All language subtitles for 8. IP Addressing

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IPV4 addresses are shown in dotted decimal format. as you can see the picture we have for portions of
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the IP address and portions are separated from them with a dot.
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That's why we use dotted decimal format for the IP addresses.
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And but behind the scenes IP addresses are 32 bit addresses
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we're going to make a practical training
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After this video on the board about these calculations.
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And I'm going to show you how we calculate these numbers.Step-By-Step on the board.
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Let's take a look to binary to decimal conversion.
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We have two examples and we have two numbers and here is an example and I'm going to use this for example
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two.
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I'm going to use this.
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These are binary values of the numbers ,In the binary values
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I can use just 0 or 1, but the decimal values I can use the numbers from 0 to nine. as you know OK let's
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take a look to the our examples for the first example.
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I'm writing this number as you can see and I'm writing the example to also one of those 0 1 1 111 10
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and let's make our conversion if I want to convert this binary value to decimal what
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I'm doing is i am writing
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The two the zero , two the power one, two the power two Three four five six and seven
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and I'm calculating these numbers two to the power seven 128, 6 64, 5 32 ,16 8 4 2 and 1 the last step
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i am multiplying the numbers
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and adding them together.
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For example 1 is multiplied with 128, twenty eight is sixty four with one, 32 with
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zero and I'm adding these numbers together.
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And here is the decimal value of the 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0.
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This is two hundred and eighteen
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and if I want to convert from decimal to binary, what I'm going to do ? here we have a reverse logic, for example
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if I were to convert 225 to decimal, I'm dividing the numbers
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serially to the two, 225 divided by two.
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And as you know that quotient is 112 and remainder is 1, and i am doing these steps..
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And I am writing the binary number from bottom to up as you can see that 11100001
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And let's take a look to the eight I'm dividing seriously two to eight divided by two is four.
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And remainder is zero
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then four divided by two, result is two and remainder is zero again,
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two divided by two
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quotient is one and remainder is 0 again
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and one divided to two, quotation is zero
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and remainder is 1 this time. and I'm writing from bottom to up again and it's 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.
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All right.
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Let's take a look to the subnet mask.
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Now subnetting is used to divide the network
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and subnet mask is a bit mask that can be used
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to separate the bits of networks identifier from the bits of the host identifier.
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We should use serial ones to represent the subnet mask
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and we have some exect values that we can use to represent subnet mask
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I'm going to show you that.
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But we can represent a subnet value as in slash X format or in a format like this.
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Like an IP address I'm going to show you now.
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Here are the valid subnet mask values.
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As I told you in a previous slide we should use
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..
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00.
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I'm sorry 1111 111 11 1 111
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1 1 1 1 ......
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And as you can see that I cant use a separate one between zeros when I'm writing a subnet mask
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all these can be zero,
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all that can be one but that shouldn't be a valid
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subnet mask OK.
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I cannot separate these guys from each other.
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Ones are their best friends and they never lived together.
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If you convert this binary values to decimal values
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...
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you can get these numbers easily and if you convert this one this is going to be 255 for example.
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You can give it a try.
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and lets take a look to network ID. network ID is calculated with logic "and" process of the IP address
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subnet mask.
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Let's take a look at what and process is.
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But please keep in mind that in our previous section we have talked about that if the devices are in
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the same network or not
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if devices are in the same network they should have same network IDs.
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If NIDs are same.
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I never send packet to the default gateway and I can connect over a switch.
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For example this is PC one and this is PC2 and this is PC three
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let's say that we have an IP address of two and this is
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and let's say that this is
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Let's say that we have all the same Subnet Mask
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255 255 255 0
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If I want to calculate the network ID I need logic and of IP address and subnet mask
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So what that mean.
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I'm going to show you with a practical training.
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This on the board.
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So after the session you're going to check what I mean in here.
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But please keep in mind that first host address is calculated by adding one to the network.
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And here is how we calculate the "and" process .If two bits that I'm using with "and" are zero
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Or even if I have a zero for the "and" process the end result will always be the zero.
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Please keep in mind that the and is one when both bits are 1
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OK.
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It's 0 on the.
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Any other way.
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But if it's 1 1 my result is only 1
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and here is how I can make a dynamic IP configuration for host.i am opening my Internet Protocol
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version 4 properties on my PC and I'm choosing obtain an IP address and DNS server automatically
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so I can get a dynamic IP configuration from a DHCP server.And here is how I can make a static IP configuration for host,
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in this time I'm choosing to use the following
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IP address method and I'm writing my values manually instead.
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And here are the IPv4 host communication types.
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We have unicast multicast and broadcast which we have talked about in our previous sections .if i want unicast
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i am sending packet directly to B
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if a want multicast i am sending my packets to b or c but not to d , if I want to send the broadcasts
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I'm sending my packet to all of them.
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So how I can make the IP v4 unicast communication? Let's see that: if computer a wants to communicate
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with computer c, he is choosing the source ip as his own address, and destination
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IP and packet is going only to computer C , not to computer B
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...
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if i want to send a multicast to the network that I'm in reserve multicast communication
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IP addresses are :
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224.0.0.0 and
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224.0.0.255
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I need to send a packet to these IP addresses if I want to send the multicast to my network.
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And here is the private IP addresses and IP classes. these IP addresses private IP addresses are used for
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local area network communication and they're not globally routable.
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That means I cannot use this IP address range on the Internet because they're not globally routable
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And we have a class a class B and class C IP addresses.
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but classfull adresses are legacy anymore.
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And if I...For example if I'm using Class A I can use these IP addresses.
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I just can use the subnet mask, if I'm using Class C I can use this range with the subnet mask but
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this is legacy and any more we are using classes adressing for example I'm using these private IP address
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adressing for example I'm using these private IP address range but I can use these subnet mask too without
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any problem.
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So let's take a look at the variable length subnet mask.subnetting a network to make for the most
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efficient use of all of all of the bits means VLSM.
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And that's the classless adressing that i I talked about for example you are using a range in this class
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c range, but you're using an another subnet mask that's not in the table of the previous slide.
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So let's take a look to the IPV 4 broadcast communication
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these PCs have these IP addresses 1.10, 1.20, 1.30 and here is the default
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gateway for them and network IDs for these PCs is
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192.168.1.0,
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as I told you that I'm going to show you that on the board
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how i calculate the network IDs detailed and the broadcast address is
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for this network
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is this one. I'm going to show you that again.
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how we calculate this on the board.
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And because of that the packets destined to this IP address are sent to all hosts as communicate.
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For example if pc-1 needs to send the broadcast of my network using that source IP as 1.10
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and destination as the 1.255
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and let's take a look at the regional internet registries.
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These guys manage the allocation and the registration of IP addresses within a particular region of
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network.
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For example we have APNIC we have AFRINIC in Africa we have ARIN we have LACNIC and we have RIPE
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...
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And it is time to talk about the IP version 6. as we talked about in our previous sections
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IPv4 addresses are about to finish and need will increase for IP addresses by IOT as you know and
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IPV6 provides us much more address space.
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As you remember that it was like
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340 andecilion and we don't need NAT anymore
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IP addresses, IP version 6 addresses are shown in the hexadecimal format.
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But it's too....
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I'm sorry It's one hundred and twenty eight bit addresses behind the scenes
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in hexadecimal format you can use 0... 9 after a b c d e f
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and we can also simplify the IP version 6 notation
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We have two rules about this.
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First one is the zero suppression rule :
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strip off all leading zeros.If we have a leading zero in my Ip version 6 adress I can strip off this.
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example.
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in here as you can see I have a leading zero , here I have leading zeros so I'm stripping off them
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and I can write this 0db8 and I can write just db8 instead of 0db8
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The first rule that I can use
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and the second thing is the zero compression rule.
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And replaced the contiguous groups of 0 with a column column.
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please keep in mind that I can make it just one time
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As you can see that we have a continuous groups of 0 and I'm writing just the column column instead
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of this one
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Let's take a look to IPv6 prefix-length, which is used to identify how many bits
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of IP version 6 address are there in network part.And as you can see that we have these number 64 which is
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represented to you to identify that the first 64 bits are in network part.IPv6 doesn't use
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dotted decimal subnet mask notation
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we can just use the slash X notation instead of the other one and in IP version 6 we have unicast communication
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,again multicast connection again.But we don't have broadcast communication
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in version 6
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but we have anycast communication instead of the broadcast which means one to any as you can see that in the picture.
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IP version 6 unicast is the same with the IPv4 unicast.
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If computer A wants to send a unicast msg to C
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that's using Source IP as it's own IP address and destination IP as the computer C2s IP version 6 address
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and we have some unicast address types of the IP version 6.
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They are global unicast link local loopback unspecified address unique local and embedded IP v4.
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Let's take a look to the IP of ipv6 global unicast
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first ipv6 global unicast address is globally
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That's a similar logic to the IPV4 for public address.And this address is routable on the Internet too
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and here is the address range of the IPV6 global unicast.
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And here's how we can configure this.
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Please keep in mind that if you're making IP version 6 configuration, first thing you should do is using
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IP version 6 unicast routing command and make your device ready to make IP version 6 routing then
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you open the interface that you want to go in with interface command interface fe 0 0 then you type
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the IP address.If you would configure IPv4 for you type IP address blah and
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blah blah blah and blah blah blah.
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This is the IP address that you use and this is the subnet mask.
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But if you're configuring ipv 6 you're typing IPV 6 address instead of IP address.
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That's it.
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The rest is the same IP address and the subnet mask.
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We can make the IP version 6 host globally unicast configuration dynamically in two ways.
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The first way is stateless address auto configuration.
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The second method is dhcp version 6 in the stateless address auto configuration router can send the IP
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IP address.
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prefix length and default gw information to the clients , in dhcpv6
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server sends the IP address. prefix length, gw, dns and domain name information
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to clients.
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Let's take a look at the SLAAC. the router can offer three types of informations as SLAAC type.
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The first one is SLAAC only
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if router sends SLAAC on the message.
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That means use the information that router sends only. if router offers SLAAC and dhcpv6
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That means use the information that router sends and get the others from the dhcpv6 server for
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example use the information that I'm sending you like IP address and prefix length and Gateway but get
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your DNS from the dhcp version 6 server and third method is dhcpv6 only.
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And in this method router is offering that.I'm sorry man I cannot offer you anything.
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Just use the dhcpv 6 server to get all of your informations Let's see that with an example for
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Let's see.
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With an example host is saying that hey router I need IP version 6 options man ! router gets the message.
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And can offer three types of messages in the first message SLAAC only router saying that here is your
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IP prefix length and gw , in the second method
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router is offering that here is your IP.
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prefix length But ask the DHCP version 6 server for the DNS and domain name and here's the last step.
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Router can also say that I'm sorry my friend, I don't have anything for you as the DHCP version 6 server about all
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And here we can dhcp version 6
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6 you can take a look to the version 6 options in those example host is saying that hey router
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I need IP version 6 options
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router can offer that :
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Here is your IP, prefix length but ask the dhcp version 6 server for DNS and domain name . host gets the IP and
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prefix length from router and ask DHCPv6 server for DNS and domain name.
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the other unicast type that we are using in IP version 6 is IP version 6 local unicast .that provides communication
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on the same local link.
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That's a similar logic to IP version 4 private addresses.
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And this address is assigned with prefix
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fe80::/64 although being defined as the block of this block and link
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local unicast addresses are also being used for the next hop calculation in routing protocols and interface ID
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can be randomly created or can be created. with the EUI-64 process
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which we're going to examine in the next slide . as you can see the IPV6 link local
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unicast has two portions
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first portion is these address space.
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This is the remaining 54 bits and in the second portion we have interface ID and we can calculate the interface
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ID randomly or with EUI process.
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And let's take a look to the EUI 64 process.
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The first step is F F E E to the middle of the client's MAC address.
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Let's say that this is my MAC address 0 0 0 C 2 9 2 c 0 0 c 0 3 4 so on and the 5 and the middle
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of the mac address is here.
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and I'm ejecting an F F F E to the middle of the address.
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Then I need to reverse the seventh bit for example.
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If so it is 0. make it 1.
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If it's 1 make it 0 and establish the 64 bit device identifier.
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And I'm going to
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here 0 0 and I'm writing 0 0
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this is 0 0 and I'm reverting 7 bit, my 7th bit is zero.
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But I'm reverting it to one and as you can see that here is still 0 which presents here and here represents too.
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And here is my device identifier.
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and we have loopback, unspecified address, unique local and embedded IPv4 address types.
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embedded IPv4 helps transition to IP version 6 , unique local is used for a local addressing, unspecified
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address is used when the device doesn't yet have a permanent IP version 6 address and loopback is used
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for sending packet to itself by a host.
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If I want to display the IP version 6 routing table, I'm using the show IP version 6 route. in a router
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IP version 6 routing tables and IP v4 routing tables are kept separately. If I want to display this,
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I'm using show ip route command but if I want to display the IP version 6 routing table I need to use
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the show IP version 6 route command.
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But we have the same logic in the routing table as you can see that as you will remember that means
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connected.
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That's local That's EIGRP and I have also my networks and I have my next hops that's the same logic with ipv4
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routing table.
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Let's take a look to the where to find and troubleshooting type connectivity.
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The easiest method that I can verify and troubleshoot the IP connectivity is the ping command.
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For example if I want to check the reachability between PC one and PC2 I can use ping command in PC1
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I can use that ping 0 3 and check that if I have reachability to PC 2 or not
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I can also use the extended ping too which has another features like
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How many times I can ping, I can specify datagram size and timeout and sth like
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that.
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And here is output of ping command
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For example in here I'm seeing the successful ping because I'm getting a reply from the remote device
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and we are happy as you see
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if you see an output like this request time out
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That means that the remote device is not sending a reply to us and that means here's the bad news.
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Time to cry.
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Rquest time out.
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And we have also traceroute command to verify connectivity traceroute is used to test
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the path
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hop by hop for example if I want to test the Path from PC1 to until here I can use from PC one to tracert
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10.0.0.1 command.
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This will check the path hop by hop
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And will say me if there's a problem on the road or not.
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Please keep in mind that if I'm using trace routes from a PC I need to use tracert
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But if I want to use trace route from a network device such as a switch or router I need to use trace
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route command in and
and traceroute has also extended options too
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And here is the command the output of the trace route.
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For example tracert
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this IP address we can write the domain name or the IP address too.
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And here is the path that I'm using when I'm trying to reach to this IP address.
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And that means trace complete and that shows that you have reachability and there's no problem.
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But in this scenario as you can see that I'm going to this ip add., here too , here too
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But here is the last node that I can go when I'm trying to go to the IP address.
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And as you can see that it's time to cry.
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Here is bad news, if I need to troubleshoot that way I don't need to check the nodes between here I need to
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go I need to take a look at the further of here.
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and we have also debug command which provides real time troubleshoot about protocols
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IOs processes and events.
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But please keep in mind that you should use debug command very carefully because debug command may
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cause
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Hi CPU usage.
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If you want to stop the Debug that you open you should perform.
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u all command and and that's your best friend.
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And for example debug IP X is an example usage of the command for example debug IP RIP
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when you are debugging RIPmessages
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and we have another great tool that I can use.
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That's the terminal monitor command which is used to display log messages when connected via telnet or Ssh
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to the device.
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Log messages are displayed by default for just console connection.
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And if you want to view them in Telnet or SSH session you need to type terminal monitor.