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On the 2nd of August, 1941..
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00:00:29,445 --> 00:00:30,845
In the city of Calcutta..
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A man died.
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00:00:47,764 --> 00:00:50,324
His mortal remains..
Perished.
5
00:00:51,501 --> 00:00:53,697
But he left behind him
a heritage..
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00:00:54,404 --> 00:00:56,464
..which no fire could consume.
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00:00:57,407 --> 00:01:00,343
It is a heritage of verse and
music and poetry..
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00:01:00,943 --> 00:01:02,809
..of ideas and ideals.
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00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:06,809
And it has the power to
move us.. to inspire us.
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00:01:07,550 --> 00:01:09,781
Today and then the days to come.
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00:01:11,187 --> 00:01:13,452
We, who owe him so much..
12
00:01:14,290 --> 00:01:15,553
..salute his memory.
13
00:02:28,464 --> 00:02:30,865
Founded in the year 1690..
14
00:02:31,334 --> 00:02:33,530
..by an English man by named
Job Charnock..
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00:02:33,936 --> 00:02:38,397
Calcutta, 100 years ago
was an thriving metropolis.
16
00:02:41,177 --> 00:02:46,206
Queen Victoria was proclaimed
Empress of India in 1877.
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00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:51,852
As the capital of India..
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00:02:52,488 --> 00:02:54,923
Calcutta was the seat of the
Queen's Government.
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00:03:22,752 --> 00:03:25,620
In the northern part of the
sprawling city..
20
00:03:26,155 --> 00:03:28,784
..in the area known as Jorasanko,
in Chitpur..
21
00:03:29,459 --> 00:03:32,486
..was the family residence
of the Tagores
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00:03:33,896 --> 00:03:36,456
The Tagores had an
impressive lineage.
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00:03:37,166 --> 00:03:40,193
It dated back to the first group
of learned Brahmins..
24
00:03:40,369 --> 00:03:41,735
..that came from Kannauj..
25
00:03:41,804 --> 00:03:44,364
..and settled in Bengal
in the 8th century.
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00:03:45,541 --> 00:03:49,444
One thousand years later..
Panchanan, a descendent..
27
00:03:50,246 --> 00:03:51,942
..came to the new city of
Calcutta..
28
00:03:52,482 --> 00:03:56,613
And found a lucrative position
with the British shipping company.
29
00:03:59,689 --> 00:04:02,955
His grandson Nilmony added
to the family fortune..
30
00:04:03,392 --> 00:04:05,258
..and built the house at
Jorasanko.
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00:04:10,566 --> 00:04:13,536
The peak was reached
with Lilmony's grandson.
32
00:04:14,303 --> 00:04:16,499
One of the most brilliant and
colourful figures..
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00:04:16,572 --> 00:04:17,733
..of the 19th Century.
34
00:04:20,643 --> 00:04:24,478
Dwarkanth Tagore combined
cultured sophistication..
35
00:04:24,547 --> 00:04:29,144
..with a largeness of heart and
a rare degree of business acumen.
36
00:04:30,186 --> 00:04:34,419
Gold, Sugar, Indigo, Exports,
Banking, Newspaper..
37
00:04:35,291 --> 00:04:37,157
There was no end to his
enterprises.
38
00:04:37,627 --> 00:04:38,856
And he succeeded in all.
39
00:04:39,795 --> 00:04:43,664
If his earnings were fabulous..
So were his spending.
40
00:04:59,549 --> 00:05:01,450
Although a Hindu and a Vaishnav..
41
00:05:02,218 --> 00:05:05,188
Dwraknath defied the bane of
Brahmin orthodoxy..
42
00:05:05,288 --> 00:05:06,756
..and twice went to England.
43
00:05:08,224 --> 00:05:10,716
There, he had an audience with
Queen Victoria..
44
00:05:10,860 --> 00:05:12,590
..discussions with Gladstone..
45
00:05:13,162 --> 00:05:16,360
..and dinner with men like
Dickens, Maclay and Max Muller.
46
00:05:25,408 --> 00:05:27,240
Shortly before his death
in England..
47
00:05:27,276 --> 00:05:29,905
Dwarkanath has written to his
eldest son in Calcutta..
48
00:05:30,580 --> 00:05:33,607
..reproving him from neglecting
the family's business affairs.
49
00:05:36,686 --> 00:05:37,881
For some years past..
50
00:05:38,554 --> 00:05:41,183
..young Gajendranath had been
developing tendencies..
51
00:05:41,657 --> 00:05:43,626
..which might, well, had
distressed his father.
52
00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:46,820
It began in a burning Ghat.
53
00:05:48,364 --> 00:05:50,833
The last rights were
being administered..
54
00:05:50,900 --> 00:05:52,562
..to Rabindranth's grandmother
55
00:05:54,604 --> 00:05:58,803
Not far away, on the river bank,
sat Rabindranath.
56
00:06:00,576 --> 00:06:04,741
Like many a rich man's son he had
been leading a wavered life.
57
00:06:05,448 --> 00:06:09,351
But tonight.. he was overcome
by strange feeling.
58
00:06:21,797 --> 00:06:25,165
Worldly possessions seem to
lose their meaning for him.
59
00:06:26,769 --> 00:06:29,364
This lead to a period of
profound disquiet.
60
00:06:30,272 --> 00:06:33,242
Followed by ceaseless quest
for the meaning of existence..
61
00:06:33,442 --> 00:06:36,207
..in the great source books
of the East and West.
62
00:06:37,513 --> 00:06:40,142
He read the materialist
philosophers of modern Europe..
63
00:06:40,349 --> 00:06:42,580
Lock, Hume, Benson and others..
64
00:06:43,319 --> 00:06:46,721
..whose ideas were so much in vogue
among the students of the time.
65
00:06:47,657 --> 00:06:50,718
Then learnt Sanskrit and
read the Mahabharat.
66
00:06:52,194 --> 00:06:55,358
But peace of mind would not come,
until one day..
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00:06:56,432 --> 00:06:59,925
He chanced upon a torn page
of a Sanskrit book.
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00:07:01,270 --> 00:07:03,262
There was a Shloka in it,
which said..
69
00:07:03,873 --> 00:07:06,468
"God is supreme and all pervading."
70
00:07:07,276 --> 00:07:11,873
"Enjoy by renunciation,
covet not on other's wealth."
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00:07:13,282 --> 00:07:15,376
This was the page of
Eshopanishad..
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00:07:15,451 --> 00:07:18,148
..edited by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
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00:07:19,321 --> 00:07:21,790
Ram Mohan had been a close
friend of Dwarkanath.
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00:07:22,658 --> 00:07:27,289
As a boy, Rabindranath had a
deep admiration for the man.
75
00:07:28,230 --> 00:07:30,290
But the greatness of the
Raja's vision..
76
00:07:30,366 --> 00:07:32,366
..and the magnitude and
the nobility of the tasks..
77
00:07:32,401 --> 00:07:36,668
He had set before himself, were
beyond the boy's comprehension.
78
00:07:38,407 --> 00:07:40,137
Ram Mohan lived in times..
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00:07:40,443 --> 00:07:42,207
..when India's spiritual heritage..
80
00:07:42,578 --> 00:07:45,173
..was being submerged in
ritual and superstition.
81
00:07:50,486 --> 00:07:54,617
While in the West.. a hole new
concept of humanity was emerging.
82
00:07:56,325 --> 00:07:59,420
Ram Mohan advocated Western
education for Indians.
83
00:07:59,662 --> 00:08:03,224
Because he wanted the new ideas
of the West to spread in the country.
84
00:08:03,799 --> 00:08:07,099
He also wanted that we should
respect what is old and true..
85
00:08:07,169 --> 00:08:08,432
..in our own heritage.
86
00:08:09,338 --> 00:08:11,102
In the Upanishads,
for instance..
87
00:08:11,307 --> 00:08:14,436
..which revealed to him the
monophystic basis of Hinduism.
88
00:08:15,878 --> 00:08:19,747
Ram Mohan's work was left
unfinished by his death in England.
89
00:08:20,783 --> 00:08:25,221
But Debendranath, inspired by the
two lines of the Sanskrit text..
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00:08:25,688 --> 00:08:29,750
..went on to prove himself to be
Raja's true spiritual son and heir.
91
00:08:31,694 --> 00:08:34,289
Debendranath suffered
social ostracism..
92
00:08:34,363 --> 00:08:36,229
..for preaching
the monophystic faith..
93
00:08:36,565 --> 00:08:38,193
..that he called, Brahmoism.
94
00:08:38,801 --> 00:08:41,396
But to his followers,
and there were many..
95
00:08:41,904 --> 00:08:44,499
He was Maharshi..
'The Great Sage.'
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00:08:46,175 --> 00:08:50,476
When Rabindranath was born,
the Maharshi was 45 years old.
97
00:08:51,547 --> 00:08:53,675
His wife Sharadamoni was 33.
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00:08:54,917 --> 00:08:57,182
Rabindranath was the 14th child.
99
00:09:02,658 --> 00:09:04,490
The eldest was Bijendranath..
100
00:09:04,860 --> 00:09:07,557
Poet, Philosopher, Mathematician.
101
00:09:08,731 --> 00:09:10,393
Second son Satyendranath..
102
00:09:10,733 --> 00:09:14,135
..translated the Geeta and
Meghdoot, in Bengal verse.
103
00:09:14,470 --> 00:09:17,702
And became the first Indian member
of the Indian Civil Service.
104
00:09:19,175 --> 00:09:21,667
The 5th son Jyotindranath was
a born musician..
105
00:09:22,178 --> 00:09:25,205
..translated Molière and Sanskrit
dramas in to Bengali..
106
00:09:25,514 --> 00:09:26,573
..and wrote and staged..
107
00:09:26,649 --> 00:09:28,880
..some of the most popular
Bengali plays of his time.
108
00:09:30,519 --> 00:09:32,488
Amongst the daughters was
Shornokumari.
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00:09:33,222 --> 00:09:37,523
The first novelist and the first
woman to edit a journal in India.
110
00:09:40,262 --> 00:09:44,893
Indeed, it was an household which
hummed with artistic activity.
111
00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:14,296
For Rabi..
The time hadn't yet come..
112
00:10:14,363 --> 00:10:16,628
..to participate
in the activities of the elders.
113
00:10:17,933 --> 00:10:20,232
Going out in the street
was forbidden too.
114
00:10:20,703 --> 00:10:22,194
And this was indeed a pity.
115
00:10:22,938 --> 00:10:25,373
For nothing seemed more
fascinating to the boy..
116
00:10:25,808 --> 00:10:27,572
..than the world outside.
117
00:10:39,288 --> 00:10:42,725
At the age of seven,
Rabi was sent to the school.
118
00:11:04,613 --> 00:11:07,742
Rabi went to four schools
and hated them all.
119
00:11:09,418 --> 00:11:12,183
But to say that he lacked
education would be wrong.
120
00:11:13,589 --> 00:11:17,151
For his 3rd brother Himendrnath
saw to his studies at home.
121
00:11:18,260 --> 00:11:20,354
And it was all done by the clock.
122
00:12:28,297 --> 00:12:29,526
When Rabi was 12..
123
00:12:29,932 --> 00:12:33,630
Debendrnath went on a trip to
North India and took boy with him.
124
00:12:51,186 --> 00:12:55,282
The last stop on a long tour
was the rest house on Bakrutha.
125
00:12:55,657 --> 00:12:59,788
The highest hill and the hill
station of Dalhousie in the Punjab.
126
00:13:06,735 --> 00:13:10,638
Rabi was told by his father
to roam about on his own.
127
00:13:17,846 --> 00:13:20,543
He was also taught to rise
before the sun.
128
00:13:30,759 --> 00:13:33,319
And to handle money
and keep accounts.
129
00:13:38,734 --> 00:13:40,362
The days often ended..
130
00:13:40,636 --> 00:13:43,663
..with the boy singing
devotional songs to his father.
131
00:14:56,278 --> 00:15:00,477
Rabi was 13 when his first book
of verse Kobikahini came out.
132
00:15:01,817 --> 00:15:03,410
When Rabi was 16..
133
00:15:03,485 --> 00:15:06,421
Bijendranath brought our literary
magazine called Bharati.
134
00:15:07,256 --> 00:15:09,487
And Rabi found an admirable
platform..
135
00:15:09,758 --> 00:15:11,420
..for his literary activities.
136
00:15:11,894 --> 00:15:14,295
The essays included pieces
on the European poets..
137
00:15:14,363 --> 00:15:15,763
..like Dante and Petrarch..
138
00:15:16,331 --> 00:15:18,493
..whose acquaintance Rabi has
made in Ahmadabad..
139
00:15:19,134 --> 00:15:21,330
..in the library of his elder
brother Satyendranath.
140
00:15:22,204 --> 00:15:24,298
Satyendranath's wife
Gyanada Nandini..
141
00:15:24,473 --> 00:15:26,513
..who was staying in England
with her two children..
142
00:15:27,209 --> 00:15:28,575
..who was a remarkable woman..
143
00:15:28,810 --> 00:15:30,836
..who had been persuaded
by her husband..
144
00:15:31,213 --> 00:15:32,841
..to come out of orthodox
seclusion.
145
00:15:33,749 --> 00:15:37,709
Rabi set out for England
in the summer of 1878.
146
00:15:38,153 --> 00:15:40,315
And joined Gyanada Nandini
in Brighton.
147
00:15:41,790 --> 00:15:44,817
If the plan was to provide the boy
with the proper education..
148
00:15:45,394 --> 00:15:46,453
It came to naught.
149
00:15:47,329 --> 00:15:48,490
For Rabi returned..
150
00:15:48,664 --> 00:15:51,759
..without completing his course of
studies at the London University.
151
00:16:01,310 --> 00:16:02,505
While in England..
152
00:16:02,811 --> 00:16:05,747
Rabindranath had become
acquainted with Western Music.
153
00:16:06,682 --> 00:16:08,412
Some of the tunes he had learnt..
154
00:16:08,650 --> 00:16:12,519
..found their way into his
enchanting play, 'Balmikipratibha.'
155
00:17:02,437 --> 00:17:04,235
There were other tunes, however..
156
00:17:04,473 --> 00:17:06,374
..which came from classical
Indian ragas..
157
00:17:06,441 --> 00:17:09,468
..used for the first time
in an operatic context.
158
00:18:08,370 --> 00:18:11,306
Balmikipratibha was staged
in the Tagore's residence..
159
00:18:11,506 --> 00:18:14,442
..with the Rabindranath in the
role of the bandit turned poet.
160
00:18:15,544 --> 00:18:17,513
The rest of the cast too
was composed of..
161
00:18:17,579 --> 00:18:19,241
..the member's of the
Tagore's family.
162
00:18:19,648 --> 00:18:23,449
All gifted with the varying degrees
of talent for acting and music.
163
00:18:24,453 --> 00:18:26,752
Among those who saw and
praised this performance..
164
00:18:27,322 --> 00:18:29,416
..was the greatest literary figure
of the time..
165
00:18:29,825 --> 00:18:31,384
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.
166
00:18:32,294 --> 00:18:36,527
A year later, when Rabindranath's
Shundar Sangeet was published..
167
00:18:36,798 --> 00:18:39,461
Bankim Chandra personally
congratulated the poet..
168
00:18:39,868 --> 00:18:41,769
..and acknowledged his
preeminence..
169
00:18:41,903 --> 00:18:43,769
..among the rising writers
of the day.
170
00:18:46,208 --> 00:18:48,268
Of all the members of
Rabi's family..
171
00:18:48,844 --> 00:18:51,245
Two closest to his mind and heart.
172
00:18:52,147 --> 00:18:54,207
They were Jyotindranath
and his wife.
173
00:18:55,283 --> 00:18:57,912
Kadambari Devi was two years
older than Rabi.
174
00:18:58,720 --> 00:19:01,588
She was his best friend and
severest critic.
175
00:19:02,824 --> 00:19:05,157
Rabi lived with these two
for a time..
176
00:19:05,394 --> 00:19:08,193
..in a house in Sudder Street
in South Calcutta.
177
00:19:11,366 --> 00:19:15,201
One morning, a strange experience
befell the poet.
178
00:19:24,179 --> 00:19:28,378
One day my life stood watching
at early dawn.
179
00:19:28,617 --> 00:19:33,112
The sun sending out it's rays
from behind the trees.
180
00:19:33,488 --> 00:19:35,286
I suddenly felt..
181
00:19:35,590 --> 00:19:40,324
..as if some ancient mist had
in a moment, lifted from my sight.
182
00:19:40,695 --> 00:19:43,460
And the morning light
on the face of the world..
183
00:19:43,532 --> 00:19:46,696
..revealed an inner radiance of joy.
184
00:19:47,436 --> 00:19:51,430
The poem I wrote on the first
day of my surprise..
185
00:19:51,706 --> 00:19:55,302
..was named,
'The awakening of the waterfall.'
186
00:20:03,452 --> 00:20:07,389
At the age of 22, Rabindranath
married Bhabatarini Devi.
187
00:20:08,390 --> 00:20:11,724
The old fashioned was later
changed to Miralini.
188
00:20:14,196 --> 00:20:15,664
Two months before the wedding..
189
00:20:16,264 --> 00:20:18,733
..Rabindranth has received
a letter from his father..
190
00:20:19,234 --> 00:20:21,328
..in which he was asked to
prepare himself..
191
00:20:21,570 --> 00:20:23,436
..to look after the familial
estates.
192
00:20:23,805 --> 00:20:27,606
After a period of initial training
in the estate's offices in Calcutta..
193
00:20:28,376 --> 00:20:32,575
Rabindranah found himself in the
very heart of rural Bengal.
194
00:20:32,914 --> 00:20:35,315
In the region around the
river Padma.
195
00:20:36,618 --> 00:20:39,178
With the worldly wisdom
unusual in a poet..
196
00:20:39,421 --> 00:20:41,356
..but the characteristic
of the Tagores
197
00:20:41,723 --> 00:20:45,660
Rabindranath, in later life
set about in a practical way..
198
00:20:45,894 --> 00:20:48,796
..to improve the lot of the poor
peasants of his estate.
199
00:20:49,297 --> 00:20:52,267
And his varied work in the field,
is on record.
200
00:20:52,934 --> 00:20:55,836
But his own gain from this
intimate contact..
201
00:20:56,304 --> 00:20:59,240
..with the fundamental aspects
of lie in nature..
202
00:20:59,641 --> 00:21:03,271
..and the influence of this
contact on his life and work..
203
00:21:03,578 --> 00:21:04,910
..are beyond measure.
204
00:21:06,248 --> 00:21:10,481
Living mostly in his boat and
watching life through the window..
205
00:21:10,919 --> 00:21:14,447
..a whole new world of sights
and sound and feelings..
206
00:21:14,789 --> 00:21:16,382
..opened up before him.
207
00:21:38,547 --> 00:21:40,914
It was the world in which
moods of people..
208
00:21:41,383 --> 00:21:42,715
..and the moods of nature..
209
00:21:43,251 --> 00:21:45,482
..were inextricably interwoven.
210
00:21:46,655 --> 00:21:50,251
The people found room in a
succession great short stories.
211
00:21:50,759 --> 00:21:51,692
And nature..?
212
00:21:52,394 --> 00:21:55,762
In an outpouring of exquisite
songs and poems.
213
00:21:56,898 --> 00:21:58,696
Dominant was the mood of the rain.
214
00:21:59,501 --> 00:22:00,969
Exhalant and terrible.
215
00:23:37,732 --> 00:23:40,497
His already enormous output of
poems and plays..
216
00:23:40,769 --> 00:23:42,829
..have been gathered in one
big volume.
217
00:23:43,805 --> 00:23:46,206
It comprised 21 books.
218
00:23:46,508 --> 00:23:49,876
And included Sonar Tari,
his first masterpiece.
219
00:23:51,279 --> 00:23:56,718
The same year 1901, marked a event
of a somewhat different nature.
220
00:23:58,620 --> 00:24:01,613
In Bolpur, in the district of
Birbhum in West Bengal..
221
00:24:02,457 --> 00:24:05,450
..Debendranath has acquired
some property in 1862.
222
00:24:06,161 --> 00:24:08,153
One year after the Rabindranath
was born.
223
00:24:09,330 --> 00:24:11,799
The property was made over
to a board of trustees.
224
00:24:12,167 --> 00:24:13,465
And the deed specified..
225
00:24:13,702 --> 00:24:16,536
..that the place was to be used
for meditation..
226
00:24:17,172 --> 00:24:19,300
..on the supreme formless being.
227
00:24:20,442 --> 00:24:22,172
According to the
Mahrashi's wishes..
228
00:24:22,510 --> 00:24:26,242
..a seat of prayer and a temple
of worship had been built.
229
00:24:26,881 --> 00:24:30,249
And close to the temple,
a residential house..
230
00:24:30,518 --> 00:24:33,852
..which is called Shanti Niketan,
'The abode of peace."
231
00:24:36,891 --> 00:24:39,759
Rabindranth had been worrying
about the education of his children.
232
00:24:40,428 --> 00:24:42,863
And he decided to start an
experimental educational..
233
00:24:42,931 --> 00:24:44,923
..institution, in Shanti Niketan.
234
00:24:46,568 --> 00:24:47,797
It was to be a school.
235
00:24:48,603 --> 00:24:49,935
But not like the schools..
236
00:24:50,472 --> 00:24:52,771
..that had been the nightmare
of his own childhood.
237
00:24:58,246 --> 00:25:01,478
It was to be like the forest
hermitages of classical India.
238
00:25:07,489 --> 00:25:09,890
But to bring it into being
was not a easy task.
239
00:25:11,159 --> 00:25:13,390
For one thing, it cost money.
240
00:25:14,395 --> 00:25:16,261
Rabindranath was obliged to sell..
241
00:25:16,698 --> 00:25:19,600
..amongst other things,
the copyrights of his books.
242
00:25:21,136 --> 00:25:24,334
His wife added her bit by
selling her wedding ornaments.
243
00:25:25,607 --> 00:25:29,442
Two months after the school
was opened, she was taken ill.
244
00:25:30,912 --> 00:25:35,407
Three months later,
at the age of 29, she died.
245
00:25:36,351 --> 00:25:37,216
For Rabindranath..
246
00:25:37,552 --> 00:25:40,317
It was a beginning of series of
personal tragedies.
247
00:25:41,489 --> 00:25:43,321
9 months after his wife death..
248
00:25:43,792 --> 00:25:46,159
..his second daughter Renuka,
passed away.
249
00:25:47,228 --> 00:25:50,528
The hardest blow of all
came 4 years later.
250
00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:55,237
Youngest son Samindro, took after
his father in many ways.
251
00:25:56,271 --> 00:25:59,799
He was only 13 when he fell
victim to cholera.
252
00:26:03,678 --> 00:26:05,704
It was in the midst of these
bereavements..
253
00:26:06,214 --> 00:26:08,547
..that Rabindranath participated
in one of the greatest..
254
00:26:08,616 --> 00:26:11,415
..political upheavals in the
history of India.
255
00:26:12,387 --> 00:26:15,380
In December, 1903, was
published..
256
00:26:15,456 --> 00:26:17,891
..the decision of India's
Governor General, Lord Karjon..
257
00:26:18,526 --> 00:26:21,121
..to split up Bengal into
two provinces.
258
00:26:22,163 --> 00:26:26,396
The idea was to create a separate
province with a Muslim majority.
259
00:26:27,135 --> 00:26:30,196
Which would induce a rift between
the two main religious groups..
260
00:26:30,572 --> 00:26:34,202
..and avert the possible growth of
a united front against the Govt.
261
00:26:34,776 --> 00:26:36,472
But in proposing the partition..
262
00:26:36,778 --> 00:26:39,509
..Karjon merely fanned
the flame of patriotism..
263
00:26:39,747 --> 00:26:42,842
..that had been smoldering in the
minds of certain visionaries..
264
00:26:43,418 --> 00:26:46,217
..all through the period of
the renaissance in Bengal.
265
00:26:46,888 --> 00:26:48,754
These men now came to the fore..
266
00:26:49,357 --> 00:26:51,588
..and led the millions
to rise in protest.
267
00:27:07,242 --> 00:27:09,438
The series of steering
patriotic songs..
268
00:27:09,510 --> 00:27:11,240
..which Rabindranath composed
to the occasion..
269
00:27:11,312 --> 00:27:13,838
..were sung into session in the
streets of Calcutta.
270
00:27:14,349 --> 00:27:15,783
With the poet himself in the lead.
271
00:27:48,249 --> 00:27:50,582
On October, 16, 1905..
272
00:27:51,319 --> 00:27:53,345
The partition became an
accomplished fact.
273
00:27:54,756 --> 00:27:57,487
In a form a protest that only a
poet could conceive..
274
00:27:58,326 --> 00:28:00,295
Rabindranath turned the black day..
275
00:28:00,628 --> 00:28:02,824
..into a mass festival of
Rakhi Bandhan.
276
00:28:03,364 --> 00:28:05,162
The tying of the band
of friendship.
277
00:28:49,243 --> 00:28:50,472
But the Swadeshi movement..
278
00:28:50,678 --> 00:28:52,840
..was fated to grow and
assume a character..
279
00:28:53,548 --> 00:28:56,746
..which was not possible to
foresee in it's early stages.
280
00:28:58,386 --> 00:29:00,753
While admitting the bravery
and patriotism of those..
281
00:29:00,822 --> 00:29:04,554
..who killed or were killed in
reckless bid for freedom..
282
00:29:05,193 --> 00:29:07,662
Rabindranath could not
condone terrorism.
283
00:29:08,663 --> 00:29:11,155
He stated his credo
in clear terms.
284
00:29:11,833 --> 00:29:14,428
The path of violence
was not for India.
285
00:29:15,370 --> 00:29:18,807
Good could come only out of
constructive work..
286
00:29:19,474 --> 00:29:21,739
..carried out in a spirit
of tolerance.
287
00:29:23,244 --> 00:29:26,305
He had himself followed up his
retirement from the political scene.
288
00:29:26,647 --> 00:29:30,175
By devoting himself to the work
of frugal welfare in his estate.
289
00:29:30,685 --> 00:29:32,415
And there were other
activities too.
290
00:29:33,488 --> 00:29:34,649
He was teaching at school.
291
00:29:35,490 --> 00:29:38,460
Editing journals and
engaging himself..
292
00:29:38,726 --> 00:29:41,662
..in any conceivable form of
literary activity.
293
00:29:44,432 --> 00:29:46,526
That his own countrymen now
regarded him..
294
00:29:46,868 --> 00:29:48,632
..as their leading man of letters..
295
00:29:49,303 --> 00:29:52,398
..was proved by his 50th birthday
celebrations in Calcutta.
296
00:29:53,307 --> 00:29:55,469
Sponsored by the Bengal
Academy of Letters..
297
00:29:55,843 --> 00:29:57,505
..and attended by thousands..
298
00:29:58,146 --> 00:30:00,638
..it was unique occasion and
the first time..
299
00:30:01,149 --> 00:30:04,677
..that such an ovation had been
given a literary man in India.
300
00:30:05,653 --> 00:30:07,588
But, to the outside world..
301
00:30:08,456 --> 00:30:10,891
Rabindranath was still
an unknown name.
302
00:30:12,794 --> 00:30:16,231
The objects of Rabindranath's visit
to England in 1912..
303
00:30:16,664 --> 00:30:19,259
..was to study the educational
methods of the West.
304
00:30:19,700 --> 00:30:23,728
And also to acquaint the West with
his own work at Shanti Niketan.
305
00:30:24,505 --> 00:30:26,804
He happened to carry with him
on this occasion..
306
00:30:27,308 --> 00:30:30,210
..a notebook containing his own
English translations..
307
00:30:30,578 --> 00:30:31,807
..of some of his songs.
308
00:30:32,313 --> 00:30:33,508
Mainly from Gitanjali.
309
00:30:33,881 --> 00:30:35,611
He showed these translations..
310
00:30:35,850 --> 00:30:37,785
..to the English painter
William Rothenstein..
311
00:30:38,386 --> 00:30:40,946
..who had met him on an
earlier visit to India.
312
00:30:42,290 --> 00:30:43,815
Rothenstein was so impressed..
313
00:30:44,392 --> 00:30:45,792
..that he sent a copy of the
translation..
314
00:30:45,860 --> 00:30:48,455
..to the well know Irish poet,
Yeats.
315
00:30:49,263 --> 00:30:50,788
In introducing the poems to a
gathering of..
316
00:30:50,832 --> 00:30:52,892
..English writers and
Intellectuals..
317
00:30:53,501 --> 00:30:54,469
Yeats said..
318
00:30:54,936 --> 00:30:56,905
"I know of no man in my time..
319
00:30:57,538 --> 00:30:59,666
..who has done anything in
English language..
320
00:30:59,941 --> 00:31:01,500
..to equal these lyrics."
321
00:31:02,276 --> 00:31:05,713
"Even as I read them in this
literal prose translations..
322
00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:08,579
..they are exquisite in
style and thought."
323
00:31:09,817 --> 00:31:12,878
Gitanjali was published in
England in the same year.
324
00:31:13,721 --> 00:31:16,418
There has rarely been another
instance of a poet..
325
00:31:16,557 --> 00:31:18,685
..gaining world fame
in like manner.
326
00:31:19,393 --> 00:31:22,557
The Nobel Prize came in 1913.
327
00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:28,160
And the Knighthood, in 1915.
328
00:31:28,903 --> 00:31:30,838
World war was raging in Europe.
329
00:31:36,244 --> 00:31:39,237
Touring the United States and
Japan in 1916..
330
00:31:39,881 --> 00:31:42,942
Rabindranath made eloquent
appeals for peace.
331
00:31:43,851 --> 00:31:47,253
He felt that world peace could
only be achieve..
332
00:31:47,655 --> 00:31:50,318
..through intellectual
co-operation between nations.
333
00:31:50,858 --> 00:31:51,848
He said..
334
00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:55,524
"The call has come to every
individual in the present age..
335
00:31:56,297 --> 00:31:58,289
..to prepare himself and his
surroundings..
336
00:31:58,366 --> 00:31:59,698
..for the dawn of a new era."
337
00:32:00,568 --> 00:32:02,469
"The man shall discover his soul..
338
00:32:02,870 --> 00:32:05,601
..in the spiritual unity of all
human being."
339
00:32:06,541 --> 00:32:09,636
Pursuing this noble idea of
international co-operation..
340
00:32:10,244 --> 00:32:12,509
Rabindranath gave the school
at Shanti Niketan..
341
00:32:12,580 --> 00:32:14,481
..a new status and a new name.
342
00:32:15,416 --> 00:32:17,647
'Yatra Vishvam Bhavti Ek Nidam.'
343
00:32:18,586 --> 00:32:21,249
Where the world becomes
a single nest.
344
00:32:21,522 --> 00:32:23,491
This is the motto of the
Vishwa Bharati.
345
00:32:24,158 --> 00:32:27,492
It was inaugurated on the
24th of December, 1918.
346
00:32:27,929 --> 00:32:31,696
With the aged philosopher,
Brijendra Nath Sheel, presiding.
347
00:32:32,333 --> 00:32:35,599
Rabindranath made over the
entire Nobel Prize money..
348
00:32:35,736 --> 00:32:37,568
..towards the building of this
University.
349
00:32:39,173 --> 00:32:40,801
While peace had been
restored in Europe..
350
00:32:41,509 --> 00:32:43,444
In India, there was unrest.
351
00:32:44,712 --> 00:32:45,805
The Rowlett Bill..
352
00:32:46,514 --> 00:32:49,177
..designed to suppress all
political movements..
353
00:32:49,617 --> 00:32:52,553
..dashed India's hopes of gaining
the self-government..
354
00:32:52,787 --> 00:32:56,383
..that the British rulers had kept
promising through the war years.
355
00:32:57,558 --> 00:33:00,255
Dominating the Indian political
scene at this time..
356
00:33:00,761 --> 00:33:03,230
Was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
357
00:33:03,664 --> 00:33:05,656
Who as barrister in
South Africa..
358
00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:09,168
..had fought for the rights of
the Indians living in that country.
359
00:33:09,537 --> 00:33:11,506
As a protest again the
Rowlatt Act..
360
00:33:11,839 --> 00:33:14,468
Gandhi launched a movement
of Passive Resistance.
361
00:33:14,809 --> 00:33:17,574
But the masses misinterpreted
the movement..
362
00:33:17,878 --> 00:33:19,870
..and following the rumour of
Gandhi's arrest..
363
00:33:20,681 --> 00:33:22,912
..violence broke out in many
parts of the country.
364
00:33:23,718 --> 00:33:24,845
As a result of this..
365
00:33:25,753 --> 00:33:27,722
..the Government started taking
repressive measures..
366
00:33:27,788 --> 00:33:30,690
..out of all proportion to the
magnitude of the violence.
367
00:33:42,670 --> 00:33:45,538
In the Punjab,
Martial Law was declared.
368
00:33:53,814 --> 00:33:55,646
In charge of the troops
at Amritsar..
369
00:33:56,217 --> 00:33:57,845
..was Brigadier General, Dyer.
370
00:33:59,253 --> 00:34:01,245
On the first day of the month
of Vaishakh..
371
00:34:01,856 --> 00:34:03,848
..the crowd gathered in
Jalianwala Baug..
372
00:34:04,625 --> 00:34:06,287
..as it had done very other year.
373
00:34:07,395 --> 00:34:08,658
It was a peaceful crowd.
374
00:34:09,497 --> 00:34:11,796
But Dyer was taking no chances.
375
00:34:23,344 --> 00:34:27,475
New of the Amritsar incidence
was suppressed by the Government.
376
00:34:28,349 --> 00:34:31,478
But details filtered through
to other parts of the country.
377
00:34:32,486 --> 00:34:34,614
An event to be abode of peace.
378
00:34:46,167 --> 00:34:48,159
Rabindranath rushed to Calcutta.
379
00:34:51,238 --> 00:34:53,605
But the Defense of India Act
was still in force.
380
00:34:53,874 --> 00:34:57,606
And no leader would support him
in a plea for a meeting of protest.
381
00:35:04,919 --> 00:35:07,514
At 4 o'clock in the morning of
May, the 30th..
382
00:35:08,122 --> 00:35:10,284
Rabindranath finished writing
a letter.
383
00:35:10,858 --> 00:35:12,588
It was addressed to the
Viceroy.
384
00:35:13,728 --> 00:35:16,357
Condemning the Govt. for the
killing in Punjab.
385
00:35:17,164 --> 00:35:18,792
Rabindranath ended by saying..
386
00:35:19,734 --> 00:35:21,225
"An I for my part..
387
00:35:21,702 --> 00:35:24,763
..wish to stand shorn of all
special distinctions..
388
00:35:25,406 --> 00:35:26,840
..by the side of my countrymen."
389
00:35:27,274 --> 00:35:29,903
"Who, for the so called
insignificance..
390
00:35:30,378 --> 00:35:34,145
..are liable to suffer degradation
not fit for human beings."
391
00:35:34,682 --> 00:35:38,414
"And these are the reasons which
have painfully compelled me..
392
00:35:39,153 --> 00:35:43,557
..to ask your Excellency to relieve
me of title of Knighthood.
393
00:35:50,598 --> 00:35:52,624
The next 10 years of
Rabindranath's life..
394
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:55,192
..were filled with ceaseless
activities.
395
00:35:56,270 --> 00:35:59,172
The urge to travel and the
necessity to collect funds..
396
00:35:59,240 --> 00:36:02,642
..for his University, took him to
all parts of the world.
397
00:36:03,644 --> 00:36:07,877
And the West as much as the East
welcomed him with opened arms.
398
00:36:42,550 --> 00:36:45,850
Wherever he went, he spread
the message of peace.
399
00:36:46,454 --> 00:36:48,774
And stressed the importance of
International co-operation..
400
00:36:48,823 --> 00:36:49,882
..between nations.
401
00:36:50,624 --> 00:36:51,683
He said..
402
00:36:51,926 --> 00:36:54,896
"We aught to know that isolation
of life and culture..
403
00:36:55,496 --> 00:36:58,261
..is not a thing of which any
nation can be proud."
404
00:36:58,833 --> 00:37:01,860
"In human world,
giving is exchanging."
405
00:37:02,503 --> 00:37:03,801
"It is not one sided."
406
00:37:04,538 --> 00:37:05,528
He also said..
407
00:37:06,407 --> 00:37:09,605
"I do not put my faith in
any new institutions."
408
00:37:10,244 --> 00:37:12,304
"But in the individuals all
over the world..
409
00:37:12,680 --> 00:37:16,674
..who think clearly, feel nobly
and act rightly."
410
00:37:17,451 --> 00:37:19,613
"They are the channels of
modern truth."
411
00:37:21,155 --> 00:37:25,650
His great humanist ideas found an
echo in the best minds of Europe.
412
00:37:26,393 --> 00:37:28,726
And some of them became
his close friends.
413
00:37:38,372 --> 00:37:39,362
In the meanwhile..
414
00:37:39,640 --> 00:37:41,632
The institution of Shanti Niketan..
415
00:37:42,142 --> 00:37:44,577
..had come a long way from
it's modest beginning.
416
00:37:45,713 --> 00:37:48,273
It's scope for studies had
greatly increased.
417
00:37:51,919 --> 00:37:54,684
There was Kala Bhavan for the
study of painting..
418
00:37:56,657 --> 00:37:58,751
..under Masters like
Nandulal Bose.
419
00:38:06,634 --> 00:38:10,127
Who was himself a pupil of
Avabindranath, the poet's nephew.
420
00:38:11,238 --> 00:38:12,365
The Sangeet Bhavan..
421
00:38:12,673 --> 00:38:14,767
..which neglected
no branch of Indian Music..
422
00:38:15,442 --> 00:38:17,502
..had also grown under
Dinendranath..
423
00:38:18,178 --> 00:38:19,578
..another nephew of the poet.
424
00:38:20,214 --> 00:38:24,117
Special provisions were made
to conducting oriental studies.
425
00:38:24,351 --> 00:38:26,411
And scholars came from
all over the world..
426
00:38:26,754 --> 00:38:30,247
Stayed to lecture, a research
to exchange ideas.
427
00:38:30,791 --> 00:38:34,887
Such men were, Levvy, Winternitz
Lezny, Stachanov.
428
00:38:36,130 --> 00:38:39,396
And there were some Europeans
who did even more than that.
429
00:38:40,568 --> 00:38:42,298
Charles Freer Andrews..
430
00:38:42,436 --> 00:38:45,600
..a missionary who was present at
Yeat's reading of Gitanjali.
431
00:38:46,507 --> 00:38:50,638
And William Winston Lee Pearson,
who also met poet in England..
432
00:38:51,412 --> 00:38:53,438
..came to the Ashram
in it's early days..
433
00:38:53,781 --> 00:38:55,773
..and stayed on until the death.
434
00:38:56,283 --> 00:38:59,412
Working with the selfless devotion
to the poet and his cause..
435
00:38:59,820 --> 00:39:01,516
..that few Indians could equal.
436
00:39:02,890 --> 00:39:05,257
Linnet Elmhurst was another
Englishman..
437
00:39:05,459 --> 00:39:07,121
..whom Tagore had met
in America.
438
00:39:08,162 --> 00:39:10,222
He was drawn by the poet's
personality.
439
00:39:10,598 --> 00:39:12,260
Came over to Shanti Niketan..
440
00:39:12,533 --> 00:39:15,093
..and took charge of the
School of Rural Handicraft.
441
00:39:15,469 --> 00:39:17,301
Another of Rabindranath's
experiments..
442
00:39:17,471 --> 00:39:19,770
..at Shurul, 2 miles from
Shanti Niketan.
443
00:39:26,213 --> 00:39:30,173
His last European tour began with
the visit to Oxford.
444
00:39:30,784 --> 00:39:33,310
Where delivered the
series of lectures..
445
00:39:33,520 --> 00:39:36,251
..which later published as
'The Religion of Man.'
446
00:39:37,324 --> 00:39:40,123
It was also on this last trip
that Rabindranath went to..
447
00:39:40,194 --> 00:39:41,753
..Soviet Russia,
for the first time.
448
00:39:55,275 --> 00:39:58,837
On the eve of his departure
from Moscow, he told his hosts..
449
00:39:59,813 --> 00:40:01,543
"You have recognized the truth..
450
00:40:02,182 --> 00:40:05,880
..that in extirpating all social
evils one has to go the root."
451
00:40:06,587 --> 00:40:09,523
"And the only way to it
is through education."
452
00:40:10,858 --> 00:40:12,850
In Russian as well as
in other countries..
453
00:40:12,926 --> 00:40:14,394
..that he visited on this tour..
454
00:40:15,262 --> 00:40:19,461
Rabindranath, held exhibitions
of his paintings.
455
00:40:20,734 --> 00:40:24,193
At the age of 70, Rabindranath
had found a new outlet..
456
00:40:24,238 --> 00:40:25,467
..for his creative urge.
457
00:40:26,707 --> 00:40:29,267
It was astonishing, the way
he started.
458
00:42:58,292 --> 00:42:59,590
In 1931
459
00:43:00,294 --> 00:43:03,230
..the leading citizens of Calcutta
united in an appeal..
460
00:43:03,664 --> 00:43:06,190
..to observe the poet's
70th birthday.
461
00:43:08,535 --> 00:43:10,197
It was celebrated in a manner..
462
00:43:10,404 --> 00:43:12,532
..that was truly worthy
of the occasion.
463
00:43:20,914 --> 00:43:22,542
The golden book of Tagore..
464
00:43:22,916 --> 00:43:25,249
..was a testimony to the love
and reverence..
465
00:43:25,319 --> 00:43:28,619
..that the intellectuals of the
world bore for the Rabindranath.
466
00:43:30,357 --> 00:43:33,691
It's sponsors consisted of
3 Europeans and 2 Indians.
467
00:43:34,895 --> 00:43:37,228
There was Romain Rolland
from France..
468
00:43:37,698 --> 00:43:39,530
Albert Einstein from Germany..
469
00:43:40,167 --> 00:43:42,363
The poet Coste Palams
.from Greece
470
00:43:43,437 --> 00:43:46,669
The Indians consisted of the
scientists, Jagdish Chandra Bose..
471
00:43:47,374 --> 00:43:50,367
..who had been the poet's
closest friend, 40 years.
472
00:43:51,678 --> 00:43:53,874
The other Indian was
Mahatma Gandhi.
473
00:43:55,415 --> 00:43:57,816
In physical appearance,
in personal habits..
474
00:43:58,518 --> 00:43:59,747
..and in general outlook..
475
00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:02,352
..the two differed considerably.
476
00:44:03,657 --> 00:44:06,627
At several moments of crisis
in India's political history..
477
00:44:07,494 --> 00:44:09,827
..the two had disagreed over
the course of action.
478
00:44:10,831 --> 00:44:12,459
But these were on the surface.
479
00:44:13,500 --> 00:44:17,665
The deeper affinity, transcended
all occasional barriers.
480
00:44:44,932 --> 00:44:47,197
The last years of the poet's life..
481
00:44:47,734 --> 00:44:51,296
..was spent largely on his
beloved Shanti Niketan.
482
00:45:00,180 --> 00:45:02,342
He had a choice of a small
houses built for him.
483
00:45:02,950 --> 00:45:04,816
For he never liked to stay
in the same house..
484
00:45:04,851 --> 00:45:06,717
..or even in the same room
for long
485
00:45:08,355 --> 00:45:12,725
It was, in a way, symbolic the
refusal to get into a rut..
486
00:45:13,260 --> 00:45:14,694
..which marked his whole life.
487
00:45:15,762 --> 00:45:16,695
In his writings..
488
00:45:17,297 --> 00:45:19,766
He was now producing some of
his most striking..
489
00:45:19,833 --> 00:45:21,893
..original and mature works.
490
00:45:22,502 --> 00:45:23,595
And these included..
491
00:45:24,137 --> 00:45:26,606
..text books and nonsense
rhymes for children.
492
00:45:27,474 --> 00:45:29,807
Not an unusual occupation
for someone..
493
00:45:30,243 --> 00:45:32,712
..who had loved and understood
children so well..
494
00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:35,875
..and done so much to mold them
for a better future.
495
00:45:50,931 --> 00:45:52,422
His health was failing.
496
00:45:52,899 --> 00:45:56,927
But calls of duty, which he was
ever ready to answer..
497
00:45:57,571 --> 00:45:58,903
..gave him little rest.
498
00:47:31,431 --> 00:47:37,428
On 7th of May, 1941,
Rabindranath was 80 years old.
499
00:47:38,438 --> 00:47:39,770
Three months later..
500
00:47:40,540 --> 00:47:44,204
He was to leave Shanti Niketan,
never to return.
501
00:47:54,154 --> 00:47:57,386
He would be taken to his
ancestral house in Calcutta.
502
00:47:57,757 --> 00:47:58,918
Fatally ill.
503
00:48:00,694 --> 00:48:03,755
In this house,
once upon a time..
504
00:48:04,664 --> 00:48:06,758
A boy roamed the corridors.
505
00:48:26,353 --> 00:48:29,187
What is the fun of all these
writing in writings?
506
00:48:29,389 --> 00:48:31,756
When I take a father's
pen or pencil..
507
00:48:32,125 --> 00:48:34,526
I'll write upon his books
just as he does.
508
00:48:34,594 --> 00:48:37,894
A B C D E F G H I..
509
00:48:38,131 --> 00:48:40,498
Why do you get cross with
me than mother?
510
00:48:40,567 --> 00:48:42,729
You never see word his
father liked.
511
00:48:43,503 --> 00:48:46,667
When my father waste such
heaps of papers..
512
00:48:46,740 --> 00:48:48,732
..Mother, you don't seem to
mind at all.
513
00:48:49,309 --> 00:48:52,575
But if I take only one sheet
to make a boat with..
514
00:48:52,646 --> 00:48:55,172
You say, "Child how troublesome
you are!"
515
00:48:55,348 --> 00:48:56,907
What do you think of father
spoiling..
516
00:48:57,150 --> 00:49:00,882
..sheets and sheets of paper with
black marks on both sides?
517
00:50:05,819 --> 00:50:08,550
Rabindranath attended the 80th
birthday celebrations..
518
00:50:08,622 --> 00:50:11,854
..in Shanti Niketan.
In spite of his failing health.
519
00:50:12,692 --> 00:50:16,424
That day for the occasion,
he had compose a message.
520
00:50:17,364 --> 00:50:19,299
His last message to the world.
521
00:50:20,400 --> 00:50:22,869
It was called the
'Crisis In Civilization.'
522
00:50:24,471 --> 00:50:26,235
It concerned itself..
523
00:50:26,539 --> 00:50:29,338
..with the state of the so called
modern civilization.
524
00:50:30,243 --> 00:50:33,543
A civilization that was being
shaken to its very root..
525
00:50:33,847 --> 00:50:35,941
..by barbaric wars of aggression.
526
00:51:28,335 --> 00:51:32,170
In the course of this message,
Rabindranath said..
527
00:51:33,340 --> 00:51:34,899
"I had one time believed..
528
00:51:35,775 --> 00:51:38,506
..that the springs of
civilization would issue..
529
00:51:38,578 --> 00:51:40,171
..out of the heart of Europe."
530
00:51:41,181 --> 00:51:42,205
"But today.."
531
00:51:42,782 --> 00:51:44,648
"When I am about to leave
the world..
532
00:51:45,518 --> 00:51:47,646
..that faith,
has deserted me."
533
00:51:48,722 --> 00:51:50,918
"I look around and see the
crumbling ruins..
534
00:51:51,191 --> 00:51:52,682
..of a proud civilization..
535
00:51:53,326 --> 00:51:55,921
..strewn like a
vast heap of futility."
536
00:52:03,970 --> 00:52:08,169
"And yet, I shall not commit
to the graver sin..
537
00:52:08,675 --> 00:52:11,201
..of losing faith in man."
538
00:52:11,811 --> 00:52:14,178
"I shall look forward to
a new dawn."
539
00:52:14,781 --> 00:52:18,809
"To a new chapter in history,
when the holocaust will end..
540
00:52:19,252 --> 00:52:21,517
..and the air will be rendered
clean..
541
00:52:21,755 --> 00:52:24,350
..with the spirit of service
and sacrifice."
542
00:52:25,458 --> 00:52:28,724
"Perhaps, the dawn will come
from this horizon..
543
00:52:28,795 --> 00:52:31,890
..from the East,
where the sun rises."
544
00:52:32,699 --> 00:52:34,167
"On that day.."
545
00:52:34,467 --> 00:52:38,461
..will unvanquished man
retrace his path of conquest..
546
00:52:38,772 --> 00:52:40,570
..surmounting all barriers..
547
00:52:41,241 --> 00:52:44,177
..to win back
his lost human heritage."
45564
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