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Fred Urquhart spent a lifetime
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00:01:17,744 --> 00:01:21,248
unraveling the secrets
of the Monarch butterfly.
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00:01:28,005 --> 00:01:31,758
It has been
said, since Darwin's time,
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00:01:31,842 --> 00:01:35,512
that evolution is written
on the wings of butterflies.
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00:01:40,142 --> 00:01:43,812
My destiny was written
on the wings of one.
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00:01:58,118 --> 00:02:01,538
As a young boy
in the 1920s, near Toronto,
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00:02:01,622 --> 00:02:04,082
Fred wondered where
all the Monarch butterflies
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00:02:04,166 --> 00:02:06,793
were flying to each fall.
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00:02:20,933 --> 00:02:23,352
He could never have dreamt
that each year,
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00:02:23,435 --> 00:02:26,355
these Monarchs
join millions of others
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00:02:26,438 --> 00:02:28,857
on an extraordinary
journey south
14
00:02:28,941 --> 00:02:31,944
to a remote
and distant hideaway.
15
00:03:04,142 --> 00:03:07,020
We begin
our Monarch story today
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00:03:07,104 --> 00:03:10,649
in a different time and place.
17
00:03:15,654 --> 00:03:19,533
Every spring,
Monarch butterflies arrive here
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00:03:19,616 --> 00:03:23,287
in the Texas Hill Country.
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00:03:28,500 --> 00:03:30,919
It's one stage
in a year-long cycle
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00:03:31,003 --> 00:03:34,798
that will take
at least three generations.
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00:03:42,848 --> 00:03:46,351
Each generation must survive
through egg, caterpillar,
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00:03:46,435 --> 00:03:49,855
chrysalis and adult butterfly.
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00:03:54,401 --> 00:03:56,904
Amongst the spring flowers,
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00:03:56,987 --> 00:04:00,616
this female has found
a plant called milkweed.
25
00:04:06,496 --> 00:04:09,833
Most varieties contain
some level of poison.
26
00:04:09,917 --> 00:04:12,920
Animals avoid it.
27
00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:20,511
But it's the only plant Monarchs
lay their eggs on.
28
00:04:28,977 --> 00:04:32,606
Inside this egg
is a hungry caterpillar.
29
00:04:41,532 --> 00:04:45,035
After hatching,
it snacks on its egg casing.
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00:04:48,497 --> 00:04:52,459
Then milkweed
is all it ever eats.
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00:04:57,339 --> 00:04:59,424
Milkweed is bitter-tasting.
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00:04:59,508 --> 00:05:02,386
The caterpillars
can tolerate it,
33
00:05:02,469 --> 00:05:04,763
but it makes them
an unpleasant meal
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00:05:04,847 --> 00:05:07,182
for predators.
35
00:05:29,162 --> 00:05:31,999
Even with
this milkweed protection,
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00:05:32,082 --> 00:05:34,877
Monarchs are still
a major food source
37
00:05:34,960 --> 00:05:38,630
for birds and insects.
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00:05:47,097 --> 00:05:51,393
Less than one percent
of eggs and caterpillars
39
00:05:51,476 --> 00:05:54,605
will survive
to become adult butterflies.
40
00:06:06,700 --> 00:06:09,369
This is one of the lucky ones.
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00:06:09,453 --> 00:06:11,997
We will call her Dana,
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00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:15,918
from her Latin name,
Danaus plexippus.
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00:06:18,045 --> 00:06:20,506
Dana and her offspring
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00:06:20,589 --> 00:06:23,133
must stay lucky
for generations
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00:06:23,217 --> 00:06:25,219
to survive the year ahead.
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00:06:33,018 --> 00:06:35,354
By the 1940s,
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00:06:35,437 --> 00:06:37,523
I had become a scientist,
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00:06:37,606 --> 00:06:41,193
and finding where the Monarchs
went had become my quest.
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00:06:43,779 --> 00:06:47,324
I had the idea that sticking
tags on butterflies
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00:06:47,407 --> 00:06:49,159
might work,
51
00:06:49,243 --> 00:06:52,621
but no one back then
had ever tagged insects.
52
00:07:00,212 --> 00:07:03,507
So I kept on testing
different glues,
53
00:07:03,590 --> 00:07:05,467
and made tiny tags,
54
00:07:05,551 --> 00:07:08,887
and tried to imitate
a butterfly.
55
00:07:28,574 --> 00:07:31,535
Back in Texas,
Dana has mated.
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00:07:34,413 --> 00:07:38,250
Now, she must meet
new challenges.
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00:07:41,378 --> 00:07:43,672
As the season advances,
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00:07:43,755 --> 00:07:47,676
the dry Texas heat
slows the milkweed growth.
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00:07:57,519 --> 00:08:00,189
Dana and her fellow survivors
must fly,
60
00:08:00,272 --> 00:08:03,400
following the spring bloom.
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00:08:14,870 --> 00:08:17,039
The Southern Monarchs
surge north,
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00:08:17,122 --> 00:08:20,667
laying eggs as they go.
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00:08:24,379 --> 00:08:27,007
Up to three generations
over six months
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00:08:27,090 --> 00:08:31,261
can swell Monarch numbers
to as many as half a billion.
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00:08:37,392 --> 00:08:40,479
By the early 1950s,
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00:08:40,562 --> 00:08:43,857
I had finally solved
the tagging problem.
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00:08:43,941 --> 00:08:46,693
Ready?
This one's ready to go.
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00:08:46,777 --> 00:08:50,239
The newly
invented sticky labels
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00:08:50,322 --> 00:08:53,575
being used on groceries
were the answer.
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00:08:55,327 --> 00:08:57,746
They were so darn difficult
to pick off,
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00:08:57,829 --> 00:08:59,832
we tested them on Monarchs.
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00:09:01,041 --> 00:09:02,626
They worked.
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00:09:02,709 --> 00:09:04,169
Oh!
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00:09:06,213 --> 00:09:08,674
He gave you
a little kiss good-bye.
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00:09:09,716 --> 00:09:12,803
What do you think, Nora?
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00:09:12,886 --> 00:09:15,430
While teaching,
I had found another love,
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00:09:15,514 --> 00:09:17,891
Nora, a fellow butterfly fan.
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00:09:20,227 --> 00:09:21,436
I can't thank
our friends enough.
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00:09:21,520 --> 00:09:22,938
This is wonderful
of them coming out here,
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00:09:23,021 --> 00:09:24,773
taking the time
to do this, but...
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00:09:25,566 --> 00:09:28,527
Our challenge now
was to find a way to tag them
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00:09:28,610 --> 00:09:30,487
all across
their breeding grounds.
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00:09:32,239 --> 00:09:35,576
As Nora said,
"We need a big idea
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00:09:35,659 --> 00:09:38,745
to keep up
with these little critters."
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00:09:39,788 --> 00:09:42,166
Who will we get?
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00:09:51,884 --> 00:09:54,761
Dana is flying
northeast from Texas.
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00:09:56,221 --> 00:09:57,848
On the way,
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00:09:57,931 --> 00:10:01,685
she lays eggs
on milkweed bordering fields.
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00:10:03,187 --> 00:10:04,813
As farms get bigger,
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00:10:04,897 --> 00:10:06,940
these borders disappear
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00:10:07,024 --> 00:10:10,360
and with them,
the Monarch's nurseries.
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00:10:41,725 --> 00:10:44,102
But Dana escapes, and lives on,
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00:10:44,186 --> 00:10:47,898
until all her 300
or so eggs are laid.
94
00:11:02,037 --> 00:11:05,249
This is now Dana's daughter.
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00:11:05,332 --> 00:11:08,794
Like the generation before,
she feeds on milkweed,
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00:11:08,877 --> 00:11:13,090
and then... becomes a butterfly,
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00:11:13,173 --> 00:11:15,551
and feeds on nectar.
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00:11:26,728 --> 00:11:30,357
Nora and I had that big idea.
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00:11:32,734 --> 00:11:36,446
We formed the Insect
Migration Association.
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00:11:36,530 --> 00:11:39,491
We asked for volunteers.
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00:11:39,575 --> 00:11:43,495
They were known as
"citizen scientists,"
102
00:11:43,579 --> 00:11:48,667
and our tagging efforts as
"the great butterfly hunt".
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00:11:48,750 --> 00:11:53,505
By the 1960s, we had
over 4,000 helpers.
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00:12:19,907 --> 00:12:22,534
Dana's daughter
finds a safe haven
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00:12:22,618 --> 00:12:25,913
in the fields of
an abandoned farm.
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00:12:34,922 --> 00:12:38,550
Amongst the flowers,
she also finds a mate.
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00:12:45,724 --> 00:12:47,768
Together, they will create
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00:12:47,851 --> 00:12:51,897
the next generation of Monarchs.
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00:13:05,661 --> 00:13:07,788
With her eggs fertilized,
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00:13:07,871 --> 00:13:11,458
Dana's daughter is ready
to begin laying.
111
00:13:11,542 --> 00:13:15,003
But this time,
the threat comes from the sky.
112
00:13:30,853 --> 00:13:33,522
Startled by the crop duster,
113
00:13:33,605 --> 00:13:35,732
Dana's daughter must fly on
114
00:13:35,816 --> 00:13:39,361
until she finds milkweed.
115
00:13:39,444 --> 00:13:41,530
In a new Toronto suburb,
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00:13:41,613 --> 00:13:44,032
she zeroes in on a garden.
117
00:13:46,869 --> 00:13:48,745
It's been planted especially
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00:13:48,829 --> 00:13:52,374
to attract and feed butterflies.
119
00:14:13,854 --> 00:14:16,523
It's an oasis of flowers,
120
00:14:16,607 --> 00:14:20,194
promising all sorts of nectar
and milkweed.
121
00:14:40,172 --> 00:14:42,466
She will now lay her eggs;
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00:14:42,549 --> 00:14:46,178
eggs with a truly
remarkable destiny.
123
00:14:59,274 --> 00:15:02,110
Nora, do you have the letter
with the found tag
124
00:15:02,194 --> 00:15:03,737
that came in this morning?
125
00:15:03,820 --> 00:15:06,740
Somewhere in
Oklahoma, wasn't it?
126
00:15:06,823 --> 00:15:08,408
Altus, to be exact, Freddie.
127
00:15:08,492 --> 00:15:12,037
By 1967, our unique family
128
00:15:12,120 --> 00:15:14,706
of citizen scientists
were writing in
129
00:15:14,790 --> 00:15:16,708
from all over North America.
130
00:15:16,792 --> 00:15:20,879
This is one of the 500
we sent to Buffalo.
131
00:15:20,963 --> 00:15:23,632
Buffalo, Buffalo, Buffalo,
Buffalo... got it.
132
00:15:23,715 --> 00:15:24,883
We sent out tags
133
00:15:24,967 --> 00:15:27,177
to everyone who wrote to us.
134
00:15:27,261 --> 00:15:29,638
When the tagged butterflies
were found,
135
00:15:29,721 --> 00:15:31,849
their details were returned.
136
00:15:31,932 --> 00:15:33,976
With this information,
137
00:15:34,059 --> 00:15:36,812
we were able to begin
to plot their flight paths.
138
00:15:37,062 --> 00:15:38,981
Thank you.
139
00:15:39,064 --> 00:15:41,441
Done.
140
00:15:55,914 --> 00:15:59,918
Emerging from this egg
is Dana's granddaughter.
141
00:16:03,130 --> 00:16:05,174
Hatching in
the butterfly garden,
142
00:16:05,257 --> 00:16:07,634
she is the third generation
143
00:16:07,718 --> 00:16:09,720
since the Texas meadows.
144
00:16:20,522 --> 00:16:22,900
Each of these Monarchs
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00:16:22,983 --> 00:16:25,194
is part of a "super generation"
146
00:16:25,277 --> 00:16:28,906
destined for
a spectacular journey.
147
00:16:32,743 --> 00:16:34,912
In two weeks,
148
00:16:34,995 --> 00:16:38,582
she will be 2,000 times larger.
149
00:17:00,896 --> 00:17:03,273
Dana's granddaughter
finds a safe place
150
00:17:03,357 --> 00:17:05,776
for her next stage.
151
00:17:11,406 --> 00:17:13,617
Like all Monarch caterpillars,
152
00:17:13,700 --> 00:17:18,080
she has cells that can develop
into an adult butterfly.
153
00:17:22,459 --> 00:17:25,212
In the next 15 hours,
154
00:17:25,295 --> 00:17:28,173
her final
caterpillar skin splits,
155
00:17:28,257 --> 00:17:32,553
and beneath, a new skin
hardens into a chrysalis.
156
00:17:54,908 --> 00:17:59,705
Inside, specialized cells
nourish new tissue growth.
157
00:18:04,710 --> 00:18:09,006
Fed oxygen by hundreds
of fine breathing tubes,
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00:18:09,089 --> 00:18:11,967
her brain, heart
and digestive tract
159
00:18:12,050 --> 00:18:15,470
change shape and size.
160
00:18:17,055 --> 00:18:19,183
New powerful
flight muscles develop
161
00:18:19,266 --> 00:18:23,020
and compound eyes form.
162
00:18:23,103 --> 00:18:27,900
Long legs and sturdy wings
complete the transformation.
163
00:18:38,911 --> 00:18:40,621
In two weeks,
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00:18:40,704 --> 00:18:42,998
Dana's granddaughter
has remodeled herself
165
00:18:43,081 --> 00:18:45,459
into a butterfly.
166
00:18:48,295 --> 00:18:51,673
But she will be different...
167
00:18:51,757 --> 00:18:53,383
a super butterfly,
168
00:18:53,467 --> 00:18:56,136
destined to live
eight times longer
169
00:18:56,220 --> 00:19:00,933
and fly much farther than
her mother and grandmother.
170
00:19:06,939 --> 00:19:09,191
She warms her virgin wings,
171
00:19:09,274 --> 00:19:13,278
covered with over
a million scales.
172
00:19:16,281 --> 00:19:18,742
These wings will
take her on a flight
173
00:19:18,826 --> 00:19:22,412
to a secret winter home.
174
00:19:30,963 --> 00:19:34,591
The angle of the sun is
getting lower in the sky.
175
00:19:38,220 --> 00:19:41,807
The days are shorter and colder.
176
00:19:42,891 --> 00:19:46,061
She senses these signals.
177
00:19:50,899 --> 00:19:54,278
It's time to fly south.
178
00:20:23,849 --> 00:20:27,352
After negotiating
city skyscrapers,
179
00:20:27,436 --> 00:20:30,731
the next obstacle
for Dana's granddaughter
180
00:20:30,814 --> 00:20:34,443
is the wide open water
of the Great Lakes.
181
00:20:48,874 --> 00:20:51,043
There will be
many more challenges
182
00:20:51,126 --> 00:20:55,923
on her epic journey to
a place she has never known.
183
00:21:05,474 --> 00:21:07,392
For years we charted
184
00:21:07,476 --> 00:21:10,395
the different flight paths
of the Monarchs.
185
00:21:11,980 --> 00:21:15,025
A curious pattern began
to emerge.
186
00:21:17,861 --> 00:21:22,199
Most of these Monarchs were
flying southwest into Texas,
187
00:21:22,282 --> 00:21:23,784
but that would mean
they were all
188
00:21:23,867 --> 00:21:26,787
gathering there unnoticed.
189
00:21:28,205 --> 00:21:30,165
How on earth could that be?
190
00:21:31,458 --> 00:21:35,295
Well, there was one way
to find out.
191
00:21:42,261 --> 00:21:47,683
We moved our research to Texas
for the winter of 1970,
192
00:21:47,766 --> 00:21:51,436
and during every spare moment,
Nora and I were on the road.
193
00:22:08,579 --> 00:22:10,956
Traveling more
than 14,000 miles,
194
00:22:11,039 --> 00:22:15,627
we searched high and low for
large gatherings of Monarchs.
195
00:22:28,390 --> 00:22:30,142
But it wasn't to be.
196
00:22:30,225 --> 00:22:32,561
We found none.
197
00:22:36,982 --> 00:22:39,818
Despite spending
two decades tagging
198
00:22:39,902 --> 00:22:42,196
with all those good people
helping us,
199
00:22:42,279 --> 00:22:46,283
I still had no evidence
of the missing Monarchs.
200
00:22:48,368 --> 00:22:52,706
It was like
a butterfly black hole.
201
00:23:14,728 --> 00:23:16,980
To make her extra long journey,
202
00:23:17,064 --> 00:23:21,818
Dana's granddaughter builds up
fat and conserves her energy.
203
00:23:23,779 --> 00:23:27,533
She will not mate and she will
catch free rides on the winds,
204
00:23:27,616 --> 00:23:31,036
sometimes flying a mile high.
205
00:23:34,122 --> 00:23:37,543
Monarchs are
beautifully evolved navigators.
206
00:23:38,418 --> 00:23:41,672
Their DNA reveals clues
about their exceptional ability
207
00:23:41,755 --> 00:23:44,258
to migrate so accurately.
208
00:23:47,219 --> 00:23:50,138
The multipurpose antennae
constantly track time
209
00:23:50,222 --> 00:23:52,182
and the position of the sun.
210
00:23:52,266 --> 00:23:55,769
They feed a stream
of signals to her brain.
211
00:23:57,813 --> 00:24:01,984
Tiny hairs on her head
gauge the wind.
212
00:24:02,067 --> 00:24:05,571
Her supersensitive eyes
see light waves
213
00:24:05,654 --> 00:24:08,657
and colors far beyond ours.
214
00:24:14,413 --> 00:24:18,709
As the sun moves across the sky
and she keeps time,
215
00:24:18,792 --> 00:24:23,797
like an insect GPS,
she fine-tunes her flight path.
216
00:24:26,592 --> 00:24:31,013
She smells with her antennae
and she tastes with her feet,
217
00:24:31,096 --> 00:24:35,642
detecting the nectar
she needs each night to refuel.
218
00:24:35,726 --> 00:24:40,397
These adaptations, and some
we have yet to discover,
219
00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:44,234
make the Monarch
a master of migration.
220
00:24:51,533 --> 00:24:53,535
Back in Canada we received
221
00:24:53,619 --> 00:24:56,622
a letter that changed
everything.
222
00:24:56,705 --> 00:25:01,376
Nora, dear,
I think we may have something.
223
00:25:01,460 --> 00:25:02,961
Dear Dr. Urquhart,
224
00:25:03,045 --> 00:25:04,796
I read with interest
your article
225
00:25:04,880 --> 00:25:06,632
on the Monarch butterflies
in my local paper
226
00:25:06,715 --> 00:25:08,300
in Mexico City.
227
00:25:08,383 --> 00:25:11,637
It occurred to me
that I might be of some help.
228
00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:16,058
When driving through the Sierra
Madre Occidental mountain range,
229
00:25:16,141 --> 00:25:18,560
about 120 miles due west
of Mexico City,
230
00:25:18,644 --> 00:25:20,646
I came across wet
and tattered Monarchs
231
00:25:20,729 --> 00:25:23,065
that had been brought down
in a rainstorm.
232
00:25:33,075 --> 00:25:35,536
The letter was from Ken Brugger,
233
00:25:35,619 --> 00:25:38,872
an American inventor
working in Mexico.
234
00:25:41,124 --> 00:25:43,210
On his way to meet
his girlfriend,
235
00:25:43,293 --> 00:25:47,047
he had come across something
he wasn't expecting.
236
00:26:00,143 --> 00:26:02,729
Diego, look right at me.
237
00:26:02,813 --> 00:26:04,481
After this encounter,
238
00:26:04,565 --> 00:26:06,358
Ken responded to an article
239
00:26:06,441 --> 00:26:11,572
Nora had placed in a Mexican
newspaper, asking for help.
240
00:26:15,284 --> 00:26:17,911
Romance had blossomed for Ken.
241
00:26:17,995 --> 00:26:19,830
He married Catalina Aguado.
242
00:26:19,913 --> 00:26:22,791
Gracias.
243
00:26:22,875 --> 00:26:24,835
As a girl, she was enchanted
244
00:26:24,918 --> 00:26:28,380
by small groups of Monarchs
flying and resting
245
00:26:28,463 --> 00:26:30,215
along the cool riverside.
246
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:34,845
They were the ideal team.
247
00:26:34,928 --> 00:26:36,680
So we hired them.
248
00:26:36,763 --> 00:26:38,473
Catalina.
249
00:26:40,642 --> 00:26:42,561
Here you go, love.
250
00:26:42,644 --> 00:26:43,812
Now we had
251
00:26:43,896 --> 00:26:45,814
two citizen scientists
in Mexico.
252
00:26:45,898 --> 00:26:47,024
- You ready?
- Yep.
253
00:26:47,107 --> 00:26:48,483
Watch your foot.
254
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:16,803
Rumors spread that Ken
and Catalina were looking
255
00:27:16,887 --> 00:27:19,473
for rare minerals
or hidden treasure.
256
00:27:19,556 --> 00:27:20,974
Hola.
257
00:27:21,058 --> 00:27:23,644
- Buenos dias.
- Buenos dias.
258
00:27:27,314 --> 00:27:28,899
It's okay, it's okay.
259
00:27:34,404 --> 00:27:36,114
- No.
- No. -No.
260
00:27:36,198 --> 00:27:37,908
No. -No. -No.
261
00:27:37,991 --> 00:27:39,326
Tu?
262
00:27:43,622 --> 00:27:45,541
Bueno? Tu?
263
00:27:45,624 --> 00:27:46,750
Gracias.
264
00:27:51,588 --> 00:27:55,509
Adios!
265
00:28:01,098 --> 00:28:03,350
After two years of dead ends,
266
00:28:03,433 --> 00:28:05,602
Catalina deciphers a clue
267
00:28:05,686 --> 00:28:08,689
to where the Monarchs
might be gathering.
268
00:28:14,361 --> 00:28:18,365
Early November is
the Day of the Dead festival,
269
00:28:18,448 --> 00:28:22,369
el Dia de los Muertos.
270
00:28:22,452 --> 00:28:26,248
It is the time to honor
departed loved ones.
271
00:28:26,331 --> 00:28:29,918
In the states
of Mexico and Michoacan,
272
00:28:30,002 --> 00:28:33,422
Monarchs drift
through the cemeteries.
273
00:28:36,633 --> 00:28:41,889
Folklore embraces them as
the returning souls of children.
274
00:28:41,972 --> 00:28:44,183
Ken.
275
00:28:44,266 --> 00:28:47,269
For Catalina,
276
00:28:47,352 --> 00:28:53,108
her childhood memories take on
a new significance.
277
00:28:53,192 --> 00:28:56,987
Did the flight of
the butterflies point the way?
278
00:29:09,416 --> 00:29:14,838
Early one winter morning in
1975, Ken and Catalina set out
279
00:29:14,922 --> 00:29:18,675
for the mountaintop
of Cerro Pelon.
280
00:31:00,402 --> 00:31:02,404
Freddie?
281
00:31:03,989 --> 00:31:05,324
Freddie?
282
00:31:05,407 --> 00:31:08,452
Honey, you all right?
283
00:31:12,456 --> 00:31:15,250
They found them.
284
00:31:15,334 --> 00:31:18,712
Ken and Catalina
have found the Monarchs.
285
00:31:22,382 --> 00:31:25,427
That's wonderful.
286
00:31:25,511 --> 00:31:27,930
High up in
the mountains.
287
00:31:28,013 --> 00:31:30,015
Millions of them.
288
00:31:41,485 --> 00:31:43,403
It was marvelous to learn
289
00:31:43,487 --> 00:31:46,198
about so many butterflies.
290
00:31:49,493 --> 00:31:52,329
But I still had no proof
291
00:31:52,412 --> 00:31:56,083
that those millions
had migrated from the North.
292
00:32:16,144 --> 00:32:19,815
That September in
the northern state of Minnesota,
293
00:32:19,898 --> 00:32:24,361
Jim Street and Dean Boen,
with their teacher Mr. Gilbert,
294
00:32:24,444 --> 00:32:29,158
carefully log tag PS 397.
295
00:32:34,204 --> 00:32:36,582
All right.
296
00:32:48,343 --> 00:32:52,264
Every autumn,
the super butterflies head south
297
00:32:52,347 --> 00:32:54,266
in the millions.
298
00:32:54,349 --> 00:32:59,313
Dana's granddaughter is flying
from the Great Lakes to Texas.
299
00:33:01,815 --> 00:33:04,151
With extraordinary aim,
300
00:33:04,234 --> 00:33:08,572
she will funnel across
the Rio Grande into Mexico.
301
00:33:10,157 --> 00:33:13,702
Her target is
a few forested peaks
302
00:33:13,785 --> 00:33:16,205
amongst thousands.
303
00:33:23,045 --> 00:33:26,632
When she arrives,
this tiny creature
304
00:33:26,715 --> 00:33:31,512
will have completed one of the
longest migrations on Earth.
305
00:33:34,848 --> 00:33:38,185
This is the mountainside
that offered sanctuary
306
00:33:38,268 --> 00:33:42,940
to her great-grandmother
exactly one year before.
307
00:33:43,023 --> 00:33:45,400
It is the perfect place.
308
00:33:48,028 --> 00:33:52,574
Far enough south
for the sun's warmth,
309
00:33:52,658 --> 00:33:57,329
yet, at 10,000 feet, it's cool
in the evergreen forest,
310
00:33:57,412 --> 00:34:01,041
with just the right
amount of moisture.
311
00:34:06,255 --> 00:34:09,341
In this fragile microclimate,
312
00:34:09,424 --> 00:34:12,344
Dana's granddaughter
will slow down,
313
00:34:12,427 --> 00:34:14,763
clustering for warmth
and protection,
314
00:34:14,847 --> 00:34:19,601
and living off her fat reserves
until spring.
315
00:35:10,152 --> 00:35:12,154
Yet, even here,
316
00:35:12,237 --> 00:35:16,742
Dana's granddaughter
will face challenges.
317
00:35:16,825 --> 00:35:20,454
Many of the trees
have been cut down.
318
00:35:26,126 --> 00:35:28,378
And as the climate changes,
319
00:35:28,462 --> 00:35:32,966
the combination of cold and
wet storms kills millions.
320
00:35:38,597 --> 00:35:43,101
But for the survivors,
it is a winter sanctuary.
321
00:36:06,124 --> 00:36:09,878
On January 9, 1976,
322
00:36:09,962 --> 00:36:13,465
the Urquharts
made the trek to Mexico,
323
00:36:13,549 --> 00:36:16,885
despite the warnings
from Fred's doctor.
324
00:36:44,913 --> 00:36:46,290
Heavens above.
325
00:37:00,637 --> 00:37:02,222
It's unbelievable.
326
00:37:03,974 --> 00:37:05,225
Unbelievable.
327
00:37:07,978 --> 00:37:11,231
What a glorious,
incredible sight.
328
00:38:01,824 --> 00:38:04,451
I could not believe
what I was seeing.
329
00:38:10,332 --> 00:38:13,252
One of our tags.
330
00:38:15,003 --> 00:38:17,172
I was holding
indisputable proof
331
00:38:17,256 --> 00:38:21,134
of an incredible journey.
332
00:38:26,306 --> 00:38:29,852
One fragile,
wind-tossed scrap of life,
333
00:38:29,935 --> 00:38:33,188
symbolized both the marvel
of the Monarchs,
334
00:38:33,272 --> 00:38:36,608
and the priceless rewards
335
00:38:36,692 --> 00:38:41,238
of finally resolving
an age-old scientific mystery.
336
00:38:43,657 --> 00:38:47,452
For one truly magic moment,
337
00:38:49,121 --> 00:38:50,956
time stood still.
338
00:39:56,688 --> 00:39:58,690
Those who survive the winter
339
00:39:58,774 --> 00:40:02,653
drink in the spring warmth.
340
00:40:02,736 --> 00:40:06,907
The longer days awaken
the dormant urge to mate.
341
00:40:09,201 --> 00:40:12,871
Amongst the mating females
is Dana's granddaughter.
342
00:40:15,958 --> 00:40:20,212
Now it's time for her
to make a final flight.
343
00:41:08,135 --> 00:41:10,220
Catching the winds north,
344
00:41:10,304 --> 00:41:12,931
she will make her way to Texas,
345
00:41:13,015 --> 00:41:17,144
where, just like her
great-grandmother,
346
00:41:17,227 --> 00:41:20,898
she will lay eggs
on the spring milkweed.
347
00:41:23,442 --> 00:41:27,404
And as it has
for thousands of years,
348
00:41:27,488 --> 00:41:31,492
the Monarchs'
remarkable annual cycle
349
00:41:31,575 --> 00:41:34,578
will begin again.
24065
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