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Narrator:
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM --
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00:00:06,507 --> 00:00:08,542
8 PLANETS AND OVER 300 MOONS
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00:00:08,576 --> 00:00:12,280
CIRCLING THE SUN LIKE CLOCKWORK.
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00:00:12,313 --> 00:00:14,915
BUT IT DIDN'T START THAT WAY.
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00:00:14,948 --> 00:00:19,453
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
HAS A LONG HISTORY OF VIOLENCE.
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00:00:19,487 --> 00:00:21,689
THE SOLAR SYSTEM WE SEE TODAY
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00:00:21,722 --> 00:00:25,826
IS REALLY JUST THE FINAL
SURVIVORS OF THE EARLY CHAOS.
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00:00:25,859 --> 00:00:28,962
Narrator: AND IN THE FUTURE,
THAT CHAOS WILL RETURN.
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00:00:28,996 --> 00:00:33,201
THE ENTIRE HOUSE OF CARDS
THAT IS OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
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00:00:33,234 --> 00:00:34,735
WILL COMPLETELY FALL APART.
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00:00:34,768 --> 00:00:37,105
Narrator:
FROM START TO FINISH,
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00:00:37,138 --> 00:00:40,141
THIS IS HOW SOLAR SYSTEMS WORK.
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-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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THERE ARE BILLIONS OF STARS
IN THE MILKY WAY GALAXY.
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ONE OF THEM IS OUR SUN.
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AND AROUND THE SUN ORBITS
A SYSTEM OF PLANETS AND MOONS --
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A SOLAR SYSTEM.
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OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS CLEARLY
A PRECIOUS PLANETARY SYSTEM.
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AND IT BEGS THE QUESTION,
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ARE THERE OTHER
PLANETARY SYSTEMS LIKE OURS
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ORBITING OTHER STARS?
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Narrator: TO FIND OUT, MARCY
SCANS THE SKIES WITH THE KECK --
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ONE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST
OPTICAL TELESCOPES.
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PERCHED AT 14,000 FEET,
ON TOP OF MAUNA KEA IN HAWAII,
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IT HUNTS FOR NEW,
DISTANT SOLAR SYSTEMS.
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THE MARVELOUS REALITY IS
THAT OUR OWN MILKY WAY GALAXY
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CONTAINS SOME
200 BILLION STARS OR SO,
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AND MANY OF THOSE STARS HAVE
THEIR OWN PLANETARY SYSTEMS.
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00:02:06,560 --> 00:02:09,763
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
WITH ITS EIGHT MAJOR PLANETS,
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00:02:09,797 --> 00:02:11,365
IS NOT ALONE.
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00:02:11,399 --> 00:02:14,835
THERE ARE OTHER
BRETHREN PLANETARY SYSTEMS
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OUT THERE BY THE BILLIONS.
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OF COURSE, ASTRONOMERS HOPE
TO FIND ANOTHER SOLAR SYSTEM
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WITH A PLANET LIKE EARTH,
AND THEY'RE OFF TO A GOOD START.
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SO FAR, MARCY
AND OTHER ASTRONOMERS
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HAVE DISCOVERED OVER 360 STARS
WITH ORBITING PLANETS.
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Marcy: ONE OF THE EXCITING
DISCOVERIES THAT WE'VE MADE
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IS THAT STARS
TEND TO BE ORBITED
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NOT JUST BY ONE PLANET
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BUT USUALLY TWO, THREE, FOUR,
OR A MULTITUDE OF PLANETS.
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PLANETS COME IN FAMILIES,
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NOT UNLIKE THE FAMILY OF PLANETS
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WE ENJOY HERE
AROUND OUR OWN SUN.
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Narrator:
FOR THE FIRST TIME,
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SCIENTISTS CAN STUDY THEM
IN SOME DETAIL.
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WE CAN ACTUALLY OBSERVE
HOW PLANETS HEAT UP
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AS THEY GO AROUND THEIR SUN.
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FOR EXAMPLE, WE ACTUALLY SAW
THAT ONE PLANET
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GOT HOTTER AND COLDER
AS IT ORBITED ITS STAR.
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00:03:08,656 --> 00:03:10,824
AND WE REALIZED
THAT WE WERE ACTUALLY SEEING
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THE NIGHT SIDE OF THE PLANET
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AND THEN THE DAY SIDE
OF THE PLANET.
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THAT WAS
THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE.
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WE WERE OBSERVING SUNRISE
AND SUNSET ON A PLANET
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IN ANOTHER SOLAR SYSTEM.
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Narrator: BUT THAT PLANET
IS NOTHING LIKE EARTH,
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AND MOST OF THESE NEWLY
DISCOVERED SOLAR SYSTEMS
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ARE NOTHING LIKE OUR OWN.
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00:03:37,285 --> 00:03:40,788
THEIR PLANETS ARE HUGE --
MUCH BIGGER THAN JUPITER.
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00:03:43,791 --> 00:03:45,893
SOME FOLLOW WILD ORBITS,
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SOME ORBIT
IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION,
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AND SOME SHOOT BILLIONS OF MILES
OUT INTO SPACE,
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THEN DIVE BACK
TOWARD THEIR STAR.
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A FEW ORBIT SO CLOSE
TO THE STAR,
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THEIR SURFACES VAPORIZE.
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IT'S BIZARRE, AT THE LEAST,
IF NOT COMPLETELY FRIGHTENING.
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PLANETARY SYSTEMS
OFFER A WIDE DIVERSITY
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OF DIFFERENT ARCHITECTURES,
SIZES,
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MASSES OF THE PLANETS,
AND SO ON,
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RENDERING OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
JUST ONE TYPE
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OF A PLANETARY SYSTEM
OUT OF THOUSANDS.
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IT COULD BE THAT EACH AND EVERY
SOLAR SYSTEM IS A ONE-OF-A-KIND.
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00:04:28,135 --> 00:04:31,739
BUT THEY ALL HAVE ONE THING
IN COMMON --
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EACH ONE BEGINS WITH A STAR.
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FIRST, A STAR IS BORN IN A CLOUD
OF DUST AND GAS CALLED A NEBULA.
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THIS IS THE EAGLE NEBULA.
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00:04:45,152 --> 00:04:48,356
THESE ARE THE PILLARS
OF CREATION.
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00:04:51,992 --> 00:04:55,463
AND THIS IS
THE HORSEHEAD NEBULA,
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00:04:55,496 --> 00:04:57,998
AN ENORMOUS STAR NURSERY.
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00:05:02,035 --> 00:05:05,439
WHAT SCIENTISTS HAVE BEEN
TRYING TO FIGURE OUT
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IS WHAT TRIGGERS
THE STAR-MAKING PROCESS.
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00:05:09,477 --> 00:05:13,981
ONE POSSIBILITY IS THAT
A NEARBY SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION
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TOOK PLACE...
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00:05:21,489 --> 00:05:23,591
...AND RAMMED INTO
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THIS OTHERWISE INNOCUOUS
MOLECULAR CLOUD...
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...SMUSHING IT, SMASHING IT,
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00:05:30,898 --> 00:05:34,402
COMPRESSING IT DOWN SO THAT
GRAVITY COULD TAKE OVER.
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Narrator:
ONCE GRAVITY TAKES OVER,
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THE CLOUD BEGINS TO SHRINK,
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00:05:46,079 --> 00:05:51,151
SUCKING IN MORE AND MORE GAS
INTO A GIANT, SPINNING DISK.
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00:05:51,184 --> 00:05:54,822
GRAVITY AT THE CENTER
CRUSHES EVERYTHING
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00:05:54,855 --> 00:05:57,458
INTO A DENSE, SUPERHOT BALL...
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00:06:02,029 --> 00:06:04,532
...THAT GETS HOTTER AND HOTTER.
95
00:06:06,967 --> 00:06:11,104
SUDDENLY,
ATOMS IN THE GAS BEGIN TO FUSE,
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00:06:11,138 --> 00:06:13,774
AND THE STAR IGNITES.
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THE LEFTOVER DUST AND DEBRIS
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FORMS A DISK SPINNING AROUND
THE NEW STAR.
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00:06:27,020 --> 00:06:29,457
IT CONTAINS THE SEEDS
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OF PLANETS, MOONS, COMETS,
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00:06:33,093 --> 00:06:35,529
AND ASTEROIDS.
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IN 2001,
THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
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WAS SCANNING THE ORION NEBULA
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AND TOOK THIS IMAGE
OF A YOUNG STAR
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00:06:47,741 --> 00:06:50,778
SURROUNDED BY
ONE OF THESE DISKS.
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IT'S A PICTURE OF
A SOLAR SYSTEM BEING BORN.
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00:06:54,982 --> 00:06:58,018
WHENEVER I LOOK AT THESE
BEAUTIFUL PICTURES OF NEBULAE,
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THE THING THAT REALLY GETS ME
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00:06:59,853 --> 00:07:03,323
IS THAT THESE ARE BABY PICTURES
OF OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM.
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00:07:03,356 --> 00:07:04,925
WE LOOKED LIKE THAT ONCE.
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00:07:04,958 --> 00:07:08,529
Narrator: THESE FUZZY IMAGES
HAVE OPENED THE DOOR
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TO UNDERSTANDING
HOW PLANETARY SYSTEMS FORM.
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WE HAVE THIS
MARVELOUS FIRST-EVER TOOL
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00:07:14,835 --> 00:07:17,938
BY WHICH WE CAN TAKE PICTURES
OF PLANETS
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CAUGHT IN THE ACT OF FORMATION.
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IT'S QUITE
A MARVELOUS OPPORTUNITY
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FOR US TO SEE THE PLANETS
AROUND OTHER STARS FORMING,
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THEREBY GIVING US A GLIMPSE
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00:07:29,683 --> 00:07:33,253
AS TO HOW OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM
MUST SURELY HAVE FORMED.
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Narrator: SCIENTISTS UNDERSTOOD
WHERE STARS COME FROM
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BUT NOT HOW PLANETS GROW
FROM THE DISK OF GAS AND DUST.
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THE ANSWER WAS DISCOVERED
BY ACCIDENT
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00:07:46,166 --> 00:07:49,069
ABOARD THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION.
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ASTRONAUT DON PETTIT
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WAS EXPERIMENTING WITH GRAINS
OF SUGAR AND SALT
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IN THE WEIGHTLESSNESS OF SPACE.
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STANLEY LOVE WAS WATCHING
FROM MISSION CONTROL
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00:08:01,448 --> 00:08:03,984
WHEN PETTIT STUMBLED
ONTO THE PROCESS
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00:08:04,017 --> 00:08:07,988
OF HOW PLANETS FORM
FROM COSMIC DUST.
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WELL, ONE OF DON'S
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SATURDAY-MORNING
SCIENCE PROJECTS
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00:08:12,225 --> 00:08:15,295
WAS TO TAKE THE BAGS
THAT WE STORE DRINKS IN
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00:08:15,328 --> 00:08:19,232
AND HE PUT OTHER STUFF IN IT,
LIKE SALT AND SUGAR,
134
00:08:19,266 --> 00:08:22,570
AND THERE WAS ONE BAG THAT HE
JUST LEFT THE COFFEE POWDER IN.
135
00:08:22,570 --> 00:08:24,337
THEN HE INFLATED THE BAGS,
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00:08:24,371 --> 00:08:26,740
AND WITH THESE PARTICLES
IN THEM,
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00:08:26,774 --> 00:08:29,910
NOTICED THAT THE PARTICLES WOULD
JUST CLUMP UP IMMEDIATELY.
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00:08:29,943 --> 00:08:31,378
THEY MAKE A LITTLE DUST BUNNY.
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00:08:31,411 --> 00:08:33,747
MAN: We'll be spending
some time watching that.
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I SAID,
"DON, THIS IS INCREDIBLE!
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YOU'VE JUST SOLVED A 40-YEAR-OLD
PROBLEM IN PLANETARY SCIENCE!"
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Narrator: ASTRONAUT PETTIT
HAD DISCOVERED SOMETHING BIG.
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IN THE ZERO GRAVITY OF SPACE,
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00:08:48,028 --> 00:08:51,264
PARTICLES OF DUST
DON'T FLOAT APART,
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THEY CLUMP TOGETHER.
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THIS IS HOW MIGHTY PLANETS
ARE MADE FROM COSMIC DUST.
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THE DUST PARTICLES WOULD COLLIDE
AND STICK AND GROW
148
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INTO EVER LARGER DUST PARTICLES
149
00:09:04,277 --> 00:09:07,147
AND EVENTUALLY ROCKS
AND EVENTUALLY BOULDERS.
150
00:09:09,216 --> 00:09:11,418
Narrator:
THE BIGGER THE BOULDER,
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00:09:11,451 --> 00:09:12,953
THE MORE GRAVITY IT HAS.
152
00:09:12,986 --> 00:09:17,490
IT BEGINS TO EAT UP EVERYTHING
AROUND IT AND GROWS BIGGER.
153
00:09:22,429 --> 00:09:25,398
IT BECOMES LARGER, HEAVIER,
154
00:09:25,432 --> 00:09:28,335
AND CONSUMES BIGGER
AND BIGGER ROCKS.
155
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EVENTUALLY, SOME OF THESE ROCKS
GROW INTO PLANETS.
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00:09:46,754 --> 00:09:49,857
THIS IS WHAT HAPPENED
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
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00:09:49,890 --> 00:09:52,459
4.6 BILLION YEARS AGO.
158
00:10:00,668 --> 00:10:03,270
THERE WERE
ABOUT 100 YOUNG PLANETS
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00:10:03,303 --> 00:10:06,139
ALL ORBITING THE NEW SUN.
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00:10:10,210 --> 00:10:13,313
COLLISIONS WERE INEVITABLE.
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Narrator: AT THE BEGINNING,
SOLAR SYSTEMS ARE VIOLENT.
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OURS WAS NO DIFFERENT.
163
00:10:36,236 --> 00:10:40,407
IT BEGAN WITH ABOUT
100 SMALL, NEW PLANETS.
164
00:10:40,440 --> 00:10:44,678
SO, HOW DID IT GO
FROM 100 SMALL PLANETS
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00:10:44,712 --> 00:10:47,781
TO THE 8 MAJOR PLANETS OF TODAY?
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00:10:47,815 --> 00:10:49,282
WE GOT THE ANSWER
167
00:10:49,316 --> 00:10:53,286
BY STUDYING THE EVOLUTION
OF OTHER SOLAR SYSTEMS.
168
00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:57,557
WE SEE SOLAR SYSTEMS
FORMING PLANETS,
169
00:10:57,590 --> 00:11:01,194
AND ALL OF A SUDDEN, THEY HAD
THESE GIANT DISKS AROUND THEM.
170
00:11:01,228 --> 00:11:03,797
THOSE DISKS MUST BE
FROM HUGE COLLISIONS.
171
00:11:09,269 --> 00:11:12,840
Narrator:
IF PLANETS ARE SMASHING TOGETHER
IN OTHER SYSTEMS,
172
00:11:12,873 --> 00:11:15,743
THEY PROBABLY SMASHED TOGETHER
IN OUR OWN.
173
00:11:21,749 --> 00:11:24,384
WE NOW KNOW THAT
ALL SOLAR SYSTEMS DO THIS
174
00:11:24,417 --> 00:11:25,919
BEFORE THEY SETTLE DOWN.
175
00:11:29,089 --> 00:11:31,191
IT'S THE WAY THEY'RE BUILT.
176
00:11:38,398 --> 00:11:41,601
THE NICE, NEAT, ORDERLY
SOLAR SYSTEM THAT WE SEE TODAY
177
00:11:41,634 --> 00:11:43,336
HAS NOT ALWAYS BEEN THE CASE.
178
00:11:43,370 --> 00:11:45,773
IN THE EARLY DAYS -- A FEW
MILLION YEARS, BASICALLY,
179
00:11:45,773 --> 00:11:47,440
AFTER THE PLANET
STARTED FORMING --
180
00:11:47,474 --> 00:11:51,845
THERE WERE DOZENS, MAYBE EVEN
HUNDREDS OF THESE YOUNG PLANETS
181
00:11:51,879 --> 00:11:54,247
THAT WERE BOUNCING AROUND
THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
182
00:12:00,453 --> 00:12:02,655
THEY WOULD SMASH
INTO EACH OTHER.
183
00:12:02,689 --> 00:12:06,093
SOMETIMES THEY WOULD COLLECT
AND GET TO BE BIGGER PLANETS.
184
00:12:06,126 --> 00:12:08,595
SOMETIMES THEY WOULD SMASH
EACH OTHER
185
00:12:08,628 --> 00:12:10,330
AND TURN INTO LITTLE BITS.
186
00:12:13,901 --> 00:12:17,337
THERE WAS HEAVY TRAFFIC
IN THE NEW SOLAR SYSTEM,
187
00:12:17,370 --> 00:12:20,573
OBJECTS OF ALL SIZES.
188
00:12:20,607 --> 00:12:23,543
THEY WERE BOUND TO COLLIDE.
189
00:12:25,578 --> 00:12:30,617
SOME OF THE PLANETS GREW LARGER,
AND SO DID THE COLLISIONS.
190
00:12:30,650 --> 00:12:32,485
I LIKE TO TRY TO IMAGINE
WHAT IT WOULD HAVE BEEN LIKE
191
00:12:32,519 --> 00:12:33,854
TO ACTUALLY STAND
ON THE EARLY EARTH
192
00:12:33,887 --> 00:12:35,488
AND LOOK UP INTO THE NIGHT SKY.
193
00:12:35,522 --> 00:12:37,490
THINGS WOULD HAVE LOOKED
DIFFERENT.
194
00:12:42,195 --> 00:12:45,232
Narrator:
PLANET HIT PLANET.
195
00:12:45,265 --> 00:12:48,635
ONLY THE LARGEST SURVIVE.
196
00:12:48,668 --> 00:12:52,372
THE REST ARE SMASHED TO PIECES.
197
00:12:57,845 --> 00:13:01,381
SOMETHING VERY LARGE STRUCK
THE YOUNG PLANET MERCURY.
198
00:13:03,116 --> 00:13:05,052
IT BLEW THE CRUST OFF
199
00:13:05,085 --> 00:13:08,421
AND LEFT BEHIND
JUST THE IRON CORE.
200
00:13:16,263 --> 00:13:19,432
AND THE YOUNG PLANET EARTH
DID NOT ESCAPE, EITHER.
201
00:13:19,466 --> 00:13:21,668
Dr. Plait:
A PLANET-SIZED OBJECT
202
00:13:21,701 --> 00:13:23,937
SLAMMED INTO THE EARTH
OFF-CENTER
203
00:13:23,971 --> 00:13:27,440
AND BLEW A HUGE AMOUNT OF
THE EARTH'S CRUST INTO SPACE.
204
00:13:41,288 --> 00:13:44,091
THE DEBRIS CIRCLED
AROUND THE EARTH...
205
00:13:44,124 --> 00:13:47,660
AND EVENTUALLY COALESCED
TO BECOME THE MOON.
206
00:14:06,113 --> 00:14:10,283
Narrator: THIS DEMOLITION DERBY
RAGED FOR 500 MILLION YEARS.
207
00:14:10,317 --> 00:14:11,818
Dr. Plait:
WHAT WE SEE NOW --
208
00:14:11,919 --> 00:14:13,786
MARS AND EARTH AND MERCURY
AND VENUS --
209
00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:15,923
THESE PLANETS
IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM --
210
00:14:15,923 --> 00:14:17,524
THEY'RE THE SURVIVORS.
211
00:14:17,557 --> 00:14:21,461
THEY'RE THE ONES WHO LIVED
THROUGH THESE GIANT IMPACTS.
212
00:14:21,494 --> 00:14:24,497
Narrator: DEBRIS
FROM SMASHED INFANT PLANETS
213
00:14:24,531 --> 00:14:26,633
ENDED UP IN THE ASTEROID BELT --
214
00:14:26,666 --> 00:14:30,370
A JUNKYARD OF ROCKY,
LEFTOVER PLANET PARTS.
215
00:14:35,142 --> 00:14:38,711
MOST OF THE BIG IMPACTS HAPPENED
IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM.
216
00:14:41,181 --> 00:14:44,684
BUT ONE OF
THE OUTER PLANETS, URANUS,
217
00:14:44,717 --> 00:14:47,988
WAS ALSO HIT
AND KNOCKED ON ITS SIDE.
218
00:14:52,459 --> 00:14:56,596
A MYSTERY, SINCE THE OUTER
PLANETS FORMED MOSTLY FROM GAS
219
00:14:56,629 --> 00:15:00,968
AND LARGELY ESCAPED THE VIOLENCE
OF THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM.
220
00:15:00,968 --> 00:15:04,771
THESE ROCKY CORES FORMED.
THE GAS ACCUMULATED AROUND THEM.
221
00:15:04,804 --> 00:15:08,508
THIS PROCESS ACTUALLY HAPPENED
VERY RAPIDLY,
222
00:15:08,541 --> 00:15:12,779
IN ASTRONOMICAL TERMS,
IN ONLY ABOUT A MILLION YEARS.
223
00:15:15,015 --> 00:15:18,351
AND THOSE ARE THE GIANT PLANETS
WE SEE TODAY.
224
00:15:25,725 --> 00:15:29,429
Narrator: BEYOND THE GAS GIANTS,
JUPITER AND SATURN,
225
00:15:29,462 --> 00:15:31,198
ARE URANUS AND NEPTUNE.
226
00:15:33,633 --> 00:15:37,870
THESE TWO ARE MADE
OF GAS AND ICE.
227
00:15:48,115 --> 00:15:51,251
AND BEYOND THEM
LIES THE KUIPER BELT,
228
00:15:51,284 --> 00:15:55,122
A BAND OF ORBITING ICY ROCKS
AND DWARF PLANETS.
229
00:15:57,257 --> 00:16:01,494
WE USED TO THINK THAT ONE
KUIPER BELT OBJECT, PLUTO,
230
00:16:01,528 --> 00:16:03,330
WAS THE NINTH PLANET.
231
00:16:06,399 --> 00:16:11,204
WE'VE SINCE DECIDED THAT PLUTO
IS, IN FACT, A DWARF PLANET --
232
00:16:11,238 --> 00:16:14,541
ONE OF MANY ORBITING
MORE THAN 3 BILLION MILES
233
00:16:14,574 --> 00:16:17,177
FROM THE SUN.
234
00:16:17,210 --> 00:16:19,546
THERE ARE MILLIONS
OF THESE THINGS OUT THERE.
235
00:16:22,249 --> 00:16:25,885
THEY'RE SO FAR AWAY AND SO FAINT
THAT THEY'RE HARD TO SEE.
236
00:16:25,918 --> 00:16:29,189
THESE ARE LEFT OVER
FROM THE FORMATION
237
00:16:29,222 --> 00:16:30,923
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM ITSELF.
238
00:16:35,295 --> 00:16:39,366
Narrator: THE KUIPER BELT MARKS
THE EDGE OF THE SUN'S INFLUENCE.
239
00:16:39,399 --> 00:16:41,934
THERE IS NO WARMTH
AND NOT MUCH LIGHT
240
00:16:41,968 --> 00:16:44,204
WAY OUT HERE.
241
00:16:46,939 --> 00:16:51,144
BUT THE KUIPER BELT IS NOT
THE END OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
242
00:16:51,178 --> 00:16:54,147
A SHELL OF TRILLIONS
OF ICY OBJECTS,
243
00:16:54,181 --> 00:16:57,617
CALLED THE OORT CLOUD,
IS EVEN FURTHER OUT.
244
00:17:00,087 --> 00:17:02,555
THE OORT CLOUD IS SO FAR AWAY,
245
00:17:02,589 --> 00:17:06,759
LIGHT FROM THE SUN
TAKES A FULL YEAR TO REACH IT.
246
00:17:12,799 --> 00:17:17,104
FROM THE COLD OUTER EDGE
TO THE HOT STAR AT THE CENTER,
247
00:17:17,104 --> 00:17:19,472
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM SEEMS STABLE.
248
00:17:22,109 --> 00:17:26,213
EVERYTHING APPEARS ORDERLY
AND IN ITS PROPER PLACE.
249
00:17:29,549 --> 00:17:32,119
BUT SOMETHING ISN'T RIGHT.
250
00:17:34,121 --> 00:17:37,590
URANUS AND NEPTUNE
ARE IN THE WRONG PLACE.
251
00:17:51,037 --> 00:17:53,306
Narrator:
THE PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
252
00:17:53,340 --> 00:17:56,909
GREW FROM A GIANT DISK
OF DUST AND GAS --
253
00:17:56,943 --> 00:18:01,814
THE FOUR INNER ROCKY PLANETS
CLOSE TO THE SUN,
254
00:18:01,848 --> 00:18:05,152
AND THE GIANT GAS PLANETS
FARTHER OUT.
255
00:18:07,420 --> 00:18:10,923
BUT URANUS AND NEPTUNE
SEEM OUT OF PLACE.
256
00:18:15,328 --> 00:18:18,298
THERE WASN'T ENOUGH STUFF
THIS FAR FROM THE SUN
257
00:18:18,331 --> 00:18:20,933
TO MAKE SUCH BIG PLANETS.
258
00:18:20,967 --> 00:18:24,471
SO, WHAT ARE THEY DOING
OUT HERE?
259
00:18:24,504 --> 00:18:27,874
THAT LED US TO A THEORY
WHERE URANUS AND NEPTUNE
260
00:18:27,907 --> 00:18:29,842
FORMED VERY CLOSE TO THE SUN
261
00:18:29,876 --> 00:18:32,979
AND WERE ACTUALLY
VIOLENTLY PUSHED OUTWARD.
262
00:18:36,916 --> 00:18:40,019
Narrator: SO, WHAT COULD SHOVE
TWO MASSIVE PLANETS
263
00:18:40,052 --> 00:18:41,888
CLEAR ACROSS THE SOLAR SYSTEM?
264
00:18:41,921 --> 00:18:43,790
WE BELIEVE
THAT JUPITER AND SATURN
265
00:18:43,823 --> 00:18:45,625
GOT INTO THIS FUNNY
CONFIGURATION
266
00:18:45,658 --> 00:18:49,061
WHERE JUPITER WENT AROUND
THE SUN EXACTLY TWICE
267
00:18:49,095 --> 00:18:52,665
EVERY TIME
SATURN WENT AROUND ONCE.
268
00:18:52,699 --> 00:18:55,268
AND THAT CONFIGURATION
269
00:18:55,302 --> 00:18:57,870
ALLOWS THE PLANETS
TO KICK EACH OTHER MORE
270
00:18:57,904 --> 00:18:59,406
AS THEY PASS ONE ANOTHER,
271
00:18:59,439 --> 00:19:02,209
AND THAT CAUSED THE WHOLE SYSTEM
TO GO NUTS.
272
00:19:05,712 --> 00:19:09,115
Narrator: THE COMBINED GRAVITY
OF JUPITER AND SATURN
273
00:19:09,216 --> 00:19:11,484
YANKED HARD ON URANUS
AND NEPTUNE
274
00:19:11,518 --> 00:19:15,388
AND PULLED THEM
AWAY FROM THE SUN.
275
00:19:15,422 --> 00:19:16,956
AS THEY MOVED OUTWARD,
276
00:19:16,989 --> 00:19:20,793
THE TWO PLANETS PLOWED THROUGH
ASTEROIDS AND OTHER DEBRIS
277
00:19:20,827 --> 00:19:24,231
LEFT OVER FROM THE FORMATION
OF THE OTHER PLANETS.
278
00:19:37,877 --> 00:19:42,114
THIS SENT BILLIONS OF CHUNKS OF
ROCK FLYING IN ALL DIRECTIONS.
279
00:19:49,456 --> 00:19:53,092
SOME ROCKS
FORMED THE ASTEROID BELT.
280
00:19:53,125 --> 00:19:58,665
BUT MOST WERE THROWN OUT
TO CREATE THE VAST KUIPER BELT.
281
00:20:02,735 --> 00:20:05,372
Dr. Levison:
THE ANALOGY I LIKE TO USE IS,
THINK OF A BOWLING MATCH.
282
00:20:05,405 --> 00:20:08,741
AND THE BOWLING BALLS GO DOWN,
AND THE PINS JUST GO KAPLOOEY.
283
00:20:08,775 --> 00:20:10,943
THAT'S WHAT HAPPENED IN THE
OUTER PART OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
284
00:20:14,013 --> 00:20:16,115
Narrator:
THE GRAVITATIONAL PUSH
285
00:20:16,148 --> 00:20:18,585
FROM JUPITER AND SATURN
WAS SO STRONG,
286
00:20:18,618 --> 00:20:21,821
IT MAY HAVE REVERSED
THE POSITION OF THE TWO PLANETS.
287
00:20:21,854 --> 00:20:24,991
IT LOOKS LIKE IT'S POSSIBLE
THAT URANUS AND NEPTUNE
288
00:20:25,024 --> 00:20:27,494
ACTUALLY FORMED
IN THE OPPOSITE ORDER.
289
00:20:27,527 --> 00:20:30,096
NEPTUNE WAS CLOSER
TO THE SUN THAN URANUS,
290
00:20:30,129 --> 00:20:32,399
BUT THESE GRAVITATIONAL
INTERACTIONS
291
00:20:32,432 --> 00:20:34,567
ACTUALLY SWAPPED
THEIR POSITIONS.
292
00:20:38,871 --> 00:20:40,907
Narrator:
IT WAS THE BLIZZARD OF ROCKS
293
00:20:40,940 --> 00:20:42,542
THAT URANUS AND NEPTUNE RAN INTO
294
00:20:42,575 --> 00:20:44,444
THAT ACTED LIKE A BRAKE
295
00:20:44,477 --> 00:20:48,315
AND SLOWED THEM INTO THE ORBITS
THEY KEEP TODAY.
296
00:20:50,182 --> 00:20:53,853
THE IDEA OF PLANETS CHANGING
ORBITS MAY SOUND CRAZY,
297
00:20:53,886 --> 00:20:57,890
BUT SCIENTISTS HAVE SEEN IT
HAPPEN IN OTHER SOLAR SYSTEMS.
298
00:20:57,924 --> 00:21:03,696
SO NOW THEY THINK IT'S JUST
THE WAY ALL SOLAR SYSTEMS WORK.
299
00:21:03,730 --> 00:21:06,333
WHEN WE LOOK OUT INTO THE GALAXY
300
00:21:06,333 --> 00:21:09,602
AND LOOK AT PLANETS
AROUND OTHER STARS,
301
00:21:09,636 --> 00:21:11,003
WE SEE LOTS OF EVIDENCE
302
00:21:11,037 --> 00:21:13,673
OF THOSE KIND OF EVENTS
HAPPENING ELSEWHERE.
303
00:21:16,509 --> 00:21:17,944
Narrator:
IN ONE FAR-OFF SYSTEM,
304
00:21:17,977 --> 00:21:19,512
SCIENTISTS HAVE SPOTTED
305
00:21:19,546 --> 00:21:22,181
SOMETHING COMPLETELY
OFF THE CHARTS --
306
00:21:22,214 --> 00:21:24,351
A PLANET AS BIG AS JUPITER,
307
00:21:24,384 --> 00:21:28,087
BUT IT'S NOT ACTING
LIKE THE JUPITER WE KNOW.
308
00:21:30,222 --> 00:21:31,991
SOME OF THESE GIANT PLANETS
309
00:21:32,024 --> 00:21:35,227
ARE FOUND ORBITING VERY CLOSE
TO THEIR HOST STAR,
310
00:21:35,261 --> 00:21:37,597
TAKING ONLY DAYS --
A FEW DAYS --
311
00:21:37,630 --> 00:21:39,732
TO GO AROUND THE HOST STAR.
312
00:21:42,234 --> 00:21:45,071
OBVIOUSLY,
SUCH CLOSE-IN JUPITERS
313
00:21:45,104 --> 00:21:47,374
ARE BLOWTORCHED BY THE STAR,
314
00:21:47,374 --> 00:21:50,009
RAISING THE TEMPERATURE
OF THE PLANET
315
00:21:50,042 --> 00:21:52,679
UP TO 1,000 OR 2,000
DEGREES CELSIUS.
316
00:21:52,712 --> 00:21:57,550
Narrator:
THERE'S NO WAY A GAS GIANT COULD
HAVE FORMED THIS CLOSE IN.
317
00:21:57,584 --> 00:21:59,051
IT'S WAY TOO HOT.
318
00:21:59,085 --> 00:22:03,490
THE ONLY EXPLANATION IS THAT
IT MUST HAVE FORMED OUT THERE
319
00:22:03,523 --> 00:22:06,393
AND THEN MOVED IN HERE.
320
00:22:13,065 --> 00:22:15,402
THE SAME THING
COULD HAVE HAPPENED
321
00:22:15,402 --> 00:22:16,903
IN OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM.
322
00:22:19,005 --> 00:22:22,842
SCIENTISTS HAVE FOUND LARGE
AMOUNTS OF THE ELEMENT LITHIUM
323
00:22:22,875 --> 00:22:24,677
ON THE SURFACE OF THE SUN.
324
00:22:28,415 --> 00:22:31,718
LITHIUM DOESN'T NORMALLY
EXIST IN STARS,
325
00:22:31,751 --> 00:22:34,186
BUT IT IS FOUND IN GAS PLANETS.
326
00:22:37,824 --> 00:22:40,427
MAYBE THERE WAS
ANOTHER GAS GIANT
327
00:22:40,460 --> 00:22:42,161
IN OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM
328
00:22:42,194 --> 00:22:45,432
THAT SPIRALED IN
AND CRASHED INTO THE SUN.
329
00:22:45,432 --> 00:22:48,267
THAT WOULD EXPLAIN
HOW THE LITHIUM GOT THERE.
330
00:22:59,078 --> 00:23:00,913
SOMETHING VERY VIOLENT HAPPENED.
331
00:23:03,716 --> 00:23:06,252
COULD IT HAVE BEEN ONE
OF THESE JUPITER-SIZE PLANETS
332
00:23:06,285 --> 00:23:08,455
GETTING THROWN IN
TOWARD THE SUN LONG AGO?
333
00:23:08,455 --> 00:23:11,323
Narrator:
IN THE BEGINNING,
334
00:23:11,357 --> 00:23:14,627
SOLAR SYSTEMS
ARE VIOLENT AND MESSY,
335
00:23:14,661 --> 00:23:19,466
BUT, OVER TIME, THEY SETTLE DOWN
AND BECOME MORE STABLE.
336
00:23:19,466 --> 00:23:22,268
BUT STABILITY IS AN ILLUSION.
337
00:23:22,301 --> 00:23:24,471
ANY PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
338
00:23:24,504 --> 00:23:29,075
IS ALWAYS IN DANGER
OF TOTAL ANNIHILATION.
339
00:23:38,885 --> 00:23:41,488
Narrator: THERE ARE ALL KINDS
OF SOLAR SYSTEMS
340
00:23:41,488 --> 00:23:43,289
IN THE MILKY WAY GALAXY.
341
00:23:43,322 --> 00:23:46,859
MOST SEEM STRANGE
COMPARED TO OUR OWN.
342
00:23:46,893 --> 00:23:50,096
SOME PLANETS
FOLLOW CRAZY ORBITS.
343
00:23:50,129 --> 00:23:53,500
SOME SMASH INTO EACH OTHER.
344
00:23:59,271 --> 00:24:02,609
OTHERS DIVE INTO THEIR STARS.
345
00:24:10,249 --> 00:24:14,086
SO, WHY ARE THE ORBITS
OF OUR OWN PLANETS
346
00:24:14,120 --> 00:24:16,188
SO REGULAR AND STABLE?
347
00:24:16,222 --> 00:24:19,526
WELL, THAT'S BECAUSE ALL THE
PLANETS HAVE MOTION LEFT OVER
348
00:24:19,559 --> 00:24:21,928
FROM THE FORMATION
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
349
00:24:21,961 --> 00:24:24,697
WHEN THE NEBULA COLLAPSED
AROUND THE SUN,
350
00:24:24,731 --> 00:24:28,200
AS THE SUN WAS FORMING,
THERE WAS AN INTRINSIC MOTION,
351
00:24:28,234 --> 00:24:30,703
AND THAT GAVE OUR PLANET
A VELOCITY.
352
00:24:30,737 --> 00:24:34,541
LITERALLY, WE ARE FALLING FREELY
TOWARD THE SUN AT ALL TIMES,
353
00:24:34,574 --> 00:24:37,409
BUT WE'RE GOING SO FAST,
WE KEEP MISSING IT.
354
00:24:37,443 --> 00:24:39,011
THAT'S WHAT AN ORBIT IS.
355
00:24:42,882 --> 00:24:45,084
Narrator:
THINK OF A MERRY-GO-ROUND.
356
00:24:45,117 --> 00:24:46,452
THE FASTER IT SPINS,
357
00:24:46,553 --> 00:24:49,722
THE FARTHER AND FARTHER
YOU'RE THROWN FROM THE CENTER.
358
00:24:49,756 --> 00:24:52,091
WHEN IT SLOWS DOWN,
359
00:24:52,124 --> 00:24:56,095
YOU LOSE MOMENTUM
AND FALL BACK INWARDS.
360
00:24:58,397 --> 00:25:01,233
IT'S SOMETHING LIKE THAT
WITH PLANETS.
361
00:25:01,267 --> 00:25:06,072
THE DISK THAT GAVE BIRTH
TO THE PLANETS WAS SPINNING,
362
00:25:06,105 --> 00:25:08,575
AND THE MOMENTUM
LEFT OVER FROM THAT
363
00:25:08,608 --> 00:25:11,477
KEEPS EVERYTHING GOING AROUND
TO THIS DAY.
364
00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:16,649
MOVING AT 66,000 MILES AN HOUR,
365
00:25:16,683 --> 00:25:19,619
THE EARTH TAKES ONE YEAR
TO ORBIT THE SUN.
366
00:25:19,652 --> 00:25:22,922
PLANETS FARTHER FROM THE SUN
HAVE BIGGER ORBITS,
367
00:25:22,955 --> 00:25:26,192
MOVE SLOWER, AND TAKE LONGER.
368
00:25:26,225 --> 00:25:30,597
SATURN ORBITS THE SUN
ONCE EVERY 29 YEARS.
369
00:25:33,265 --> 00:25:38,137
NEPTUNE TAKES 164 YEARS.
370
00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:42,474
EACH PLANET STAYS ON
A PRECISE PATH AROUND THE SUN,
371
00:25:42,508 --> 00:25:45,211
AND FOR US, THAT'S A GOOD THING.
372
00:25:47,146 --> 00:25:50,817
Marcy: OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
HAS A SOMEWHAT FORTUNATE
373
00:25:50,850 --> 00:25:52,619
SPACING OF THE PLANETS,
374
00:25:52,652 --> 00:25:54,887
WITH NEARLY CIRCULAR ORBITS,
375
00:25:54,921 --> 00:25:57,990
WHICH KEEPS
THE WHOLE HOUSE OF CARDS
376
00:25:58,024 --> 00:26:01,694
FROM FALLING APART, CRUMBLING,
SCATTERING TO THE WIND.
377
00:26:07,499 --> 00:26:09,702
IF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM DID NOT HAVE
378
00:26:09,736 --> 00:26:12,805
NICE, NEAT, STABLE,
NEARLY CIRCULAR ORBITS,
379
00:26:12,839 --> 00:26:14,340
THE EARTH WOULDN'T BE HERE
380
00:26:14,373 --> 00:26:16,809
AND WE WOULDN'T BE HERE
TALKING ABOUT IT.
381
00:26:21,547 --> 00:26:24,751
Narrator: THE PLANETS
ARE ON SAFE, STABLE ORBITS...
382
00:26:27,253 --> 00:26:30,456
...BUT BILLIONS OF COMETS
AND ASTEROIDS ARE NOT.
383
00:26:34,861 --> 00:26:39,365
MANY COME STREAKING
INTO THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM.
384
00:26:39,398 --> 00:26:42,534
AND WHEN THEY DO, WATCH OUT.
385
00:26:51,043 --> 00:26:54,814
Dr. Levison: THE METEOR CRATER
WHICH WE SEE HERE TODAY
386
00:26:54,847 --> 00:26:58,851
FORMED AS A RESULT OF
A 150-FOOT ROCKY IRON OBJECT
387
00:26:58,885 --> 00:27:02,054
COMING IN
AND SLAMMING INTO THE EARTH
388
00:27:02,088 --> 00:27:04,123
ROUGHLY 50,000 YEARS AGO.
389
00:27:04,156 --> 00:27:09,561
Narrator:
SOME OF THE OBJECTS COMING
OUR WAY CAN BE MUCH BIGGER.
390
00:27:09,595 --> 00:27:11,430
LOOK AT THE MOON.
391
00:27:11,463 --> 00:27:15,501
IT'S COVERED
WITH LARGE IMPACT CRATERS.
392
00:27:15,534 --> 00:27:18,905
EARTH HAS BEEN HIT, TOO --
A LOT.
393
00:27:24,443 --> 00:27:26,512
BUT THE CRATERS HAVE ERODED.
394
00:27:28,114 --> 00:27:31,951
WE KNOW THAT A HUGE ASTEROID
SMASHED INTO THE EARTH,
395
00:27:31,984 --> 00:27:35,454
OFF THE COAST OF MEXICO,
65 MILLION YEARS AGO.
396
00:27:35,487 --> 00:27:39,258
IT WAS GOING
45,000 MILES AN HOUR,
397
00:27:39,291 --> 00:27:41,060
AND WHEN IT HIT,
398
00:27:41,093 --> 00:27:44,931
IT RELEASED MORE ENERGY
THAN 5 BILLION HIROSHIMA BOMBS.
399
00:28:19,198 --> 00:28:23,202
IT WIPED OUT 70% OF LIFE
ON EARTH.
400
00:28:29,608 --> 00:28:34,213
A FEW MORE IMPACTS LIKE THAT
COULD DESTROY ALL LIFE ON EARTH.
401
00:28:34,246 --> 00:28:38,785
BUT, BELIEVE IT OR NOT,
EARTH HAS A GIANT BODYGUARD.
402
00:28:41,220 --> 00:28:43,422
JUPITER IS MORE
THAN JUST ANOTHER PRETTY FACE
403
00:28:43,455 --> 00:28:44,690
THROUGH THE TELESCOPE.
404
00:28:44,791 --> 00:28:46,959
IT'S ACTUALLY REALLY IMPORTANT
FOR LIFE ON EARTH.
405
00:28:46,993 --> 00:28:48,527
JUPITER'S GRAVITY IS SO HUGE
406
00:28:48,560 --> 00:28:51,497
AND IT'S JUST IN THE RIGHT PLACE
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
407
00:28:51,530 --> 00:28:53,800
THAT IT PROTECTS THE EARTH
FROM COMETS
408
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:56,068
THAT COME FROM DEEP
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
409
00:28:56,102 --> 00:29:00,706
AND SWING BY THE SUN AND COULD
POSSIBLY HIT THE EARTH.
410
00:29:00,807 --> 00:29:03,075
Dr. Levison:
JUPITER PLAYS THE ROLE
411
00:29:03,109 --> 00:29:06,078
OF THE BIGGEST BASEBALL BAT
IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
412
00:29:06,112 --> 00:29:07,546
AS THESE COMETS COME BY,
413
00:29:07,579 --> 00:29:11,083
MOST OF THEM GET KNOCKED OUT
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM BY JUPITER.
414
00:29:14,020 --> 00:29:15,554
Narrator: IN 1994,
415
00:29:15,587 --> 00:29:20,259
COMET SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 RACED
TOWARD THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM.
416
00:29:22,895 --> 00:29:25,431
BUT IT NEVER GOT PAST JUPITER.
417
00:29:28,067 --> 00:29:31,537
ASTRONOMERS WATCHED
AS JUPITER TORE IT TO PIECES
418
00:29:31,570 --> 00:29:35,374
AND DRAGGED ITS REMAINS
DOWN TO THE PLANET'S SURFACE.
419
00:29:38,310 --> 00:29:40,246
WE HAVE SEEN COMETS
SMASH INTO JUPITER,
420
00:29:40,279 --> 00:29:42,714
CREATING FIREBALLS THAT WERE
BIGGER THAN THE EARTH.
421
00:29:48,520 --> 00:29:51,190
Narrator: THEY WERE
THE BIGGEST EXPLOSIONS
422
00:29:51,223 --> 00:29:53,092
EVER SEEN IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
423
00:29:56,595 --> 00:29:58,097
Dr. Thaller:
HAD THAT COMET HIT US,
424
00:29:58,130 --> 00:29:59,665
IT WOULD HAVE RESURFACED
THE PLANET
425
00:29:59,698 --> 00:30:01,868
AND WOULD HAVE BEEN THE END
OF LIFE AS WE KNOW IT.
426
00:30:01,868 --> 00:30:03,402
Dr. Levison:
IF JUPITER WASN'T THERE,
427
00:30:03,435 --> 00:30:05,337
WE BELIEVE THAT THE IMPACT RATE
ON THE EARTH
428
00:30:05,371 --> 00:30:10,042
WOULD BE SOMETHING LIKE 1,000
TIMES MORE THAN WE SEE TODAY.
429
00:30:17,884 --> 00:30:21,453
Narrator: LUCKY FOR US,
EARTH HAS THE PERFECT ORBIT.
430
00:30:22,989 --> 00:30:26,558
JUPITER PROTECTS US
FROM ASTEROIDS AND COMETS.
431
00:30:29,361 --> 00:30:32,064
WE'RE CLOSE ENOUGH TO THE SUN
FOR LIQUID WATER
432
00:30:32,098 --> 00:30:35,167
BUT NOT SO CLOSE
THAT IT BOILS AWAY.
433
00:30:35,201 --> 00:30:40,072
IT'S JUST THE RIGHT COMBINATION
FOR LIFE.
434
00:30:42,441 --> 00:30:43,742
QUESTION IS,
435
00:30:43,775 --> 00:30:46,645
IF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM COULD CREATE
THE PERFECT CONDITIONS,
436
00:30:46,678 --> 00:30:49,048
COULD OTHER SOLAR SYSTEMS
DO IT, TOO?
437
00:30:50,649 --> 00:30:53,785
PLANET HUNTERS HAVE SPOTTED
A SOLAR SYSTEM
438
00:30:53,819 --> 00:30:55,354
20 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY,
439
00:30:55,387 --> 00:30:58,357
AND IT HAS A PLANET
JUST THE RIGHT SIZE
440
00:30:58,390 --> 00:31:00,426
IN JUST THE RIGHT PLACE.
441
00:31:10,602 --> 00:31:13,839
ASTRONOMERS AROUND THE WORLD
ARE LOOKING FOR NEW PLANETS
442
00:31:13,940 --> 00:31:16,775
IN DISTANT SOLAR SYSTEMS.
443
00:31:18,810 --> 00:31:22,748
SO FAR, THEY'VE DISCOVERED
MORE THAN 420.
444
00:31:28,720 --> 00:31:31,790
MOST ARE HUGE GAS GIANTS,
LIKE JUPITER...
445
00:31:36,162 --> 00:31:39,098
...BUT THEY'RE EITHER VERY CLOSE
TO THE STAR
446
00:31:39,131 --> 00:31:41,167
OR MUCH FARTHER AWAY.
447
00:31:49,175 --> 00:31:53,980
THEN, IN 2005, ASTRONOMERS
MADE AN EXCITING DISCOVERY.
448
00:31:57,349 --> 00:32:02,121
THEY DETECTED A SOLAR SYSTEM
WITH ROCKY PLANETS LIKE OUR OWN.
449
00:32:05,024 --> 00:32:10,762
THESE PLANETS ORBIT A STAR
CALLED GLIESE 581.
450
00:32:10,796 --> 00:32:14,266
THIS STAR, GLIESE 581,
AND ITS 4 PLANETS
451
00:32:14,300 --> 00:32:18,104
IS, FRANKLY, QUITE BIZARRE
RELATIVE TO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
452
00:32:18,137 --> 00:32:21,340
THE FOUR PLANETS WE KNOW OF
453
00:32:21,373 --> 00:32:24,076
ALL ORBIT VERY CLOSE
TO THE HOST STAR,
454
00:32:24,110 --> 00:32:26,245
ALL FOUR OF THEM ORBITING CLOSER
455
00:32:26,278 --> 00:32:29,315
THAN THE PLANET MERCURY,
OUR CLOSEST PLANET,
456
00:32:29,348 --> 00:32:30,516
ORBITS THE SUN.
457
00:32:35,287 --> 00:32:38,157
Narrator:
BUT GLIESE 581 IS A SMALL STAR.
458
00:32:38,190 --> 00:32:40,026
IT DOESN'T BURN AS BRIGHTLY
459
00:32:40,059 --> 00:32:42,661
OR GIVE OFF AS MUCH HEAT
AS OUR SUN,
460
00:32:42,694 --> 00:32:46,032
SO THE PLANETS CAN ORBIT
MUCH CLOSER
461
00:32:46,065 --> 00:32:48,200
WITHOUT BEING VAPORIZED.
462
00:32:48,234 --> 00:32:52,404
Dr. Thaller:
WE KNOW OF FOUR PLANETS
GOING AROUND THIS STAR,
463
00:32:52,438 --> 00:32:55,207
AND A FEW OF THEM
ARE QUITE INTERESTING.
464
00:32:55,241 --> 00:32:58,544
THERE'S ONE THAT'S ONLY
ABOUT TWICE THE MASS OF EARTH.
465
00:32:58,577 --> 00:33:01,380
NOW, THAT PARTICULAR ONE
IS VERY CLOSE TO THE STAR.
466
00:33:01,413 --> 00:33:03,882
IT'S PROBABLY VERY HOT --
TOO HOT FOR LIFE.
467
00:33:03,915 --> 00:33:05,151
BUT THERE'S ANOTHER ONE,
468
00:33:05,184 --> 00:33:07,319
ABOUT EIGHT TIMES THE MASS
OF THE EARTH,
469
00:33:07,353 --> 00:33:09,755
WHICH IS GETTING FAR ENOUGH AWAY
FROM THE STAR
470
00:33:09,788 --> 00:33:11,857
THAT IT MIGHT BE
IN THE HABITABLE ZONE.
471
00:33:11,890 --> 00:33:14,060
Narrator: LIKE EARTH,
472
00:33:14,060 --> 00:33:17,963
THIS PLANET ORBITS AT A DISTANCE
WHERE WATER IS A LIQUID.
473
00:33:20,666 --> 00:33:25,537
AND WHERE THERE'S LIQUID WATER,
THERE COULD BE OCEANS AND LIFE.
474
00:33:40,452 --> 00:33:44,890
IN MARCH 2009, NASA LAUNCHED
THE KEPLER SPACE TELESCOPE.
475
00:33:44,923 --> 00:33:46,192
ITS MISSION --
476
00:33:46,225 --> 00:33:49,495
TO SEARCH FOR PLANETS
SIMILAR TO OUR OWN
477
00:33:49,528 --> 00:33:52,131
IN NEW SOLAR SYSTEMS.
478
00:33:54,366 --> 00:33:57,436
Marcy: WE MAY FIND PLANETS THAT
HAVE METHANE ATMOSPHERES...
479
00:34:03,442 --> 00:34:05,877
...THAT HAVE
AMMONIA ATMOSPHERES.
480
00:34:09,648 --> 00:34:13,285
WE MAY FIND PLANETS THAT ARE
COVERED IN HEAVY ORGANICS...
481
00:34:15,121 --> 00:34:17,456
...A TARLIKE MATERIAL.
482
00:34:20,492 --> 00:34:23,329
WE MAY FIND SOME
THAT ARE COVERED BY WATER.
483
00:34:26,165 --> 00:34:28,400
I THINK ONE OF
THE GLORIOUS QUESTS HERE
484
00:34:28,434 --> 00:34:30,702
IN THE NEXT DECADE OR TWO
485
00:34:30,736 --> 00:34:33,572
IS TO LEARN
THE FULL DIVERSITY
486
00:34:33,605 --> 00:34:35,541
OF THE FAMILY
OF EARTH-LIKE PLANETS
487
00:34:35,574 --> 00:34:37,643
THAT MAY BE OUT THERE
IN THE UNIVERSE.
488
00:34:41,980 --> 00:34:43,415
Narrator: WITH KEPLER,
489
00:34:43,449 --> 00:34:46,152
ASTRONOMERS EXPECT
TO DISCOVER HUNDREDS,
490
00:34:46,152 --> 00:34:48,887
POSSIBLY THOUSANDS,
OF NEW SOLAR SYSTEMS.
491
00:34:52,958 --> 00:34:55,894
Dr. Thaller: THINK ABOUT
OUR OWN MILKY WAY GALAXY.
492
00:34:55,927 --> 00:35:00,466
THE GALAXY HAS ROUGHLY
500 BILLION TO A TRILLION STARS.
493
00:35:00,499 --> 00:35:05,504
SOME FAIRLY LARGE PERCENTAGE
OF THAT HAVE PLANETS.
494
00:35:05,537 --> 00:35:08,507
NOW, THINK ABOUT HOW MANY
GALAXIES WE KNOW OF.
495
00:35:08,540 --> 00:35:11,477
WE CERTAINLY HAVEN'T FOUND
ALL THE GALAXIES
496
00:35:11,510 --> 00:35:12,878
IN THE UNIVERSE YET.
497
00:35:12,911 --> 00:35:15,514
BUT THE ONES
WE CAN TAKE A PICTURE OF
498
00:35:15,547 --> 00:35:18,284
ARE ACTUALLY
ABOUT 60 BILLION GALAXIES.
499
00:35:21,787 --> 00:35:24,956
WHEN YOU LOOK UP
AT THE NIGHT SKY TONIGHT,
500
00:35:24,990 --> 00:35:27,593
SIMPLY IN THE PATH
OF YOUR SIGHT,
501
00:35:27,626 --> 00:35:31,197
EVEN IF YOU CAN'T SEE IT,
502
00:35:31,197 --> 00:35:35,901
THERE ARE BILLIONS OF
SOLAR SYSTEMS ALL AROUND YOU.
503
00:35:35,934 --> 00:35:38,870
Narrator: AND THERE COULD BE
A SOLAR SYSTEM
504
00:35:38,904 --> 00:35:41,807
WITH A PLANET JUST LIKE EARTH.
505
00:35:43,775 --> 00:35:47,679
IF IT HAPPENED ONCE,
IT COULD HAPPEN AGAIN.
506
00:35:53,452 --> 00:35:56,988
SOLAR SYSTEMS
DON'T LAST FOREVER.
507
00:35:57,022 --> 00:35:58,957
ORBITS FALL APART.
508
00:35:58,990 --> 00:36:00,626
PLANETS COLLIDE.
509
00:36:00,659 --> 00:36:02,828
IT MIGHT HAPPEN TO US.
510
00:36:02,861 --> 00:36:05,063
BUT EVEN IF IT DOESN'T,
511
00:36:05,096 --> 00:36:07,599
IN ANOTHER 5 BILLION YEARS,
512
00:36:07,633 --> 00:36:12,271
A CATASTROPHE WILL END
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AS WE KNOW IT.
513
00:36:25,251 --> 00:36:30,055
Narrator: NOTHING LASTS FOREVER,
NOT EVEN SOLAR SYSTEMS.
514
00:36:30,088 --> 00:36:32,258
OURS MAY SEEM STABLE NOW,
515
00:36:32,258 --> 00:36:36,262
BUT, ACTUALLY,
IT'S VERY SLOWLY COMING APART.
516
00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:45,003
Dr. Plait: IF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
WAS CHAOTIC IN THE PAST,
517
00:36:45,036 --> 00:36:47,539
THAT DOESN'T MEAN
IT'S ALL SETTLED DOWN NOW.
518
00:36:47,573 --> 00:36:49,375
THERE IS STILL A POSSIBILITY
519
00:36:49,408 --> 00:36:52,043
OF A LITTLE BIT OF CHAOS
IN THE FUTURE.
520
00:36:52,077 --> 00:36:53,745
Narrator: IN THE FUTURE,
521
00:36:53,779 --> 00:36:57,283
THE GRAVITATIONAL PULL
OF THE PLANETS ON EACH OTHER
522
00:36:57,316 --> 00:36:59,918
WILL GRADUALLY DISRUPT
THEIR ORBITS.
523
00:36:59,951 --> 00:37:03,555
PERHAPS,
OVER THE BILLIONS OF YEARS,
524
00:37:03,589 --> 00:37:07,326
THE PLANETS WILL JOSTLE EACH
OTHER IN THIS GRAVITATIONAL WAY
525
00:37:07,359 --> 00:37:08,727
SO THAT, EVENTUALLY,
526
00:37:08,760 --> 00:37:11,930
TWO OF THE PLANETS
WILL COME CLOSE TO EACH OTHER.
527
00:37:15,867 --> 00:37:18,804
WHEN THAT HAPPENS --
AND IT WILL --
528
00:37:18,837 --> 00:37:23,208
THOSE TWO PLANETS WILL ENGAGE
IN A SORT OF A DO-SI-DO,
529
00:37:23,309 --> 00:37:26,845
FLINGING ONE OR THE OTHER
OF THEM, MAYBE BOTH,
530
00:37:26,878 --> 00:37:28,314
INTO WILD ORBITS,
531
00:37:28,347 --> 00:37:32,418
PERHAPS EJECTING ONE OR BOTH
OF THEM FROM THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
532
00:37:34,753 --> 00:37:38,023
Narrator: MARS COULD BE THROWN
OUT OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
533
00:37:38,056 --> 00:37:40,559
AND MERCURY MIGHT CRASH
INTO THE EARTH.
534
00:37:52,371 --> 00:37:56,041
THE ENTIRE HOUSE OF CARDS
THAT IS OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
535
00:37:56,074 --> 00:37:58,109
WOULD COMPLETELY FALL APART.
536
00:37:58,143 --> 00:38:02,348
Narrator:
SOLAR SYSTEMS BEGIN AND END
537
00:38:02,348 --> 00:38:05,851
WITH A LOT OF COLLISIONS
AND DESTRUCTION.
538
00:38:05,884 --> 00:38:07,753
BUT DON'T PANIC YET.
539
00:38:09,455 --> 00:38:11,857
Dr. Plait: THIS IS GONNA TAKE
BILLIONS OF YEARS,
540
00:38:11,890 --> 00:38:14,059
BUT OVER THE LIFETIME
OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM,
541
00:38:14,092 --> 00:38:16,695
THESE ARE EVENTUALITIES
THAT COULD COME TO PASS.
542
00:38:16,728 --> 00:38:20,532
Narrator:
BUT ONE WAY OR ANOTHER,
543
00:38:20,566 --> 00:38:23,769
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS DOOMED.
544
00:38:26,572 --> 00:38:29,274
LIKE ALL SOLAR SYSTEMS,
THE END WILL COME
545
00:38:29,375 --> 00:38:33,278
WHEN THE STAR
AT THE CENTER DIES.
546
00:38:33,379 --> 00:38:36,748
IN 5 BILLION YEARS,
547
00:38:36,782 --> 00:38:39,751
OUR OWN STAR
WILL RUN OUT OF FUEL
548
00:38:39,785 --> 00:38:42,388
AND BECOME A RED GIANT.
549
00:38:44,523 --> 00:38:48,894
IT'LL HEAT UP, SWELL,
AND ENGULF THE INNER PLANETS.
550
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:58,203
THE EARTH'S SURFACE
WILL BE SCORCHED...
551
00:39:01,473 --> 00:39:04,943
...THE SEAS WILL EVAPORATE...
552
00:39:04,976 --> 00:39:07,846
AND THE LAND WILL MELT.
553
00:39:13,218 --> 00:39:17,222
Dr. Thaller:
THE SUN WILL BECOME ABOUT AS BIG
AS WHERE THE EARTH'S ORBIT IS,
554
00:39:17,255 --> 00:39:19,658
SO A LIKELY SCENARIO FOR THE END
OF THE WORLD
555
00:39:19,691 --> 00:39:22,494
IS THAT WE'RE GOING TO BE INSIDE
THE SUN FOR A WHILE.
556
00:39:34,673 --> 00:39:38,043
Dr. Plait: THE EARTH'S GONNA GET
SWALLOWED RIGHT UP INTO THE SUN,
557
00:39:38,076 --> 00:39:40,512
AND IT'S GONNA BE TOAST --
VAPOR, LITERALLY.
558
00:39:42,080 --> 00:39:43,649
Narrator:
AFTER A WHILE,
559
00:39:43,682 --> 00:39:45,951
THE RED GIANT
WILL FALL APART, TOO,
560
00:39:45,984 --> 00:39:51,022
LEAVING BEHIND A TINY CORPSE
OF A STAR CALLED A WHITE DWARF.
561
00:40:01,667 --> 00:40:04,069
Dr. Thaller: IT'LL BE
ABOUT THE SIZE OF THE EARTH,
562
00:40:04,102 --> 00:40:06,972
AND IT WILL COOL OFF OVER MANY
MILLIONS OR BILLIONS OF YEARS.
563
00:40:11,710 --> 00:40:14,680
THAT WILL BE THE REAL END
OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
564
00:40:20,686 --> 00:40:22,320
Marcy: FROM THE EARTH --
565
00:40:22,353 --> 00:40:25,356
THIS DEAD, ROCKY PLANET
THAT USED TO HARBOR
566
00:40:25,390 --> 00:40:28,026
AN ENORMOUSLY VIBRANT
CIVILIZATION --
567
00:40:28,059 --> 00:40:31,096
WE WILL LOOK OUT...
568
00:40:31,129 --> 00:40:35,300
AND THERE WILL BE THIS FAIRLY
FAINT DOT WHICH IS OUR SUN,
569
00:40:35,333 --> 00:40:39,437
NOW A WHITE DWARF,
A DYING, ALMOST DEAD STAR.
570
00:40:42,874 --> 00:40:44,943
Narrator: THE REMAINS
OF THE INNER PLANETS
571
00:40:44,976 --> 00:40:46,978
WILL CONTINUE TO ORBIT
THE WHITE DWARF.
572
00:40:53,151 --> 00:40:57,489
BUT THE GIANT OUTER PLANETS
WILL LIVE ON, UNTOUCHED.
573
00:41:00,959 --> 00:41:02,694
Marcy:
THEY WILL HAVE WARMED UP
574
00:41:02,728 --> 00:41:04,696
DURING THE RED-GIANT PHASE
OF THE SUN.
575
00:41:04,730 --> 00:41:07,533
BUT ONCE THE SUN
IS A WHITE DWARF,
576
00:41:07,566 --> 00:41:11,169
THOSE GIANT PLANETS
WILL SURVIVE JUST AS WELL,
577
00:41:11,202 --> 00:41:13,839
HOLDING ON TO THEIR HYDROGEN
AND HELIUM,
578
00:41:13,872 --> 00:41:16,207
ALBEIT COLDER
THAN THEY USED TO BE,
579
00:41:16,241 --> 00:41:19,611
BECAUSE THAT WHITE DWARF WILL
NO LONGER BE WARMING THEM UP.
580
00:41:26,017 --> 00:41:29,555
Narrator: EVEN THOUGH THIS IS
5 BILLION YEARS IN THE FUTURE
581
00:41:29,555 --> 00:41:30,856
FOR OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
582
00:41:30,889 --> 00:41:32,558
IT MAY ALREADY HAVE HAPPENED
583
00:41:32,558 --> 00:41:35,360
TO MANY OTHER SYSTEMS
THROUGHOUT THE UNIVERSE.
584
00:41:39,097 --> 00:41:42,568
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
EMERGED FROM CHAOS
585
00:41:42,568 --> 00:41:44,603
TO EVENTUALLY SUPPORT LIFE.
586
00:41:44,636 --> 00:41:45,871
WE WERE LUCKY.
587
00:41:45,904 --> 00:41:49,040
WE'VE JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT
OF PLANETS,
588
00:41:49,074 --> 00:41:50,341
IN THE RIGHT PLACE,
589
00:41:50,375 --> 00:41:52,911
AT THE RIGHT DISTANCE
FROM EACH OTHER,
590
00:41:52,944 --> 00:41:55,380
ALL ORBITING
THE RIGHT TYPE OF STAR.
591
00:41:55,413 --> 00:42:00,418
BUT IT COULD HAVE BEEN
A VERY DIFFERENT STORY.
592
00:42:00,451 --> 00:42:02,253
Dr. Thaller:
THERE ARE SO MANY THINGS
593
00:42:02,287 --> 00:42:04,355
THAT ARE FORTUNATE
ABOUT OUR SOLAR SYSTEM,
594
00:42:04,389 --> 00:42:05,423
STARTING WITH THE SUN.
595
00:42:05,456 --> 00:42:08,426
THE SUN IS A VERY STABLE,
EASY STAR --
596
00:42:08,459 --> 00:42:11,697
A PERFECT THING
FOR LIFE TO EVOLVE AROUND.
597
00:42:11,730 --> 00:42:13,732
THAT'S PROBABLY NOT
A COINCIDENCE THAT WE'RE HERE.
598
00:42:15,667 --> 00:42:18,069
Narrator: AN EXTRAORDINARY
CHAIN OF EVENTS
599
00:42:18,103 --> 00:42:19,605
OVER BILLIONS OF YEARS
600
00:42:19,638 --> 00:42:22,641
HAVE MADE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
THE PERFECT PLACE
601
00:42:22,674 --> 00:42:25,076
FOR LIFE TO EVOLVE.
602
00:42:31,349 --> 00:42:35,020
Dr. Plait:
WHAT WE SEE TODAY IS NOT THE WAY
THINGS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN
603
00:42:35,053 --> 00:42:37,222
AND NOT THE WAY THINGS
WILL ALWAYS BE.
604
00:42:37,255 --> 00:42:38,356
WE'RE NOT UNIQUE,
605
00:42:38,389 --> 00:42:40,626
BUT IT IS JUST THE WAY
THINGS WORKED OUT.
606
00:42:43,394 --> 00:42:45,631
Dr. Levison: THE EARTH HAS TO BE
IN THE RIGHT PLACE.
607
00:42:45,664 --> 00:42:47,498
THE PLANETS HAD TO BE
IN THE RIGHT PLACE.
608
00:42:47,532 --> 00:42:50,468
THE GIANT PLANETS HAVE TO BE
IN THE RIGHT PLACE
609
00:42:50,501 --> 00:42:52,904
TO PROTECT US FROM IMPACTS.
610
00:42:55,406 --> 00:42:59,210
ALL THAT HAS TO BE RIGHT
IN ORDER TO GET LIFE ON EARTH.
611
00:43:02,914 --> 00:43:06,151
Narrator: OURS IS THE ONLY
PLANETARY SYSTEM WE KNOW
612
00:43:06,184 --> 00:43:07,452
THAT SUPPORTS LIFE.
613
00:43:07,485 --> 00:43:09,220
AS SOLAR SYSTEMS GO,
614
00:43:09,254 --> 00:43:13,524
DOES THAT MAKE US EXTRAORDINARY
OR PERFECTLY NORMAL?
615
00:43:13,558 --> 00:43:15,661
WE DON'T KNOW.
616
00:43:15,694 --> 00:43:16,962
BUT EVERY WEEK,
617
00:43:16,995 --> 00:43:19,831
WE'RE DISCOVERING
NEW SOLAR SYSTEMS
618
00:43:19,865 --> 00:43:21,266
WITH NEW PLANETS.
619
00:43:21,299 --> 00:43:23,935
IT COULD BE
JUST A MATTER OF TIME
620
00:43:23,969 --> 00:43:25,570
BEFORE WE DISCOVER...
621
00:43:25,671 --> 00:43:27,906
WE'RE NOT ALONE.
49421
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