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Unshielded Twisted Pair or UTP is a set of 4 pairs of wires with each wire
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in a pair being twisted around the other to prevent electromagnetic interference.
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As an example notice here, we have a twisted pair.
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4 pairs make up the UTP used in Ethernet.
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Each wire has a color coded plastic insulation
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and the wires are inside and outer jacket.
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In an Ethernet environment the wires connected to RJ-45 connector as shown here.
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The advantage of UTP or Untwisted Pair, is it's the less expenses and easier to install
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than other cabling implementation such as shielded twisted pair or coaxial cable.
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There are various categories of UTP which wie'll talk about in a moment.
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The maximum distance is a 100 meters without the use of the signal regeneration device
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such as a hub or switch, so this is the type of cabling you'll probably encounter
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many, many times in your networking career, UTP uses RJ-45 connectors.
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So let�s talk about the pin positions on an RJ-45 connector.
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There are 2 main implementations which are T568A and T568B
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and there's a slight difference with the pairing of cablings in each implementation,
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TIA/EIA-568 was develop to define standards for telecommunications cabling systems
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EIA is the Electronic Industries Alliance and is a standard base organization.
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TIA/EIA-568C attempts to define structured cabling standard.
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So the difference between A and B is the pairing of cabling.
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Notice in A white green stripe and green solid are connected to pins 1 and 2
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whereas in B white orange stripe and solid orange are connected to 1 and 2.
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So there are several differences between the cabling
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of orange and green in 568A and 568B.
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Now this will make no difference as both configurations
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wire the pin straight through.
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In other words pin 1 goes to pin 1 onn both sides of the cable
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pin 2 goes to pin 2 and so forth and so on.
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So notice on pin 1 its white green in 568A but it's white orange in 568B.
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The most popular implementation tends to be B, but it will make no difference
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which one is use as long as both sides are connected straight through.
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Now you could purchase pre-made cables or you may decide to cramp your own cables.
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Pre-made cables tend to be more expensive but have the advantage that they�ve been
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tested as well as the advantage that you don�t have to make them yourself.
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Cramping cables yourself is cheaper
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and you can make your cables for the length that you require.
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When cramping your own cables you need to separate each individual colored wire
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in the right order and then stick each colored wire
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into the appropriate slot on the RJ-45 connector.
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You then use the cramping tool to cramp the wire and finally don�t forget
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to make sure that you test your cable to ensure that you've cramp it correctly.
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The straight through cable is a type of twisted pair copper cable
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which you're going to find very often in Local Area Network or LANs.
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In a standard straight through cable each pin of the connector on one end
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is connected to the corresponding pin on the other connector.
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In other words pin 1 on the MDI device, in this case a PC
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is connected to pin 1 on an MDIX device which in this case is a hub.
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Pin 2 connects to pin 2, pin 3 to pin 3 and so forth and so on.
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MDI or Media Independent Interface is an Ethernet port connections typically use
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on Network Interface Card or NICs of PCs.
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MDI is also use by routers and can be used on uplink ports on Ethernet switches.
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On certain older switches you�ll see a button normally on the uplink port
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that allows you to change how that port operates.
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So you can change the mode from MDI to MDIX or back again.
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This allows you to connect 1 switch to another switch using a straight through cable
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rather than using a crossover cable which I'll mention in a moment.
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So in the past, you may have connected your PC to a hub
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such as this 2 using a straight through cable.
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Now straight through cables are used in situations where you connect
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the PC to a switch or a PC to a bridge, or q PC to a hub.
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I�m gonna explain how this devices work in a moment
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and the differences between a hub, bridge and switch
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but from a cabling point of view
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you would use a straight through cable from your PC to one of this devices.
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In the past when connecting devices of the same type
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such as 2 PCs or 2 routers, a crossover cable would be used.
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So in this case rather than a pins being straight they crossed.
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So in this example, we have 2 MDI devices in other words 2 PCs
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which need to communicate and thus a crossover cable would be required.
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This is an example for 10Base-T or 100Base-TX.
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In this example pins 4, 5, 7 and 8 are not used but notice pin 1 is crossed with pin 3
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pin 2 with pin 6, pin 3 with pin 1 and pin 6 with pin 2
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in other words the TX or transmit and RX or receive are correctly cabled
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so that TX+ is connected to RX+ and so forth and so on.
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Pins 4, 5, 7 and 8 are configured in the straight through format
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but are unused in this example.
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