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00:00:01,482 --> 00:00:04,172
Narrator:
PYRAMIDS, TEMPLES, TOMBS --
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00:00:04,172 --> 00:00:07,103
THESE ANCIENT WONDERS PROMISE
EVEN GREATER SECRETS
3
00:00:07,103 --> 00:00:10,793
STILL TO BE FOUND
BENEATH THE SANDS OF EGYPT.
4
00:00:10,793 --> 00:00:12,517
NOW CUTTING-EDGE SCIENCE
5
00:00:12,517 --> 00:00:15,517
DECODES THE MYSTERIOUS LAND
OF THE PHARAOHS.
6
00:00:15,517 --> 00:00:19,241
WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGY,
WE ARE GAINING AN INSIGHT
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00:00:19,241 --> 00:00:21,551
INTO THE WAY
THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS LIVED
8
00:00:21,551 --> 00:00:24,275
AND THE MANNER
IN WHICH THEY DIED.
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00:00:24,275 --> 00:00:26,448
Narrator: THIS TIME,
THE MYSTERIES BEHIND
10
00:00:26,448 --> 00:00:30,206
THE DECLINE AND FALL
OF ANCIENT EGYPT.
11
00:00:30,206 --> 00:00:33,379
DID VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
THOUSANDS OF MILES FROM EGYPT
12
00:00:33,379 --> 00:00:36,068
HELP TAKE DOWN THE PHARAOHS?
13
00:00:36,068 --> 00:00:38,448
Darnell: CLIMATIC
AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY --
14
00:00:38,448 --> 00:00:41,275
THAT'S WHEN IT'S GOING
TO CAUSE A MAJOR CHANGE.
15
00:00:41,275 --> 00:00:42,793
Narrator:
CAN SCIENTISTS RECREATE
16
00:00:42,793 --> 00:00:44,551
THE FACE OF A WEALTHY WOMAN
17
00:00:44,551 --> 00:00:47,931
WHO LIVED IN
ANCIENT EGYPT'S FINAL YEARS?
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00:00:47,931 --> 00:00:49,655
Carroll: WE'RE ESSENTIALLY
BRINGING HER BACK TO LIFE.
19
00:00:49,655 --> 00:00:53,000
FOR THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS,
THIS IS LIFE AFTER DEATH.
20
00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:55,896
Narrator: AND ARE THE MONUMENTS
THAT DID SURVIVE EGYPT'S FALL
21
00:00:55,896 --> 00:00:59,034
NOW DOOMED TO DESTRUCTION?
22
00:00:59,034 --> 00:01:02,172
WE RISK LOSING
EGYPT'S HERITAGE FOREVER.
23
00:01:02,172 --> 00:01:04,206
Narrator:
ANCIENT CLUES UNEARTHED...
24
00:01:04,206 --> 00:01:06,724
LONG-LOST EVIDENCE REEXAMINED...
25
00:01:06,724 --> 00:01:11,000
PRECIOUS ARTIFACTS BROUGHT INTO
THE LIGHT OF THE 21st CENTURY...
26
00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:14,172
THESE ARE
"EGYPT'S UNEXPLAINED FILES."
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00:01:14,172 --> 00:01:17,137
--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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00:01:17,137 --> 00:01:20,137
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
29
00:01:20,137 --> 00:01:22,379
FOR OVER 3,000 YEARS,
30
00:01:22,379 --> 00:01:26,448
EGYPT WAS RULED BY THE PHARAOHS.
31
00:01:26,448 --> 00:01:28,724
BUT OVER THE COURSE
OF THREE CENTURIES,
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00:01:28,724 --> 00:01:31,689
THEY SLOWLY LOST THEIR GRIP
ON POWER
33
00:01:31,689 --> 00:01:35,344
TO LEAVE EGYPT
FACING A CHAOTIC DOWNFALL.
34
00:01:35,344 --> 00:01:38,517
OPEN REVOLT IN THE STREETS
AND FAMINE.
35
00:01:38,517 --> 00:01:41,000
Manning: DRAMATIC TALES
OF POLITICAL CHAOS
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00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:43,379
AND EVERYTHING BREAKING DOWN.
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00:01:43,379 --> 00:01:46,551
WHAT MIGHT BE TRIGGERING
THIS CHAOS?
38
00:01:46,551 --> 00:01:49,034
Narrator:
NOW CAN CLIMATE SCIENCE
39
00:01:49,034 --> 00:01:51,931
AND CLUES BURIED
IN THE POLAR ICE CAPS
40
00:01:51,931 --> 00:01:55,482
EXPLAIN THE TERMINAL DECLINE
OF THE ANCIENT PHARAOHS?
41
00:01:55,482 --> 00:01:56,724
Manning:
THERE'S SO MANY CHANGES,
42
00:01:56,724 --> 00:02:01,413
SO MANY SHOCKS THAT
A SOCIETY CAN WITHSTAND
43
00:02:01,413 --> 00:02:02,758
BEFORE IT BREAKS.
44
00:02:04,413 --> 00:02:06,758
Narrator: 305 B.C.E. --
45
00:02:06,758 --> 00:02:09,965
THE PTOLEMAIC DYNASTY
BEGINS ITS RULE OF EGYPT.
46
00:02:09,965 --> 00:02:14,896
THE PTOLEMIES WERE
THE DESCENDANTS OF PTOLEMY,
47
00:02:14,896 --> 00:02:18,068
WHO WAS ONE OF THE GENERALS
OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
48
00:02:18,068 --> 00:02:20,827
PTOLEMY MANAGED TO SEIZE EGYPT,
49
00:02:20,827 --> 00:02:23,551
AND HIS FAMILY THEN RULED EGYPT
50
00:02:23,551 --> 00:02:25,896
THE NEXT 300 YEARS.
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00:02:25,896 --> 00:02:28,275
Narrator: UNDER THEIR RULE,
EGYPT FLOURISHED
52
00:02:28,275 --> 00:02:31,172
AS A CULTURAL
AND ECONOMIC POWERHOUSE,
53
00:02:31,172 --> 00:02:36,620
BUILDING GREAT MONUMENTS LIKE
THE LIGHTHOUSE OF ALEXANDRIA.
54
00:02:36,620 --> 00:02:40,137
BUT THIS ERA WAS STILL MARKED
BY CIVIL UNREST
55
00:02:40,137 --> 00:02:43,034
CAUSED BY FAMINE.
56
00:02:43,034 --> 00:02:45,413
SUDDENLY,
THERE'S NO FOOD AVAILABLE,
57
00:02:45,413 --> 00:02:47,620
OR AT LEAST FOOD
IS IN SHORT SUPPLY.
58
00:02:47,620 --> 00:02:49,275
AND IF IT WASN'T BEING DEALT
WITH TO THEIR SATISFACTION,
59
00:02:49,275 --> 00:02:52,379
THEN THEY WOULD WANT
TO RISE UP AND REVOLT.
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00:02:52,379 --> 00:02:55,620
WHEN THE AGRICULTURAL CYCLE
DOES NOT LOOK GREAT,
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00:02:55,620 --> 00:02:59,275
YOU CAN UNDERSTAND THAT
PEOPLE ARE GOING TO PANIC.
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00:02:59,275 --> 00:03:01,793
THE KING IS SOMEONE WHO IS
SUPPOSED TO
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00:03:01,793 --> 00:03:06,517
PROMOTE JUSTICE AND ORDER
AND DESTROY CHAOS.
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00:03:06,517 --> 00:03:08,103
Narrator:
FAMINE AFTER FAMINE
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00:03:08,103 --> 00:03:10,068
UNDERMINED ATTEMPTS
BY THE PTOLEMIES
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00:03:10,068 --> 00:03:12,241
TO GOVERN EGYPT EFFECTIVELY.
67
00:03:12,241 --> 00:03:15,689
NOW EGYPTOLOGISTS ARE SEARCHING
FOR CLUES TO EXPLAIN
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00:03:15,689 --> 00:03:20,103
WHY FAMINE HIT THIS ERA
SO OFTEN.
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00:03:20,103 --> 00:03:22,586
THEIR FIRST CLUE IS THE NILE.
70
00:03:22,586 --> 00:03:27,724
THE RIVER'S ANNUAL FLOOD
WAS CRUCIAL TO LIFE IN EGYPT.
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00:03:27,724 --> 00:03:30,068
WITHOUT THE FLOODS,
THEY CAN'T GROW THE CROPS.
72
00:03:30,068 --> 00:03:33,344
AND IF THEY CAN'T GROW
THE CROPS, THEN THEY CAN'T EAT.
73
00:03:33,344 --> 00:03:35,413
Narrator: HISTORICAL RECORDS
REVEAL PERIODS
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00:03:35,413 --> 00:03:36,896
IN THE PTOLEMAIC ERA
75
00:03:36,896 --> 00:03:41,068
WHEN THE NILE FLOODS
DIDN'T ARRIVE.
76
00:03:41,068 --> 00:03:43,482
AN INTERNATIONAL TEAM
OF CLIMATE SCIENTISTS
77
00:03:43,482 --> 00:03:47,689
SEARCH FOR EVIDENCE
TO EXPLAIN WHY.
78
00:03:47,689 --> 00:03:51,793
THEY UNCOVER CLUES
THOUSANDS OF MILES FROM EGYPT
79
00:03:51,793 --> 00:03:54,827
IN THE POLAR ICE CAPS.
80
00:03:54,827 --> 00:03:58,586
THE SCIENTISTS DRILL CORE
SAMPLES FROM THE ICE.
81
00:03:58,586 --> 00:04:00,517
THEY REVEAL GEOLOGICAL RECORDS
82
00:04:00,517 --> 00:04:04,241
STRETCHING BACK
THOUSANDS OF YEARS.
83
00:04:04,241 --> 00:04:08,862
Naunton: THEY FOUND IN A NUMBER
OF THESE CORES SULFUR PARTICLES,
84
00:04:08,862 --> 00:04:13,689
WHICH ARRIVED THERE AS A RESULT
OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS.
85
00:04:13,689 --> 00:04:16,241
Narrator: SCIENTISTS KNOW THAT
GIANT VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
86
00:04:16,241 --> 00:04:19,275
CAN HAVE A DIRECT EFFECT
ON GLOBAL WEATHER PATTERNS.
87
00:04:22,448 --> 00:04:25,620
Manning: WE KNOW VOLCANOES ARE
AN IMPORTANT FORCING MECHANISM,
88
00:04:25,620 --> 00:04:28,827
CLIMATOLOGISTS SAY,
FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE FOR COOLING.
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00:04:28,827 --> 00:04:30,448
Narrator: WHEN VOLCANOES ERUPT,
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00:04:30,448 --> 00:04:32,517
THEY BLAST CLOUDS
OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
91
00:04:32,517 --> 00:04:35,068
HIGH INTO THE STRATOSPHERE.
92
00:04:35,068 --> 00:04:37,448
IT FORMS A LAYER
OF SULFATE PARTICLES,
93
00:04:37,448 --> 00:04:42,413
WHICH REFLECT SUNLIGHT BACK INTO
SPACE, LOWERING TEMPERATURES
94
00:04:42,413 --> 00:04:46,655
AND CHANGING PATTERNS
OF RAINFALL AROUND THE GLOBE.
95
00:04:46,655 --> 00:04:48,655
IT HAS TO BE
A CERTAIN SIZE ERUPTION
96
00:04:48,655 --> 00:04:52,034
THAT PUTS SULFATES AND ASH
INTO THE STRATOSPHERE,
97
00:04:52,034 --> 00:04:56,034
AND THAT CIRCULATES
GLOBALLY OR HEMISPHERICALLY.
98
00:04:56,034 --> 00:04:59,862
THAT REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF SUN
HITTING THE EARTH'S SURFACE...
99
00:05:02,172 --> 00:05:06,103
...WHICH, IN TURN, AFFECTS HOW
THE MONSOON IS OPERATING.
100
00:05:06,103 --> 00:05:09,758
Narrator: NOW SCIENTISTS ASK IF
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS COULD EXPLAIN
101
00:05:09,758 --> 00:05:13,586
THE FAILURE OF THE NILE TO FLOOD
IN PTOLEMAIC EGYPT.
102
00:05:13,586 --> 00:05:15,827
RESEARCHERS ANALYZE
THE ICE CORES
103
00:05:15,827 --> 00:05:17,206
IN THEIR FIELD LABS.
104
00:05:17,206 --> 00:05:19,310
THEY DETECT SPIKES IN
THE CONCENTRATION
105
00:05:19,310 --> 00:05:21,034
OF SULFATE PARTICLES,
106
00:05:21,034 --> 00:05:24,137
WHICH ALLOWS THEM TO DATE
ANCIENT VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
107
00:05:24,137 --> 00:05:26,448
WITH ASTONISHING PRECISION.
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00:05:26,448 --> 00:05:28,517
FOR THE VOLCANIC RECORD
IN THE ICE CORES
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00:05:28,517 --> 00:05:30,172
IN GREENLAND OR THE ANTARCTIC,
110
00:05:30,172 --> 00:05:33,862
WE CAN UNDERSTAND VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS IN A SEQUENCE
111
00:05:33,862 --> 00:05:35,689
PLUS OR MINUS A SINGLE YEAR.
112
00:05:35,689 --> 00:05:40,068
♪♪
113
00:05:40,068 --> 00:05:41,620
Naunton: AND WHAT'S REALLY
INTERESTING ABOUT THIS
114
00:05:41,620 --> 00:05:44,000
FOR EGYPTIAN HISTORY
IS THAT THOSE ERUPTIONS
115
00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:49,034
SEEMS TO HAVE TAKEN PLACE
IN THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD.
116
00:05:49,034 --> 00:05:50,965
Narrator: BUT COULD THESE
ERUPTIONS REALLY HAVE AFFECTED
117
00:05:50,965 --> 00:05:53,241
THE FLOODING OF THE NILE?
118
00:05:53,241 --> 00:05:54,827
RESEARCH TEAMS AT NASA
119
00:05:54,827 --> 00:05:59,310
CREATE COMPUTER SIMULATIONS
TO TEST THE THEORY.
120
00:05:59,310 --> 00:06:01,931
Manning: SCIENTISTS CAN MEASURE
TEMPERATURE CHANGES,
121
00:06:01,931 --> 00:06:04,896
RECONSTRUCT TEMPERATURE PATTERNS
IN THE WORLD,
122
00:06:04,896 --> 00:06:09,689
RECONSTRUCT RAINFALL PATTERNS
IN THE WORLD IN SOME DETAIL.
123
00:06:09,689 --> 00:06:11,241
Narrator:
THE COMPUTER MODELING REVEALS
124
00:06:11,241 --> 00:06:14,241
THE MASSIVE SULFATE PARTICLES
FROM VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
125
00:06:14,241 --> 00:06:16,172
IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
126
00:06:16,172 --> 00:06:20,551
PUSHES THE MONSOON RAINS
FURTHER SOUTH, AWAY FROM EGYPT,
127
00:06:20,551 --> 00:06:23,482
STARVING THE RIVER NILE
OF WATER.
128
00:06:25,724 --> 00:06:28,206
Johnston: AS A DIRECT RESULT
OF THESE ERUPTIONS,
129
00:06:28,206 --> 00:06:31,068
THERE IS SUPPRESSED RAINFALL
IN AFRICA,
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00:06:31,068 --> 00:06:33,758
AND PARTICULARLY AROUND
THE AREA OF ETHIOPIA,
131
00:06:33,758 --> 00:06:36,482
WHICH WOULD DIRECTLY AFFECT
THE NILE.
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00:06:36,482 --> 00:06:39,137
Manning: LARGE ERUPTIONS
AND MULTIPLE ERUPTIONS
133
00:06:39,137 --> 00:06:42,310
CLOSELY SPACED TOGETHER CAN
PERTURB A RIVER LIKE THE NILE
134
00:06:42,310 --> 00:06:46,931
FOR, SOMETIMES, A DECADE,
POSSIBLY EVEN LONGER.
135
00:06:46,931 --> 00:06:48,655
Narrator: RESEARCHERS NOW
COMPARE THE DATES
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00:06:48,655 --> 00:06:51,620
OF THESE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
WITH THE DATES OF FAMINE
137
00:06:51,620 --> 00:06:54,517
AND SOCIAL UNREST IN EGYPT.
138
00:06:54,517 --> 00:06:58,551
THEY UNCOVER A COMPELLING LINK.
139
00:06:58,551 --> 00:07:01,551
Johnston: IN THE 40s B.C.,
WE HAVE EVIDENCE FROM
140
00:07:01,551 --> 00:07:06,103
THE ICE CORES OF MAJOR ERUPTIONS
HAPPENING THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE.
141
00:07:06,103 --> 00:07:09,586
AND IN EGYPT, WE HAVE
THE ROMAN WRITER PLINY
142
00:07:09,586 --> 00:07:15,000
RECORDING THE NILE HAS REACHED
ITS LOWEST EBB EVER SEEN.
143
00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:18,379
THIS RESULTS IN MAJOR STARVATION
THROUGHOUT EGYPT
144
00:07:18,379 --> 00:07:21,034
AND ALSO IN MAJOR CIVIL UNREST.
145
00:07:21,034 --> 00:07:25,827
SURELY, THIS MUST BE
MORE THAN MERE COINCIDENCE.
146
00:07:25,827 --> 00:07:27,517
Carroll:
THE TWO PIECES OF INFORMATION,
147
00:07:27,517 --> 00:07:29,620
THE HISTORICAL
AND THE SCIENTIFIC,
148
00:07:29,620 --> 00:07:31,413
ARE REALLY WORKING TOGETHER
149
00:07:31,413 --> 00:07:34,344
TO BUILD A BIGGER,
CLEARER PICTURE OF THIS.
150
00:07:34,344 --> 00:07:37,034
Narrator: THE PTOLEMIES
FINALLY LOST CONTROL OF EGYPT
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00:07:37,034 --> 00:07:39,758
TO THE ROMANS IN 30 B.C.E.,
152
00:07:39,758 --> 00:07:41,517
BUT SCIENCE HAS NOW REVEALED
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00:07:41,517 --> 00:07:44,275
THAT IT WAS NOT JUST THE ROMANS
THEY HAD TO BATTLE.
154
00:07:44,275 --> 00:07:46,931
FOR CENTURIES, THEIR RULE
WAS UNDERMINED
155
00:07:46,931 --> 00:07:48,896
BY DRAMATIC CLIMATE EVENTS
156
00:07:48,896 --> 00:07:53,793
BROUGHT ON BY VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
THOUSANDS OF MILES AWAY.
157
00:07:53,793 --> 00:07:57,931
Darnell: CLIMATIC INSTABILITY
COMING AT THE SAME TIME
158
00:07:57,931 --> 00:07:59,379
AS POLITICAL INSTABILITY,
159
00:07:59,379 --> 00:08:02,137
THAT'S WHEN IT'S GOING
TO CAUSE A MAJOR CHANGE.
160
00:08:02,137 --> 00:08:06,448
Johnston: WE HAVE OUTSIDERS
SITTING ON THE THRONE OF EGYPT,
161
00:08:06,448 --> 00:08:09,931
AND WHAT THE EGYPTIANS SEE
IS STARVATION.
162
00:08:09,931 --> 00:08:12,448
THEY SEE THE NILE
FAILING TO FLOOD.
163
00:08:12,448 --> 00:08:15,620
THEY HAVE GENUINE CONCERNS
ABOUT THE PEOPLE
164
00:08:15,620 --> 00:08:18,034
WHO ARE RUNNING THE COUNTRY.
165
00:08:19,413 --> 00:08:24,827
THE CLIMATE CHANGE UNDOUBTEDLY
DESTABILIZES EGYPT.
166
00:08:24,827 --> 00:08:32,482
♪♪
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00:08:32,482 --> 00:08:34,206
Narrator:
HIDDEN DEEP IN THE VAULTS
168
00:08:34,206 --> 00:08:36,310
OF AN AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITY --
169
00:08:36,310 --> 00:08:40,103
THE LONG-FORGOTTEN HEAD
OF AN UNIDENTIFIED MUMMY.
170
00:08:40,103 --> 00:08:42,965
THIS MUMMIFIED HEAD
HAD BEEN IN STORAGE.
171
00:08:42,965 --> 00:08:44,448
Carroll: IT'D BASICALLY BEEN
LEFT IN THE VAULTS
172
00:08:44,448 --> 00:08:46,896
FOR NEAR A HUNDRED YEARS.
173
00:08:46,896 --> 00:08:50,517
Narrator: NOW CAN THIS MUMMY'S
HEAD REVEAL VITAL CLUES
174
00:08:50,517 --> 00:08:53,724
TO THE LIFE AND DEATH
OF AN INDIVIDUAL
175
00:08:53,724 --> 00:08:55,620
FROM ONE OF THE LAST GENERATIONS
176
00:08:55,620 --> 00:08:58,241
TO LIVE UNDER THE RULE
OF THE PHARAOHS?
177
00:08:58,241 --> 00:09:01,655
AND CAN THE VERY LATEST
3-D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
178
00:09:01,655 --> 00:09:04,655
REVEAL THEIR TRUE FACE?
179
00:09:04,655 --> 00:09:06,827
CAN WE SAY ANYTHING ABOUT
WHO THIS PERSON WAS?
180
00:09:06,827 --> 00:09:09,206
WHEN DID THEY LIVE?
HOW DID THEY DIE?
181
00:09:15,034 --> 00:09:17,241
Narrator: 2016.
182
00:09:17,241 --> 00:09:20,827
A LONG-FORGOTTEN MUMMIFIED HEAD
IS DISCOVERED IN A COLLECTION
183
00:09:20,827 --> 00:09:23,965
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE.
184
00:09:23,965 --> 00:09:27,724
EXPERTS ARE UNSURE
OF ITS ORIGINS.
185
00:09:27,724 --> 00:09:30,724
THEY TURN TO RADIOCARBON DATING
AND ANALYZE
186
00:09:30,724 --> 00:09:34,620
A FRAGMENT OF DETACHED BANDAGE
FROM THE HEAD.
187
00:09:34,620 --> 00:09:35,931
THIS PROCESS CAN REVEAL
188
00:09:35,931 --> 00:09:39,862
WHEN THIS PERSON
MAY HAVE LIVED AND DIED.
189
00:09:39,862 --> 00:09:42,896
RADIOCARBON DATING,
IT'S ONE OF THE GREATEST TOOLS
190
00:09:42,896 --> 00:09:45,689
FOR ARCHEOLOGISTS
AND SCIENTISTS.
191
00:09:45,689 --> 00:09:48,931
WE CAN ACTUALLY
GIVE A DATE RANGE.
192
00:09:48,931 --> 00:09:51,344
Narrator: SCIENTISTS REVEAL
THE MUMMIFIED HEAD DATES
193
00:09:51,344 --> 00:09:56,034
TO BETWEEN 300 B.C.E.
AND 30 B.C.E. --
194
00:09:56,034 --> 00:09:59,344
THE FINAL YEARS OF EGYPT'S
LAST PHARAOHS,
195
00:09:59,344 --> 00:10:01,724
THE PTOLEMIES.
196
00:10:01,724 --> 00:10:05,310
NOW RESEARCHERS WANT TO FIND OUT
WHAT CLUES THIS INDIVIDUAL
197
00:10:05,310 --> 00:10:08,551
COULD REVEAL ABOUT
THIS REMARKABLE ERA.
198
00:10:08,551 --> 00:10:11,034
BUT THEY'RE WORRIED THAT
AFTER NEARLY A CENTURY
199
00:10:11,034 --> 00:10:15,103
LOCKED IN A VAULT,
THE HEAD MAY HAVE DETERIORATED.
200
00:10:15,103 --> 00:10:17,551
BECAUSE THE HEAD WAS WRAPPED,
201
00:10:17,551 --> 00:10:21,689
THERE MAY BE DECAY HAPPENING
BENEATH THE BANDAGES.
202
00:10:21,689 --> 00:10:23,931
Naunton:
THERE WAS A GREAT CONCERN
203
00:10:23,931 --> 00:10:27,517
THAT ITS CONDITION HAD WORSENED
AND WAS CONTINUING TO WORSEN,
204
00:10:27,517 --> 00:10:29,137
AND SOMETHING NEEDED TO BE DONE.
205
00:10:30,862 --> 00:10:33,241
Narrator: FOR THE FIRST TIME
IN 90 YEARS,
206
00:10:33,241 --> 00:10:35,931
THE HEAD IS
SCIENTIFICALLY EXAMINED.
207
00:10:35,931 --> 00:10:40,034
IT'S TIGHTLY BOUND IN BANDAGES
DARKENED WITH EMBALMING OILS,
208
00:10:40,034 --> 00:10:43,206
EVIDENCE OF THE HIGHEST GRADE
OF MUMMIFICATION
209
00:10:43,206 --> 00:10:46,655
AND A MAJOR CLUE
TO WHO THIS PERSON WAS.
210
00:10:46,655 --> 00:10:48,517
Johnston: THE VERY FACT
THAT THIS INDIVIDUAL HAD BEEN
211
00:10:48,517 --> 00:10:52,310
MUMMIFIED SUGGESTS THAT
THEY ARE PART OF EGYPT'S ELITE.
212
00:10:52,310 --> 00:10:55,068
MUMMIFICATION
WAS A TIME-CONSUMING,
213
00:10:55,068 --> 00:10:58,103
EXPENSIVE PROCESS.
214
00:10:58,103 --> 00:10:59,551
Narrator: THE TEAM HOPES
THE HEAD WILL REVEAL
215
00:10:59,551 --> 00:11:02,931
FURTHER CLUES
TO THIS PERSON'S STORY.
216
00:11:02,931 --> 00:11:05,206
BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM --
217
00:11:05,206 --> 00:11:07,000
THE BANDAGES ARE PREVENTING TEAM
218
00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,620
FROM STUDYING THE SKULL
IN DETAIL,
219
00:11:09,620 --> 00:11:12,448
AND REMOVING THEM
IS OUT OF THE QUESTION.
220
00:11:12,448 --> 00:11:14,965
TO ACTUALLY UNWRAP THE MUMMY
WOULD BE, YOU KNOW,
221
00:11:14,965 --> 00:11:17,517
A SLIGHTLY UNDIGNIFIED
AND DISRESPECTFUL.
222
00:11:17,517 --> 00:11:19,448
Naunton: AFTER ALL,
THIS IS THE REMAINS
223
00:11:19,448 --> 00:11:21,103
OF A DECEASED HUMAN BEING.
224
00:11:21,103 --> 00:11:22,827
IT WAS VERY DELIBERATELY
WRAPPED IN THIS WAY,
225
00:11:22,827 --> 00:11:26,586
AND THEY WANTED, AS FAR
AS POSSIBLE, TO MAINTAIN THAT.
226
00:11:26,586 --> 00:11:28,827
Narrator:
SCIENCE OFFERS A SOLUTION --
227
00:11:28,827 --> 00:11:30,620
A C.T. SCAN.
228
00:11:30,620 --> 00:11:33,517
IT ALLOWS RESEARCHERS TO SEE
RIGHT INSIDE THE HEAD
229
00:11:33,517 --> 00:11:35,931
WITHOUT DAMAGING THE BANDAGES.
230
00:11:35,931 --> 00:11:38,793
THEY'RE ASTONISHED
BY WHAT IS REVEALED.
231
00:11:38,793 --> 00:11:41,000
FAR FROM HAVING DETERIORATED,
232
00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:44,344
THE SKULL IS
IN NEAR-PERFECT CONDITION.
233
00:11:44,344 --> 00:11:47,482
IT ALLOWS RESEARCHERS TO TAKE
PRECISE MEASUREMENTS
234
00:11:47,482 --> 00:11:50,965
THAT DETERMINE THE GENDER AND
AGE OF THIS ANCIENT EGYPTIAN.
235
00:11:52,724 --> 00:11:56,068
Naunton: BASED ON THE BONE
STRUCTURE, THE ANGLE OF THE JAW,
236
00:11:56,068 --> 00:11:58,586
THE ROUNDNESS
OF THE EYE SOCKETS,
237
00:11:58,586 --> 00:12:01,275
THIS WAS DEFINITELY
THE SKULL OF A WOMAN.
238
00:12:01,275 --> 00:12:02,620
Carroll:
TO DETERMINE THE AGE,
239
00:12:02,620 --> 00:12:05,206
THE FIRST THING THAT WE WOULD
LOOK AT IS THE TEETH.
240
00:12:05,206 --> 00:12:07,689
THEY WERE ABLE TO AGE
THAT THIS IS A YOUNG FEMALE
241
00:12:07,689 --> 00:12:10,413
OF 18 TO EARLY 20s.
242
00:12:10,413 --> 00:12:13,758
Narrator: THE RESEARCHERS
NAME THIS WOMAN MERITAMEN.
243
00:12:13,758 --> 00:12:16,172
IT MEANS "BELOVED OF AMUN,"
244
00:12:16,172 --> 00:12:19,724
THE KING OF THE GODS
IN ANCIENT EGYPT.
245
00:12:19,724 --> 00:12:22,103
MERITAMEN WOULD HAVE WITNESSED
GREAT CHANGES
246
00:12:22,103 --> 00:12:24,586
TO THE EGYPTIAN WAY OF LIFE
247
00:12:24,586 --> 00:12:27,655
BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE PTOLEMIES.
248
00:12:27,655 --> 00:12:29,517
Naunton:
THEY INFLUENCED EGYPTIAN CULTURE
249
00:12:29,517 --> 00:12:31,310
IN NUMEROUS WAYS.
250
00:12:31,310 --> 00:12:33,275
THE GREEK LANGUAGE
BECOMES ESTABLISHED
251
00:12:33,275 --> 00:12:36,000
AS THE PRINCIPAL
ADMINISTRATIVE LANGUAGE.
252
00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:38,310
THEY INTRODUCE CURRENCY,
ARCHITECTURE,
253
00:12:38,310 --> 00:12:41,620
AND ART TAKES ON
A NEW GREEK INFLUENCE.
254
00:12:41,620 --> 00:12:46,551
AND THIS IS THE WORLD
IN WHICH MERITAMEN LIVED.
255
00:12:46,551 --> 00:12:49,172
Narrator: MERITAMEN MAY HAVE
BEEN OF HIGH STATUS,
256
00:12:49,172 --> 00:12:52,344
BUT RESEARCHERS DISCOVER
EVIDENCE IN THE C.T. SCANS
257
00:12:52,344 --> 00:12:56,896
THAT WHILE SHE MAY HAVE ENJOYED
THE PRIVILEGES OF WEALTH,
258
00:12:56,896 --> 00:13:00,068
SHE ALSO ENDURED AGONIZING PAIN.
259
00:13:00,068 --> 00:13:04,413
THE SCANS REVEAL MISSING TEETH,
VAST AMOUNTS OF TOOTH DECAY,
260
00:13:04,413 --> 00:13:06,862
AND EXPOSED DENTAL ROOTS.
261
00:13:06,862 --> 00:13:08,310
Johnston:
FOR THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS,
262
00:13:08,310 --> 00:13:13,137
TOOTH DECAY FREQUENTLY CAME
ABOUT FROM THE AMOUNT OF SAND
263
00:13:13,137 --> 00:13:16,275
THAT WAS TO BE FOUND
IN PROCESSED FOODS.
264
00:13:16,275 --> 00:13:20,724
AND THIS SAND WOULD GRADUALLY
ERODE THE ENAMEL OF THE TEETH,
265
00:13:20,724 --> 00:13:23,965
EXPOSING THE ROOTS
AND CAUSING SEVERE PAIN
266
00:13:23,965 --> 00:13:29,827
AT A TIME WHEN THERE REALLY WAS
NO DENTAL MEDICINE TO SPEAK OF.
267
00:13:29,827 --> 00:13:31,241
Narrator:
THIS IS A VIVID INSIGHT
268
00:13:31,241 --> 00:13:36,103
INTO THE AGONY MERITAMEN ENDURED
RIGHT UP UNTIL THE DAY SHE DIED.
269
00:13:38,379 --> 00:13:40,551
BUT THE TEAM WANTS TO REVEAL
EVEN MORE DETAIL
270
00:13:40,551 --> 00:13:41,896
ABOUT THIS WOMAN,
271
00:13:41,896 --> 00:13:44,517
AND UNDERTAKE
AN AMBITIOUS CHALLENGE --
272
00:13:44,517 --> 00:13:47,275
TO RECONSTRUCT HER FACE.
273
00:13:47,275 --> 00:13:50,448
THEY USE THE PRECISION DATA
FROM THE C.T. SCANS
274
00:13:50,448 --> 00:13:53,241
TO PROGRAM A 3-D PRINTER.
275
00:13:53,241 --> 00:13:55,862
Johnston:
IT IS A TIME-CONSUMING PROCESS,
276
00:13:55,862 --> 00:13:58,241
AND, CERTAINLY,
FOR THIS PARTICULAR SKULL,
277
00:13:58,241 --> 00:14:00,896
IT TOOK 140 HOURS.
278
00:14:00,896 --> 00:14:04,241
Narrator: SLOWLY, A PRECISE
REPLICA OF MERITAMEN'S SKULL
279
00:14:04,241 --> 00:14:07,482
MATERIALIZES INSIDE THE PRINTER.
280
00:14:07,482 --> 00:14:09,655
WHEN IT'S COMPLETE,
THE MODEL REVEALS
281
00:14:09,655 --> 00:14:13,206
FURTHER TINY
BUT CRUCIAL DETAILS,
282
00:14:13,206 --> 00:14:15,000
CLUES HIDDEN INSIDE THE CRANIUM
283
00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:18,344
THAT SUGGEST
A SERIOUS BLOOD DISORDER.
284
00:14:18,344 --> 00:14:20,724
Carroll: THE C.T. SCANNING
AND WITH THE 3-D MODEL
285
00:14:20,724 --> 00:14:24,689
SHOWED EVIDENCE FOR THINNING
AND PITTING ON THE SKULL ITSELF.
286
00:14:24,689 --> 00:14:27,551
IT'S LOOKING LIKE
SHE WAS POSSIBLY ANEMIC.
287
00:14:27,551 --> 00:14:30,551
AND WITH ANEMIA, THERE'S A LACK
OF RED BLOOD CELLS.
288
00:14:30,551 --> 00:14:33,862
THE BODY IS ESSENTIALLY
STRUGGLING FOR OXYGEN.
289
00:14:33,862 --> 00:14:37,137
AND WHEN THAT HAPPENS,
THE BONE MARROW STARTS TO SWELL.
290
00:14:37,137 --> 00:14:40,551
AND THIS HAS CREATED
WHAT APPEARS ON THE SKULL
291
00:14:40,551 --> 00:14:42,620
OF THE MUMMY'S HEAD.
292
00:14:42,620 --> 00:14:44,206
Narrator:
THE DRAINING EFFECTS OF ANEMIA
293
00:14:44,206 --> 00:14:46,689
WOULD HAVE TAKEN A HEAVY TOLL
ON MERITAMEN,
294
00:14:46,689 --> 00:14:48,724
ROBBING HER OF ALL ENERGY.
295
00:14:48,724 --> 00:14:51,206
THIS DIAGNOSIS SHINES
YET MORE LIGHT
296
00:14:51,206 --> 00:14:55,103
ON THE FINAL STAGES
OF HER SHORT LIFE.
297
00:14:55,103 --> 00:14:57,344
IT'S ALMOST CERTAIN THAT
DURING HER FINAL DAYS,
298
00:14:57,344 --> 00:15:00,655
THIS YOUNG WOMAN WOULD HAVE
BEEN CONFINED TO HER BED.
299
00:15:00,655 --> 00:15:02,793
SHE WOULD HAVE BEEN UNABLE
TO MOVE ABOUT.
300
00:15:02,793 --> 00:15:04,758
SHE WOULD HAVE BEEN EXHAUSTED.
301
00:15:04,758 --> 00:15:08,827
AND ALTHOUGH WE DON'T AS YET
KNOW PRECISELY HOW SHE DIED,
302
00:15:08,827 --> 00:15:12,620
THERE ARE TWO MAJOR
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS THERE.
303
00:15:12,620 --> 00:15:15,724
Narrator: NOW RESEARCHERS HOPE
TO UNCOVER EVEN MORE
304
00:15:15,724 --> 00:15:19,517
BY REVEALING
EXACTLY WHAT SHE LOOKED LIKE.
305
00:15:19,517 --> 00:15:22,965
A FORENSIC ARTIST ATTACHES
3-DIMENSIONAL PLASTIC MARKERS
306
00:15:22,965 --> 00:15:26,068
AT KEY POINTS
ON THE FACE AND HEAD.
307
00:15:26,068 --> 00:15:28,206
Naunton: AND THESE REPRESENT
TISSUE DEPTH,
308
00:15:28,206 --> 00:15:31,137
WHICH IS BASED
ON POPULATION AVERAGES.
309
00:15:31,137 --> 00:15:35,068
AND THIS COULD THEN BE USED
TO RECREATE THE SOFT TISSUE,
310
00:15:35,068 --> 00:15:38,206
THE MUSCULATURE, IN CLAY.
311
00:15:38,206 --> 00:15:40,724
AND, SLOWLY, THE TEAM
COULD BEGIN TO BUILD UP
312
00:15:40,724 --> 00:15:42,965
A PICTURE OF THE FACE
OF THE INDIVIDUAL.
313
00:15:45,310 --> 00:15:47,689
Narrator: USING HER SPECIALIST
KNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMY,
314
00:15:47,689 --> 00:15:50,482
THE FORENSIC ARTIST
THEN METICULOUSLY BUILDS UP
315
00:15:50,482 --> 00:15:52,586
THE LAYERS OF MUSCLE AND TISSUE.
316
00:15:55,241 --> 00:15:59,827
SLOWLY, LAYER BY LAYER,
THE FACE OF A WOMAN
317
00:15:59,827 --> 00:16:04,206
FROM THE TIME OF EGYPT'S
LAST PHARAOHS BEGINS TO EMERGE.
318
00:16:04,206 --> 00:16:05,551
Carroll:
BY RECREATING THE FACE,
319
00:16:05,551 --> 00:16:07,344
WE'RE ESSENTIALLY
BRINGING HER BACK TO LIFE.
320
00:16:07,344 --> 00:16:09,586
AND WE'VE GIVEN HER NOW,
YOU KNOW, A PERSONALITY
321
00:16:09,586 --> 00:16:11,793
WHICH,
FOR THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS,
322
00:16:11,793 --> 00:16:14,379
YOU KNOW,
THIS IS LIFE AFTER DEATH.
323
00:16:14,379 --> 00:16:18,379
♪♪
324
00:16:18,379 --> 00:16:22,482
Narrator: FINALLY, THE TRUE FACE
OF MERITAMEN IS REVEALED.
325
00:16:22,482 --> 00:16:25,137
SHE WAS A HIGH-STATUS
YOUNG WOMAN
326
00:16:25,137 --> 00:16:28,275
WHO LIVED OVER 2,000 YEARS AGO,
327
00:16:28,275 --> 00:16:32,655
WITNESSED THE UNIQUE RULE
OF EGYPT'S LAST PHARAOHS,
328
00:16:32,655 --> 00:16:34,172
AND MAY HAVE SUCCUMBED
329
00:16:34,172 --> 00:16:36,793
TO THE DEBILITATING EFFECTS
OF ANEMIA
330
00:16:36,793 --> 00:16:41,275
AND SEVERE,
UNTREATED DENTAL INFECTION.
331
00:16:41,275 --> 00:16:44,068
THROUGH THIS PROCESS,
332
00:16:44,068 --> 00:16:48,034
WE HAVE NOW RECREATED
A YOUNG WOMAN,
333
00:16:48,034 --> 00:16:52,862
AND WE HAVE SHOWN NOT JUST
AN OBJECT IN A MUSEUM
334
00:16:52,862 --> 00:16:56,413
BUT SOMEONE WHO ONCE LIVED
AND BREATHED IN ANCIENT EGYPT.
335
00:16:56,413 --> 00:17:06,172
♪♪
336
00:17:06,172 --> 00:17:07,517
Narrator: FOR DECADES,
337
00:17:07,517 --> 00:17:10,758
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE LOOKED FOR
A LOST ANCIENT CAPITAL
338
00:17:10,758 --> 00:17:14,137
THAT SEEMS TO HAVE VANISHED
FROM THE FACE OF THE EARTH.
339
00:17:14,137 --> 00:17:16,655
IT WAS KNOWN AS ITJTAWY.
340
00:17:16,655 --> 00:17:19,103
Wendrich: THIS WAS THE CAPITAL
IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM.
341
00:17:19,103 --> 00:17:22,413
IT'S THE CENTER OF EGYPT
AT THAT PERIOD.
342
00:17:22,413 --> 00:17:24,000
SO WHERE DID IT GO?
343
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:28,620
HOW DO YOU PINPOINT A LOST CITY,
BURIED BENEATH THE SAND?
344
00:17:28,620 --> 00:17:31,103
Narrator:
NOW CAN EGYPTOLOGISTS COMBINE
345
00:17:31,103 --> 00:17:32,793
THE TRIED AND TESTED METHOD
346
00:17:32,793 --> 00:17:36,241
OF GROUND CORING WITH
REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY
347
00:17:36,241 --> 00:17:40,137
TO FINALLY TRACK DOWN
THIS MISSING METROPOLIS?
348
00:17:47,034 --> 00:17:50,344
Narrator: ITJTAWY WAS ONCE
A FLOURISHING CAPITAL,
349
00:17:50,344 --> 00:17:53,448
UNTIL IT EXPERIENCED
A FATAL DECLINE
350
00:17:53,448 --> 00:17:55,724
AND WAS LOST FOREVER.
351
00:17:55,724 --> 00:17:59,551
IN 2015, ARCHAEOLOGISTS
INITIATED A NEW SEARCH
352
00:17:59,551 --> 00:18:01,896
FOR THIS ANCIENT CITY.
353
00:18:01,896 --> 00:18:05,103
THEY BEGAN BY LOOKING FOR
WRITTEN CLUES.
354
00:18:05,103 --> 00:18:08,000
WE HAVE TEXTUAL REFERENCES
TO ITJTAWY,
355
00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:10,310
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM CAPITAL
OF EGYPT
356
00:18:10,310 --> 00:18:13,379
IN THE 12th DYNASTY.
357
00:18:13,379 --> 00:18:15,482
Wendrich:
THE KINGS OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
358
00:18:15,482 --> 00:18:18,448
HAIL FROM AN AREA
NEAR TO FAIYUM,
359
00:18:18,448 --> 00:18:23,965
SO WE CAN EXPECT AN ENORMOUS
CITY, BUT IT'S NOT THERE.
360
00:18:23,965 --> 00:18:25,310
Narrator:
ITJTAWY WAS DOCUMENTED
361
00:18:25,310 --> 00:18:28,206
AS EGYPT'S CAPITAL
FOR 350 YEARS,
362
00:18:28,206 --> 00:18:32,137
UNTIL AROUND 1785 B.C.E.
363
00:18:32,137 --> 00:18:36,517
BUT NO PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
OF THE CITY HAS EVER BEEN FOUND.
364
00:18:36,517 --> 00:18:39,551
THE WRITTEN RECORDS LINK
THE CITY TO KING AMENEMHAT,
365
00:18:39,551 --> 00:18:42,413
A RULER FROM THE MIDDLE KINGDOM.
366
00:18:42,413 --> 00:18:46,413
HIS PYRAMID STILL STANDS AT
EL-LISHT IN THE FAIYUM REGION.
367
00:18:46,413 --> 00:18:49,862
THE THEORY IS THAT IT WAS BUILT
TO OVERLOOK THE CAPITAL
368
00:18:49,862 --> 00:18:51,862
HE ONCE RULED.
369
00:18:51,862 --> 00:18:55,413
Wendrich: WE KNOW APPROXIMATELY
WHERE IT IS, BUT THAT AREA
370
00:18:55,413 --> 00:19:00,551
IS STILL 10x10 KILOMETERS,
WHICH IS A BIG AREA TO RESEARCH.
371
00:19:00,551 --> 00:19:05,448
PLUS, IT HAS BEEN BURIED
PROBABLY UNDER METERS OF MUD.
372
00:19:05,448 --> 00:19:10,551
AND THAT'S REALLY NOT POSSIBLE
WITH THE TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES.
373
00:19:10,551 --> 00:19:12,724
Narrator: THE LOCATION
OF THE ANCIENT KING'S PYRAMID
374
00:19:12,724 --> 00:19:14,448
IS A STARTING POINT,
375
00:19:14,448 --> 00:19:18,482
BUT INVESTIGATORS NEED A WAY
TO NARROW DOWN THE SEARCH AREA.
376
00:19:18,482 --> 00:19:21,517
THEY TURN TO SATELLITE IMAGERY
FOR HELP.
377
00:19:21,517 --> 00:19:24,103
IT ALLOWS THEM A WIDER VIEW
OF THE LANDSCAPE OF THIS PART
378
00:19:24,103 --> 00:19:28,793
OF EGYPT FROM 450 MILES
ABOVE THE EARTH'S SURFACE.
379
00:19:28,793 --> 00:19:31,862
Lacovara: WE HAVE TO RELY ON
SATELLITE IMAGING NOW.
380
00:19:31,862 --> 00:19:36,103
NEW TECHNIQUES ARE HELPING ADD
TO OUR TOOL KIT IN ORDER TO TRY
381
00:19:36,103 --> 00:19:39,862
AND FIND THESE CITIES WHEN
THEY'RE LOST WITHOUT A TRACE.
382
00:19:39,862 --> 00:19:43,551
SATELLITE ARCHAEOLOGY
ENABLES US TO FIND
383
00:19:43,551 --> 00:19:47,034
ALL THESE DISTURBANCES
AND DIFFERENCES IN THE SURFACE.
384
00:19:47,034 --> 00:19:49,827
IF YOU SEE DIFFERENCES
THAT DON'T LOOK NATURAL
385
00:19:49,827 --> 00:19:53,793
BUT THAT FORM STRAIGHT ANGLES
OR LINES OR CIRCLES,
386
00:19:53,793 --> 00:19:56,448
THEN YOU KNOW SOMETHING IS UP.
387
00:19:56,448 --> 00:20:00,310
Narrator: SATELLITE IMAGERY MUST
BE ANALYZED FOR TELLTALE CLUES.
388
00:20:00,310 --> 00:20:03,068
ANCIENT TEXTS RECORD THAT
ITJTAWY WAS BUILT
389
00:20:03,068 --> 00:20:05,448
ON THE BANKS OF THE NILE.
390
00:20:05,448 --> 00:20:08,758
BUT THE RIVER HAS SHIFTED
ITS COURSE OVER THE YEARS.
391
00:20:08,758 --> 00:20:11,724
NOW ARCHAEOLOGISTS ASK IF THIS
COULD EXPLAIN
392
00:20:11,724 --> 00:20:14,827
THE ANCIENT CITY'S
ULTIMATE DEMISE.
393
00:20:14,827 --> 00:20:16,862
Naunton: IF THE NILE HAS MOVED
394
00:20:16,862 --> 00:20:19,344
AND ITJTAWY WAS BUILT
ON ITS BANKS,
395
00:20:19,344 --> 00:20:22,068
IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE RIVER
MIGHT HAVE MOVED
396
00:20:22,068 --> 00:20:25,000
AND SWALLOWED IT UP OVER TIME?
397
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:26,241
Narrator: THE MOVEMENT
OF THE NILE
398
00:20:26,241 --> 00:20:30,827
HAS LEFT SUBTLE TRACES
IN THE DESERT LANDSCAPE.
399
00:20:30,827 --> 00:20:33,137
WHEN SCIENTISTS STUDY
A SATELLITE IMAGE OF AN AREA
400
00:20:33,137 --> 00:20:35,172
WHERE THE RIVER ONCE FLOWED,
401
00:20:35,172 --> 00:20:39,206
THEY DISCOVER
AN EXCITING CLUE --
402
00:20:39,206 --> 00:20:41,206
A RAISED EXPANSE OF GROUND
403
00:20:41,206 --> 00:20:45,862
LOCATED CLOSE TO AMENEMHET'S
PYRAMID SHOWS SIGNS
404
00:20:45,862 --> 00:20:49,310
THAT IT WAS ONCE
DENSELY INHABITED.
405
00:20:49,310 --> 00:20:52,379
THE DATA FROM THE SATELLITE
IMAGERY ALLOWS US TO SEE
406
00:20:52,379 --> 00:20:55,965
THAT THERE IS AN AREA
WHICH IS SOMEWHAT RAISED.
407
00:20:55,965 --> 00:20:59,758
IT SEEMS TO INDICATE HUMAN
INTERACTION WITH THE LANDSCAPE
408
00:20:59,758 --> 00:21:02,517
ON A LARGE SCALE,
409
00:21:02,517 --> 00:21:04,655
WHICH ALLOWS US
TO ASK THE QUESTION,
410
00:21:04,655 --> 00:21:08,103
"COULD THIS BE THE SITE
OF ITJTAWY?"
411
00:21:08,103 --> 00:21:12,103
Narrator: SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY
CAN ONLY TAKE THE SEARCH SO FAR.
412
00:21:12,103 --> 00:21:14,241
THE FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES
OF ARCHAEOLOGY
413
00:21:14,241 --> 00:21:19,000
MUST NOW BE USED TO TRY
AND SOLVE THIS MYSTERY.
414
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:21,758
YOU HAVE TO DO WHAT
WE CALL GROUND TRUTH.
415
00:21:21,758 --> 00:21:27,103
ONE WAY OF DOING THAT IS BY
CORING, BY DRILLING A DEEP HOLE,
416
00:21:27,103 --> 00:21:31,793
AND PULLING OUT A CROSS SECTION
OF CENTURIES OF HISTORY
417
00:21:31,793 --> 00:21:37,413
AND JUST ANALYZING CAREFULLY
FROM EVERY LAYER IN THAT CORE.
418
00:21:37,413 --> 00:21:39,620
Naunton: RATHER THAN COVERING
A SINGLE LARGE AREA
419
00:21:39,620 --> 00:21:40,965
VERY COMPREHENSIVELY,
420
00:21:40,965 --> 00:21:43,172
YOU SEND A KIND OF PROBE
INTO THE GROUND
421
00:21:43,172 --> 00:21:45,310
JUST TO LOOK FOR
CULTURAL MATERIAL.
422
00:21:45,310 --> 00:21:50,241
Narrator: THE CORING TEAM PROBE
5 METERS BENEATH THE SURFACE.
423
00:21:50,241 --> 00:21:52,758
THE LAYERS OF THE CORES REVEAL
DIFFERENT PERIODS
424
00:21:52,758 --> 00:21:54,241
THROUGHOUT HISTORY.
425
00:21:54,241 --> 00:22:00,137
ARCHAEOLOGISTS ARE SEARCHING FOR
ANY SIGNS OF HUMAN HABITATION.
426
00:22:00,137 --> 00:22:02,344
THEY FIND KEY EVIDENCE
DATING TO THE PERIOD
427
00:22:02,344 --> 00:22:04,137
OF EGYPT'S MIDDLE KINGDOM,
428
00:22:04,137 --> 00:22:07,000
WHEN ITJTAWY WOULD HAVE BEEN
A PROSPEROUS CITY.
429
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,827
♪♪
430
00:22:10,827 --> 00:22:14,310
THE CORES YIELDED FRAGMENTS
OF MIDDLE KINGDOM POTTERY.
431
00:22:14,310 --> 00:22:16,103
Johnston:
THERE ARE POTSHERDS
432
00:22:16,103 --> 00:22:18,275
AND VARIOUS OTHER PIECES
BENEATH THE GROUND,
433
00:22:18,275 --> 00:22:24,517
WHICH SEEM TO INDICATE
THIS HAS BEEN AN INHABITED AREA.
434
00:22:24,517 --> 00:22:26,103
Narrator:
THE POTTERY SHERDS DATE TO
435
00:22:26,103 --> 00:22:30,103
WHEN ITJTAWY WAS
A FLOURISHING CAPITAL.
436
00:22:30,103 --> 00:22:33,068
BUT AS THE LARGE-SCALE
CORING PROJECT CONTINUED,
437
00:22:33,068 --> 00:22:36,310
MANY OF THE SAMPLES
AMAZED ARCHAEOLOGISTS,
438
00:22:36,310 --> 00:22:38,275
AS THE EVIDENCE
OF A JEWELER'S WORKSHOP
439
00:22:38,275 --> 00:22:41,103
IS DISCOVERED WITHIN THEM.
440
00:22:41,103 --> 00:22:43,482
Wendrich: YOU DON'T GET
A WORKSHOP WITH GEMSTONES
441
00:22:43,482 --> 00:22:45,413
IN YOUR AVERAGE VILLAGE.
442
00:22:45,413 --> 00:22:47,827
SO THIS INDICATES
THAT WE ARE HITTING
443
00:22:47,827 --> 00:22:50,310
A VERY IMPORTANT SETTLEMENT.
444
00:22:50,310 --> 00:22:51,931
Lacovara:
AGATE AND CARNELIAN
445
00:22:51,931 --> 00:22:54,448
THAT HAD BEEN SMASHED
TO MAKE JEWELRY,
446
00:22:54,448 --> 00:22:57,068
AND OFTEN THESE KIND
OF JEWELER'S WORKSHOPS
447
00:22:57,068 --> 00:23:01,137
ARE ASSOCIATED
WITH THE ROYAL PALACE.
448
00:23:01,137 --> 00:23:03,137
Narrator:
THIS IS A CRUCIAL CLUE.
449
00:23:03,137 --> 00:23:06,206
EVIDENCE OF A LUXURY INDUSTRY,
LIKE A JEWELER'S,
450
00:23:06,206 --> 00:23:08,000
SUGGESTS THIS WAS ONCE THE SITE
451
00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:11,275
OF A VIBRANT,
WEALTHY ANCIENT CITY.
452
00:23:11,275 --> 00:23:17,241
THIS MAY THEN BE A THRIVING CITY
AND POSSIBLY ITJTAWY.
453
00:23:17,241 --> 00:23:20,137
♪♪
454
00:23:20,137 --> 00:23:21,931
Narrator:
AFTER DECADES OF STUDY,
455
00:23:21,931 --> 00:23:26,310
FULL-SCALE SPADE AND
SOIL EXCAVATIONS CAN NOW BEGIN,
456
00:23:26,310 --> 00:23:31,379
AND THIS ANCIENT, FALLEN CAPITAL
MAY FINALLY BE UNCOVERED.
457
00:23:31,379 --> 00:23:40,655
♪♪
458
00:23:40,655 --> 00:23:44,965
PRECIOUS ANCIENT SITES
AND ARTIFACTS ARE UNDER ATTACK
459
00:23:44,965 --> 00:23:50,379
AS NEW DISCOVERIES
ARE FOUND SUBMERGED IN WATER.
460
00:23:50,379 --> 00:23:54,379
THIS IS A MAJOR THREAT
TO THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF EGYPT.
461
00:23:54,379 --> 00:23:56,931
Narrator: NOW CUTTING-EDGE
SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY
462
00:23:56,931 --> 00:24:00,344
IS BEING USED TO TRY TO EXPLAIN
WHY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
463
00:24:00,344 --> 00:24:05,379
THAT WERE ONCE DRY AS DUST
ARE NOW SOAKING WET.
464
00:24:05,379 --> 00:24:08,827
HOW MIGHT WE EXPLAIN
THIS BIZARRE PHENOMENON?
465
00:24:13,655 --> 00:24:16,758
Narrator: 2017 --
A SUBURB EAST OF CAIRO,
466
00:24:16,758 --> 00:24:19,620
AND AN INCREDIBLY RARE
FIND IS MADE --
467
00:24:19,620 --> 00:24:24,827
A 206-YEAR-OLD MONUMENT
OF PHARAOH PSAMTIK THE FIRST.
468
00:24:24,827 --> 00:24:27,931
Johnston: EXCAVATORS DISCOVERED,
QUITE BY CHANCE,
469
00:24:27,931 --> 00:24:33,000
A COLOSSAL, 26-FOOT-HIGH,
QUARTZITE STATUE.
470
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:34,379
Narrator:
BUT ARCHAEOLOGISTS ARE DISMAYED
471
00:24:34,379 --> 00:24:37,344
BY THE CONDITIONS
THE STATUE IS FOUND IN.
472
00:24:37,344 --> 00:24:40,724
THE SOIL IS WATERLOGGED.
473
00:24:40,724 --> 00:24:44,551
EVEN THOUGH THE STATUE WAS FOUND
NOT TOO FAR BENEATH THE SURFACE,
474
00:24:44,551 --> 00:24:46,586
IT WAS AS THOUGH
THE STATUE HAD TO BE PULLED
475
00:24:46,586 --> 00:24:49,034
OUT OF A POOL OF WATER.
476
00:24:49,034 --> 00:24:52,896
Narrator: THIS IS
NOT AN ISOLATED INCIDENT.
477
00:24:52,896 --> 00:24:54,413
AT THE 2,000-YEAR-OLD
478
00:24:54,413 --> 00:24:57,724
KOM EL SHOQAFA
CATACOMBS OF ALEXANDRIA,
479
00:24:57,724 --> 00:25:03,551
RISING GROUNDWATER HAS DAMAGED
THE BREATHTAKING STONEWORK.
480
00:25:03,551 --> 00:25:08,862
IT TOOK EMERGENCY ENGINEERING
WORKS IN 2019 TO SAVE IT.
481
00:25:08,862 --> 00:25:12,482
MEANWHILE, AT THE COLOSSAL
TEMPLE OF LUXOR,
482
00:25:12,482 --> 00:25:16,448
THE STONES ARE BEING ERODED
BY WATER DAMAGE.
483
00:25:16,448 --> 00:25:19,448
WE'RE BEGINNING TO SEE SIGNS
OF SURFACE DAMAGE
484
00:25:19,448 --> 00:25:24,482
ON THE STONEWORK AND ON
THE CARVINGS AND ON THE RELIEFS,
485
00:25:24,482 --> 00:25:27,206
APPEARING AS
A CRYSTALLIZED WHITE POWDER
486
00:25:27,206 --> 00:25:29,620
ON THE STONEWORK ITSELF.
487
00:25:29,620 --> 00:25:32,310
AND IN ITS MOST EXTREME
EXAMPLES,
488
00:25:32,310 --> 00:25:34,068
WHOLE AREAS OF CARVING
489
00:25:34,068 --> 00:25:36,931
JUST SIMPLY CRUMBLE TO DUST.
490
00:25:36,931 --> 00:25:38,862
CLEARLY, THIS IS PUTTING
SOME OF THE COUNTRY'S
491
00:25:38,862 --> 00:25:42,137
MAJOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
AT SEVERE RISK.
492
00:25:42,137 --> 00:25:43,724
SCIENTISTS ARE TRYING
TO FIND OUT
493
00:25:43,724 --> 00:25:48,620
WHERE THIS WATER'S COMING FROM
AND HOW THEY CAN HOLD IT BACK.
494
00:25:48,620 --> 00:25:51,103
Narrator: MANY RESEARCHERS
BELIEVE THE ROOT OF THIS PROBLEM
495
00:25:51,103 --> 00:25:53,551
CAN BE TRACED BACK TO THE 1960s
496
00:25:53,551 --> 00:25:56,620
AND THE CONSTRUCTION
OF AN ENGINEERING GIANT --
497
00:25:56,620 --> 00:25:58,517
THE ASWAN HIGH DAM.
498
00:25:58,517 --> 00:25:59,862
Naunton: THIS WAS UNDERTAKEN
499
00:25:59,862 --> 00:26:01,965
TO PROVIDE EGYPT
WITH HYDROELECTRIC POWER,
500
00:26:01,965 --> 00:26:04,551
BUT ALSO TO ALLOW THE LAND
IN THE NILE VALLEY
501
00:26:04,551 --> 00:26:07,172
TO BE FARMED
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
502
00:26:07,172 --> 00:26:09,172
Narrator: THE DAM PROVIDED
WATER FOR THE CROPS
503
00:26:09,172 --> 00:26:13,068
BY FLOODING EXTENSIVE AREAS.
504
00:26:13,068 --> 00:26:14,862
SEVERAL OF EGYPT'S
ANCIENT MONUMENTS
505
00:26:14,862 --> 00:26:20,551
HAD TO BE RELOCATED ALONG
WITH OVER 90,000 CITIZENS.
506
00:26:20,551 --> 00:26:23,344
BUT 50 YEARS AFTER
ITS COMPLETION,
507
00:26:23,344 --> 00:26:26,448
THE PROBLEM OF RISING WATER
IS GETTING WORSE.
508
00:26:26,448 --> 00:26:28,862
MODERN SCIENTISTS ARE STUDYING
THE LANDSCAPE
509
00:26:28,862 --> 00:26:31,758
FOR CLUES TO EXPLAIN WHY.
510
00:26:31,758 --> 00:26:34,724
Carroll: SCIENTISTS ARE USING
REMOTE-SENSING G.I.S. TECHNIQUES
511
00:26:34,724 --> 00:26:36,862
TO LOOK AT HOW THE LAND
HAS CHANGED
512
00:26:36,862 --> 00:26:38,931
OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES.
513
00:26:38,931 --> 00:26:40,827
Narrator: ANALYSTS COLLECT DATA
FROM A CAMERA
514
00:26:40,827 --> 00:26:42,862
KNOWN AS THE ADVANCED SPACEBORNE
515
00:26:42,862 --> 00:26:46,172
THERMAL EMISSION
AND REFLECTION UNIT.
516
00:26:46,172 --> 00:26:49,724
THIS IS MOUNTED ON THE TERRA
SATELLITE, WHICH ORBITS EARTH.
517
00:26:49,724 --> 00:26:53,034
♪♪
518
00:26:53,034 --> 00:26:56,689
SATELLITE IMAGES TAKEN OVER
THE COURSE OF THE LAST 30 YEARS
519
00:26:56,689 --> 00:27:00,344
ALLOW SCIENTISTS TO SHOW
THAT URBAN AREAS HAVE EXPANDED
520
00:27:00,344 --> 00:27:06,275
AND DEVELOPED VERY RAPIDLY WITH
THE LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND.
521
00:27:06,275 --> 00:27:07,724
Narrator:
THE IMAGES SHOW CHANGES
522
00:27:07,724 --> 00:27:11,517
TO HOW THE REMAINING FARMLAND
IS BEING CULTIVATED.
523
00:27:11,517 --> 00:27:14,862
AREAS OF DESERT ARE NOW
BEING RECLAIMED FOR FARMING,
524
00:27:14,862 --> 00:27:17,379
WHICH MEANS THAT WATER IS NOW
BEING INTRODUCED
525
00:27:17,379 --> 00:27:19,758
INTO PARTS OF THE COUNTRY
526
00:27:19,758 --> 00:27:23,034
WHICH WERE PREVIOUSLY
COMPLETELY BONE-DRY.
527
00:27:23,034 --> 00:27:24,758
Narrator: SCIENTISTS BELIEVE
THAT THE FLOODING
528
00:27:24,758 --> 00:27:28,413
CAUSED BY THE ASWAN DAM
TO HELP FARMERS
529
00:27:28,413 --> 00:27:32,827
HAS ALSO LED TO A RISE
IN THE LEVEL OF GROUNDWATER.
530
00:27:32,827 --> 00:27:36,724
NOW AS MODERN FARMING
AND IRRIGATION INTENSIFIES,
531
00:27:36,724 --> 00:27:40,896
THE WATER LEVEL IS CONTINUING
TO RISE EVEN FURTHER.
532
00:27:40,896 --> 00:27:43,724
Naunton: ALL THIS AGRICULTURE
REQUIRES AN AWFUL LOT OF WATER
533
00:27:43,724 --> 00:27:47,482
TO SIT ON THE LAND
MORE OR LESS PERMANENTLY,
534
00:27:47,482 --> 00:27:48,862
RIGHT THE WAY
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
535
00:27:48,862 --> 00:27:51,241
AND THIS HAS HAD
A KNOCK-ON EFFECT.
536
00:27:51,241 --> 00:27:52,655
Carroll: THEY'RE BASICALLY
PUMPING OUT MORE WATER
537
00:27:52,655 --> 00:27:54,724
FROM THE NILE,
AND THIS IS CAUSING
538
00:27:54,724 --> 00:27:56,379
MORE OF A RUNOFF OF WATER,
539
00:27:56,379 --> 00:28:01,172
WHICH IN TURN IS THEN GOING TO
AFFECT THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES.
540
00:28:01,172 --> 00:28:04,862
EGYPT IS TURNING SLOWLY
INTO A SWAMPLAND.
541
00:28:07,103 --> 00:28:09,862
Dodson: WALLS WHICH WERE
MANY METERS AWAY
542
00:28:09,862 --> 00:28:11,379
FROM ANY SOURCE OF WATER
543
00:28:11,379 --> 00:28:15,482
NOW HAVE WATER DIRECTLY
UNDERNEATH THEM.
544
00:28:15,482 --> 00:28:19,034
Narrator: FOR ARCHAEOLOGISTS,
THIS IS DISASTROUS.
545
00:28:19,034 --> 00:28:20,965
SOME OF THE NATION'S
MOST IMPORTANT SITES
546
00:28:20,965 --> 00:28:23,724
ARE FACING IMMINENT DANGER.
547
00:28:23,724 --> 00:28:26,172
BUT EVEN MORE ALARMING,
THE RISING WATERS
548
00:28:26,172 --> 00:28:27,827
MAY BE DESTROYING A MULTITUDE
549
00:28:27,827 --> 00:28:31,172
OF UNDISCOVERED ARTIFACTS
RIGHT NOW.
550
00:28:33,689 --> 00:28:35,034
Dodson: THE REASONS WHY
551
00:28:35,034 --> 00:28:37,000
WE HAVE SO MUCH MATERIAL
FROM ANCIENT EGYPT
552
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:38,931
IS THE DRY CONDITIONS
HAVE MEANT
553
00:28:38,931 --> 00:28:42,137
THAT ORGANIC MATERIALS
HAVE SURVIVED.
554
00:28:42,137 --> 00:28:44,827
THE RISE IN THE WATER IS
WORRYING SIMPLY 'CAUSE IT MEANS
555
00:28:44,827 --> 00:28:47,344
THAT FAR LESS
IS GOING TO BE PRESERVED.
556
00:28:47,344 --> 00:28:49,827
Naunton: THE MORE VULNERABLE
ANCIENT MONUMENTS ARE
557
00:28:49,827 --> 00:28:51,896
TO THINGS LIKE
RISING GROUNDWATER,
558
00:28:51,896 --> 00:28:54,379
THE MORE THOSE THINGS
STAND TO BE LOST
559
00:28:54,379 --> 00:28:56,655
BEFORE ARCHAEOLOGISTS
GET TO THEM.
560
00:28:56,655 --> 00:28:58,793
Narrator: NOW EGYPTOLOGISTS
AND SCIENTISTS
561
00:28:58,793 --> 00:29:01,620
ARE WORKING MORE CLOSELY
THAN EVER TO SEARCH FOR
562
00:29:01,620 --> 00:29:07,793
AND SAVE EGYPT'S HIDDEN HISTORY
BEFORE IT'S TOO LATE.
563
00:29:07,793 --> 00:29:09,413
Carroll: IT'S ACTUALLY CRUCIAL
THAT WE ACT NOW
564
00:29:09,413 --> 00:29:11,241
TO PROTECT THESE MONUMENTS.
565
00:29:11,241 --> 00:29:13,172
Johnston: WE NEED
TO RESOLVE THIS PROBLEM
566
00:29:13,172 --> 00:29:15,172
QUICKLY AND AFFORDABLY.
567
00:29:15,172 --> 00:29:19,103
OTHERWISE, WE RISK LOSING
EGYPT'S HERITAGE FOREVER.
568
00:29:19,103 --> 00:29:25,862
♪♪
569
00:29:25,862 --> 00:29:27,931
Narrator: THESE PORTRAITS
WERE FOUND ALONGSIDE
570
00:29:27,931 --> 00:29:30,310
CAREFULLY PRESERVED MUMMIES.
571
00:29:30,310 --> 00:29:34,206
THEY'RE UNLIKE ANY DEPICTIONS
OF ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.
572
00:29:34,206 --> 00:29:38,068
THEY SHOW THE FACES
FROM AFTER THE FALL,
573
00:29:38,068 --> 00:29:43,000
A NEW RULING CLASS REVEALED
IN UNPRECEDENTED DETAIL.
574
00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:45,241
Carroll: YOU'RE INSTANTLY
STRUCK BY THEIR EXPRESSION.
575
00:29:45,241 --> 00:29:47,344
THEY'RE SO LIFELIKE.
576
00:29:47,344 --> 00:29:50,344
Narrator: NOW SCIENTISTS ASK IF
THE EXTRAORDINARY DETAILS
577
00:29:50,344 --> 00:29:53,034
OF THESE PAINTINGS
COULD CONTAIN CLUES
578
00:29:53,034 --> 00:29:58,137
TO THE RARE HEALTH CONDITIONS
SUFFERED BY EGYPT'S NEW ELITE.
579
00:29:58,137 --> 00:30:00,344
CAN THE PHARAOH MUMMY PORTRAITS
580
00:30:00,344 --> 00:30:02,931
TELL US EVEN
HOW THOSE INDIVIDUALS LIVED
581
00:30:02,931 --> 00:30:04,689
AND POSSIBLY DIED?
582
00:30:12,137 --> 00:30:13,655
♪♪
583
00:30:13,655 --> 00:30:15,172
Narrator: 2016.
584
00:30:15,172 --> 00:30:18,275
A TEAM AT CHICAGO'S
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
585
00:30:18,275 --> 00:30:21,931
ANALYZE A SELECTION OF
STRIKING IMAGES.
586
00:30:21,931 --> 00:30:25,689
THEY WERE DISCOVERED
SOUTH OF CAIRO IN FAIYUM.
587
00:30:25,689 --> 00:30:27,862
MANY OF THESE PORTRAITS
WERE FOUND COVERING
588
00:30:27,862 --> 00:30:30,827
THE FACE OF A MUMMIFIED BODY.
589
00:30:30,827 --> 00:30:34,310
WHERE EARLIER EGYPTIAN ARTWORK
WAS HIGHLY STYLIZED,
590
00:30:34,310 --> 00:30:38,344
THESE IMAGES
ARE EXTRAORDINARILY LIFELIKE.
591
00:30:38,344 --> 00:30:39,689
Altaweel:
IT DOESN'T LOOK LIKE SOMETHING
592
00:30:39,689 --> 00:30:41,034
THEY WOULD PUT ON A MUMMY.
593
00:30:41,034 --> 00:30:42,344
THEY LITERALLY
LOOK LIKE JUST PORTRAITS,
594
00:30:42,344 --> 00:30:44,241
LIKE AS IF YOU'D PUT A PICTURE
ON A WALL OF SOMEONE.
595
00:30:44,241 --> 00:30:45,551
THEY REALLY WANTED YOU TO SEE
596
00:30:45,551 --> 00:30:49,068
A MORE LIFELIKE REPRESENTATION
OF THE PERSON.
597
00:30:49,068 --> 00:30:51,068
Narrator: THE PORTRAITS DEPICT
WEALTHY EGYPTIANS
598
00:30:51,068 --> 00:30:54,965
WHO LIVED DURING
THE FIRST THREE CENTURIES A.D.
599
00:30:54,965 --> 00:30:57,103
THIS WAS A TIME DURING WHICH
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
600
00:30:57,103 --> 00:30:59,965
CONSOLIDATED ITS RULE OVER EGYPT
601
00:30:59,965 --> 00:31:04,896
AND MEDITERRANEAN CUSTOMS
INFLUENCED DAILY LIFE.
602
00:31:04,896 --> 00:31:07,896
THIS TIME, EGYPT'S QUITE
A MULTICULTURAL PLACE.
603
00:31:07,896 --> 00:31:09,586
YOU SEE GREEK AND ROMAN FILES.
604
00:31:09,586 --> 00:31:11,137
THE DEPICTIONS OF THE FACES,
FOR INSTANCE,
605
00:31:11,137 --> 00:31:14,103
VERY ROMAN-LOOKING REALISM,
606
00:31:14,103 --> 00:31:18,172
GREEK STYLE OF DECORATIONS IN
TERMS OF THE HAIR, THE JEWELRY.
607
00:31:18,172 --> 00:31:20,379
BUT THEN A VERY EGYPTIAN IDEA
OF PUTTING A BODY
608
00:31:20,379 --> 00:31:23,413
IN A SARCOPHAGUS
AND MUMMIFYING IT.
609
00:31:23,413 --> 00:31:25,551
THE PORTRAITS REPRESENT
THE COSMOPOLITAN NATURE
610
00:31:25,551 --> 00:31:28,551
OF EGYPTIAN SOCIETY AT THE TIME.
611
00:31:28,551 --> 00:31:31,172
Narrator: BUT SCIENTISTS BELIEVE
THESE PORTRAITS CAN TELL US
612
00:31:31,172 --> 00:31:34,379
ABOUT MUCH MORE THAN
THE CHANGING CULTURE OF EGYPT
613
00:31:34,379 --> 00:31:36,379
UNDER THE ROMANS.
614
00:31:36,379 --> 00:31:38,862
THE FAIYUM PORTRAITS,
INCREDIBLY,
615
00:31:38,862 --> 00:31:40,620
MIGHT OFFER SCIENTISTS
AN OPPORTUNITY
616
00:31:40,620 --> 00:31:43,620
TO SAY SOMETHING ABOUT
THE HEALTH OF THE INDIVIDUALS
617
00:31:43,620 --> 00:31:47,379
AND THE DISEASES THAT THEY MIGHT
HAVE BEEN SUFFERING FROM.
618
00:31:47,379 --> 00:31:49,655
Narrator: RESEARCHERS
AT NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
619
00:31:49,655 --> 00:31:51,827
BEGIN BY ANALYZING EACH IMAGE
620
00:31:51,827 --> 00:31:54,551
UNDER DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS
OF LIGHT.
621
00:31:54,551 --> 00:31:56,172
Johnston: WITH MODERN
SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES,
622
00:31:56,172 --> 00:32:00,413
WE'RE ABLE TO ANALYZE
THE FAIYUM MUMMY PORTRAITS
623
00:32:00,413 --> 00:32:02,862
IN THE WAY THAT
WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO ANALYZE
624
00:32:02,862 --> 00:32:05,068
A RENAISSANCE PAINTING.
625
00:32:05,068 --> 00:32:06,620
Altaweel:
USING PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUES,
626
00:32:06,620 --> 00:32:09,000
WE CAN BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND
THE SORT OF PROCESSES USED
627
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:11,206
TO MAKE THE OBJECT,
TECHNOLOGIES,
628
00:32:11,206 --> 00:32:12,620
BUT ALSO THE KIND OF MATERIALS
629
00:32:12,620 --> 00:32:16,586
THAT WOULD GO INTO
CREATING THESE OBJECTS.
630
00:32:16,586 --> 00:32:18,172
Narrator:
THIS PROCESS REVEALS
631
00:32:18,172 --> 00:32:20,310
THE SPECIAL PIGMENTS
AND COMPLEX TECHNIQUES
632
00:32:20,310 --> 00:32:22,413
USED IN EACH PORTRAIT.
633
00:32:22,413 --> 00:32:23,758
FOR RESEARCHERS,
634
00:32:23,758 --> 00:32:26,068
IT'S CLEAR THE ARTISTS WENT
TO GREAT LENGTHS
635
00:32:26,068 --> 00:32:28,689
TO CREATE
THE HIGHLY REALISTIC IMAGES,
636
00:32:28,689 --> 00:32:31,758
LIKE THIS PORTRAIT
OF A YOUNG MAN.
637
00:32:31,758 --> 00:32:34,000
MEDICAL EXPERTS ASK
IF THE DROOPED FEATURES
638
00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:36,448
DEPICTED IN THE PORTRAIT
COULD BE EVIDENCE
639
00:32:36,448 --> 00:32:39,310
OF A NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER.
640
00:32:39,310 --> 00:32:43,310
TO FIND OUT, SCIENTISTS TURN TO
HIS PRESERVED SKULL
641
00:32:43,310 --> 00:32:46,000
AND SUBJECT IT TO C.T. SCANNING.
642
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:51,068
♪♪
643
00:32:51,068 --> 00:32:52,586
Naunton:
WHAT APPEARS IN THE PORTRAIT
644
00:32:52,586 --> 00:32:55,137
TO HAVE BEEN AN ANOMALY
IN THE SOFT TISSUE ON THE FACE
645
00:32:55,137 --> 00:32:58,965
IS BACKED UP BY THE MEASUREMENTS
FROM THE SKULL.
646
00:32:58,965 --> 00:33:01,413
THE INDIVIDUAL WAS SUFFERING
FROM SOME KIND OF ATROPHY
647
00:33:01,413 --> 00:33:04,310
OF THE SOFT TISSUE
AND THE BONE UNDERNEATH.
648
00:33:04,310 --> 00:33:06,620
THE SCIENTISTS CONCLUDED,
THEREFORE, THAT IN THIS CASE,
649
00:33:06,620 --> 00:33:11,275
HE WAS INDEED SUFFERING
FROM PARRY-ROMBERG SYNDROME.
650
00:33:11,275 --> 00:33:12,620
Carroll:
THE STUDY ACTUALLY REVEALED
651
00:33:12,620 --> 00:33:14,862
SIGNIFICANT
NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS,
652
00:33:14,862 --> 00:33:18,172
SIGNS OF A VERY RARE CONDITION,
WHICH IS PARRY-ROMBERG.
653
00:33:18,172 --> 00:33:20,827
AND WHAT THIS DOES
IS IT ACTUALLY CAUSES SHRINKAGE
654
00:33:20,827 --> 00:33:23,655
TO THE FACE.
655
00:33:23,655 --> 00:33:25,689
Narrator: THE DETAILS
OF THE FAIYUM PORTRAITS
656
00:33:25,689 --> 00:33:27,482
MAY REVEAL EVEN MORE.
657
00:33:27,482 --> 00:33:30,241
SCIENTISTS KNOW THAT EVIDENCE
OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
658
00:33:30,241 --> 00:33:32,724
CAN BE FOUND
NOT JUST IN THE SKULL,
659
00:33:32,724 --> 00:33:36,551
BUT ALSO IN OUR EYES.
660
00:33:36,551 --> 00:33:38,068
Altaweel:
MEDICAL SCIENCE BEGINNING
661
00:33:38,068 --> 00:33:41,206
TO JUST USE PEOPLE'S FACES
TO RECOGNIZE DISEASE.
662
00:33:41,206 --> 00:33:43,448
FOR INSTANCE, STROKES OR OTHER
KINDS OF AILMENTS THAT MAY OCCUR
663
00:33:43,448 --> 00:33:47,103
CAN BE RECOGNIZED USING
A FACIAL RECOGNITION SOFTWARE.
664
00:33:47,103 --> 00:33:49,379
Naunton: THE EYES ARE OFTEN
THE FIRST PART OF THE BODY
665
00:33:49,379 --> 00:33:53,241
TO BE AFFECTED
BY NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES.
666
00:33:53,241 --> 00:33:54,586
Narrator: RESEARCHERS NOW ASK
667
00:33:54,586 --> 00:33:56,689
WHETHER THE HIGHLY DETAILED
DEPICTIONS OF EYES
668
00:33:56,689 --> 00:33:58,172
IN THE FAIYUM PORTRAITS
669
00:33:58,172 --> 00:34:00,379
COULD HOLD FURTHER CLUES
TO OTHER DISORDERS
670
00:34:00,379 --> 00:34:02,206
SUFFERED BY THESE EGYPTIANS.
671
00:34:02,206 --> 00:34:04,103
WE CAN BEGIN TO APPLY
THE SAME TECHNOLOGIES
672
00:34:04,103 --> 00:34:06,448
TO LOOK AT
THESE ANCIENT PORTRAITS.
673
00:34:06,448 --> 00:34:08,000
Narrator:
IN MODERN MEDICINE,
674
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:10,137
DOCTORS MEASURE
HOW LIGHT IS REFLECTED
675
00:34:10,137 --> 00:34:12,206
FROM A PATIENT'S CORNEAS.
676
00:34:12,206 --> 00:34:15,206
IF THESE CORNEAL REFLECTIONS
ARE NOT SYMMETRICAL,
677
00:34:15,206 --> 00:34:18,689
IT CAN BE A SIGN
OF A NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER.
678
00:34:18,689 --> 00:34:21,758
IN THE FAIYUM PORTRAITS,
THE CORNEAL REFLECTIONS
679
00:34:21,758 --> 00:34:24,896
ARE REPRESENTED
AS FLECKS OF WHITE PAINT.
680
00:34:24,896 --> 00:34:29,034
♪♪
681
00:34:29,034 --> 00:34:30,965
Carroll:
NOW MODERN SCIENTISTS
682
00:34:30,965 --> 00:34:33,482
ARE ACTUALLY LOOKING AT THIS
FOR EVIDENCE,
683
00:34:33,482 --> 00:34:37,862
POSSIBLE HEALTH DISORDERS FROM
A NEUROLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW.
684
00:34:37,862 --> 00:34:41,068
Narrator: JUST LIKE DOCTORS
DIAGNOSING A MODERN PATIENT,
685
00:34:41,068 --> 00:34:44,793
RESEARCHERS MEASURE THE POSITION
OF THE CORNEAL REFLECTIONS.
686
00:34:44,793 --> 00:34:46,724
WHEN THEY COMPARE
THE RESULTS TO DATA TAKEN
687
00:34:46,724 --> 00:34:50,758
FROM THE ACTUAL SKULLS,
THEY'RE ASTONISHED.
688
00:34:50,758 --> 00:34:54,310
Naunton: SCIENTISTS ARE ABLE TO
SAY THAT THE WAY THE EYES LOOK
689
00:34:54,310 --> 00:34:57,965
DOES SUGGEST THAT THEY WERE
ACCURATELY CAPTURING
690
00:34:57,965 --> 00:35:00,758
WHAT ARE THE SIGNS
OF NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES.
691
00:35:03,517 --> 00:35:05,344
Altaweel: SCIENCE IS TELLING US
THAT THESE FAIYUM PORTRAITS
692
00:35:05,344 --> 00:35:07,068
ARE MORE THAN
JUST PRETTY PICTURES.
693
00:35:07,068 --> 00:35:09,172
Naunton:
IN MANY CASES, IT SEEMS
694
00:35:09,172 --> 00:35:12,655
THE ARTIST DID ACCURATELY
CAPTURE THE CONDITIONS
695
00:35:12,655 --> 00:35:14,862
THAT SOME OF THESE PEOPLE
WERE SUFFERING FROM.
696
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:18,758
Narrator: THE PORTRAITS
OF THE FAIYUM MUMMIES
697
00:35:18,758 --> 00:35:22,448
ARE NOT IDEALIZED,
AIRBRUSHED IMAGES,
698
00:35:22,448 --> 00:35:25,275
BUT ARE AS CLOSE AS WE HAVE
TO PHOTOGRAPHS
699
00:35:25,275 --> 00:35:28,689
OF EGYPT'S
NEW COSMOPOLITAN ELITE.
700
00:35:31,758 --> 00:35:33,000
♪♪
701
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:36,965
ONLY 28 EGYPTIAN OBELISKS
REMAIN STANDING,
702
00:35:36,965 --> 00:35:40,586
EACH OF THEM A TOWERING GIANT.
703
00:35:40,586 --> 00:35:43,896
OBELISKS ARE
THE ANCIENT WORLD'S SKYSCRAPERS.
704
00:35:43,896 --> 00:35:45,103
Godenho:
FROM MILES AND MILES AWAY,
705
00:35:45,103 --> 00:35:47,896
PEOPLE COULD SEE THESE THINGS
STANDING TALL.
706
00:35:47,896 --> 00:35:50,758
THEY'RE ANCIENT FEATS
OF ENGINEERING.
707
00:35:50,758 --> 00:35:52,793
Narrator: NOW MODERN RESEARCHERS
ARE ASKING
708
00:35:52,793 --> 00:35:56,448
JUST HOW THE EGYPTIANS,
EQUIPPED WITH ONLY BASIC TOOLS,
709
00:35:56,448 --> 00:35:59,655
CARVED THESE BEHEMOTHS.
710
00:35:59,655 --> 00:36:01,551
Fletcher:
NOW IT'S ALMOST MIRACULOUS
711
00:36:01,551 --> 00:36:03,586
HOW THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
712
00:36:03,586 --> 00:36:08,896
CREATE THESE AMAZING STRUCTURES
FROM SOLID GRANITE.
713
00:36:08,896 --> 00:36:11,827
HOW DID THEY DO IT,
AND WHAT TOOLS WERE THEY USING?
714
00:36:16,827 --> 00:36:19,344
Narrator: OBELISKS COULD BE
OVER 100 FEET TALL,
715
00:36:19,344 --> 00:36:22,275
EACH CARVED FROM
A SINGLE PIECE OF GRANITE,
716
00:36:22,275 --> 00:36:25,275
CUT WHOLE FROM THE ROCK FACE.
717
00:36:25,275 --> 00:36:28,310
FOR THE PHARAOH WHO ORDERED
THIS GARGANTUAN TASK,
718
00:36:28,310 --> 00:36:32,517
THE OBELISK WAS A STATEMENT
OF DIVINE AUTHORITY.
719
00:36:32,517 --> 00:36:34,000
Godenho: WHEN YOU LOOK AT
THE FORM OF OBELISKS,
720
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:36,137
THEY END WITH
THIS PYRAMID ON TOP.
721
00:36:36,137 --> 00:36:38,068
THAT'S A SYMBOL OF THE SUN GOD.
722
00:36:38,068 --> 00:36:39,827
SO WE'RE TALKING ABOUT
THE RELATIONSHIP
723
00:36:39,827 --> 00:36:42,724
BETWEEN THE KING
AND THE SUN GOD.
724
00:36:42,724 --> 00:36:44,379
Altaweel:
OBELISKS REALLY SYMBOLIZED
725
00:36:44,379 --> 00:36:45,965
THE ENTRYWAYS OF THE GODS,
726
00:36:45,965 --> 00:36:49,655
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN OUR WORLD
WITH HIGHER POWERS.
727
00:36:51,206 --> 00:36:54,310
Narrator: ANCIENT EGYPTIANS HAD
TO CUT THROUGH SOLID GRANITE,
728
00:36:54,310 --> 00:36:57,068
ONE OF NATURE'S HARDEST ROCKS,
729
00:36:57,068 --> 00:36:59,655
YET ONLY HAD TOOLS
MADE OF SOFT METALS
730
00:36:59,655 --> 00:37:02,034
LIKE COPPER AND BRONZE.
731
00:37:02,034 --> 00:37:03,586
HOW DID THEY DO IT?
732
00:37:03,586 --> 00:37:07,275
A VITAL CLUE CAN BE FOUND
AT A QUARRY IN ASWAN --
733
00:37:07,275 --> 00:37:10,275
AN ENORMOUS UNFINISHED OBELISK,
734
00:37:10,275 --> 00:37:15,206
ABANDONED BY WORKERS
3,500 YEARS AGO.
735
00:37:15,206 --> 00:37:17,413
Godenho: LOOKS LIKE THIS THING
WAS ALMOST READY
736
00:37:17,413 --> 00:37:21,068
TO BE RELEASED FROM THE QUARRY
IT WAS CARVED IN,
737
00:37:21,068 --> 00:37:23,241
BUT THEN A CRACK
WAS EXPOSED IN THE OBELISK,
738
00:37:23,241 --> 00:37:25,379
AND SO IT HAD TO BE ABANDONED.
739
00:37:25,379 --> 00:37:27,137
Bianchi: IF IT DID NOT
DEVELOP A CRACK,
740
00:37:27,137 --> 00:37:30,275
IT WOULD HAVE BEEN THE LARGEST
STANDING OBELISK THAT WE KNOW.
741
00:37:30,275 --> 00:37:32,586
Narrator: THE UNFINISHED OBELISK
SHOWS SIGNS
742
00:37:32,586 --> 00:37:35,275
OF WHAT SEEM LIKE STRIKE MARKS.
743
00:37:35,275 --> 00:37:37,862
WE KNOW ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
CARVED SOFT ROCK,
744
00:37:37,862 --> 00:37:41,068
LIKE LIMESTONE,
USING COPPER CHISELS.
745
00:37:41,068 --> 00:37:44,965
BUT TO CUT GRANITE, IT WOULD
TAKE A HARDER METAL LIKE IRON,
746
00:37:44,965 --> 00:37:47,310
WHICH HAD NOT YET BEEN
DISCOVERED.
747
00:37:47,310 --> 00:37:49,965
Harrison: THE EVIDENCE
ON THE ASWAN OBELISK IMPLIES
748
00:37:49,965 --> 00:37:51,379
THAT IT WAS BEING HAMMERED
749
00:37:51,379 --> 00:37:54,689
AND BEATEN OUT OF THE GROUND
USING COPPER CHISELS,
750
00:37:54,689 --> 00:37:56,172
BUT THIS SEEMS SLIGHTLY UNUSUAL
751
00:37:56,172 --> 00:37:58,275
BECAUSE COPPER
IS QUITE A SOFT METAL
752
00:37:58,275 --> 00:38:00,206
COMPARED TO
THE VERY HARD GRANITE.
753
00:38:02,275 --> 00:38:04,172
Narrator: OTHER SCHOLARS BELIEVE
IT'S MORE LIKELY
754
00:38:04,172 --> 00:38:05,448
THAT THE ANCIENT WORKFORCE
755
00:38:05,448 --> 00:38:08,620
USED ROCKS MADE OF DOLERITE
TO FREE THE OBELISK.
756
00:38:10,689 --> 00:38:12,689
Bianchi: USING POUNDERS
757
00:38:12,689 --> 00:38:15,482
ABOUT THE SIZE
OF A MODERN BOWLING BALL
758
00:38:15,482 --> 00:38:17,448
UPON THE GRANITE
759
00:38:17,448 --> 00:38:19,482
UNTIL THE GRANITE WAS WORN AWAY.
760
00:38:19,482 --> 00:38:21,689
IT'S ALMOST INCONCEIVABLE
THAT SUCH A SIMPLE TECHNOLOGY
761
00:38:21,689 --> 00:38:24,241
COULD DO THIS,
BUT POSSIBLY WITH ENOUGH PEOPLE,
762
00:38:24,241 --> 00:38:27,862
YOU COULD MOVE SOMETHING
THIS LARGE THIS WAY.
763
00:38:27,862 --> 00:38:30,379
Narrator: BUT NOW
RESEARCHERS ARE REEVALUATING
764
00:38:30,379 --> 00:38:33,758
AN IMPORTANT CLUE
765
00:38:33,758 --> 00:38:35,896
DISCOVERED IN THE 19th CENTURY
766
00:38:35,896 --> 00:38:39,896
BY THE FATHER OF EGYPTOLOGY,
FLINDERS PETRIE.
767
00:38:39,896 --> 00:38:41,655
Godenho:
PETRIE WORKING AT GIZA,
768
00:38:41,655 --> 00:38:44,448
WHERE THE PYRAMIDS ARE,
NEAR CAIRO,
769
00:38:44,448 --> 00:38:47,103
HE FOUND
GRANITE-DRILLED CORES --
770
00:38:47,103 --> 00:38:50,034
LUMPS OF GRANITE THAT LOOK LIKE
THEY'D BEEN REMOVED
771
00:38:50,034 --> 00:38:53,310
FROM THE EARTH
BY DRILLING ACTION.
772
00:38:53,310 --> 00:38:55,517
Narrator: THIS COULD BE
A CRUCIAL PIECE OF EVIDENCE
773
00:38:55,517 --> 00:38:57,344
IN SOLVING THIS MYSTERY.
774
00:38:57,344 --> 00:39:01,172
PETRIE'S THEORY WAS THAT WHILE
THE DRILLS WERE MADE OF COPPER,
775
00:39:01,172 --> 00:39:03,413
CRAFTSMEN NEEDED THE HELP
OF SOME OTHER SUBSTANCE
776
00:39:03,413 --> 00:39:05,793
TO CUT THROUGH GRANITE.
777
00:39:05,793 --> 00:39:08,206
PETRIE BELIEVED THAT IN ORDER
FOR THESE DRILLS
778
00:39:08,206 --> 00:39:11,655
TO BE EFFECTIVE,
THEY NEEDED A HARD CUTTING EDGE.
779
00:39:11,655 --> 00:39:14,000
SO SOMETHING ELSE,
NOT JUST THE METAL.
780
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,000
AND SO HE THOUGHT SOMETHING
LIKE DIAMOND
781
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,068
WOULD BE SUITABLE
FOR THAT CUTTING ACTION.
782
00:39:19,068 --> 00:39:20,862
Altaweel:
WE USE DIAMONDS TO DRILL.
783
00:39:20,862 --> 00:39:22,724
PRESUMABLY, THEY WOULD HAVE
USED SOMETHING
784
00:39:22,724 --> 00:39:25,482
SORT OF COMPARABLE
IN HARDNESS AS DIAMOND.
785
00:39:25,482 --> 00:39:27,068
Narrator:
21st CENTURY RESEARCHERS
786
00:39:27,068 --> 00:39:29,137
MAY HAVE FOUND THE ANSWER
TO THIS MYSTERY
787
00:39:29,137 --> 00:39:33,551
IN NEW YORK'S
METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART.
788
00:39:33,551 --> 00:39:34,896
Naunton: THERE IS AN OBJECT
789
00:39:34,896 --> 00:39:36,206
WHICH PERHAPS
DOESN'T LOOK LIKE MUCH
790
00:39:36,206 --> 00:39:37,689
BUT ACTUALLY IS TELLING US
AN AWFUL LOT
791
00:39:37,689 --> 00:39:41,896
ABOUT HOW THE EGYPTIANS WERE
ABLE TO WORK STONES LIKE THIS.
792
00:39:41,896 --> 00:39:44,310
Narrator: THIS PIECE
OF ANCIENT SCULPTED STONE
793
00:39:44,310 --> 00:39:48,172
WAS DISCOVERED IN AMARNA
IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY.
794
00:39:48,172 --> 00:39:51,172
CONTEMPORARY RESEARCHERS
ARE INTRIGUED BY A HOLE
795
00:39:51,172 --> 00:39:53,172
ON THE BACK OF THE ARTIFACT.
796
00:39:53,172 --> 00:39:55,172
A TUBULAR CUTTING EDGE,
797
00:39:55,172 --> 00:39:58,137
A TUBULAR DRILL
HAD BEEN USED ON THIS.
798
00:39:58,137 --> 00:40:00,413
AND AT THE BOTTOM OF THAT
DRILL HOLE,
799
00:40:00,413 --> 00:40:04,103
YOU CAN SEE A CIRCULAR AREA.
800
00:40:04,103 --> 00:40:07,862
Naunton: THERE ARE TRACES OF
SOME KIND OF ABRASIVE POWDER
801
00:40:07,862 --> 00:40:10,724
THAT THEY USED
TO REMOVE THIS SECTION.
802
00:40:10,724 --> 00:40:13,310
Narrator: THIS FINE POWDER
COULD FINALLY EXPLAIN
803
00:40:13,310 --> 00:40:18,241
HOW EGYPTIANS CUT THROUGH
HARD GRANITE WITH SOFT COPPER.
804
00:40:18,241 --> 00:40:20,551
THE FRAGMENT IS TAKEN
IMMEDIATELY TO THE LAB
805
00:40:20,551 --> 00:40:22,310
TO BE EXAMINED.
806
00:40:22,310 --> 00:40:26,241
Naunton: THIS POWDER'S BEEN
STUDIED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY,
807
00:40:26,241 --> 00:40:28,931
AND IT'S BEEN SHOWN TO BE MADE
OF A MIXTURE
808
00:40:28,931 --> 00:40:31,448
OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES,
BUT TWO OF THOSE STAND OUT.
809
00:40:31,448 --> 00:40:35,241
THERE ARE GREEN FRAGMENTS
WHICH SEEM TO BE
810
00:40:35,241 --> 00:40:39,448
FROM BRONZE AND COPPER,
PERHAPS THE REMAINS OF A DRILL.
811
00:40:39,448 --> 00:40:43,655
AND THERE ARE RED ANGULAR
CRYSTALS IN THERE AS WELL.
812
00:40:43,655 --> 00:40:46,448
Narrator: SCIENTISTS ANALYZE
THE RED CRYSTALS
813
00:40:46,448 --> 00:40:49,275
AND IDENTIFY THEM AS CORUNDUM.
814
00:40:49,275 --> 00:40:51,758
IT IS ONE OF NATURE'S
HARDEST MATERIALS,
815
00:40:51,758 --> 00:40:54,000
SECOND ONLY TO DIAMOND
816
00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:56,620
AND MANY TIMES HARDER
THAN GRANITE.
817
00:40:56,620 --> 00:40:59,137
Godenho: CORUNDUM'S ACTUALLY
A SUPER-HARD CRYSTAL,
818
00:40:59,137 --> 00:41:01,379
AND THAT'S WHAT WE SEEM
TO HAVE FRAGMENTS OF HERE.
819
00:41:01,379 --> 00:41:04,103
BUT IT'S STILL USED TODAY
BECAUSE IT CAN SCRATCH
820
00:41:04,103 --> 00:41:06,310
JUST ABOUT ANY OTHER GEM.
821
00:41:06,310 --> 00:41:08,034
Narrator:
TODAY, CORUNDUM IS USED
822
00:41:08,034 --> 00:41:11,000
TO COAT THE CUTTING SURFACES
OF INDUSTRIAL DRILLS
823
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:14,482
DESIGNED TO CUT THROUGH ROCK.
824
00:41:14,482 --> 00:41:18,068
NOW SCIENCE HAS REVEALED
THAT 3,000 YEARS AGO,
825
00:41:18,068 --> 00:41:21,551
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
DID EXACTLY THE SAME THING
826
00:41:21,551 --> 00:41:24,344
TO CARVE THEIR VAST OBELISKS.
827
00:41:24,344 --> 00:41:25,931
Altaweel: THE OBELISK IS
BEGINNING TO REVEAL
828
00:41:25,931 --> 00:41:27,275
NEW INFORMATION TO US.
829
00:41:27,275 --> 00:41:28,482
NOW WE'RE LEARNING MUCH MORE.
830
00:41:28,482 --> 00:41:29,931
WE'RE LEARNING ABOUT THE WAY
THEY WERE MADE.
831
00:41:29,931 --> 00:41:33,551
THAT'S BEGINNING NOW TO BE
PEELED AWAY BY NEW TECHNIQUES
832
00:41:33,551 --> 00:41:36,034
AND TECHNOLOGIES
AVAILABLE TO US.
833
00:41:36,034 --> 00:41:37,793
Narrator:
IT'S EVIDENCE OF THE INGENUITY
834
00:41:37,793 --> 00:41:39,827
OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
835
00:41:39,827 --> 00:41:42,241
AND OF THEIR ABILITY
TO MAKE THE MOST
836
00:41:42,241 --> 00:41:43,931
OF THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES
837
00:41:43,931 --> 00:41:48,724
TO OVERCOME
SEEMINGLY INSURMOUNTABLE TASKS.
838
00:41:48,724 --> 00:41:51,551
Bianchi: THE MORE WE STUDY
ANCIENT EGYPT,
839
00:41:51,551 --> 00:41:53,758
THE MORE WE ARE AWARE
840
00:41:53,758 --> 00:41:57,000
OF JUST HOW ATTUNED THEY WERE
841
00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,000
OF HOW NATURE WORKS.
842
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:03,517
♪♪
68142
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