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Good evening, tonight's programme
is on the human face and so am I
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because this is a human face
that I'm standing on
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The BBC has miniaturised me at enormous
expense, by BBC standards of course,
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so that we can take an even closer look
than usual at the subject of beauty
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Hello!
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And the question that we're hoping to
answer tonight is what is beauty
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and is it in the eye
of the beholder?
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So, let's start by
asking some babies
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From our earliest days
we appreciate beauty
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Research has shown babies spend longer
looking at adults with smooth skin,
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big eyes and full lips
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And they don't like uglies
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The fact that the tiniest babies
are drawn to beautiful faces
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shows how much beauty matters
to us human beings
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For instance, the face I'm standing
on this evening
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belongs to Elizabeth Hurley
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Good evening!
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Good evening
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And obviously we wouldn't have
asked Elizabeth to do the show
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if she looked like this
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Beauty does matter but the
odd thing is it matters
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even more than we
consciously realise
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You know, professionally and personally
it gets you in almost every door
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If they think you're the most stylish
man or the most handsome man,
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00:02:02,889 --> 00:02:07,223
then related to work,
then wonderful
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00:02:07,393 --> 00:02:11,625
It is a true fact of our society
that looks are important
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Anyone that doesn't believe it,
no, women that say,
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"I keep a clean house,
he loves me",
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00:02:18,104 --> 00:02:20,732
no woman's husband ever
came home and said,
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00:02:20,907 --> 00:02:24,434
"the floor's immaculate, lie down
you hot slut", never happens
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00:02:27,180 --> 00:02:31,617
All the studies show that beautiful people
get better jobs and earn more money
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00:02:32,352 --> 00:02:35,150
Appearances even matter when
it comes to getting the top job,
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for example, which of these two men
would you vote for
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00:02:39,559 --> 00:02:43,188
In September 1960 John Kennedy and
Richard Nixon appeared on radio
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and television battling
for the presidency
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I believe the programmes
that Senator Kennedy
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advocates will have a tendency
to stifle those creative entities
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I really don't need
Mr Nixon to tell me
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00:02:54,741 --> 00:02:56,971
what my responsibilities
are as a citizen...
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00:02:57,477 --> 00:03:01,174
People who listened to the debate on
the radio thought that Nixon had won,
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00:03:01,347 --> 00:03:04,214
but people who watched it
n television disagreed
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00:03:04,817 --> 00:03:08,082
Nixon's sweats and his five o'clock
shadow put them off
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00:03:08,254 --> 00:03:10,415
and they pronounced Kennedy the winner
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00:03:11,057 --> 00:03:14,322
Nixon had refused makeup saying
it was for gays
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If you have beauty it brings
many hidden advantages
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but what gives it this
extraordinary power?
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00:03:24,604 --> 00:03:27,903
After all, Helen of Troy didn't just
win the Miss Pelopponese title,
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00:03:28,074 --> 00:03:30,269
she started a nine-year war
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00:03:37,317 --> 00:03:39,683
Let's start by seeing
what most people think
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Well, I think beauty is
in the eye of the beholder,
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00:03:42,121 --> 00:03:44,316
I mean, I can think of some
very beautiful actresses
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00:03:44,490 --> 00:03:47,323
and models who I think are fabulous
and I can say to a boy,
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my gosh, she's gorgeous - I can't stand
her, I hate those big lips
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00:03:51,831 --> 00:03:54,800
and she's way too thin - but I genuinely
think she's gorgeous
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00:03:56,970 --> 00:04:00,064
How do supermodels like
Kate Moss affect you?
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00:04:01,407 --> 00:04:03,705
Because the fashion
industry is unanimous
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00:04:03,977 --> 00:04:05,877
Something like Kate's face
is incredible
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00:04:06,045 --> 00:04:08,912
because her bone structure just
sort of, you know, bowls you over,
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00:04:09,515 --> 00:04:11,483
she has got such fabulous
bone structure
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00:04:11,651 --> 00:04:13,744
so as far as a canvas for a makeup
artist to make her up and,
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00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:19,085
you know, she's just so desperately
photogenic as well
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00:04:20,159 --> 00:04:23,253
Sarah Doukas is head of the
Storm Model Agency
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00:04:23,429 --> 00:04:25,556
She discovered Kate Moss
and she's acknowledged
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as an expert at spotting the
next fashionable face
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00:04:29,469 --> 00:04:32,802
She believes that ideas of
beauty change all the time
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00:04:33,940 --> 00:04:36,340
It's very fast-flowing, I mean,
we find a lot of faces
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00:04:36,509 --> 00:04:38,841
and they are fashionable
for a moment
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00:04:40,079 --> 00:04:44,880
We're constantly looking for
new faces but it's become voracious
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00:04:46,853 --> 00:04:49,117
It doesn't get more
voracious than this,
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00:04:49,289 --> 00:04:52,850
seven hundred entries in a competition
to find a new face for the Agency
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00:04:54,227 --> 00:04:55,854
When it all started ten,
fifteen years ago,
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00:04:56,029 --> 00:04:59,396
the faces started to look
very unconventional, you know,
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00:04:59,565 --> 00:05:02,625
you used to hear people say,
she's hideous or, you know,
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00:05:02,802 --> 00:05:04,429
I mean, I think that girl
is really quite ugly, I mean,
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00:05:04,604 --> 00:05:07,835
I think the general public are
probably quite aghast
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00:05:08,007 --> 00:05:11,943
at some of the strange faces in magazines
like The Face for example,
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00:05:12,578 --> 00:05:14,546
but I think gradually obviously
it gets inside one
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00:05:14,714 --> 00:05:17,274
and it's what we
consider is beautiful
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00:05:19,419 --> 00:05:23,515
Today Sarah is face to face with
the ten finalists she's selected
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00:05:23,690 --> 00:05:25,783
She's looking for
the next beautiful face
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00:05:25,958 --> 00:05:28,119
that will work for
the fashion industry
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This is Zara, aged seventeen
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00:05:34,967 --> 00:05:44,672
This is Samantha aged sixteen, Laura
aged eighteen, Rachel aged eighteen
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00:05:45,144 --> 00:05:47,203
So who will they go for and why?
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00:05:48,081 --> 00:05:50,811
Eyes should be wide spaced;
you can't have a weak jaw;
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00:05:52,318 --> 00:05:54,946
you can't have a sort of flat nose
because the light hits it
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00:05:55,121 --> 00:05:57,749
and you end up sort of with a,
you know, a banana
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00:05:57,924 --> 00:06:00,893
I love the nose and the mouth,
it's slightly imbalanced,
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00:06:01,060 --> 00:06:02,721
it's, do you know what I mean?
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00:06:02,895 --> 00:06:05,762
The eyes are slightly smaller than,
she's just got such an interesting...
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00:06:06,432 --> 00:06:11,597
do you think she's a possible...
I'm still thinking back to Rachel...
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00:06:12,972 --> 00:06:14,701
I don't know, there's just
something about her...
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00:06:14,874 --> 00:06:16,307
I know, she's serene
and beautiful...
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00:06:16,476 --> 00:06:18,341
although she's terribly pretty
and she's beautiful,
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she's got a very sort of...
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There's some disagreement about
who is more beautiful, Rachel or Zara
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00:06:24,617 --> 00:06:26,881
Yeah, its' not as interesting
I would say...
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Yes, it hasn't got
as much sort of depth,
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00:06:30,556 --> 00:06:34,617
whereas somebody like Zara has got
such a good structure in place,
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00:06:34,794 --> 00:06:36,523
the camera just loves her face...
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00:06:37,597 --> 00:06:40,259
They've chosen Zara
Would you have?
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00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:44,363
Apart from a big hooter,
cross eyes or missing teeth,
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the widely held view in the
fashion industry seems to be
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that beauty is what the fashion
industry says it is,
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but I suspect there's more to beauty than that
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00:06:54,614 --> 00:06:58,209
So, what can we say about his
potent force in our lives?
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Well, here's a starting point
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Look at the face
I'm standing on
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00:07:04,323 --> 00:07:08,123
Now, whether you think Elizabeth
Hurley is extraordinarily pretty
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or stunningly beautiful
isn't worth arguing about
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00:07:11,097 --> 00:07:15,466
because very few people are going
to maintain that she's a total dog...
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00:07:16,102 --> 00:07:17,194
Thanks John
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Not at all Elizabeth
and welcome to the show
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00:07:20,940 --> 00:07:26,242
Now, this gives us a clue to what
scientists have been discovering
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00:07:29,081 --> 00:07:32,915
Many scientists think that far
from being a matter of personal taste,
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00:07:33,085 --> 00:07:35,519
there are universal
rules for beauty,
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00:07:35,688 --> 00:07:38,589
patterns that beautiful
people have in common,
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00:07:38,758 --> 00:07:41,420
something that can
even be measured
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00:07:45,131 --> 00:07:48,760
Well, these five look very
different to me so, the grid...
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00:07:48,935 --> 00:07:53,429
Facial surgeon Dr Stephen Marquardt
has spent over twenty-five years
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almost obsessively searching for
the rules that govern beauty
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My job was to make faces
more attractive that were
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00:08:01,814 --> 00:08:06,183
deformed from birth or in car accidents,
those kinds of things
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00:08:12,158 --> 00:08:14,683
I noticed most of the patients did look
more attractive when I was done,
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00:08:15,461 --> 00:08:19,192
a few looked about the same and
occasionally they wouldn't look as good,
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00:08:19,732 --> 00:08:23,327
and that was, that was very distressing,
as you can imagine,
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00:08:23,970 --> 00:08:26,336
particularly if some of the operations
were nine hours in length
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00:08:26,506 --> 00:08:31,239
and to operate that long and have,
we always would fix the functional problem
129
00:08:32,111 --> 00:08:35,547
but to have them not look as good
was extremely disappointing
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00:08:36,015 --> 00:08:37,983
So what did that make you feel?
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00:08:40,086 --> 00:08:42,054
It made me wonder what
attractiveness was,
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I was doing the same
thing for everyone
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Hoping to find some clues to the
rules which govern beauty,
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00:08:50,530 --> 00:08:55,024
Stephen Marquardt went out and asked
people who worked in the beauty industry
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00:08:56,302 --> 00:08:58,896
So I just started canvassing different
people that I knew in those industries
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00:08:59,071 --> 00:09:01,596
and it was pathetic,
I couldn't believe it,
137
00:09:01,774 --> 00:09:03,298
nobody knew what beauty was...
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00:09:03,476 --> 00:09:06,570
nobody could understand it, people,
everybody had a different idea
139
00:09:09,081 --> 00:09:11,606
Everybody had an opinion
about what beauty was
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00:09:11,784 --> 00:09:14,116
and a lot of people's opinion
was it's kind of a,
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00:09:14,287 --> 00:09:16,915
ethereal oneness with
the universe, if you will,
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00:09:17,223 --> 00:09:19,783
and when they told me "ethereal oneness
with the universe" it's like,
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00:09:19,959 --> 00:09:23,087
hey wow, wait a minute, I'm a surgeon,
you know, that isn't,
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00:09:23,262 --> 00:09:27,096
that's not gonna help me out,
so I kept looking
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00:09:31,137 --> 00:09:34,698
Stephen wanted to see if people
could agree on anything about beauty,
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00:09:34,874 --> 00:09:37,342
so he did his own study
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00:09:37,510 --> 00:09:40,240
He got photographs of eighteen
very different women
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00:09:40,613 --> 00:09:42,911
and then asked people from
all over the world to say
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which they found more
and less attractive
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00:09:46,485 --> 00:09:48,680
We had people rank these
eighteen faces according to
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00:09:48,854 --> 00:09:50,879
what they thought was more
attractive to least attractive
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00:09:51,057 --> 00:09:53,082
They found the faces up here
most attractive,
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00:09:53,259 --> 00:09:55,819
then as you came down here they found
them less and less attractive
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00:09:55,995 --> 00:09:59,362
until we get down to this area
when they found them barely human looking
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00:10:00,933 --> 00:10:03,800
Some of these patients were
taken out of medical textbooks,
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00:10:03,970 --> 00:10:06,564
they were published years
and years ago and today
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00:10:06,739 --> 00:10:09,606
no one would ever get this bad
before they were treated
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00:10:10,576 --> 00:10:13,374
These are all real people,
they're all women between the ages
159
00:10:13,546 --> 00:10:16,037
of about fourteen and
twenty-four to thirty
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00:10:16,415 --> 00:10:19,441
This is the entire range of human
visual appearance of the faces
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00:10:19,619 --> 00:10:23,282
and we try to include everything
in our study and, astoundingly,
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00:10:23,456 --> 00:10:26,050
everybody in the world within
about ninety-seven percent
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00:10:26,225 --> 00:10:28,921
ranked these eighteen
photographs exactly the same
164
00:10:30,830 --> 00:10:32,764
We thought people from Asia
would have a different concept,
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00:10:32,932 --> 00:10:34,729
but it was very consistent all
through the world,
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00:10:34,900 --> 00:10:36,925
didn't make any difference whether
somebody was four years old
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00:10:37,103 --> 00:10:41,631
or eighty years old, they ranked them
the same, it was just astounding
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00:10:42,608 --> 00:10:46,544
What this study suggests is that there
are some things we can all agree on,
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00:10:46,712 --> 00:10:49,180
some universal rules of beauty
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So what are some of these universal
factors that hold true for all beauty?
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00:10:58,924 --> 00:11:02,690
Let's start by looking at babies
Ahh...
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Babies seem to generally be
considered very attractive,
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00:11:06,699 --> 00:11:08,496
so I started studying baby's faces
174
00:11:08,668 --> 00:11:11,637
and I wondered if there was an ideal face
for baby and it turns out there is,
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00:11:11,804 --> 00:11:14,068
there is an archetypal face,
not only for the adult
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00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:16,606
but there is one
for the infant too
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00:11:19,679 --> 00:11:22,876
But baby's beauty is quite
different from adult beauty
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00:11:24,950 --> 00:11:26,645
This baby looks wrong,
doesn't he?
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00:11:26,819 --> 00:11:30,380
It's because he's got an
adult face on a baby's body
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00:11:30,556 --> 00:11:33,184
For some reason the
medieval artist Giotto
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00:11:33,359 --> 00:11:36,385
didn't give this face
a baby's proportions
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00:11:37,830 --> 00:11:41,129
Babies judged attractive tend
to have plump cheeks, rosebud lips
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00:11:41,300 --> 00:11:45,737
and enormous eyes all scrunched up
together in the centre of the face
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00:11:45,905 --> 00:11:50,706
It's these proportions that release
our protective instincts. Ahh...
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00:11:52,244 --> 00:11:54,303
Yes, he's not quite
what I'm looking for
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00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:57,210
Well what about this one?
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00:12:00,052 --> 00:12:01,986
No, no, I don't think so
188
00:12:02,388 --> 00:12:03,582
How about this?
189
00:12:04,123 --> 00:12:06,819
Sorry to be difficult
but it's not right
190
00:12:07,393 --> 00:12:13,298
Well, I don't think I have anything else,
unless this appeals to you at all?
191
00:12:14,233 --> 00:12:19,933
Now that is beautiful, oh, I love the way
he dribbles, does he hunt?
192
00:12:20,106 --> 00:12:21,095
No
193
00:12:21,273 --> 00:12:23,969
Good, cos I can't wait
to protect him
194
00:12:26,779 --> 00:12:32,240
Ahh. It's that helpless, nurture-me
look that men eventually learn
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00:12:32,418 --> 00:12:34,477
is what makes babies attractive
196
00:12:35,087 --> 00:12:39,251
What's certainly true is that good-looking
babies often stay good-looking
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00:12:40,226 --> 00:12:43,457
Out of earshot I could hear people,
the grown ups, saying oh,
198
00:12:43,629 --> 00:12:45,494
he's very good looking,
he's just like his father,
199
00:12:45,664 --> 00:12:46,358
he's just like his father...
200
00:12:46,532 --> 00:12:48,056
When was that,
when do you remember that?
201
00:12:48,234 --> 00:12:54,230
I think I was probably four, five,
he didn't understand it
202
00:12:54,406 --> 00:12:59,605
but there was something about your look,
something that was right about you
203
00:13:01,881 --> 00:13:03,143
Look at these teenagers
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00:13:03,315 --> 00:13:08,275
The baby face features, large eyes,
rounded cheeks and full lips
205
00:13:08,554 --> 00:13:12,285
are still judged attractive
- but a lot's changed
206
00:13:14,260 --> 00:13:15,852
They become attractive
in a different way,
207
00:13:16,028 --> 00:13:20,522
not in a parental nurturing way but
in a sexually attractive way for a mate
208
00:13:20,699 --> 00:13:23,691
When did you realise that
you were beautiful?
209
00:13:25,037 --> 00:13:32,739
I realised that other people thought I was
beautiful around thirteen or fourteen,
210
00:13:32,912 --> 00:13:38,475
I, I started noticing that the
behaviour of others around me changed
211
00:13:42,321 --> 00:13:45,313
If we're talking about female beauty
and standards of female attractiveness,
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00:13:45,491 --> 00:13:49,518
the two largest predictors
are youth and health
213
00:13:49,962 --> 00:13:53,398
Dr David Buss studies
human mating behaviour
214
00:13:58,771 --> 00:14:03,174
Things like clear skin,
smooth skin, full lips because lips,
215
00:14:03,342 --> 00:14:07,073
most people don't know this,
lips get thinner as you age
216
00:14:07,246 --> 00:14:10,773
and so full lips is a sign of youth,
also a sign of health
217
00:14:13,452 --> 00:14:18,185
Stephen Marquardt suggests there
may be an age range of maximum beauty
218
00:14:19,658 --> 00:14:22,286
There's a certain window during our life
219
00:14:22,461 --> 00:14:24,053
when we're most attractive particularly women,
220
00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:26,664
and that's about, between the ages
of fourteen and twenty-four,
221
00:14:27,299 --> 00:14:29,460
that's, they start menstruating
at fourteen,
222
00:14:29,635 --> 00:14:31,626
they're ready to reproduce
and that correlates
223
00:14:31,804 --> 00:14:37,606
and coincides with their highest window
of attractiveness physically,
224
00:14:37,776 --> 00:14:39,471
and particularly facially
225
00:14:39,645 --> 00:14:43,081
I don't think that's true at all in girls
or boys as it happens cos I,
226
00:14:43,249 --> 00:14:47,777
it's a different sort of sweet puppyish
sort of prettiness when your very young,
227
00:14:47,953 --> 00:14:52,583
but you know, it doesn't really move you,
I don't think, it's sweet
228
00:14:53,626 --> 00:14:58,723
I think I got prettier in my late twenties
certainly than in my early twenties,
229
00:14:58,898 --> 00:15:01,162
whereas you know convention would
have it you look at your best
230
00:15:01,333 --> 00:15:03,528
when you're seventeen then go off
the boil from then on
231
00:15:07,039 --> 00:15:10,839
Scientists however suggest that although
there may be individual differences,
232
00:15:11,010 --> 00:15:14,707
basically youthful features
advertise sex
233
00:15:17,182 --> 00:15:19,514
Sex, of course, advertises products
234
00:15:19,685 --> 00:15:22,813
This is Zara who you'll remember
was plucked out of obscurity
235
00:15:22,988 --> 00:15:25,047
to be a new fashion model
236
00:15:27,993 --> 00:15:29,517
I got a letter through the post,
which was harsh
237
00:15:29,695 --> 00:15:31,754
cos I didn't know whether
to open it or not
238
00:15:31,931 --> 00:15:34,900
The first letters I saw were
"I hope you are alright, so I was like,
239
00:15:35,067 --> 00:15:38,434
oh, what's this gonna be,
you know, and it was just,
240
00:15:38,604 --> 00:15:40,868
congratulations in big
black capital letters
241
00:15:44,877 --> 00:15:47,311
Zara's now much in demand but why?
242
00:15:47,613 --> 00:15:50,980
What is it about her face that
people find so compelling?
243
00:15:51,150 --> 00:15:54,176
Scientist Dr Stephen Marquardt
thinks he knows
244
00:15:56,322 --> 00:15:58,950
The question's gonna come up
for you with people,
245
00:15:59,124 --> 00:16:00,489
what is attractive about you?
246
00:16:00,659 --> 00:16:04,060
You are attractive and people
will tell you you're attractive
247
00:16:04,229 --> 00:16:07,289
and the reason you're attractive
is you have the components of
248
00:16:07,466 --> 00:16:10,333
both the adult beautiful face
and the baby's beautiful face,
249
00:16:10,502 --> 00:16:13,027
which is really interesting,
it's very unusual
250
00:16:13,472 --> 00:16:16,964
What it does is it incorporates not only
the adult beauty of the high cheekbones
251
00:16:17,142 --> 00:16:21,272
and the pretty nose, nice shape,
and the nice forehead, nice jaw line,
252
00:16:21,447 --> 00:16:25,383
but also the slightly retreated chin
and the cupid's bow upper lip
253
00:16:25,551 --> 00:16:29,078
She has a very short upper lip like
a baby and a cupid's bow upper lip
254
00:16:29,254 --> 00:16:31,119
like a baby and the retreated
chin of a baby
255
00:16:31,290 --> 00:16:36,023
and the larger features of an infant,
which is very attractive,
256
00:16:36,195 --> 00:16:39,164
combined with the adult features
of the high cheekbones,
257
00:16:39,331 --> 00:16:42,095
pretty nose, beautiful skin
and big eyes
258
00:16:44,970 --> 00:16:47,200
I've always thought I've got
really peaky eyes, little eyes,
259
00:16:47,373 --> 00:16:50,638
I don't know and big lips, I used to
hate my lips when I was younger
260
00:16:50,809 --> 00:16:53,778
and everyone used to call me Joker
at school cos that smile,
261
00:16:53,946 --> 00:16:56,210
can you see that,
I used to get picked on
262
00:16:59,485 --> 00:17:01,817
So how beautiful
do you consider Zara?
263
00:17:02,287 --> 00:17:06,314
Well, before you decide let's hear
some other theories about beauty
264
00:17:09,495 --> 00:17:12,191
Almost all scientific theories
about beauty are based on
265
00:17:12,364 --> 00:17:15,162
so-called evolutionary psychology
266
00:17:15,334 --> 00:17:21,102
The idea is that much human behaviour is
subconsciously driven by our animal past
267
00:17:21,273 --> 00:17:24,071
For all our apparent sophistication,
we are, deep down,
268
00:17:24,243 --> 00:17:29,408
creatures driven by a fairly basic
biological urge- to mate
269
00:17:31,984 --> 00:17:33,884
And to have offspring
270
00:17:34,620 --> 00:17:39,148
But how well does this theory explain
human behaviour connected with beauty?
271
00:17:40,626 --> 00:17:43,686
Well, looking down at Elizabeth's
face makes me think of makeup...
272
00:17:43,862 --> 00:17:44,794
Estee Lauder
273
00:17:44,963 --> 00:17:46,590
That's enough of that!
274
00:17:47,766 --> 00:17:51,293
Human beings have been using makeup
for over four thousand years,
275
00:17:51,470 --> 00:17:54,303
so they must have developed
some inkling of what
276
00:17:54,473 --> 00:17:58,569
they're trying to achieve with it,
what buttons they're trying to press
277
00:17:59,611 --> 00:18:03,843
Even in ancient Egypt women were already
using the same techniques they do today
278
00:18:04,283 --> 00:18:06,911
They enhanced their eyes with
coal and used iron
279
00:18:07,086 --> 00:18:09,350
and copper ores to
decorate their face
280
00:18:10,656 --> 00:18:14,285
Dermatologist Dr Vail Reese thinks
makeup has one main purpose
281
00:18:14,460 --> 00:18:19,056
Well, makeup really tries to minimise
any discolouration of the skin,
282
00:18:19,231 --> 00:18:24,225
any irregular contour and then
better allow attention to be drawn
283
00:18:24,403 --> 00:18:26,769
to certain features such as
the eyes or the lips,
284
00:18:26,939 --> 00:18:30,705
which we as humans want to accentuate,
at least in women at least
285
00:18:31,076 --> 00:18:33,044
You put on a base to sort
of even everything out
286
00:18:33,212 --> 00:18:37,171
and it's like making a flat clean
canvas and then you start painting
287
00:18:38,150 --> 00:18:40,641
So, how do we paint
features and why?
288
00:18:40,919 --> 00:18:45,583
Well, eye makeup; can make the eyes look
bigger, therefore younger and sexier
289
00:18:45,958 --> 00:18:50,918
Also darkening the upper lids
can produce so-called bedroom eyes
290
00:18:51,363 --> 00:18:55,766
Why do bedroom eyes exist? Why do we
associate that with sexiness?
291
00:18:55,934 --> 00:19:01,167
It's because in the last stage
of sexual encounters,
292
00:19:01,673 --> 00:19:06,508
a moment or two before our orgasm,
one of the muscles that
293
00:19:06,678 --> 00:19:11,479
keeps the upper eyelid up relaxes
and the eyes begin to droop,
294
00:19:11,650 --> 00:19:15,142
so someone who has bedroom eyes
in a sense looks like
295
00:19:15,320 --> 00:19:17,880
they're always on the verge of orgasm,
that is where extended...
296
00:19:18,056 --> 00:19:21,025
A permanent characteristic
that reminds us of the way
297
00:19:21,193 --> 00:19:23,388
we look at that particular
moment, just before...
298
00:19:23,562 --> 00:19:24,893
...without even thinking about it
299
00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:29,599
Next, lipstick
300
00:19:29,768 --> 00:19:33,727
Psychologists argue that when you
get aroused your lips get fuller
301
00:19:33,906 --> 00:19:37,865
and redder and that's what red
lipstick is trying to mimic
302
00:19:38,977 --> 00:19:42,879
When people are sexually aroused,
the psychologists tell me,
303
00:19:44,082 --> 00:19:48,519
the lips, for example, will not only
get larger, they become engorged,
304
00:19:48,687 --> 00:19:51,315
there's more blood in the lips so
they actually get a darker colour
305
00:19:51,990 --> 00:19:53,651
You read Desmond Morris on that,
didn't you?
306
00:19:53,825 --> 00:19:56,726
Yes, some of it, but I didn't know
whether all of that was right,
307
00:19:56,895 --> 00:19:58,829
but what I was talking about
is just the fact that...
308
00:19:58,997 --> 00:19:59,964
I think it's rubbish
309
00:20:00,132 --> 00:20:01,292
You think it's rubbish?
310
00:20:01,466 --> 00:20:03,593
Utter rubbish
He said that women do red lips,
311
00:20:03,769 --> 00:20:07,364
mirroring the red vulvas of
chimpanzees when they're in heat
312
00:20:07,973 --> 00:20:09,964
Well, it's obvious, isn't it?
Bollocks
313
00:20:12,144 --> 00:20:15,875
Some evolutionary biology may
be bollocks but I do believe that
314
00:20:16,048 --> 00:20:20,712
makeup helps advertise fertility
by emphasising youth and health
315
00:20:21,186 --> 00:20:23,051
and the link between beauty
and health turns out
316
00:20:23,222 --> 00:20:25,986
to be much closer
than I ever imagined
317
00:20:26,625 --> 00:20:28,024
Just look at those hurdlers
318
00:20:32,297 --> 00:20:35,061
Ever wondered why top athletes
tend to be good looking?
319
00:20:41,106 --> 00:20:45,668
Professor John Manning is doing research
which links looks with running ability
320
00:20:46,345 --> 00:20:49,041
He's doing it here
by measuring ears
321
00:20:51,383 --> 00:20:54,546
Our research has concentrated
on athletic ability
322
00:20:54,953 --> 00:20:57,080
and what the face
tells us about that
323
00:20:57,889 --> 00:21:00,551
The link which ties athletic
ability to beauty
324
00:21:00,726 --> 00:21:03,718
in Professor Manning's
research is symmetry
325
00:21:10,035 --> 00:21:12,435
Whether the two sides of
your face are the same
326
00:21:12,604 --> 00:21:16,335
or very different seems to affect
your running ability
327
00:21:24,182 --> 00:21:30,382
Runners with asymmetric ears run more
slowly than runners with symmetric ears,
328
00:21:30,555 --> 00:21:35,857
and this is not a question of wind speed
and aerodynamic aspects of the face
329
00:21:38,563 --> 00:21:42,192
So what's going on here? Well,
people with symmetrical bodies
330
00:21:42,367 --> 00:21:46,326
find it easier to run faster,
and having more symmetrical ears
331
00:21:46,505 --> 00:21:49,474
is a sign you've got
a more symmetrical body
332
00:21:51,176 --> 00:21:54,077
This is amazing when you think about it,
because these are,
333
00:21:54,246 --> 00:21:57,181
asymmetries are very, very small, they're
of the order of a millimetre or so,
334
00:21:57,349 --> 00:22:03,219
but we seem to be able to perceive them
and people rate symmetric faces
335
00:22:03,388 --> 00:22:05,720
as being more attractive
than asymmetric faces
336
00:22:06,792 --> 00:22:09,124
Do you agree?
How do you prefer me?
337
00:22:09,294 --> 00:22:13,958
Normal like this?
Or symmetrical like this?
338
00:22:16,034 --> 00:22:18,502
And what's the big thing
about symmetry?
339
00:22:18,770 --> 00:22:21,295
Well, it all begins
in the womb
340
00:22:23,208 --> 00:22:25,073
We all start off
looking like aliens
341
00:22:25,577 --> 00:22:28,137
but we're programmed to
grow symmetrically so,
342
00:22:28,313 --> 00:22:32,249
if all goes well we turn into
pretty symmetrical adults
343
00:22:34,519 --> 00:22:36,578
But things can go wrong
344
00:22:38,824 --> 00:22:42,555
Now, obviously a symmetrical face
is typically a healthy face,
345
00:22:42,728 --> 00:22:50,100
but you have a parasitic infection
or if you have congenital malformation
346
00:22:50,268 --> 00:22:54,329
of some kind that's distorted your face,
it's going to produce an asymmetry
347
00:22:54,506 --> 00:22:57,566
and when you detect something
asymmetrical it's no longer attractive
348
00:22:57,743 --> 00:22:59,643
and you don't want
to mate with it
349
00:23:01,046 --> 00:23:03,640
What neurologist Dr Ramachandran
is saying is that
350
00:23:03,815 --> 00:23:06,545
if you're unfortunate enough
to have been infested
351
00:23:06,718 --> 00:23:08,845
with a parasite such
as a tapeworm
352
00:23:09,020 --> 00:23:11,488
and it's residing inside you
when you're growing up,
353
00:23:11,890 --> 00:23:16,293
then this will affect not only
your bodily health but also your face
354
00:23:17,129 --> 00:23:19,427
If you have a parasitic infection
you may not be able,
355
00:23:19,598 --> 00:23:22,158
you may not be very fertile,
for all these reasons
356
00:23:22,334 --> 00:23:25,303
it's best to avoid an asymmetrical face
and this may be one reason why you're,
357
00:23:25,470 --> 00:23:30,134
there's a repulsion, so you recoil
from anything that's deformed,
358
00:23:30,308 --> 00:23:32,071
asymmetrical, distorted...
359
00:23:32,244 --> 00:23:33,711
Because it could be dangerous
360
00:23:33,879 --> 00:23:35,210
Because it could be dangerous
361
00:23:36,214 --> 00:23:41,208
In a more primitive sense,
the face advertises health, okay?
362
00:23:41,686 --> 00:23:44,382
Any doctor will tell you one of the
first things they teach you
363
00:23:44,556 --> 00:23:47,116
in medical school is to
look at the face
364
00:23:47,426 --> 00:23:52,762
In Stephen Marquardt's study, the faces
ranked good looking were more symmetrical,
365
00:23:53,064 --> 00:23:55,931
the less attractive faces
were less symmetrical
366
00:23:56,101 --> 00:24:01,198
and the grossly asymmetric induced
a feeling almost of repulsion
367
00:24:02,374 --> 00:24:06,811
It's this innate reaction to faces
that Hollywood has exploited
368
00:24:07,446 --> 00:24:10,904
You'll have the clear-complected
individual as the hero
369
00:24:11,082 --> 00:24:16,349
and then any skin defect can be used
by film-makers to identify to audiences,
370
00:24:16,521 --> 00:24:20,423
"watch out for this one", so that
skin really becomes a reflection
371
00:24:20,592 --> 00:24:23,959
not just of health
but of moral content
372
00:24:25,030 --> 00:24:29,023
I'm so unhappy, my stepmother and sisters
are going to the ball without me,
373
00:24:29,301 --> 00:24:31,166
I do wish I could go to
374
00:24:31,536 --> 00:24:33,527
And so you shall
375
00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:35,829
Who are you?
376
00:24:36,107 --> 00:24:41,101
I'm your fairy godmother dear,
I've got a heart of gold
377
00:24:42,147 --> 00:24:44,581
I don't trust you,
you're hideous
378
00:24:45,383 --> 00:24:47,851
This is facial fascism
379
00:24:48,019 --> 00:24:49,577
Poor woman.
380
00:24:49,921 --> 00:24:52,355
It's true that people with bad
skin are not evil, I mean,
381
00:24:52,524 --> 00:24:54,219
both you and I know
that rationally
382
00:24:54,392 --> 00:24:57,953
but they have done studies
to show that if you,
383
00:24:58,129 --> 00:25:01,098
they will take subjects and
have them interact with someone
384
00:25:01,266 --> 00:25:03,461
who is clear complected
or interact with someone
385
00:25:03,635 --> 00:25:06,069
say with acne scars
or a large scar,
386
00:25:06,538 --> 00:25:08,733
that there was more hesitation,
there was more concern,
387
00:25:08,907 --> 00:25:11,432
more fear associated
with the people that
388
00:25:11,610 --> 00:25:13,737
did not have normal
skin or good skin
389
00:25:17,449 --> 00:25:20,247
Henry de Lotbiniere
has facial cancer,
390
00:25:20,685 --> 00:25:23,483
he knows what it's like to be
stared at and judged by others
391
00:25:23,655 --> 00:25:26,351
But he's very philosophical
about the way he looks
392
00:25:26,525 --> 00:25:29,983
and he's not upset by the
honest reaction of children
393
00:25:32,063 --> 00:25:35,499
I find it extremely entertaining
talking to a five-year-old
394
00:25:36,468 --> 00:25:39,995
about why I've only got one eye
or look slightly odd,
395
00:25:41,006 --> 00:25:45,875
and I've always been impressed by
the simple way that the five-year-old
396
00:25:46,912 --> 00:25:51,611
is just interested and enjoys the
conversation on the bus
397
00:25:52,117 --> 00:25:55,678
with a complete stranger about what
it's like to only have one eye
398
00:25:56,788 --> 00:26:00,884
This is Henry at twenty-one when
he was studying to become a barrister
399
00:26:01,192 --> 00:26:02,750
and he's still working
400
00:26:03,795 --> 00:26:07,822
If I went into some absolutely extreme
state then it might be different,
401
00:26:08,366 --> 00:26:14,464
but certainly having an eye removed,
having the shape looking a bit odd,
402
00:26:15,106 --> 00:26:19,975
losing all the nerves and muscles in
the left hand side of my face,
403
00:26:20,512 --> 00:26:25,176
so that when I smile in a happy way
as I understand it the right hand side
404
00:26:25,350 --> 00:26:28,786
of my face moves but the left
hand doesn't move a bit,
405
00:26:29,521 --> 00:26:33,013
it simply for some reason
doesn't worry me
406
00:26:35,093 --> 00:26:37,857
Henry was forty-two when
he first discovered that
407
00:26:38,029 --> 00:26:40,293
he had a rare facial cancer
408
00:26:40,765 --> 00:26:44,462
It started under his left eye
and gradually progressed
409
00:26:45,837 --> 00:26:50,137
Henry's proud to have a family who've
supported him through all his surgery
410
00:26:50,508 --> 00:26:53,875
I mean, my wife and
children don't appear
411
00:26:55,180 --> 00:26:56,875
to pay any attention to
what I look like,
412
00:26:57,048 --> 00:27:00,449
they don't get worried,
they don't express relief that
413
00:27:00,619 --> 00:27:07,149
I'm not too bad and I think that
helps me as the patient enormously
414
00:27:07,325 --> 00:27:12,262
because I'm not being reminded of it,
I don't have people sympathising,
415
00:27:12,731 --> 00:27:16,189
I don't have people saying,
"I wish they'd done a better job",
416
00:27:17,302 --> 00:27:19,930
and that leaves me just being me
417
00:27:22,007 --> 00:27:26,137
Possibly, the gradual change in his
appearance made it slightly easier
418
00:27:26,311 --> 00:27:28,404
for Henry and his family
to deal with
419
00:27:28,713 --> 00:27:31,807
A sudden change can be traumatic
in a different way
420
00:27:32,617 --> 00:27:35,814
Dr Stephen Marquardt was only four
years old when his mother's face
421
00:27:35,987 --> 00:27:38,581
was badly damaged
in a car accident
422
00:27:39,557 --> 00:27:42,253
My grandmother and aunt just
took me in and actually, you know,
423
00:27:42,427 --> 00:27:44,952
I was walking ahead of them down
the hallway of my grandmother's house,
424
00:27:45,130 --> 00:27:48,258
my mother walked out of the bedroom
she was staying in at the time
425
00:27:48,433 --> 00:27:52,233
and her eyes were all bloodshot,
her nose was squashed on her face,
426
00:27:52,404 --> 00:27:55,168
she had no upper teeth,
her two jaws were wired together,
427
00:27:55,340 --> 00:27:58,207
her face was all cut and sutured,
I mean, she looked like a monster
428
00:27:58,376 --> 00:28:00,241
and I just about had a heart attack
429
00:28:00,412 --> 00:28:04,849
I turned around and she mumbled,
"Stevie", you know, "hi",
430
00:28:05,016 --> 00:28:09,077
through her wired jaws and I turned
around and ran out the room screaming
431
00:28:09,254 --> 00:28:11,848
and I didn't trust my grandmother,
my aunt or my uncles or anybody
432
00:28:12,023 --> 00:28:14,389
for several weeks after that,
I wouldn't have anything to do with them
433
00:28:17,062 --> 00:28:18,996
She wasn't my mother any more,
she didn't act the same,
434
00:28:19,164 --> 00:28:22,691
she didn't look the same,
she didn't talk the same,
435
00:28:23,568 --> 00:28:25,763
there was just, and then everybody said,
"this is your mother",
436
00:28:25,937 --> 00:28:29,338
it was very difficult at four and
a half at that point or five years old,
437
00:28:29,507 --> 00:28:31,407
it was like, "here's your mother back,
have a nice day"
438
00:28:35,113 --> 00:28:37,138
Interestingly, the surgeon who
did take care of her at the time
439
00:28:37,315 --> 00:28:40,079
of her accident was a maxillofacial
surgeon like I was,
440
00:28:40,385 --> 00:28:43,183
and I think that probably
at some point, level,
441
00:28:43,354 --> 00:28:45,288
maybe that's why I got into it
442
00:28:45,457 --> 00:28:49,860
Life is a crazy thing, crazy things happen
and sometimes you don't realise
443
00:28:50,028 --> 00:28:52,360
where you've been until you look
in your rear view mirror, you know
444
00:28:52,897 --> 00:28:57,061
Stephen's childhood experience not
only led him into a career as a surgeon,
445
00:28:57,235 --> 00:29:00,136
it also motivated his search
for the rules of beauty
446
00:29:00,371 --> 00:29:04,068
He found his first clues in the
writings of a Greek philosopher
447
00:29:04,843 --> 00:29:06,242
Remember Pythagoras?
448
00:29:06,911 --> 00:29:09,539
The square of the hypotenuse of
a right angle triangle is equal
449
00:29:09,714 --> 00:29:11,841
to the sum of the squares
of the other two sides
450
00:29:12,650 --> 00:29:15,312
Thank you Elizabeth
Yes, him
451
00:29:15,987 --> 00:29:18,012
He claimed not only to quantify,
452
00:29:18,189 --> 00:29:22,057
to understand the secret
of the code of beauty,
453
00:29:22,427 --> 00:29:25,885
he claimed to see beauty in the universe,
that's a pretty big statement
454
00:29:26,064 --> 00:29:27,429
I'm looking for beauty
in the face,
455
00:29:27,599 --> 00:29:30,796
he says he found it for the universe,
that's pretty amazing
456
00:29:33,805 --> 00:29:36,330
What Pythagoras realised
is that plants and animals
457
00:29:36,508 --> 00:29:40,035
grow according to fairly
precise mathematical laws
458
00:29:40,478 --> 00:29:43,970
It's not just chance that flowers
unfold in beautiful patterns,
459
00:29:44,149 --> 00:29:48,916
and the Greeks found the patterns were
based on a particular geometrical ratio,
460
00:29:49,387 --> 00:29:52,550
but it wasn't until the Renaissance
that an Italian did the maths
461
00:29:52,724 --> 00:30:00,563
He figured out that the key to beauty
was the ratio of 1 to 1.618
462
00:30:05,537 --> 00:30:13,706
Grazie. Oh, Miss Linguini, wait,
take your glasses off,
463
00:30:16,648 --> 00:30:20,049
now let your hair
come a-tumbling down
464
00:30:39,204 --> 00:30:42,401
Miss Linguini, you're beautiful
465
00:30:46,411 --> 00:30:52,145
And yet, and you're not going to
believe this, 1.618 actually works
466
00:30:53,117 --> 00:30:56,644
Do something like measure the distance
from the floor to your navel
467
00:30:56,821 --> 00:30:59,346
and then from your navel
to your head
468
00:30:59,791 --> 00:31:03,887
If you're well proportioned
the ratio should be 1 to 1.618,
469
00:31:04,062 --> 00:31:07,896
and that ratio is seen all
over the beautiful body
470
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,059
People started noticing it, artists
noticed it, the width of the,
471
00:31:11,236 --> 00:31:14,535
in a beautiful face for example, not in
any face but it had to be beautiful,
472
00:31:14,706 --> 00:31:16,333
if a face was beautiful the
473
00:31:16,507 --> 00:31:20,341
width of the mouth was exactly 1.618 times
the width of the nose,
474
00:31:20,578 --> 00:31:22,512
if the face wasn't beautiful
that wasn't the case
475
00:31:22,680 --> 00:31:27,447
Dentists, in their dental work,
noticed that the upper front tooth
476
00:31:27,619 --> 00:31:30,645
was 1.618 times as wide as
the next tooth over,
477
00:31:30,822 --> 00:31:34,155
the lateral incisor, so the
central incisor was 1.618 times
478
00:31:34,325 --> 00:31:36,316
the width of the lateral incisor,
the next tooth over
479
00:31:36,694 --> 00:31:38,025
Wonderful, give me some
more examples
480
00:31:38,196 --> 00:31:42,292
Your fingers, the, your fingers
are each called phalanges,
481
00:31:42,467 --> 00:31:44,560
and each bone in the finger
is called a phalanx,
482
00:31:44,736 --> 00:31:46,863
and the phalanx that's the most,
483
00:31:47,038 --> 00:31:50,064
the closest to your knuckle
here is 1.618 times
484
00:31:50,241 --> 00:31:54,337
the phalanx that's in the middle
and that's 1.618 times
485
00:31:54,512 --> 00:31:56,673
the length of the phalanx
at the end which is finger nail
486
00:31:56,848 --> 00:31:59,646
So that was kind of amazing, this number
would come up over and over again
487
00:32:02,020 --> 00:32:06,514
Now remember Zara? Would all this theory
work on a real person like her?
488
00:32:09,260 --> 00:32:11,490
This is what's called
a golden divider,
489
00:32:11,663 --> 00:32:14,257
it divides different line
areas or distances from,
490
00:32:14,432 --> 00:32:18,232
into 1 and 1.618, which is the golden
ratio and in a beautiful face
491
00:32:18,403 --> 00:32:23,033
we'll see that ordinarily the width
of the mouth is 1.618 times
492
00:32:23,207 --> 00:32:26,973
the width of the nose,
and it does in Zara, exactly
493
00:32:27,145 --> 00:32:30,581
If we look at the teeth we can see
that ordinarily, show me your teeth,
494
00:32:30,748 --> 00:32:33,842
smile a little bit, the width of
the upper front tooth is 1.618 times
495
00:32:34,018 --> 00:32:36,248
the width of the tooth right next
to it and the same on the other side,
496
00:32:36,421 --> 00:32:38,548
the width of the upper front
tooth is 1.618 times
497
00:32:38,723 --> 00:32:39,781
the width of the tooth next to it,
498
00:32:39,958 --> 00:32:42,893
so it's amazing how this proportion
is repeated over
499
00:32:43,061 --> 00:32:45,586
and over again in a beautiful face
and the same thing with Zara,
500
00:32:45,763 --> 00:32:50,894
if I do the width of her mouth,
sorry, I'll do it again,
501
00:32:53,538 --> 00:32:55,096
I'm a surgeon I'm used
to sharp things,
502
00:32:55,273 --> 00:33:00,506
I hardly ever cut myself, okay,
so, so if I do the width of her mouth
503
00:33:00,678 --> 00:33:04,170
to the width of her face the camera
should be able to see that this,
504
00:33:04,349 --> 00:33:07,648
the width of the mouth
is 1.618 times the distance
505
00:33:07,819 --> 00:33:09,548
from the mouth to the
corner of the cheek
506
00:33:10,922 --> 00:33:11,889
And it is
507
00:33:12,056 --> 00:33:15,219
Anyway, this relationship holds up
over and over again in the face
508
00:33:15,760 --> 00:33:17,921
and Zara's a great example,
that's why she's so pretty
509
00:33:18,262 --> 00:33:20,730
So Zara's face fits
the golden ratio
510
00:33:24,002 --> 00:33:30,908
And the golden ratio 1 to 1.618 seems
to apply to all beautiful faces
511
00:33:31,909 --> 00:33:35,606
Now, this idea that maths can explain
a beautiful face, any beautiful face,
512
00:33:35,780 --> 00:33:39,238
has been taken even further
by Stephen Marquardt
513
00:33:39,784 --> 00:33:42,014
So, if I look at the nose the nose
is a triangle and the front,
514
00:33:42,186 --> 00:33:44,416
and the side view the nose
is a triangle again
515
00:33:45,656 --> 00:33:50,150
And in a beautiful face the sides
of the triangle are 1.618 times
516
00:33:50,328 --> 00:33:55,595
greater than the base and from
a triangle you can build a pentagon
517
00:33:56,367 --> 00:33:58,961
What's the most attractive
configuration of the face,
518
00:33:59,137 --> 00:34:00,195
the most attractive expression?
519
00:34:00,371 --> 00:34:04,501
Smiling, when I smile you start
to see the pentagons here
520
00:34:04,675 --> 00:34:08,076
Oh, yes I do, there, it's there,
there, there
521
00:34:08,246 --> 00:34:09,543
Right, exactly
522
00:34:10,515 --> 00:34:12,915
Stephen Marquardt combined
pentagons and triangles,
523
00:34:13,084 --> 00:34:15,746
all with the 1.618 ratio,
and built a mask
524
00:34:17,488 --> 00:34:19,353
He claims that the
closer a face
525
00:34:19,524 --> 00:34:22,493
conforms to his mask
the more beautiful it is
526
00:34:24,395 --> 00:34:25,953
Start with Kate Moss
527
00:34:26,764 --> 00:34:28,527
Now Kate looks totally
different than the others,
528
00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:33,466
but if I put the mask on her
you can see that it's very close
529
00:34:33,638 --> 00:34:39,099
Now, the interesting thing about Kate
is that her eyes are preternaturally wide
530
00:34:39,277 --> 00:34:42,075
or unusually wide,
her eyebrows fit beautifully,
531
00:34:42,246 --> 00:34:45,238
her lips, her nose, her jaw line,
very, very nice,
532
00:34:45,416 --> 00:34:48,010
even the hairline is exactly
what it should be
533
00:34:49,120 --> 00:34:50,610
And it's not just women
534
00:34:51,255 --> 00:34:58,423
The same mask can be put on men
and Tom Cruise fits it perfectly
535
00:35:00,431 --> 00:35:04,697
In fact, Stephen claims it fits any
human face, so long as it's beautiful
536
00:35:08,673 --> 00:35:12,336
Here's one of my favourite actors,
star of stage, screen and television,
537
00:35:12,510 --> 00:35:14,842
let me just see how he fits,
oh, what a handsome guy
538
00:35:15,012 --> 00:35:15,876
Oh, it's Paul Newman
539
00:35:16,047 --> 00:35:17,344
It is Paul Newman,
wait a moment,
540
00:35:17,515 --> 00:35:20,450
it's better than Paul Newman,
it's John Cleese
541
00:35:21,085 --> 00:35:24,179
Don't tell me that,
he's got a moustache grid...
542
00:35:24,856 --> 00:35:26,949
To my surprise,
it didn't fit my face at all,
543
00:35:27,258 --> 00:35:29,249
though Stephen had
a good excuse for me
544
00:35:29,627 --> 00:35:31,151
Quite frankly,
it's very masculine,
545
00:35:31,329 --> 00:35:34,696
you'll see that in a man
the eyes in there...
546
00:35:34,866 --> 00:35:38,666
the eyes are always narrower in a man,
your eyes are narrower than the grid,
547
00:35:38,970 --> 00:35:41,165
the lips are thinner and you can see
your lips are thinner here
548
00:35:41,339 --> 00:35:43,432
and your nose is narrow
just like the grid
549
00:35:43,608 --> 00:35:46,008
and actually your nose
is a little shorter...
550
00:35:46,177 --> 00:35:48,111
which is good actually
551
00:35:48,980 --> 00:35:52,643
Having discovered the mask Dr Marquardt
was able to successfully use it
552
00:35:52,817 --> 00:35:57,186
as a template when reconstructing
patient's facial deformities
553
00:36:07,431 --> 00:36:11,458
Now, Elizabeth Hurley, she's almost
as good-looking as you but,
554
00:36:13,771 --> 00:36:19,073
let's see, I think, oh my gosh,
that's pretty darn close
555
00:36:19,710 --> 00:36:21,974
The eyebrows are just in
the upper edge of the mask
556
00:36:22,146 --> 00:36:23,943
giving this nice arch,
it looks beautiful...
557
00:36:24,115 --> 00:36:26,015
Don't tell her,
she'll be unbearable
558
00:36:26,184 --> 00:36:27,481
lt'll be our secret
559
00:36:27,852 --> 00:36:31,481
The cheeks are perfect, the nose fits
beautifully in there, the lips,
560
00:36:31,656 --> 00:36:34,216
the width of the lips is great,
the lower has beautiful curvature,
561
00:36:34,392 --> 00:36:38,692
the chin and jaw line is great,
it's just remarkable how it fits
562
00:36:39,597 --> 00:36:42,794
So Elizabeth's face is
absolutely perfect apparently,
563
00:36:42,967 --> 00:36:45,094
personally I think her nose
is a bit pointy, but...
564
00:36:45,269 --> 00:36:46,031
John!
565
00:36:46,204 --> 00:36:48,604
Not you Elizabeth,
another Elizabeth
566
00:36:49,407 --> 00:36:53,741
So, that's everything that we can say
about beauty that's universally true
567
00:36:54,111 --> 00:36:56,875
So now we need to look at all
that stuff about beauty
568
00:36:57,048 --> 00:36:59,710
being in the eye of the beholder,
or in this case,
569
00:36:59,884 --> 00:37:02,648
the beholder being in
the eye of the beauty
570
00:37:03,054 --> 00:37:08,458
In other words, stuff that varies from
place to place and from era to era
571
00:37:08,626 --> 00:37:12,960
- yes, folks, we're entering
the world of fashion
572
00:37:18,369 --> 00:37:22,237
Take the fashions in skin tone,
for centuries in Europe
573
00:37:22,540 --> 00:37:24,838
looking pale was
extremely fashionable
574
00:37:25,009 --> 00:37:30,311
Elizabeth I used a mixture of white lead
and vinegar to look as pale as possible
575
00:37:30,615 --> 00:37:35,552
Unfortunately it was poisonous and
it had a tendency to run
576
00:37:36,621 --> 00:37:40,489
Then, four hundred years later,
the suntan was suddenly in
577
00:37:40,658 --> 00:37:44,992
Previously it was a sign of a common
type who worked outdoors with his hands,
578
00:37:45,296 --> 00:37:49,062
yuk; but now a suntan meant you
were wealthy enough to travel
579
00:37:49,233 --> 00:37:51,224
to the sun for your holidays
580
00:37:52,103 --> 00:37:56,267
The fact that so much, a film was made
in Hollywood in the fifties and sixties
581
00:37:56,440 --> 00:38:01,104
had incredible influence nationally
on the thought that
582
00:38:01,279 --> 00:38:05,477
a tanned appearance was healthy
and was good and was beautiful
583
00:38:06,984 --> 00:38:11,080
So the suntan came in and now
is beginning to go out of fashion
584
00:38:11,455 --> 00:38:13,855
But is there any more to
it than just fashion?
585
00:38:14,025 --> 00:38:17,654
Dr Ramachandran s bravely
prepared to hazard a biological
586
00:38:17,828 --> 00:38:20,490
explanation for preferring
pale skin
587
00:38:21,265 --> 00:38:27,864
Every medical student is
taught that anaemia, cyanosis,
588
00:38:28,039 --> 00:38:31,167
which means a bluish tint
of the skin, and jaundice,
589
00:38:31,342 --> 00:38:33,640
which means a yellowish
discolouration of the skin,
590
00:38:33,811 --> 00:38:35,836
is much easier to detect
in a fairer skinned person
591
00:38:36,013 --> 00:38:38,140
especially a blonde than
in a brunette,
592
00:38:38,316 --> 00:38:41,752
so from a distance of twenty feet
you can say if the blonde is anaemic
593
00:38:42,219 --> 00:38:43,208
because she's pale skin,
594
00:38:43,387 --> 00:38:46,322
whereas a brunette can disguise
this fact and fool you
595
00:38:46,857 --> 00:38:50,156
So in a sense a brunette is saying,
come and mate with me,
596
00:38:51,295 --> 00:38:53,729
but you don't know if she's anaemic
or not, whereas a blonde,
597
00:38:53,898 --> 00:38:56,196
there's truth in advertising,
the blonde is saying, look,
598
00:38:56,367 --> 00:38:59,666
I'm healthy, I'm pink, come and
spread your genes, mate with me
599
00:39:00,004 --> 00:39:04,737
So, even a fashion like pale skin
may have a biological underpinning
600
00:39:06,977 --> 00:39:10,879
Take hair. A full head of lustrous
hair is a sign of youth,
601
00:39:11,048 --> 00:39:14,506
vitality and health but the
fashions in hairstyles
602
00:39:14,685 --> 00:39:16,949
change all the time,
unpredictably
603
00:39:17,855 --> 00:39:21,154
For example, in 1624 Louis Xlll
lost his hair
604
00:39:21,325 --> 00:39:23,589
and had to wear a wig
when he was king
605
00:39:23,761 --> 00:39:27,492
The entire French court
instantly followed the new fashion
606
00:39:28,265 --> 00:39:29,562
and soon developed it
beyond recognition
607
00:39:29,734 --> 00:39:34,103
until the wigs became so large
that some of them were sublet
608
00:39:37,475 --> 00:39:39,033
Between the demands
of fashion and
609
00:39:39,210 --> 00:39:42,270
the desire to obey our
biological hard wiring,
610
00:39:42,446 --> 00:39:46,507
the need to present ourselves
as youthful, healthy and fertile,
611
00:39:47,118 --> 00:39:51,054
we all spend a huge fortune
every year on our beauty;
612
00:39:51,522 --> 00:39:57,017
but is all this fuss about
beauty really justified?
613
00:40:02,199 --> 00:40:04,292
Well, for young people
it makes a lot of sense,
614
00:40:04,568 --> 00:40:08,026
essentially what they're
looking for is pretty basic
615
00:40:10,941 --> 00:40:12,806
When you're young you don't
care about mental beauty,
616
00:40:12,977 --> 00:40:14,501
my mother would always try to
fix me up with the girl,
617
00:40:14,678 --> 00:40:17,272
the lady at church's daughter
who was a great piano player,
618
00:40:17,648 --> 00:40:20,446
that's the last thing I wanted to do,
exactly, made her own clothes,
619
00:40:20,618 --> 00:40:24,816
isn't that wonderful, she likes to read
- "oh great mum, I can't wait"
620
00:40:26,590 --> 00:40:30,356
So, I was looking for
a beautiful, you know,
621
00:40:30,528 --> 00:40:32,393
a beautiful girl who
was the prom queen...
622
00:40:32,563 --> 00:40:33,188
Who fitted the bill
623
00:40:33,364 --> 00:40:35,423
Exactly, I didn't care if
she had a brain or not,
624
00:40:35,599 --> 00:40:40,127
I was attracted to beauty and
young people are attracted to beauty
625
00:40:41,038 --> 00:40:43,199
So when you're young,
looks are really important,
626
00:40:43,374 --> 00:40:46,002
but what happens when
you grow a little older?
627
00:40:46,610 --> 00:40:48,305
When people are
seeking a partner,
628
00:40:48,479 --> 00:40:51,642
a serious one not a himbo
or a bit of fluff,
629
00:40:51,816 --> 00:40:57,277
you know, some flibbertigibbet for
a bit of fun on a Saturday night, yuk!
630
00:40:59,523 --> 00:41:06,326
So, what are the things that we're
really looking for in a long-term partner?
631
00:41:07,731 --> 00:41:10,393
My study of thirty-seven cultures,
looks is about,
632
00:41:10,568 --> 00:41:13,662
physical attractiveness is third
or fourth in importance
633
00:41:14,038 --> 00:41:16,199
Men, when they're doing
mate selection,
634
00:41:16,373 --> 00:41:18,933
they look for partners who are
intelligent, who are kind,
635
00:41:19,109 --> 00:41:22,306
who are understanding, who are
dependable, who are attractive
636
00:41:22,746 --> 00:41:25,647
but also who are healthy
and emotionally stable,
637
00:41:25,816 --> 00:41:28,876
there are a large collage
of characteristics
638
00:41:29,053 --> 00:41:30,987
that come into play
in long-term mating
639
00:41:31,155 --> 00:41:33,589
that don't really come
into play in short term mating
640
00:41:35,926 --> 00:41:37,757
Thank you darling,
it's beautiful
641
00:41:38,062 --> 00:41:39,188
Good, good, good
642
00:41:39,363 --> 00:41:40,728
Is the other one for me too?
643
00:41:41,432 --> 00:41:43,423
No, no, no,
that's for my mistress
644
00:41:44,235 --> 00:41:48,831
Mistress? You have a mistress?
You never told me?
645
00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:50,807
It's not important
646
00:41:52,343 --> 00:41:53,708
I didn't know you had a mistress
647
00:41:54,411 --> 00:41:57,312
Oh, I see her only what,
every two weeks you know,
648
00:41:57,481 --> 00:42:00,041
it's not important,
it's only for sex, just for sex
649
00:42:02,019 --> 00:42:03,509
Well who is she?
Anyone I know?
650
00:42:03,921 --> 00:42:06,913
She's a showgirl,
Morris has one too
651
00:42:07,558 --> 00:42:09,321
Your business partner
has a mistress?
652
00:42:09,493 --> 00:42:11,757
They're in the same show
Pass the salt please
653
00:42:18,602 --> 00:42:19,899
Can I see her?
654
00:42:20,237 --> 00:42:23,365
Of course, if you're interested,
why not, why not?
655
00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:27,338
Which one is she?
656
00:42:27,811 --> 00:42:28,402
Who?
657
00:42:28,579 --> 00:42:29,307
Your mistress?
658
00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:32,881
Oh, ah, the brunette,
third from the left.
659
00:42:37,054 --> 00:42:38,544
And which is Morris's?
660
00:42:40,190 --> 00:42:41,623
The blonde on the end
661
00:42:48,532 --> 00:42:49,396
Ours is better
662
00:42:49,567 --> 00:42:50,727
I think so
663
00:42:51,435 --> 00:42:53,198
A man doesn't have
to be good looking,
664
00:42:53,370 --> 00:42:57,170
a man needs personality and a big wallet,
we all know this
665
00:42:57,474 --> 00:43:01,171
Look at these men who marry these
women, these little short,
666
00:43:01,345 --> 00:43:05,975
and they've got these gorgeous women
and they really think the girl likes them?
667
00:43:07,217 --> 00:43:11,017
So, as we get older we don't get
quite so high on beauty
668
00:43:11,488 --> 00:43:14,252
Here I am again, getting high
on Elizabeth,
669
00:43:14,425 --> 00:43:17,952
about 5' 6"high 5' 8" actually
670
00:43:18,629 --> 00:43:21,496
Oh, honestly, if I'd known she was
going to be so touchy...
671
00:43:21,665 --> 00:43:22,359
What?
672
00:43:22,533 --> 00:43:23,158
Nothing
673
00:43:23,334 --> 00:43:24,301
John?
674
00:43:24,468 --> 00:43:27,767
Later. So, if beauty gives us
pleasure how come then
675
00:43:27,938 --> 00:43:29,405
that it also makes people miserable
676
00:43:29,573 --> 00:43:30,198
Miserable?
677
00:43:30,374 --> 00:43:32,069
Will you shut up you old bat!
678
00:43:32,376 --> 00:43:33,775
Stop interrupting
679
00:43:35,412 --> 00:43:37,243
Faces like hers are becoming
a problem because...
680
00:43:45,255 --> 00:43:49,385
As I was going to say,
faces like hers can be a problem
681
00:43:49,560 --> 00:43:52,996
if we compare our looks and
then start feeling inadequate
682
00:43:53,664 --> 00:43:57,657
Even attractive people sometimes
find themselves doing this
683
00:43:58,135 --> 00:44:04,267
There's just posters of beautiful
people everywhere, no one ugly
684
00:44:06,343 --> 00:44:11,337
Beauty used to be rare, now it's
everywhere, that's not helpful
685
00:44:12,049 --> 00:44:14,176
In ancestral times,
in small-group living,
686
00:44:14,351 --> 00:44:17,411
a man wouldn't have encountered
very many attractive women,
687
00:44:17,688 --> 00:44:21,715
basically it would have been a dozen to
two dozen potential mates to start with,
688
00:44:21,892 --> 00:44:23,951
only a few of whom would
be very attractive...
689
00:44:24,528 --> 00:44:25,790
And now we're surrounded by it
690
00:44:25,963 --> 00:44:28,363
Now we're surrounded by it,
thousands and thousands,
691
00:44:28,532 --> 00:44:32,434
in some cases millions of
potentially attractive partners
692
00:44:34,605 --> 00:44:39,201
What that does to men is that it
decreases the commitment that
693
00:44:39,376 --> 00:44:42,345
they feel toward their regular
partner and then they look at the models,
694
00:44:42,513 --> 00:44:44,538
they look at their regular mate
and they think,
695
00:44:44,715 --> 00:44:46,706
there's a better mate out
there for me
696
00:44:48,619 --> 00:44:51,247
And even if you're lucky enough
to be one of the beautiful people
697
00:44:51,422 --> 00:44:53,185
there can be disadvantages
698
00:44:53,357 --> 00:44:55,018
For example, if things
come too easily,
699
00:44:55,192 --> 00:44:58,684
you may end up wondering if your
looks are all there is to you
700
00:45:00,931 --> 00:45:04,958
When I was quite young,
my father, he said,
701
00:45:05,135 --> 00:45:08,866
"You know Candice, he said, it's the
beautiful women who are unhappy,
702
00:45:09,239 --> 00:45:14,233
it's the beautiful women who
commit suicide"and I went,"gee, wow,
703
00:45:14,411 --> 00:45:16,436
I hope I don't get to be
beautiful because
704
00:45:16,613 --> 00:45:19,480
that's going to be like a sort
of death sentence" and he,
705
00:45:19,650 --> 00:45:23,586
and he was sort of putting it,
to say the least,
706
00:45:23,754 --> 00:45:25,449
rather dramatically
by way of saying,
707
00:45:25,622 --> 00:45:29,353
it's really hard if you sort of hit
forty-five or fifty and then you think,
708
00:45:29,526 --> 00:45:33,553
"Oh, I have no personality, I'm going to
have to make it on something else now"
709
00:45:33,731 --> 00:45:37,064
and then it's really hard to find
personality when you're that much older
710
00:45:37,234 --> 00:45:40,067
because where do you look for one,
you can't sort of borrow it
711
00:45:41,271 --> 00:45:43,967
You know, I always thought that I'd
be a much more talented actor
712
00:45:44,141 --> 00:45:46,905
if I had a broken nose
and I was a foot shorter,
713
00:45:47,344 --> 00:45:50,609
I just thought if I, if I had that kind
of squat, burly thing going,
714
00:45:50,781 --> 00:45:54,945
I think I would be a lot more advanced
in my technique of acting,
715
00:45:55,119 --> 00:45:58,179
but and that's because of the shaming
that goes on because you...
716
00:45:58,355 --> 00:46:03,418
the shaming, the shaming,
when you feel that shaming of,
717
00:46:03,594 --> 00:46:05,653
maybe that you are
too good-looking...
718
00:46:06,096 --> 00:46:07,654
And it's a little bit
of a gift anyway that
719
00:46:07,831 --> 00:46:09,230
you can't really
take credit for...
720
00:46:09,399 --> 00:46:11,594
Yes, I mean, it pisses me off
when they say I'm pretty...
721
00:46:12,736 --> 00:46:15,466
What word would make you comfortable?
Seriously?
722
00:46:15,639 --> 00:46:18,267
Rugged, rugged, I always
wanted to be rugged
723
00:46:18,442 --> 00:46:19,875
Would you like me to punch you
now live on television...
724
00:46:20,043 --> 00:46:21,601
Yes please
725
00:46:22,079 --> 00:46:23,979
...we could settle all
these problems of yours
726
00:46:24,381 --> 00:46:26,281
and then you could become
a seriously good actor
727
00:46:26,583 --> 00:46:28,574
I can just see this programme
cutting that out
728
00:46:29,720 --> 00:46:31,585
Fucking hell, love,
look at him...
729
00:46:31,755 --> 00:46:34,155
that guy's always fucking
pissed me off
730
00:46:35,492 --> 00:46:38,086
Somebody once said that beauty
is the passport to success
731
00:46:38,262 --> 00:46:41,698
but it's not a passport,
it's a visa - it expires
732
00:46:42,199 --> 00:46:44,565
and if you've built your
life on your beauty,
733
00:46:44,735 --> 00:46:46,930
what you do when you begin
to lose your looks?
734
00:46:47,104 --> 00:46:51,131
Well, you start thinking
about plastic surgery
735
00:46:51,875 --> 00:46:53,672
What a nerve!
736
00:46:54,378 --> 00:46:57,779
I had my eyes, the bags taken
out from under my eyes,
737
00:46:57,948 --> 00:47:04,012
I had a full face lift,
I had breasts lifted
738
00:47:04,555 --> 00:47:08,491
and I had a face feel and
I'm looking for anything else...
739
00:47:08,659 --> 00:47:11,253
Now, I don't have a tooth left
of my own in my head
740
00:47:11,428 --> 00:47:13,328
and I've had a couple of
hair transplants
741
00:47:13,497 --> 00:47:17,957
- in fact if I'd been living in 1500
I'd look like this by now,
742
00:47:19,236 --> 00:47:22,797
so I'm not pointing the finger at
anyone who has cosmetic surgery,
743
00:47:23,106 --> 00:47:27,475
but I did hear one reason why it
maybe it's not such a great idea
744
00:47:27,644 --> 00:47:30,545
It came from George Orwell,
who once remarked:
745
00:47:30,714 --> 00:47:34,775
"After the age of forty a man
is responsible for his face"
746
00:47:34,952 --> 00:47:37,580
In other words if you're young
whether you're good looking
747
00:47:37,754 --> 00:47:39,278
or not is just the
luck of the draw
748
00:47:39,456 --> 00:47:42,152
But as you get older your face
begins to show the world
749
00:47:42,326 --> 00:47:45,989
what sort of person you are because
whatever your habitual expressions are;
750
00:47:46,163 --> 00:47:48,927
kind, cheerful, mournful,
embittered,
751
00:47:49,099 --> 00:47:51,932
they start etching themselves
onto your face,
752
00:47:52,102 --> 00:47:56,368
so then your face starts telling people
what sort of a human you are
753
00:47:57,007 --> 00:47:59,373
Allowing this to happen
maybe what people mean
754
00:47:59,543 --> 00:48:02,410
by the phrase
"growing old gracefully"
755
00:48:03,680 --> 00:48:06,547
So if you're beautiful as you grow older,
it's not a free gift,
756
00:48:06,884 --> 00:48:11,719
it's because your face shows qualities
that are timeless and that we all admire;
757
00:48:12,356 --> 00:48:17,487
strength, kindness,
dedication, wisdom,
758
00:48:18,195 --> 00:48:23,929
enthusiasm and humour,
intelligence, compassion
759
00:48:24,468 --> 00:48:28,632
Now those faces are achievements
whereas Elizabeth Hurley's?
760
00:48:28,805 --> 00:48:31,273
Well, very nice to
look at, of course,
761
00:48:31,441 --> 00:48:34,467
but it doesn't mean
she isn't a total shit
762
00:48:35,012 --> 00:48:38,038
We'll just have to wait to see,
good night...
763
00:48:39,182 --> 00:48:40,513
Elizabeth, aaaargh!
764
00:48:40,684 --> 00:48:41,673
Good night.
765
00:48:47,824 --> 00:48:50,622
And next week, leading on from beauty,
we'll be glancing at,
766
00:48:50,794 --> 00:48:55,959
no, trying to glimpse, staring,
taking a look that's it,
767
00:48:56,133 --> 00:49:02,971
taking a look at fame, fame,
not Georgie Fame, just fame
768
00:49:03,573 --> 00:49:04,505
Thank you
70476
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