00:34:48,010 even the hairline is exactly what it should be 533 00:34:49,120 --> 00:34:50,610 And it's not just women 534 00:34:51,255 --> 00:34:58,423 The same mask can be put on men and Tom Cruise fits it perfectly 535 00:35:00,431 --> 00:35:04,697 In fact, Stephen claims it fits any human face, so long as it's beautiful 536 00:35:08,673 --> 00:35:12,336 Here's one of my favourite actors, star of stage, screen and television, 537 00:35:12,510 --> 00:35:14,842 let me just see how he fits, oh, what a handsome guy 538 00:35:15,012 --> 00:35:15,876 Oh, it's Paul Newman 539 00:35:16,047 --> 00:35:17,344 It is Paul Newman, wait a moment, 540 00:35:17,515 --> 00:35:20,450 it's better than Paul Newman, it's John Cleese 541 00:35:21,085 --> 00:35:24,179 Don't tell me that, he's got a moustache grid... 542 00:35:24,856 --> 00:35:26,949 To my surprise, it didn't fit my face at all, 543 00:35:27,258 --> 00:35:29,249 though Stephen had a good excuse for me 544 00:35:29,627 --> 00:35:31,151 Quite frankly, it's very masculine, 545 00:35:31,329 --> 00:35:34,696 you'll see that in a man the eyes in there... 546 00:35:34,866 --> 00:35:38,666 the eyes are always narrower in a man, your eyes are narrower than the grid, 547 00:35:38,970 --> 00:35:41,165 the lips are thinner and you can see your lips are thinner here 548 00:35:41,339 --> 00:35:43,432 and your nose is narrow just like the grid 549 00:35:43,608 --> 00:35:46,008 and actually your nose is a little shorter... 550 00:35:46,177 --> 00:35:48,111 which is good actually 551 00:35:48,980 --> 00:35:52,643 Having discovered the mask Dr Marquardt was able to successfully use it 552 00:35:52,817 --> 00:35:57,186 as a template when reconstructing patient's facial deformities 553 00:36:07,431 --> 00:36:11,458 Now, Elizabeth Hurley, she's almost as good-looking as you but, 554 00:36:13,771 --> 00:36:19,073 let's see, I think, oh my gosh, that's pretty darn close 555 00:36:19,710 --> 00:36:21,974 The eyebrows are just in the upper edge of the mask 556 00:36:22,146 --> 00:36:23,943 giving this nice arch, it looks beautiful... 557 00:36:24,115 --> 00:36:26,015 Don't tell her, she'll be unbearable 558 00:36:26,184 --> 00:36:27,481 lt'll be our secret 559 00:36:27,852 --> 00:36:31,481 The cheeks are perfect, the nose fits beautifully in there, the lips, 560 00:36:31,656 --> 00:36:34,216 the width of the lips is great, the lower has beautiful curvature, 561 00:36:34,392 --> 00:36:38,692 the chin and jaw line is great, it's just remarkable how it fits 562 00:36:39,597 --> 00:36:42,794 So Elizabeth's face is absolutely perfect apparently, 563 00:36:42,967 --> 00:36:45,094 personally I think her nose is a bit pointy, but... 564 00:36:45,269 --> 00:36:46,031 John! 565 00:36:46,204 --> 00:36:48,604 Not you Elizabeth, another Elizabeth 566 00:36:49,407 --> 00:36:53,741 So, that's everything that we can say about beauty that's universally true 567 00:36:54,111 --> 00:36:56,875 So now we need to look at all that stuff about beauty 568 00:36:57,048 --> 00:36:59,710 being in the eye of the beholder, or in this case, 569 00:36:59,884 --> 00:37:02,648 the beholder being in the eye of the beauty 570 00:37:03,054 --> 00:37:08,458 In other words, stuff that varies from place to place and from era to era 571 00:37:08,626 --> 00:37:12,960 - yes, folks, we're entering the world of fashion 572 00:37:18,369 --> 00:37:22,237 Take the fashions in skin tone, for centuries in Europe 573 00:37:22,540 --> 00:37:24,838 looking pale was extremely fashionable 574 00:37:25,009 --> 00:37:30,311 Elizabeth I used a mixture of white lead and vinegar to look as pale as possible 575 00:37:30,615 --> 00:37:35,552 Unfortunately it was poisonous and it had a tendency to run 576 00:37:36,621 --> 00:37:40,489 Then, four hundred years later, the suntan was suddenly in 577 00:37:40,658 --> 00:37:44,992 Previously it was a sign of a common type who worked outdoors with his hands, 578 00:37:45,296 --> 00:37:49,062 yuk; but now a suntan meant you were wealthy enough to travel 579 00:37:49,233 --> 00:37:51,224 to the sun for your holidays 580 00:37:52,103 --> 00:37:56,267 The fact that so much, a film was made in Hollywood in the fifties and sixties 581 00:37:56,440 --> 00:38:01,104 had incredible influence nationally on the thought that 582 00:38:01,279 --> 00:38:05,477 a tanned appearance was healthy and was good and was beautiful 583 00:38:06,984 --> 00:38:11,080 So the suntan came in and now is beginning to go out of fashion 584 00:38:11,455 --> 00:38:13,855 But is there any more to it than just fashion? 585 00:38:14,025 --> 00:38:17,654 Dr Ramachandran s bravely prepared to hazard a biological 586 00:38:17,828 --> 00:38:20,490 explanation for preferring pale skin 587 00:38:21,265 --> 00:38:27,864 Every medical student is taught that anaemia, cyanosis, 588 00:38:28,039 --> 00:38:31,167 which means a bluish tint of the skin, and jaundice, 589 00:38:31,342 --> 00:38:33,640 which means a yellowish discolouration of the skin, 590 00:38:33,811 --> 00:38:35,836 is much easier to detect in a fairer skinned person 591 00:38:36,013 --> 00:38:38,140 especially a blonde than in a brunette, 592 00:38:38,316 --> 00:38:41,752 so from a distance of twenty feet you can say if the blonde is anaemic 593 00:38:42,219 --> 00:38:43,208 because she's pale skin, 594 00:38:43,387 --> 00:38:46,322 whereas a brunette can disguise this fact and fool you 595 00:38:46,857 --> 00:38:50,156 So in a sense a brunette is saying, come and mate with me, 596 00:38:51,295 --> 00:38:53,729 but you don't know if she's anaemic or not, whereas a blonde, 597 00:38:53,898 --> 00:38:56,196 there's truth in advertising, the blonde is saying, look, 598 00:38:56,367 --> 00:38:59,666 I'm healthy, I'm pink, come and spread your genes, mate with me 599 00:39:00,004 --> 00:39:04,737 So, even a fashion like pale skin may have a biological underpinning 600 00:39:06,977 --> 00:39:10,879 Take hair. A full head of lustrous hair is a sign of youth, 601 00:39:11,048 --> 00:39:14,506 vitality and health but the fashions in hairstyles 602 00:39:14,685 --> 00:39:16,949 change all the time, unpredictably 603 00:39:17,855 --> 00:39:21,154 For example, in 1624 Louis Xlll lost his hair 604 00:39:21,325 --> 00:39:23,589 and had to wear a wig when he was king 605 00:39:23,761 --> 00:39:27,492 The entire French court instantly followed the new fashion 606 00:39:28,265 --> 00:39:29,562 and soon developed it beyond recognition 607 00:39:29,734 --> 00:39:34,103 until the wigs became so large that some of them were sublet 608 00:39:37,475 --> 00:39:39,033 Between the demands of fashion and 609 00:39:39,210 --> 00:39:42,270 the desire to obey our biological hard wiring, 610 00:39:42,446 --> 00:39:46,507 the need to present ourselves as youthful, healthy and fertile, 611 00:39:47,118 --> 00:39:51,054 we all spend a huge fortune every year on our beauty; 612 00:39:51,522 --> 00:39:57,017 but is all this fuss about beauty really justified? 613 00:40:02,199 --> 00:40:04,292 Well, for young people it makes a lot of sense, 614 00:40:04,568 --> 00:40:08,026 essentially what they're looking for is pretty basic 615 00:40:10,941 --> 00:40:12,806 When you're young you don't care about mental beauty, 616 00:40:12,977 --> 00:40:14,501 my mother would always try to fix me up with the girl, 617 00:40:14,678 --> 00:40:17,272 the lady at church's daughter who was a great piano player, 618 00:40:17,648 --> 00:40:20,446 that's the last thing I wanted to do, exactly, made her own clothes, 619 00:40:20,618 --> 00:40:24,816 isn't that wonderful, she likes to read - "oh great mum, I can't wait" 620 00:40:26,590 --> 00:40:30,356 So, I was looking for a beautiful, you know, 621 00:40:30,528 --> 00:40:32,393 a beautiful girl who was the prom queen... 622 00:40:32,563 --> 00:40:33,188 Who fitted the bill 623 00:40:33,364 --> 00:40:35,423 Exactly, I didn't care if she had a brain or not, 624 00:40:35,599 --> 00:40:40,127 I was attracted to beauty and young people are attracted to beauty 625 00:40:41,038 --> 00:40:43,199 So when you're young, looks are really important, 626 00:40:43,374 --> 00:40:46,002 but what happens when you grow a little older? 627 00:40:46,610 --> 00:40:48,305 When people are seeking a partner, 628 00:40:48,479 --> 00:40:51,642 a serious one not a himbo or a bit of fluff, 629 00:40:51,816 --> 00:40:57,277 you know, some flibbertigibbet for a bit of fun on a Saturday night, yuk! 630 00:40:59,523 --> 00:41:06,326 So, what are the things that we're really looking for in a long-term partner? 631 00:41:07,731 --> 00:41:10,393 My study of thirty-seven cultures, looks is about, 632 00:41:10,568 --> 00:41:13,662 physical attractiveness is third or fourth in importance 633 00:41:14,038 --> 00:41:16,199 Men, when they're doing mate selection, 634 00:41:16,373 --> 00:41:18,933 they look for partners who are intelligent, who are kind, 635 00:41:19,109 --> 00:41:22,306 who are understanding, who are dependable, who are attractive 636 00:41:22,746 --> 00:41:25,647 but also who are healthy and emotionally stable, 637 00:41:25,816 --> 00:41:28,876 there are a large collage of characteristics 638 00:41:29,053 --> 00:41:30,987 that come into play in long-term mating 639 00:41:31,155 --> 00:41:33,589 that don't really come into play in short term mating 640 00:41:35,926 --> 00:41:37,757 Thank you darling, it's beautiful 641 00:41:38,062 --> 00:41:39,188 Good, good, good 642 00:41:39,363 --> 00:41:40,728 Is the other one for me too? 643 00:41:41,432 --> 00:41:43,423 No, no, no, that's for my mistress 644 00:41:44,235 --> 00:41:48,831 Mistress? You have a mistress? You never told me? 645 00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:50,807 It's not important 646 00:41:52,343 --> 00:41:53,708 I didn't know you had a mistress 647 00:41:54,411 --> 00:41:57,312 Oh, I see her only what, every two weeks you know, 648 00:41:57,481 --> 00:42:00,041 it's not important, it's only for sex, just for sex 649 00:42:02,019 --> 00:42:03,509 Well who is she? Anyone I know? 650 00:42:03,921 --> 00:42:06,913 She's a showgirl, Morris has one too 651 00:42:07,558 --> 00:42:09,321 Your business partner has a mistress? 652 00:42:09,493 --> 00:42:11,757 They're in the same show Pass the salt please 653 00:42:18,602 --> 00:42:19,899 Can I see her? 654 00:42:20,237 --> 00:42:23,365 Of course, if you're interested, why not, why not? 655 00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:27,338 Which one is she? 656 00:42:27,811 --> 00:42:28,402 Who? 657 00:42:28,579 --> 00:42:29,307 Your mistress? 658 00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:32,881 Oh, ah, the brunette, third from the left. 659 00:42:37,054 --> 00:42:38,544 And which is Morris's? 660 00:42:40,190 --> 00:42:41,623 The blonde on the end 661 00:42:48,532 --> 00:42:49,396 Ours is better 662 00:42:49,567 --> 00:42:50,727 I think so 663 00:42:51,435 --> 00:42:53,198 A man doesn't have to be good looking, 664 00:42:53,370 --> 00:42:57,170 a man needs personality and a big wallet, we all know this 665 00:42:57,474 --> 00:43:01,171 Look at these men who marry these women, these little short, 666 00:43:01,345 --> 00:43:05,975 and they've got these gorgeous women and they really think the girl likes them? 667 00:43:07,217 --> 00:43:11,017 So, as we get older we don't get quite so high on beauty 668 00:43:11,488 --> 00:43:14,252 Here I am again, getting high on Elizabeth, 669 00:43:14,425 --> 00:43:17,952 about 5' 6"high 5' 8" actually 670 00:43:18,629 --> 00:43:21,496 Oh, honestly, if I'd known she was going to be so touchy... 671 00:43:21,665 --> 00:43:22,359 What? 672 00:43:22,533 --> 00:43:23,158 Nothing 673 00:43:23,334 --> 00:43:24,301 John? 674 00:43:24,468 --> 00:43:27,767 Later. So, if beauty gives us pleasure how come then 675 00:43:27,938 --> 00:43:29,405 that it also makes people miserable 676 00:43:29,573 --> 00:43:30,198 Miserable? 677 00:43:30,374 --> 00:43:32,069 Will you shut up you old bat! 678 00:43:32,376 --> 00:43:33,775 Stop interrupting 679 00:43:35,412 --> 00:43:37,243 Faces like hers are becoming a problem because... 680 00:43:45,255 --> 00:43:49,385 As I was going to say, faces like hers can be a problem 681 00:43:49,560 --> 00:43:52,996 if we compare our looks and then start feeling inadequate 682 00:43:53,664 --> 00:43:57,657 Even attractive people sometimes find themselves doing this 683 00:43:58,135 --> 00:44:04,267 There's just posters of beautiful people everywhere, no one ugly 684 00:44:06,343 --> 00:44:11,337 Beauty used to be rare, now it's everywhere, that's not helpful 685 00:44:12,049 --> 00:44:14,176 In ancestral times, in small-group living, 686 00:44:14,351 --> 00:44:17,411 a man wouldn't have encountered very many attractive women, 687 00:44:17,688 --> 00:44:21,715 basically it would have been a dozen to two dozen potential mates to start with, 688 00:44:21,892 --> 00:44:23,951 only a few of whom would be very attractive... 689 00:44:24,528 --> 00:44:25,790 And now we're surrounded by it 690 00:44:25,963 --> 00:44:28,363 Now we're surrounded by it, thousands and thousands, 691 00:44:28,532 --> 00:44:32,434 in some cases millions of potentially attractive partners 692 00:44:34,605 --> 00:44:39,201 What that does to men is that it decreases the commitment that 693 00:44:39,376 --> 00:44:42,345 they feel toward their regular partner and then they look at the models, 694 00:44:42,513 --> 00:44:44,538 they look at their regular mate and they think, 695 00:44:44,715 --> 00:44:46,706 there's a better mate out there for me 696 00:44:48,619 --> 00:44:51,247 And even if you're lucky enough to be one of the beautiful people 697 00:44:51,422 --> 00:44:53,185 there can be disadvantages 698 00:44:53,357 --> 00:44:55,018 For example, if things come too easily, 699 00:44:55,192 --> 00:44:58,684 you may end up wondering if your looks are all there is to you 700 00:45:00,931 --> 00:45:04,958 When I was quite young, my father, he said, 701 00:45:05,135 --> 00:45:08,866 "You know Candice, he said, it's the beautiful women who are unhappy, 702 00:45:09,239 --> 00:45:14,233 it's the beautiful women who commit suicide"and I went,"gee, wow, 703 00:45:14,411 --> 00:45:16,436 I hope I don't get to be beautiful because 704 00:45:16,613 --> 00:45:19,480 that's going to be like a sort of death sentence" and he, 705 00:45:19,650 --> 00:45:23,586 and he was sort of putting it, to say the least, 706 00:45:23,754 --> 00:45:25,449 rather dramatically by way of saying, 707 00:45:25,622 --> 00:45:29,353 it's really hard if you sort of hit forty-five or fifty and then you think, 708 00:45:29,526 --> 00:45:33,553 "Oh, I have no personality, I'm going to have to make it on something else now" 709 00:45:33,731 --> 00:45:37,064 and then it's really hard to find personality when you're that much older 710 00:45:37,234 --> 00:45:40,067 because where do you look for one, you can't sort of borrow it 711 00:45:41,271 --> 00:45:43,967 You know, I always thought that I'd be a much more talented actor 712 00:45:44,141 --> 00:45:46,905 if I had a broken nose and I was a foot shorter, 713 00:45:47,344 --> 00:45:50,609 I just thought if I, if I had that kind of squat, burly thing going, 714 00:45:50,781 --> 00:45:54,945 I think I would be a lot more advanced in my technique of acting, 715 00:45:55,119 --> 00:45:58,179 but and that's because of the shaming that goes on because you... 716 00:45:58,355 --> 00:46:03,418 the shaming, the shaming, when you feel that shaming of, 717 00:46:03,594 --> 00:46:05,653 maybe that you are too good-looking... 718 00:46:06,096 --> 00:46:07,654 And it's a little bit of a gift anyway that 719 00:46:07,831 --> 00:46:09,230 you can't really take credit for... 720 00:46:09,399 --> 00:46:11,594 Yes, I mean, it pisses me off when they say I'm pretty... 721 00:46:12,736 --> 00:46:15,466 What word would make you comfortable? Seriously? 722 00:46:15,639 --> 00:46:18,267 Rugged, rugged, I always wanted to be rugged 723 00:46:18,442 --> 00:46:19,875 Would you like me to punch you now live on television... 724 00:46:20,043 --> 00:46:21,601 Yes please 725 00:46:22,079 --> 00:46:23,979 ...we could settle all these problems of yours 726 00:46:24,381 --> 00:46:26,281 and then you could become a seriously good actor 727 00:46:26,583 --> 00:46:28,574 I can just see this programme cutting that out 728 00:46:29,720 --> 00:46:31,585 Fucking hell, love, look at him... 729 00:46:31,755 --> 00:46:34,155 that guy's always fucking pissed me off 730 00:46:35,492 --> 00:46:38,086 Somebody once said that beauty is the passport to success 731 00:46:38,262 --> 00:46:41,698 but it's not a passport, it's a visa - it expires 732 00:46:42,199 --> 00:46:44,565 and if you've built your life on your beauty, 733 00:46:44,735 --> 00:46:46,930 what you do when you begin to lose your looks? 734 00:46:47,104 --> 00:46:51,131 Well, you start thinking about plastic surgery 735 00:46:51,875 --> 00:46:53,672 What a nerve! 736 00:46:54,378 --> 00:46:57,779 I had my eyes, the bags taken out from under my eyes, 737 00:46:57,948 --> 00:47:04,012 I had a full face lift, I had breasts lifted 738 00:47:04,555 --> 00:47:08,491 and I had a face feel and I'm looking for anything else... 739 00:47:08,659 --> 00:47:11,253 Now, I don't have a tooth left of my own in my head 740 00:47:11,428 --> 00:47:13,328 and I've had a couple of hair transplants 741 00:47:13,497 --> 00:47:17,957 - in fact if I'd been living in 1500 I'd look like this by now, 742 00:47:19,236 --> 00:47:22,797 so I'm not pointing the finger at anyone who has cosmetic surgery, 743 00:47:23,106 --> 00:47:27,475 but I did hear one reason why it maybe it's not such a great idea 744 00:47:27,644 --> 00:47:30,545 It came from George Orwell, who once remarked: 745 00:47:30,714 --> 00:47:34,775 "After the age of forty a man is responsible for his face" 746 00:47:34,952 --> 00:47:37,580 In other words if you're young whether you're good looking 747 00:47:37,754 --> 00:47:39,278 or not is just the luck of the draw 748 00:47:39,456 --> 00:47:42,152 But as you get older your face begins to show the world 749 00:47:42,326 --> 00:47:45,989 what sort of person you are because whatever your habitual expressions are; 750 00:47:46,163 --> 00:47:48,927 kind, cheerful, mournful, embittered, 751 00:47:49,099 --> 00:47:51,932 they start etching themselves onto your face, 752 00:47:52,102 --> 00:47:56,368 so then your face starts telling people what sort of a human you are 753 00:47:57,007 --> 00:47:59,373 Allowing this to happen maybe what people mean 754 00:47:59,543 --> 00:48:02,410 by the phrase "growing old gracefully" 755 00:48:03,680 --> 00:48:06,547 So if you're beautiful as you grow older, it's not a free gift, 756 00:48:06,884 --> 00:48:11,719 it's because your face shows qualities that are timeless and that we all admire; 757 00:48:12,356 --> 00:48:17,487 strength, kindness, dedication, wisdom, 758 00:48:18,195 --> 00:48:23,929 enthusiasm and humour, intelligence, compassion 759 00:48:24,468 --> 00:48:28,632 Now those faces are achievements whereas Elizabeth Hurley's? 760 00:48:28,805 --> 00:48:31,273 Well, very nice to look at, of course, 761 00:48:31,441 --> 00:48:34,467 but it doesn't mean she isn't a total shit 762 00:48:35,012 --> 00:48:38,038 We'll just have to wait to see, good night... 763 00:48:39,182 --> 00:48:40,513 Elizabeth, aaaargh! 764 00:48:40,684 --> 00:48:41,673 Good night. 765 00:48:47,824 --> 00:48:50,622 And next week, leading on from beauty, we'll be glancing at, 766 00:48:50,794 --> 00:48:55,959 no, trying to glimpse, staring, taking a look that's it, 767 00:48:56,133 --> 00:49:02,971 taking a look at fame, fame, not Georgie Fame, just fame 768 00:49:03,573 --> 00:49:04,505 Thank you 70476

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