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[music]
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[music]
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CITY NOISES
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After escaping the difficult
conditions of North Korea,
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Mr. Lee and more than 20,000
other North Korean refugees
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find themselves grossly
unprepared for their new lives.
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TRAFFIC NOISE
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The stark cultural
and economic differences
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make it difficult to integrate
into the fast paced
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and modern South Korean society.
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TRAFFIC NOISE
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Koreans have been victimized
in the 20th century.
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They were taken over
by the Japanese,
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divided by the United Nations,
and then the Korean War
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and they still haven't recovered
from the national division.
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And this is termed, this is
expressed in the term "han".
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"Han" means this regret or this
angst, this anxiety that...
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many times Koreans say
you can't translate "han",
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but it's this feeling of being
victimized and it's expressed
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very well in the Korean
National folk song "Arirang".
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Arirang is a mythical
place, it doesn't exist,
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and the line goes, Arirang
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SPEAKING KOREAN
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They've gone over
the Arirang pass.
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Who has gone over
the mountain pass?
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SPEAKING KOREAN
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"My lover who has cast me aside
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has crossed over
the Arirang pass".
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And it has a rather whimsical
final line that says,
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"may you have blisters
on your feet
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before you've gone ten lee".
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The conditions that drove
Mr. Lee to leave his home
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in North Korea have been over
a century in the making.
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Occupied by Japan for
much of the first half
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of the 20th century,
Korea was then divided up
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by the victorious allies at
the conclusion of World War II.
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Five years later tensions on
the peninsula between the South
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and North Korean governments
boiled over
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leading the North
to invade the South.
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Full-scale war resulted
involving the U.S.
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and it's allies aiding the South
Korean government,
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while the Soviet Union and
communist China
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supported the North Korean
regime.
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The result was a devastating
three-year war
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ending in stalemate
and then an uneasy armistice
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that left Korea divided.
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Today, Seoul bares little
resemblance to the impoverished,
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war torn city it once was.
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Rather it stands as a symbol
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of the vast economic
and cultural divide
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reinforcing the division
between the two Koreas.
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After the end of the Korean war,
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South Korea was really
struggling economically.
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It was South Korea that
was considered to be
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the economic basket case,
and it was only through
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beginning to industrialize
and pursue export led growth
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that they began to grow,
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and it wasn't until the late
70s, early 80s, that South Korea
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finally overtook North Korea
in terms of per capita GNP.
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Having lived in Korea
in the 1950s and '60s,
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after the war, when South
Korea was that poor,
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it's possible to compare
conditions in the North today
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with what South Korea
was like then.
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And then you say, well I think
I know how this could unfold
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if the North Koreans could have
the advantages
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that the South Koreans acquired
in rebuilding their country.
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The story of South Korea's
economic success began humbly;
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small companies run by ordinary
Koreans, many like Mr. Lee,
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refugees from North Korea.
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When I first moved to Korea in
1965, I met a friend, Mr. Chung,
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who at that time was
working in a tailor shop,
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and tailor shops were the
hot business in those days.
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It was something that people
could do, labour intensive,
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they measure you and fit you
and cut the, the cloth,
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you had a tailor-made suit
for very little money.
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When I returned to Korea
in 1973,
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he was supervising
a wig factory.
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Wigs don't sound
like a major industry,
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but this was huge in Korea
because it was a great way
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to capitalize on a natural
resource Koreans had,
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good Korean hair.
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It doesn't sound
like a major step
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in the economic development,
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but the wig industry was
a huge step forward for Korea
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in terms of capitalization,
in terms of learning to...
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export and learning how the
international market worked.
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If you look at South Korea
you see what
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with far fewer resources
than the North,
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you see the extraordinary,
stunning
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economic growth of the South,
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and you realize it's the same
people with even better
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economic resource base in
terms of natural resources
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and other sorts of things, and
it's just an utter disaster.
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[music]
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North Korean state television
delivers
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a tightly controlled message,
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displaying only the purported
successes of the regime.
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This is in stark contrast
to the stories of deprivation
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and oppression from
defectors like Mr. Lee.
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Well, everywhere you go,
the country reveals itself
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as a very poor place.
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North Korea has never
been able to feed itself.
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That the plantations,
the broad plains,
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the big rice fields have
always been in South Korea.
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it has always been
the bread basket
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of the Korean people.
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Besides that, there
have been some colossal
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bad decisions on the North
Korean part about agriculture,
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about fertilizer, about
soil and crop use.
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If you look at the last decade
and a half,
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you know by most estimates,
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one if not two million North
Koreans have died by famine.
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And no one else in the region
died of famine,
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So there's no other reason
than the nature of the regime.
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That's not to say that we should
invade North Korea,
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that we ought to destabilize it
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and pursue unification
now, but that said,
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whenever we weigh these issues,
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that we need to be
very cognizant
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that it is not
a value free equation.
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There are costs here,
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and they're very real costs
in terms of North Korean people.
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The dramatic disparity
between the two Koreas
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is so great that one of the
primary concerns of South Korea
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is how to stem the tide of North
Korean refugees they expect
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to spill over the border should
there be an abrupt unification.
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Early on, a lot of researchers
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tried to figure out
what level of...
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standard of living would you
have to have in North Korea
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where North Koreans
wouldn't feel the desire
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as mass floods of refugees
go into South Korea.
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And to do that back in 2000,
that would have cost you
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something about
four trillion dollars.
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How do you take two remarkably
disparate economies,
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keep people in place,
and improve the one
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without everybody
getting on their bicycles
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and riding south.
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That is not a laughable idea,
but an offensive idea,
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I think it would throw them back
rather seriously on their heels
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if you said,
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well, when unification comes
you'll have to adjust to
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what the South wants you to do.
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I don't think they have
that in mind.
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[music]
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It was just a year ago
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that authorities
in communist Germany,
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appalled at the numbers who are
fleeing to the west
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throughout the wall.
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[music]
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I served in the state department
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during the first
Bush administration
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and in that capacity,
immediately got asked to
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work as the legal advisor
to the U.S. delegation
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on German unification.
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When I left the government
I was asked to lead
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a large-scale study,
seeing if there were
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any insights
from the German experience
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that might be relevant
in terms of planning for,
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and thinking about potential
Korean unification
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and it was really an interesting
exercise because there are many
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there are many differences
that are important.
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[music]
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The gulf between the East
and West German economy
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was far less than the gulf
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between the North
and South Korean economies,
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and yet that was incredibly
expensive for the Germans,
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so you can just imagine
the expense
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that's going to be involved
in the case of Korea.
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The simple fact is that Koreans
could never even begin to dream
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of a unification scenario
as relatively inexpensive,
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as smooth, as peaceful as
you had in the German scenario.
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So the costs in the Korean case
are going to be much higher,
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and the Koreans know that
and as a result,
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that's why you've seen some
real reticence
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on the part
of Korean policy-makers.
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There were also differences in
terms of flow of information.
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I mean, most of the East Germans
knew a lot about West Germany.
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They knew product brands, they
saw West German television,
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that doesn't exist
in North Korea.
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You've got virtually
no information that
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has crossed the border.
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No sense of what democratic
institutions look like
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or what the debates or
the political parties are like,
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very little experience now
after all these years with a...
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market oriented economy,and all
that that means in terms of
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personal initiative
and personal sacrifice.
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To visit North Korea is to...
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encounter a very
human situation,
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to see people trying to get to
work, kids getting to school,
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being friends, laughing,
holding hands,
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walking down the street,
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it's a real environment.
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I mean that the North
Koreans are regular folks,
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that they, they have, they
think they're normal.
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[music]
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Getting permission to film
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in the Hanowan Resettlement
Center is extremely difficult.
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It is not allowed under
any circumstances
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to show images of refugees.
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There is a justified fear
of North Korean reprisals
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against defectors
and the Hanowan staff
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takes great care
to make sure
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defectors identities
are not exposed.
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[music]
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[music]
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[music]
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While Mr. Lee and his wife,
also a defector,
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have struggled to adapt
to South Korean life,
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his children
are fully integrated.
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Yet despite his hopes that his
kids will see a united Korea,
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they are part of a growing
younger generation
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that does not necessarily share
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their parents' desire
for unification.
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It's a generation gap
that could hold
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profound consequences
for both Koreas.
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South Korea is becoming
a dominant cultural force,
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not just in Asia,
but internationally as well.
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00:22:34,980 --> 00:22:38,650
Its growing young population has
created a vibrant youth culture
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00:22:38,670 --> 00:22:40,840
that is vastly different
than the traditions
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of their parent's generation.
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These days, I think kids,
they're exposed to like,
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everything and they can access
to every kind of culture
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and cultural phenomenon.
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So that makes it a whole lot
different from the past.
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After the Korean war, Korea,
Korea's main concern was
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economic development.
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Korean society
became more open.
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So youngsters had more
freedom to create
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the kind of films they wanted,
the kind of [music] they wanted,
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and since then it was
just a major change
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in culture in general.
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KOREAN HIP HOP MUSIC
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Something that is really
interesting
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to watch pop culture in Korea
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is to watch the thing called
the "hanyu".
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The "hanyu" is the Korean wave,
this wave of culture
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that is sweeping across
all of China and Japan and Asia.
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There is a very interesting
cultural mix
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between the kind of western,
the arts, popular culture
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00:24:06,830 --> 00:24:11,450
and traditional Korean arts
and popular culture.
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Young Japanese think
young Koreans are cool,
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and they are cool because they
have these wonderful pop music
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00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:23,130
videos and songs and great
high energy performances,
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great TV actors,
and great stories that young
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00:24:26,040 --> 00:24:28,510
that young Japanese
just really enjoy.
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So we've had a sea change in
Japan in attitudes toward Korea,
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and this is a measure of how
different the younger generation
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in Korea is from the older
generation in Korea.
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00:24:38,500 --> 00:24:40,390
The younger generation
is more focused
250
00:24:40,410 --> 00:24:43,330
on the United States, on Europe,
on the world writ large,
251
00:24:43,390 --> 00:24:45,430
they're very wired in,
they're very
252
00:24:45,460 --> 00:24:47,060
international in nature.
253
00:24:51,910 --> 00:24:55,110
If you look at club scenes
in big cities of Korea,
254
00:24:55,140 --> 00:25:00,380
then you tend to think that
this the gap between the South
255
00:25:00,410 --> 00:25:04,580
and North bigger and bigger,
and you wonder if this
256
00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:08,970
generation really wants
reunification of the country.
257
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:12,800
Only few people have
had the experience
258
00:25:12,830 --> 00:25:18,890
of the Korean war and post war,
it's a whole different matter
259
00:25:18,910 --> 00:25:20,890
for this generation.
260
00:25:26,760 --> 00:25:28,810
Anybody who is under
50 years of age is
261
00:25:28,830 --> 00:25:31,640
is very unlikely to have
an immediate brother or sister,
262
00:25:31,660 --> 00:25:33,530
father or mother,
or even grandparent
263
00:25:33,560 --> 00:25:34,670
living in North Korea.
264
00:25:34,690 --> 00:25:37,000
So the personal level ties
that would make this
265
00:25:37,020 --> 00:25:39,340
a personal issue, not
a broader cultural one
266
00:25:39,360 --> 00:25:40,620
aren't going to be there.
267
00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:43,810
So understandably, there is
going to be a gap between
268
00:25:43,830 --> 00:25:46,290
those with direct experience,
the older generation
269
00:25:46,310 --> 00:25:47,840
and the younger generation.
270
00:26:16,850 --> 00:26:19,380
The contrast, people
say stark contrast,
271
00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:21,680
but I'll just say contrast,
between North
272
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:26,640
and South Korea is huge,
and you don't really see
273
00:26:27,100 --> 00:26:31,680
how they could ever get
back together again.
274
00:26:31,960 --> 00:26:33,570
The people of those
two countries
275
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:35,100
have been educated since birth
276
00:26:35,130 --> 00:26:37,240
in two different
national stories.
277
00:26:37,260 --> 00:26:38,330
Who are their heroes?
278
00:26:38,350 --> 00:26:41,410
Who were the winners and losers,
the good and bad guys?
279
00:26:41,430 --> 00:26:44,850
Aspirationally, on an
emotional level, of course.
280
00:26:45,240 --> 00:26:47,200
Every class,
281
00:26:47,230 --> 00:26:50,240
every family narrative is
a narrative of the tragedy
282
00:26:50,260 --> 00:26:51,830
of the division of this nation.
283
00:26:51,850 --> 00:26:53,030
They are one people.
284
00:26:53,060 --> 00:26:55,750
One language, one history,
and they are artificially
285
00:26:55,770 --> 00:26:57,200
divided by the Cold War.
286
00:26:57,230 --> 00:27:00,760
And so clearly every South
Korean wants unification.
287
00:27:01,260 --> 00:27:03,890
but, if you then dial
that down to much more
288
00:27:03,910 --> 00:27:07,890
specific questions like,
do you support unification now?
289
00:27:07,910 --> 00:27:10,110
Those numbers drop
dramatically.
290
00:27:11,210 --> 00:27:16,290
[music]
291
00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:20,560
Mr. Lee does not let
the generation gap
292
00:27:20,590 --> 00:27:23,450
or South Korea's reluctance
to pay for unification,
293
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:26,170
should it ever come,
deter his efforts.
294
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:27,800
He devotes all his working time
295
00:27:27,820 --> 00:27:29,970
to help his brothers
in the North.
296
00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:32,410
Several times a year,
he launches balloons
297
00:27:32,430 --> 00:27:35,660
that carry humanitarian items
and messages of hope
298
00:27:35,690 --> 00:27:37,490
across the heavily
guarded border.
299
00:28:27,790 --> 00:28:34,410
[music]
300
00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:32,190
Mr. Lee's cross-boarder
humanitarian operation,
301
00:29:32,210 --> 00:29:35,520
decried by North Korea
and tolerated by the South,
302
00:29:35,550 --> 00:29:39,420
faces a sizeable, almost
impenetrable physical roadblock.
303
00:29:39,700 --> 00:29:42,520
The southern boundary fence-line
running around here
304
00:29:42,560 --> 00:29:45,130
is the defendable
territory of the DMZ.
305
00:29:45,140 --> 00:29:48,340
It was originally intended to
be two km south, two km north.
306
00:29:48,360 --> 00:29:51,210
Due to the fact that we can't
support some of the area
307
00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:54,010
as defendable Republic of Korea,
they built a fence-line
308
00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:55,550
along the defendable area.
309
00:29:55,580 --> 00:30:00,980
The DMZ, the demilitarized
zone, is an oxymoron,
310
00:30:01,010 --> 00:30:02,380
it's not demilitarized.
311
00:30:02,410 --> 00:30:04,530
It's the most heavily
militarized
312
00:30:04,560 --> 00:30:06,650
place on the planet these days.
313
00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,500
It's a two and a half mile
strip that goes across
314
00:30:09,530 --> 00:30:12,910
the whole peninsula, cutting
right across its waist,
315
00:30:12,940 --> 00:30:16,330
separating North Korea
from South Korea.
316
00:30:21,830 --> 00:30:25,430
Since the armistice agreement
was signed in 1953,
317
00:30:25,460 --> 00:30:28,260
the 38th parallel has been
a bloody barrier
318
00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:31,060
between two nations
still technically at war.
319
00:30:34,260 --> 00:30:39,220
After 60 years of tension,
security still remains high
320
00:30:39,250 --> 00:30:42,310
with the constant threat
of renewed conflict.
321
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:36,350
Since 1953, North Korea has
violated the armistice agreement
322
00:31:36,370 --> 00:31:40,940
over 200 times, creating a cycle
of provocation and retaliation
323
00:31:40,960 --> 00:31:42,960
between the two Koreas.
324
00:31:43,370 --> 00:31:46,350
In recent years the North
has tested nuclear devices,
325
00:31:46,370 --> 00:31:48,920
long range missiles,
launched artillery attacks
326
00:31:48,940 --> 00:31:50,760
against South Korean islands
327
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:54,260
and sunk the South Korean
naval vessel, the Cheonan.
328
00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:01,230
The North Korean perspective
is that the provocations
329
00:32:01,260 --> 00:32:02,930
come from the other side.
330
00:32:03,580 --> 00:32:06,050
When they sank the
Cheonan, nobody much
331
00:32:06,070 --> 00:32:09,230
nobody much mentions
the joint manoeuvres
332
00:32:09,260 --> 00:32:11,860
that were going on
in those waters
333
00:32:11,880 --> 00:32:14,640
with U.S. and South Korean
naval forces at the time.
334
00:32:14,660 --> 00:32:18,320
The North Korean side would be
totally, well, we were trying
335
00:32:18,340 --> 00:32:21,130
to make a statement, you
can't just bring a corvette
336
00:32:21,150 --> 00:32:24,640
into our territorial waters
and roam around at will.
337
00:32:24,670 --> 00:32:26,530
We're going to control that.
338
00:32:30,060 --> 00:32:32,150
Of all the North Korean
provocations,
339
00:32:32,180 --> 00:32:34,870
there are some that stand out
for their audacity.
340
00:32:35,230 --> 00:32:37,640
One of the most remarkable
is simply known as
341
00:32:37,670 --> 00:32:39,140
the Blue House raid.
342
00:32:45,670 --> 00:32:48,790
In January of 1968 I was in
Korea living in a place called
343
00:32:48,830 --> 00:32:51,330
Cheongun-Dong which is very
close to the Blue House,
344
00:32:51,430 --> 00:32:53,280
the presidential mansion.
345
00:32:53,360 --> 00:32:56,380
And that night we were just
folding up getting ready
346
00:32:56,410 --> 00:32:59,540
to go to bed when we heard this
pop, pop, pop stuff going on.
347
00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:01,990
And we thought oh, there's
some kind of exercise.
348
00:33:02,020 --> 00:33:04,050
And then we saw
machine gun fire.
349
00:33:04,270 --> 00:33:07,790
MACHINE GUN FIRE
350
00:33:08,330 --> 00:33:11,560
We could see the tracers,
and if you can see the tracers
351
00:33:11,590 --> 00:33:13,150
you know those aren't blanks.
352
00:33:52,680 --> 00:33:57,380
It was a James Bond style
squad of highly trained
353
00:33:57,400 --> 00:34:01,430
North Korean commandos
who had come down and had run,
354
00:34:01,470 --> 00:34:04,870
marathon runners, so
they, the South Koreans
355
00:34:04,900 --> 00:34:07,580
and the Americans knew they
had come through the DMZ,
356
00:34:07,610 --> 00:34:10,260
but they didn't realize they
had come down so quickly.
357
00:34:10,760 --> 00:34:12,390
To show you
how dangerous it was,
358
00:34:12,420 --> 00:34:14,200
there was an older gentleman
359
00:34:14,230 --> 00:34:16,770
two doors down from our
gate
360
00:34:16,790 --> 00:34:18,780
who stepped out
to see what was going on
361
00:34:18,810 --> 00:34:21,510
and one of the squads came by
and shot him right there.
362
00:34:26,260 --> 00:34:30,000
Of the 31 commandos that
came down 29 were killed.
363
00:34:30,380 --> 00:34:32,270
They refused to surrender.
364
00:34:32,290 --> 00:34:34,200
They shot their way
till they died.
365
00:35:18,070 --> 00:35:20,620
Finally he realized
everything they were telling him
366
00:35:20,650 --> 00:35:24,680
in the North was false,
and that he was misled
367
00:35:24,700 --> 00:35:27,530
and he could go through
South Korea, see the markets,
368
00:35:27,560 --> 00:35:30,810
see the houses and realize
that South Korea had a better
369
00:35:30,830 --> 00:35:33,860
way of living and thus
he converted and changed.
370
00:36:12,510 --> 00:36:16,670
Kim Shin Jo paid a steep price
for his betrayal of the North.
371
00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:21,450
Upon receiving citizenship in
1970, his parents were executed
372
00:36:21,480 --> 00:36:24,760
and the remaining members
of his family were purged.
373
00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:35,870
SHOUTING ORDERS IN KOREAN
374
00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:09,360
The North Koreans have this
wonderful pattern of basically
375
00:37:09,390 --> 00:37:13,060
doing something quite terrible
and then there's a negotiation
376
00:37:13,080 --> 00:37:14,880
and they exact some price
to promise
377
00:37:14,900 --> 00:37:16,650
not to do
the terrible thing again.
378
00:37:16,680 --> 00:37:20,240
There's not a lot of evidence
conciliation has worked much,
379
00:37:20,270 --> 00:37:21,990
and there's not
a lot of evidence
380
00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:24,680
that a hard-line
has worked very much.
381
00:37:25,030 --> 00:37:27,890
And I think it's also fair
to say that if you've reached
382
00:37:27,920 --> 00:37:30,840
your hand out and tried and
it kind of gets bitten
383
00:37:30,860 --> 00:37:36,000
or slapped every time, why
continue with that policy,
384
00:37:36,030 --> 00:37:37,440
at least try something else.
385
00:37:44,910 --> 00:37:47,380
It's important when there's
an eruption of trouble
386
00:37:47,410 --> 00:37:49,360
on the Korean peninsula
to remember that
387
00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:51,530
there's a logic
to both sides behaviour.
388
00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:55,450
The North Koreans have
some reason
389
00:37:55,470 --> 00:37:57,260
for doing what they're doing.
390
00:37:57,290 --> 00:38:02,310
It may be an internal reason
and maybe inscrutably local
391
00:38:02,330 --> 00:38:05,010
and hard for us to divine
with the information that
392
00:38:05,030 --> 00:38:09,060
we have from the outside, but
they are doing it for a reason.
393
00:38:10,240 --> 00:38:12,400
The secret to what's going on
in North Korea
394
00:38:12,430 --> 00:38:13,430
is to understand,
395
00:38:13,460 --> 00:38:16,410
that whatever they're doing,
it's for domestic consumption.
396
00:38:16,430 --> 00:38:19,210
They don't really care that
much about their relations
397
00:38:19,230 --> 00:38:21,330
with South Korea or
with the United States,
398
00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:23,910
they're primary concern is
maintaining their control
399
00:38:23,940 --> 00:38:25,060
on society.
400
00:38:46,700 --> 00:38:49,930
The passing of Kim Jong Il
and the succession of his son
401
00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:52,560
Kim Jong Un has ushered
in a new era
402
00:38:52,660 --> 00:38:54,470
of North Korean sabre rattling.
403
00:38:55,510 --> 00:38:58,410
[music]
404
00:38:59,270 --> 00:39:02,640
Two of the biggest obstacles
to reunification right now
405
00:39:02,660 --> 00:39:06,580
are North Korean arms
developments, in two ways:
406
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:08,120
one is launching missiles,
407
00:39:08,140 --> 00:39:10,540
the second is developing
a nuclear bomb.
408
00:39:10,560 --> 00:39:12,300
And of course,
they've done both.
409
00:39:12,330 --> 00:39:15,700
Then when you look at broader
regional and global issues,
410
00:39:15,720 --> 00:39:17,480
and you start asking
questions about
411
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:20,730
denuclearization, that's where
the problem becomes,
412
00:39:20,770 --> 00:39:22,440
you know, more difficult.
413
00:39:27,580 --> 00:39:29,590
We have this problem
that North Korea now
414
00:39:29,610 --> 00:39:31,470
has tested a nuclear weapon
415
00:39:31,740 --> 00:39:34,320
and they've declared themselves
a nuclear power.
416
00:39:34,860 --> 00:39:37,160
So how do you engage
North Korea
417
00:39:37,370 --> 00:39:40,320
without recognizing them
as a nuclear power.
418
00:39:43,230 --> 00:39:46,030
For the North, this is
a huge step forward.
419
00:39:46,060 --> 00:39:50,610
This is a validation that the
socialist system is working,
420
00:39:50,810 --> 00:39:53,700
that they have scientists
and technologists that
421
00:39:53,730 --> 00:39:56,700
are joining the advanced
countries of the world
422
00:39:56,730 --> 00:39:59,930
that can launch a satellite
and can develop a nuclear bomb.
423
00:39:59,950 --> 00:40:02,050
For a country that sees
itself surrounded
424
00:40:02,070 --> 00:40:06,470
by enemies on all sides, being
picked on, being isolated,
425
00:40:06,500 --> 00:40:10,030
this is tremendous benefit for
them domestically
426
00:40:10,240 --> 00:40:13,910
and it's a huge barrier
to unification.
427
00:40:16,690 --> 00:40:22,690
SPEAKING KOREAN
428
00:40:26,840 --> 00:40:30,450
Missile launches and threats to
continue testing nuclear weapons
429
00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:32,890
are suspected to be
the result of the new leader
430
00:40:32,910 --> 00:40:36,120
out to prove himself and
further consolidate power.
431
00:40:37,590 --> 00:40:39,980
Imagine the situation that
Kim Jong-Un is in.
432
00:40:40,260 --> 00:40:44,400
A young man, raised for this
job, pruned for this job,
433
00:40:44,420 --> 00:40:47,540
and yet surrounded by some
men that are old enough
434
00:40:47,570 --> 00:40:50,310
to be his grandfather,
in uniform
435
00:40:50,330 --> 00:40:52,810
with stars on their epaulette,
436
00:40:52,830 --> 00:40:54,460
and he is their commander.
437
00:40:54,480 --> 00:40:57,240
It was almost impossible
to imagine this scenario
438
00:40:57,260 --> 00:40:59,030
while Kim Jong-Il was alive,
439
00:40:59,060 --> 00:41:00,940
where North Korea
would begin to open,
440
00:41:00,970 --> 00:41:02,630
or even have real instability
441
00:41:02,660 --> 00:41:03,900
at that level of power,
442
00:41:03,980 --> 00:41:05,590
but now with the transition,
443
00:41:05,620 --> 00:41:07,300
there's an opportunity
for change.
444
00:41:43,780 --> 00:41:46,590
We've got a rogue regime
that has the capacity for
445
00:41:46,610 --> 00:41:49,670
developing nuclear weapons and
selling fissionable material,
446
00:41:49,700 --> 00:41:52,830
While it may not use it itself,
selling it to people who are
447
00:41:52,850 --> 00:41:56,300
less reticent to use it.
448
00:41:56,440 --> 00:41:59,220
If we were in the effort
of trying to solve
449
00:41:59,240 --> 00:42:01,690
the Korean peninsula
problem, ignore that,
450
00:42:01,900 --> 00:42:05,300
ignore everything they've done,
we would de facto recognize them
451
00:42:05,330 --> 00:42:06,650
as a nuclear power,
452
00:42:08,880 --> 00:42:09,890
SHUTTER SOUND
453
00:42:10,330 --> 00:42:13,460
and the question then becomes,
if a country that is poor,
454
00:42:13,490 --> 00:42:17,570
starving, backwards, a pariah
regime that abuses human rights,
455
00:42:17,600 --> 00:42:20,120
you know, smuggles drugs,
counterfeits currencies,
456
00:42:20,150 --> 00:42:21,850
has never met
a weapons system that
457
00:42:21,870 --> 00:42:24,880
it wasn't willing to export to
the worst people in the world,
458
00:42:24,910 --> 00:42:28,880
if that kind of country can be
recognized as a nuclear power
459
00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:31,460
and as a negotiating
counterpart as a nuclear power,
460
00:42:31,670 --> 00:42:32,700
who can't?
461
00:42:33,770 --> 00:42:37,960
[music]
462
00:42:39,260 --> 00:42:41,720
Despite continuing threats
and provocations
463
00:42:41,750 --> 00:42:45,340
by the North Korean regime,
Mr Lee remains dedicated
464
00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:47,740
to his mission of providing
humanitarian aid
465
00:42:47,760 --> 00:42:50,600
to his former countrymen,
and retains hope
466
00:42:50,630 --> 00:42:52,350
there will someday be
a peaceful
467
00:42:52,370 --> 00:42:54,800
and diplomatic path
towards unification.
468
00:43:37,350 --> 00:43:41,270
[music]
469
00:43:41,620 --> 00:43:44,220
There is a concern
on the part of China
470
00:43:44,240 --> 00:43:47,590
that if you have a unified Korea
that's very heavily armed,
471
00:43:47,810 --> 00:43:51,930
it's got West-leaning
orientation to be sure,
472
00:43:53,260 --> 00:43:56,910
and at the end of the day
you might find that
473
00:43:56,940 --> 00:43:59,840
the political dynamic to keep
U.S. troops kind of goes away
474
00:43:59,870 --> 00:44:02,110
in which case you have
a heavily armed Korea
475
00:44:02,140 --> 00:44:04,010
staring at
a heavily armed China,
476
00:44:04,750 --> 00:44:07,680
[music]
477
00:44:08,050 --> 00:44:10,010
That concern is diminished
dramatically,
478
00:44:10,040 --> 00:44:13,440
given the deeper integration
of their economies now.
479
00:44:13,500 --> 00:44:15,930
And ultimately it's going to
have to result
480
00:44:15,960 --> 00:44:18,830
in some serious reassessment
on the part of China
481
00:44:18,860 --> 00:44:21,030
of its relationships
to North Korea.
482
00:44:22,420 --> 00:44:25,530
But nevertheless I think there's
a little bit of concern there.
483
00:44:26,660 --> 00:44:31,570
[music]
484
00:44:32,330 --> 00:44:35,440
The prevailing narrative
for the last 30, 40 years
485
00:44:35,470 --> 00:44:38,480
has been that the Chinese want
North Korea as a buffer state.
486
00:44:38,510 --> 00:44:41,470
I'm not convinced that it's
entirely because they are afraid
487
00:44:41,500 --> 00:44:43,920
of having a South Korean
regime on their borders,
488
00:44:43,950 --> 00:44:45,360
and that they want a buffer,
489
00:44:45,390 --> 00:44:47,950
but they're afraid of
the process instability.
490
00:44:47,970 --> 00:44:50,960
I think that the Chinese
are rather annoyed
491
00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:52,400
by the North Koreans.
492
00:44:52,660 --> 00:44:55,800
I think they see the North
Koreans as a giant step
493
00:44:55,830 --> 00:44:59,230
backward on the socialist
progression that the communists
494
00:44:59,260 --> 00:45:03,380
in China have achieved,
the refugee case
495
00:45:03,410 --> 00:45:05,740
is a huge thorn in China's side
496
00:45:05,770 --> 00:45:07,660
because you've got
all these refugees
497
00:45:07,690 --> 00:45:09,890
that are sneaking over
the border into China,
498
00:45:09,920 --> 00:45:10,970
not into South Korea,
499
00:45:10,990 --> 00:45:13,250
they can't get there
directly through the DMZ,
500
00:45:13,270 --> 00:45:16,260
not to Japan by the ocean,
but by land into China.
501
00:45:16,910 --> 00:45:20,320
[music]
502
00:45:22,280 --> 00:45:25,130
China's shared border with
North Korea and its large
503
00:45:25,160 --> 00:45:28,560
ethnic Korean population along
the border have facilitated
504
00:45:28,600 --> 00:45:30,960
escape for thousands
of North Koreans over
505
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:32,400
the past six decades.
506
00:46:22,140 --> 00:46:24,530
China's large ethnic
Korean population
507
00:46:24,550 --> 00:46:27,700
closely follows relations
between the two Koreas.
508
00:46:27,840 --> 00:46:30,830
Many sympathize with the plight
of North Korean defectors
509
00:46:30,860 --> 00:46:33,600
and help them once
they arrive in China.
510
00:46:33,620 --> 00:46:37,870
However, while many defectors
like Mr Lee successfully escape,
511
00:46:37,890 --> 00:46:40,100
others are not so fortunate.
512
00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:00,530
Alright gentlemen, welcome
to Conference Row,
513
00:48:00,560 --> 00:48:02,840
the official meeting place
for the UN Command
514
00:48:02,860 --> 00:48:05,330
Command and the UNZ for the
North Koreans and KPA.
515
00:48:05,350 --> 00:48:07,900
All the blue buildings here
belong to the UN Command
516
00:48:07,930 --> 00:48:10,230
while the grey/tan buildings
belong to the KPA.
517
00:48:11,860 --> 00:48:13,860
The large grey building
on Conference Row
518
00:48:13,900 --> 00:48:16,700
is the North Korean's visitors
centre or the Panuon dock.
519
00:48:16,720 --> 00:48:18,660
There is one soldier
out on the stairs,
520
00:48:18,700 --> 00:48:20,800
the other soldier sits
inside with a camera
521
00:48:20,830 --> 00:48:22,690
taking our pictures today...
522
00:48:23,690 --> 00:48:26,320
The U.S. genuinely
supports reunification,
523
00:48:26,460 --> 00:48:27,790
our hope obviously,
524
00:48:27,930 --> 00:48:30,360
is that we can handle
the process of unification
525
00:48:30,390 --> 00:48:33,490
well enough that we would
still have an alliance
526
00:48:33,510 --> 00:48:34,850
with a unified Korea,
527
00:48:34,870 --> 00:48:39,410
that it would be a unified Korea
under an open democratic regime
528
00:48:39,440 --> 00:48:42,440
that is a market economy and is
an ally of the United States.
529
00:49:07,720 --> 00:49:10,200
I think that North Korea
will change.
530
00:49:10,220 --> 00:49:12,130
But is there a scenario
531
00:49:12,150 --> 00:49:15,110
for the Korean peninsula that
doesn't involve
532
00:49:15,130 --> 00:49:17,300
millions of people
getting killed?
533
00:49:18,300 --> 00:49:20,160
That's what I really care about,
534
00:49:20,790 --> 00:49:22,790
because there are
lots of scenarios,
535
00:49:22,860 --> 00:49:24,510
and most of them,
536
00:49:24,540 --> 00:49:27,590
including some pretty likely
ones, are very violent.
537
00:49:27,610 --> 00:49:29,870
You look at Seoul,
they would never risk this.
538
00:49:29,890 --> 00:49:31,870
You know what,
they're risking it.
539
00:49:32,330 --> 00:49:34,860
and the North Koreans as well.
540
00:49:35,280 --> 00:49:39,130
[music]
541
00:49:41,180 --> 00:49:44,570
While security concerns
and regional rivalries dominate
542
00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:47,540
thinking at a national level,
and younger generations
543
00:49:47,560 --> 00:49:49,900
of South Koreans feel
and know less
544
00:49:49,930 --> 00:49:53,490
about their northern neighbour,
Mr Lee's activism has drawn
545
00:49:53,520 --> 00:49:56,530
hundreds to his cause and seeks
to keep the suffering
546
00:49:56,550 --> 00:49:58,970
of North Koreans
on the public agenda.
547
00:50:04,300 --> 00:50:06,000
The truth is,
the greatest obstacle
548
00:50:06,020 --> 00:50:08,020
to unification is Koreans.
549
00:50:08,800 --> 00:50:11,650
South Korean doesn't want
to pay the price of unification
550
00:50:11,680 --> 00:50:12,970
and who can blame them?
551
00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:15,470
It's an astronomical
cost in that process.
552
00:50:15,500 --> 00:50:17,470
The North Koreans
don't want unification
553
00:50:17,500 --> 00:50:20,510
because they don't want to be
absorbed like East Germany was.
554
00:50:20,530 --> 00:50:23,140
They are the weak system,
they will lose everything.
555
00:50:23,160 --> 00:50:24,760
The privileged elite
in N. Korea
556
00:50:24,780 --> 00:50:26,490
will not be the same
in S. Korea,
557
00:50:26,520 --> 00:50:28,020
in a unified Korean peninsula.
558
00:50:50,910 --> 00:50:53,700
In terms of the broader
question of unification.
559
00:50:53,730 --> 00:50:56,670
China, Russia, Japan,
the United States, South Korea
560
00:50:56,690 --> 00:51:00,080
all decided that we did not want
a precipitous unification,
561
00:51:00,110 --> 00:51:02,170
we did not want
a collapse of North Korea,
562
00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:03,450
because it was too risky,
563
00:51:03,480 --> 00:51:05,980
and we didn't want to pay
the price of unification.
564
00:51:06,000 --> 00:51:07,800
That's still our position today.
565
00:51:07,830 --> 00:51:10,910
That makes sense, and
I still support that position,
566
00:51:10,930 --> 00:51:14,890
but we need to be very cognizant
with ourselves,
567
00:51:14,910 --> 00:51:16,840
or very honest with ourselves
568
00:51:16,860 --> 00:51:19,800
that there is a price that
is being paid in terms of
569
00:51:19,830 --> 00:51:22,920
the horrific human rights
situation in North Korea.
570
00:51:44,950 --> 00:51:51,580
[music]
571
00:51:52,090 --> 00:51:56,140
There are significant challenges
facing Korean reunification.
572
00:51:56,170 --> 00:51:59,350
For now Mr Lee continues his
mission to help the people
573
00:51:59,370 --> 00:52:02,700
of North Korea and keep
the hope of unification alive
574
00:52:02,720 --> 00:52:05,190
in a South Korea that is growing
further apart
575
00:52:05,210 --> 00:52:07,620
from its North Korean
brethren every day.
576
00:52:51,080 --> 00:52:56,080
[music]
577
00:52:56,640 --> 00:52:59,560
Mr Lee's balloon launches
are meticulously planned
578
00:52:59,580 --> 00:53:00,750
and executed.
579
00:53:01,160 --> 00:53:03,430
However, despite
careful preparation,
580
00:53:03,460 --> 00:53:06,400
launches are often aborted
or delayed due to weather,
581
00:53:06,440 --> 00:53:08,920
security concerns
or other circumstances
582
00:53:08,950 --> 00:53:10,300
beyond his control.
583
00:53:10,700 --> 00:53:12,860
The prospects for Korean
unification
584
00:53:12,890 --> 00:53:15,430
balance on similar
unpredictable events.
585
00:53:15,590 --> 00:53:18,710
South Korean opinions, change
in North Korean leadership
586
00:53:18,730 --> 00:53:20,660
and Chinese support
of the regime
587
00:53:20,680 --> 00:53:23,420
are all factors that could push
the peninsula closer
588
00:53:23,450 --> 00:53:25,730
or further from being unified.
589
00:53:26,150 --> 00:53:29,600
Ultimately, Koreans
and the world will have to wait
590
00:53:29,620 --> 00:53:33,250
for what most see as a difficult
but inevitable reunification
591
00:53:33,270 --> 00:53:35,330
of a people long divided.
592
00:53:35,820 --> 00:53:39,080
CHEERING
593
00:53:42,060 --> 00:53:43,860
You know the question
of unification,
594
00:53:43,870 --> 00:53:45,470
it could happen any time.
595
00:53:45,870 --> 00:53:48,910
It could happen by the
time this film is aired.
596
00:53:48,940 --> 00:53:50,690
Something could happen in the
north,
597
00:53:50,760 --> 00:53:55,660
an adventuresome
military commander
598
00:53:55,770 --> 00:53:58,800
could decide to
take over and sue for peace
599
00:53:58,830 --> 00:54:01,580
with the South and say, Hey,
we want to be part of this,
600
00:54:01,610 --> 00:54:04,430
not part of this failed
economic system in the north.
601
00:54:04,460 --> 00:54:06,060
That could happen tomorrow...
602
00:54:09,660 --> 00:54:12,100
and it could take another
30 or 50 years.
603
00:54:12,360 --> 00:54:13,960
It's really hard to say.
604
00:54:14,930 --> 00:54:20,400
[music]
47252
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