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It lies
Somewhere in the human mind.
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It brings mathematical insight,
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Sparks artistic inspiration.
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00:00:11,078 --> 00:00:14,146
It's the gift
To see what others can't.
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But is genius
Only for a rare few...
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Or do we all have
Untapped potential?
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Now neuroscience
Is beginning to unleash
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Our mind's hidden powers,
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Engineering "Eureka" moments
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00:00:30,731 --> 00:00:34,166
And augmenting biology
With technology
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To unlock the genius
Inside us all.
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Space, time, life itself.
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00:00:49,784 --> 00:00:54,119
The secrets of the cosmos
Lie through the wormhole.
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Genius.
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Music has stevie wonder.
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Physics -- einstein.
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Literature -- emily dickinson.
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Every generation is blessed
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With men and women
Who have exceptional minds.
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Genius has many facets,
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From remarkable memory
To inspiration
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To invention.
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But what about you?
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As neuroscientists uncover
The secrets of our brains,
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They're beginning to unlock
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The hidden talents
In every one of us.
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We may not all start
With einstein's mind,
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But why can't we all
Become geniuses?
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Jason padgett
Is a mathematical phenomenon,
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But he wasn't born this way.
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But one night in his early 30s,
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Jason's life and mind
Were completely changed.
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I heard, almost more than felt,
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This deep thud,
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And saw what was just like
A bright puff of white light.
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And the next thing I knew,
I was on my knees,
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Just getting punched and kicked
From every direction.
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Before the mugging,
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Jason was a furniture salesman,
A college dropout.
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He had no interest in math.
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I absolutely hated math.
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I really believed
It didn't apply to anything
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And there was no use for it.
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But the injuries
To jason's brain
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Somehow unlocked
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A new and exceptional way
Of looking at the world.
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Everything
That was curved before
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Looks like it has little edges.
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So all the smoothness
Of everything is gone.
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No matter what shape
I looked at,
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I could cut it into a certain
Number of triangles
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To make that shape.
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But I never
Had noticed it before.
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I just made me realize
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That this connection
With triangles and shapes
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Was everywhere,
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Which then just seemed obvious
That it was mathematical.
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Now whenever jason
Looks at mathematical equations,
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His mind
Immediately transforms them
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Into complex geometric shapes.
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His mind imposes the same
Geometry on the natural world
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Wherever he sees patterns.
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Sometimes it almost
Feels like a little superpower.
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I see the world
As pure geometry.
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This one-time underachiever
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Now studies
Advanced number theory
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And makes award-winning drawings
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Of complex
Mathematical concepts.
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But what exactly changed
In his brain
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To turn jason
Into a mathematical genius?
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And could we engineer the same
Changes in our own brains?
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That's what university of miami
Neuroscientist berit brogaard
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Wanted to find out.
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Berit scanned jason's brain
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While he reviewed
A sequence of equations.
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She found that his brain had
Rewired itself after his injury.
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Most people use both hemispheres
To process mathematics,
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But jason's brain relies on
Newly formed neural circuits
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Exclusively
In his left hemisphere.
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Those areas
Of his brain were so damaged
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That they triggered
Extra connectivity
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In other areas of his brain
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And allowing those areas
To communicate
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In ways that were not
Possible before.
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Berit believes
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These unusual patterns
Of brain activity
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Triggered jason's
Geometrical vision.
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It's a form of a condition
Called synesthesia.
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There are different forms
Of synesthesia.
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Someone with color synesthesia
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Might sense numbers
As patches of different colors.
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A person with smell synesthesia
Might hear music
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And smell the scent
Of fresh-brewed coffee.
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Jason's synesthesia
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Combines mathematics
With his sense of sight.
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So when he sees anything,
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He instantly sees
Its underlying geometry.
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It's as if he has x-ray vision,
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Revealing the mathematics
That underpins the entire world.
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Synesthesia often enhances
Your cognitive abilities.
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Synesthesia is sort of a key
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To unlock unconscious
Or dormant areas of the brain.
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Berit thinks
We all have the potential
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To unlock these abilities
Without a blow to the head.
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She's finding promising results
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In a psychedelic drug
Called psilocybin.
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It's the ingredient
In magic mushrooms
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That makes them magical.
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But when we use it
In experiments,
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We use it in a pure form
Where it's isolated,
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00:06:28,422 --> 00:06:31,523
So we can control the amount
That we give to subjects.
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Psilocybin
Supercharges the brain
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To handle
More sensory information.
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The result is
A synesthesia-like experience
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Where test subjects perceive
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An explosion
Of patterns and colors
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Triggered by senses
Other than sight.
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Synesthesia
That is typically induced
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Is sound to color synesthesia.
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So people hear colors,
In some sense.
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00:07:02,723 --> 00:07:05,657
But the mechanism
Underlying that
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May be similar to the mechanism
Underlying jason's synesthesia.
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If researchers like berit
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Can develop legal versions
Of drugs like psilocybin,
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Many more of us
Might soon discover
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We have exceptional
Mental abilities.
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In principle,
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We could all become geniuses
By rewiring our brains.
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Of course,
The trick is how to do that.
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You should definitely not go out
And hit yourself in the head.
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A blow to the head, or a drug,
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Can transform your mind.
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But is there a way
To nurture synesthesia
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And the inspiration
It can bring?
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00:07:44,164 --> 00:07:47,399
Albert einstein
Had a passion for music.
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He described
His biggest stroke of genius,
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The theory of relativity,
As a musical perception.
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Neuroscientist and music teacher
Dr. Martin gardiner
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Thinks music is the key
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To getting kids
On the path towards genius.
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Music provides
A fantastic opportunity
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To strengthen your mind.
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It's one of the most marvelous
Inventions of humanity.
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Are you ready?
Here we go.
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In decades of research,
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Martin followed children's
Academic achievements
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As they grew from age 7 to 35.
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He found that the strongest
Predictor of academic success
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Is whether a student
Receives musical training
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At an early age.
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All right, I have a new song
For you, boys and girls.
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-yay!
-are you ready?
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Listening ears --
It goes like this.
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Martin believes one
Specific musical teaching system
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Hits all the right
Neurological notes.
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It's called the kodály method.
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00:09:10,350 --> 00:09:12,584
It teaches children
To think of music
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As a three-dimensional space,
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One they can physically explore.
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You could call this an
Artificial form of synesthesia,
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Transforming sound
Into geometry.
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All right,
So when you get your bag,
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You're to lay out your hearts
In your work space.
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In another exercise,
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Students spell out
The rhythm of a song,
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Exercising parts of the brain
Normally used in language.
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So, I'm gonna clap
The pattern for you.
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You're gonna clap it back.
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Kids taught
With the kodály method
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Usually outperform their peers
In math and reading skills
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Later in life.
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There's a lot
Of integration going on,
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And I think that's
The most central thing
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That music helps us develop,
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00:10:00,734 --> 00:10:03,835
Is how to apply
This kind of integration.
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When you play music,
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Your brain is doing
Many things at once.
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You read notes on the page,
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Use your muscles to play them,
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Listen to their sound
Reverberating,
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And keep a perfect sense
Of timing.
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To perform all these functions
At once,
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Your brain needs
A good conductor.
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The prefrontal cortex
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00:10:31,331 --> 00:10:34,799
Stops various parts of the brain
From stepping on one another,
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Turning discord
Into a harmonious symphony.
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The more these children
Learn to blend
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Music, geometry, and language,
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The stronger their
Prefrontal cortexes grow...
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00:10:51,084 --> 00:10:53,318
...And the closer
They get to genius.
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Music helps build
Some kind of a bridge
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That allows you to begin to use
These kinds of highest areas.
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Very good.
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00:11:07,467 --> 00:11:10,735
Music helps
Many areas of our brain
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Work together
In a symphony of creativity.
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00:11:14,474 --> 00:11:16,574
But you can't write a symphony
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Unless you have the inspiration
For that first musical phrase.
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00:11:20,847 --> 00:11:24,149
Where do eureka moments
Come from?
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Do we have to sit around
And wait for them,
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00:11:27,087 --> 00:11:29,788
Or can we make them happen
On cue?
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00:11:33,077 --> 00:11:35,244
Eureka!
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00:11:35,246 --> 00:11:39,648
It's an ancient greek word
Meaning "I've found it."
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It's connection to genius
Started
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00:11:42,086 --> 00:11:44,053
With the inventor archimedes,
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Who supposedly shouted it
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00:11:45,690 --> 00:11:48,324
After finding the solution
To a problem
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00:11:48,326 --> 00:11:52,061
While sitting in a bathtub.
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00:11:52,063 --> 00:11:55,597
Inspiration often strikes
At odd moments.
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00:11:55,599 --> 00:11:59,268
Philo t. Farnsworth
Dreamed up the idea of tv
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00:11:59,270 --> 00:12:03,539
While plowing a potato field.
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00:12:03,541 --> 00:12:08,544
Einstein dreamed up relativity
Riding on a train.
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00:12:08,546 --> 00:12:13,048
Do certain environments
Help trigger breakthrough ideas?
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00:12:13,050 --> 00:12:16,085
And if we knew the answer
To that,
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00:12:16,087 --> 00:12:21,323
Could we create places where
Genius could strike any of us?
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00:12:28,933 --> 00:12:31,867
Cognitive research scientist
John kounios
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00:12:31,869 --> 00:12:36,605
Wants each and every one of us
To have a eureka moment.
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00:12:36,607 --> 00:12:38,640
In 1943, richard james
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00:12:38,642 --> 00:12:40,576
Was an engineer
Aboard a u.S. Navy ship.
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00:12:42,413 --> 00:12:47,082
He was installing
Some instruments with springs.
220
00:12:47,084 --> 00:12:50,185
One of those springs got loose
And started bouncing around,
221
00:12:50,187 --> 00:12:51,820
As if it had a life of its own.
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00:12:51,822 --> 00:12:56,258
In that instant,
James had an aha moment.
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00:12:56,260 --> 00:13:00,863
He realized that that spring
Could be the basis of a toy.
224
00:13:00,865 --> 00:13:04,166
People in all walks of life
Have aha moments.
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00:13:04,168 --> 00:13:07,669
They're sudden insights
That confer a new perspective,
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00:13:07,671 --> 00:13:09,538
A new way of looking at things.
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00:13:12,643 --> 00:13:15,444
For 15 years,
John and his colleagues
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00:13:15,446 --> 00:13:18,013
Have been studying
These sudden genius insights,
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00:13:18,015 --> 00:13:21,283
Trying to find
Exactly what triggers them.
230
00:13:21,285 --> 00:13:25,387
But how do you study
Aha moments?
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00:13:25,389 --> 00:13:29,358
Especially because they can
Happen anytime, anywhere...
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00:13:29,360 --> 00:13:31,960
Getting coffee...
233
00:13:31,962 --> 00:13:34,863
Taking a walk...
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00:13:34,865 --> 00:13:37,599
Even eating lunch.
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00:13:40,404 --> 00:13:42,571
We started
At the very moment of insight,
236
00:13:42,573 --> 00:13:44,673
When an idea
Pops into awareness,
237
00:13:44,675 --> 00:13:46,975
And we traced it backwards
In time...
238
00:13:49,113 --> 00:13:52,181
...To reveal
All of the brain processes
239
00:13:52,183 --> 00:13:54,650
That led up to that very moment.
240
00:13:57,922 --> 00:13:59,588
You can have a seat here.
241
00:13:59,590 --> 00:14:01,390
Before he can rewind a mind,
242
00:14:01,392 --> 00:14:03,992
John captures moments of insight
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00:14:03,994 --> 00:14:07,563
By using a challenging
Word association game.
244
00:14:07,565 --> 00:14:10,732
While tracking brain activity
With an eeg,
245
00:14:10,734 --> 00:14:13,068
He shows subjects three words
246
00:14:13,070 --> 00:14:15,104
And gives them 15 seconds
247
00:14:15,106 --> 00:14:17,272
To say another word
They have in common.
248
00:14:17,274 --> 00:14:19,675
Give it a try.
249
00:14:19,677 --> 00:14:22,611
Can you find the common word?
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00:14:22,613 --> 00:14:24,279
Sun?
251
00:14:24,281 --> 00:14:27,382
How about this one?
252
00:14:27,384 --> 00:14:28,784
Fire.
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00:14:28,786 --> 00:14:30,886
After each answer,
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00:14:30,888 --> 00:14:32,221
The subject presses a button
255
00:14:32,223 --> 00:14:34,256
To indicate whether
They got their answer
256
00:14:34,258 --> 00:14:36,125
From methodical analysis
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00:14:36,127 --> 00:14:38,794
Or from a sudden moment
Of insight.
258
00:14:38,796 --> 00:14:39,995
Sign?
259
00:14:41,799 --> 00:14:43,365
The results show
260
00:14:43,367 --> 00:14:45,767
That answers
Based on a eureka moment
261
00:14:45,769 --> 00:14:50,639
Are about 15% more accurate than
Those from methodical analysis.
262
00:14:53,110 --> 00:14:56,411
And the brain scans
Allow john to pinpoint
263
00:14:56,413 --> 00:15:00,749
Where these aha moments
Originated.
264
00:15:00,751 --> 00:15:04,686
While analysis lights up
The left side of the brain
265
00:15:04,688 --> 00:15:06,822
In the visual cortex,
266
00:15:06,824 --> 00:15:09,291
Eurekas come
From the right side,
267
00:15:09,293 --> 00:15:12,794
In the right temporal lobe.
268
00:15:14,598 --> 00:15:16,165
At the moment of insight,
269
00:15:16,167 --> 00:15:18,066
There's a burst
Of what are called gamma waves.
270
00:15:18,068 --> 00:15:21,603
These are fast brain waves,
About 40 per second,
271
00:15:21,605 --> 00:15:23,539
And that reflects the new idea
272
00:15:23,541 --> 00:15:26,175
Or the solution popping
Into awareness.
273
00:15:30,447 --> 00:15:32,514
Now that john has mapped
274
00:15:32,516 --> 00:15:34,750
What a mental breakthrough
Looks like,
275
00:15:34,752 --> 00:15:39,788
He wants to find out if certain
Environments can foster them.
276
00:15:39,790 --> 00:15:43,158
So, before he starts
The word game,
277
00:15:43,160 --> 00:15:45,627
Some subjects
Watch a comedy show...
278
00:15:45,629 --> 00:15:49,865
he makes the other crazy peoplelook not crazy.
279
00:15:53,537 --> 00:15:55,170
aah!
280
00:15:55,172 --> 00:15:58,574
...While others watch
A scary movie.
281
00:15:58,576 --> 00:16:01,910
can't work out whysomeone who's all superficial
282
00:16:01,912 --> 00:16:03,812
gets more popularwhen you mix...
283
00:16:03,814 --> 00:16:07,149
The comedic subjects not only
Got more right answers,
284
00:16:07,151 --> 00:16:10,485
But they also had
A moment of insight more often
285
00:16:10,487 --> 00:16:12,721
Than the people who were scared.
286
00:16:15,859 --> 00:16:18,660
Mood plays a very large role
287
00:16:18,662 --> 00:16:20,429
In whether you're open
To aha moments,
288
00:16:20,431 --> 00:16:22,331
Or you're thinking
In analytical fashion.
289
00:16:22,333 --> 00:16:24,433
When you have a sense of threat,
290
00:16:24,435 --> 00:16:28,637
The scope of your attention
Narrows to what that threat is.
291
00:16:28,639 --> 00:16:30,072
aah!
292
00:16:32,376 --> 00:16:34,610
When you're feeling happy,
293
00:16:34,612 --> 00:16:37,846
That means you're feeling safe,
That there's no threat,
294
00:16:37,848 --> 00:16:40,983
And that gives the person
A sense of freedom
295
00:16:40,985 --> 00:16:42,851
To explore long-shot ideas,
296
00:16:42,853 --> 00:16:44,720
Which is the stuff
Of creativity.
297
00:16:44,722 --> 00:16:46,388
he's like the school kid
298
00:16:46,390 --> 00:16:48,991
who claims he knows karatebut won't show you any moves.
299
00:16:48,993 --> 00:16:52,861
Inspiration needs
The right state of mind.
300
00:16:52,863 --> 00:16:54,429
You can't force aha moments.
301
00:16:54,431 --> 00:16:55,797
They're like cats.
302
00:16:55,799 --> 00:16:59,368
You can coax them,
But you can't command them.
303
00:16:59,370 --> 00:17:01,603
But you can create conditions
304
00:17:01,605 --> 00:17:05,207
That make aha moments possible
Or more likely.
305
00:17:05,209 --> 00:17:07,776
In fact, john's research
306
00:17:07,778 --> 00:17:11,647
Has discovered several
Other eureka dos and don'ts.
307
00:17:11,649 --> 00:17:16,752
A room painted blue or green
Is inspirational.
308
00:17:16,754 --> 00:17:20,622
But the brain sees a red room
As a threat
309
00:17:20,624 --> 00:17:22,724
And narrows its thinking.
310
00:17:22,726 --> 00:17:27,396
A russian river and puppies
Are good for eureka.
311
00:17:27,398 --> 00:17:30,232
But loud sounds, being nagged,
312
00:17:30,234 --> 00:17:34,469
And deadlines
Are inspiration killers.
313
00:17:34,471 --> 00:17:36,338
Anyone can have an aha moment.
314
00:17:36,340 --> 00:17:39,174
It's part of what distinguishes
Human beings
315
00:17:39,176 --> 00:17:40,976
As creative thinkers.
316
00:17:40,978 --> 00:17:45,080
The trick is to create
The right circumstances,
317
00:17:45,082 --> 00:17:48,383
The right environment
To maximize them.
318
00:17:50,654 --> 00:17:51,953
It's too bad we live
319
00:17:51,955 --> 00:17:56,391
In a noisy,
Distraction-filled world.
320
00:17:56,393 --> 00:17:57,893
But one scientist
Has found a way
321
00:17:57,895 --> 00:18:00,729
To turn noise to our advantage.
322
00:18:00,731 --> 00:18:03,398
Not to distract us...
-are you ready?
323
00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:07,102
...But to move our brains
Closer to genius.
324
00:18:11,625 --> 00:18:15,793
The great piano virtuoso
Glenn gould had
325
00:18:15,795 --> 00:18:17,996
Many strange habits.
326
00:18:17,998 --> 00:18:20,765
For one, he always hummed
When he played.
327
00:18:20,767 --> 00:18:23,334
And when he studied music,
328
00:18:23,336 --> 00:18:27,805
He did so to the accompaniment
Of several tvs and radios
329
00:18:27,807 --> 00:18:31,075
All blaring at full volume.
330
00:18:31,077 --> 00:18:33,945
It was an eccentric technique,
331
00:18:33,947 --> 00:18:37,782
But gould may have been
On to something.
332
00:18:37,784 --> 00:18:39,984
There is new evidence
That noise,
333
00:18:39,986 --> 00:18:43,354
Instead of overwhelming
Or distracting us,
334
00:18:43,356 --> 00:18:47,692
Might actually take us
A step closer to genius.
335
00:18:52,799 --> 00:18:57,235
To most of us,
Noise is a nuisance,
336
00:18:57,237 --> 00:18:59,404
Something we try to escape.
337
00:18:59,406 --> 00:19:02,573
But not neuroscientist
Roi cohen kadosh.
338
00:19:05,011 --> 00:19:08,046
In our everyday life, there is
Sometimes a lot of noise
339
00:19:08,048 --> 00:19:10,214
Like here
At the construction site,
340
00:19:10,216 --> 00:19:12,050
But the noise
That I'm using is
341
00:19:12,052 --> 00:19:15,219
Quite different than the noise
That you hear here.
342
00:19:15,221 --> 00:19:18,823
So why we won't we go
To somewhere quieter
343
00:19:18,825 --> 00:19:22,694
Where I can explain to you?
344
00:19:22,696 --> 00:19:25,396
At his lab
At the university of oxford,
345
00:19:25,398 --> 00:19:28,566
Roi is injecting noise
Directly into human brains
346
00:19:28,568 --> 00:19:31,502
To try to make people smarter.
347
00:19:31,504 --> 00:19:34,605
Noise can be distracting,
348
00:19:34,607 --> 00:19:35,840
But when we use
349
00:19:35,842 --> 00:19:38,509
The certain level
Of white noise,
350
00:19:38,511 --> 00:19:41,646
It can actually
Really improve cognitive
351
00:19:41,648 --> 00:19:44,148
And learning capacities.
352
00:19:46,986 --> 00:19:48,920
White noise --
353
00:19:48,922 --> 00:19:52,056
Rivers naturally produce it.
354
00:19:54,260 --> 00:19:56,561
It helps people sleep.
355
00:19:56,563 --> 00:19:59,964
We even have apps for it.
356
00:19:59,966 --> 00:20:02,533
Roi theorizes
That a very specific kind
357
00:20:02,535 --> 00:20:05,269
Of white noise can
Actually supercharge
358
00:20:05,271 --> 00:20:07,905
Our cognitive abilities.
359
00:20:07,907 --> 00:20:09,974
It's based
On very complicated ideas
360
00:20:09,976 --> 00:20:12,343
That is called
Stochastic resonance.
361
00:20:12,345 --> 00:20:14,879
When you add just
The right amount of white noise
362
00:20:14,881 --> 00:20:16,814
To a very weak signal,
363
00:20:16,816 --> 00:20:19,417
Some of the frequencies
In the white noise match
364
00:20:19,419 --> 00:20:20,985
Those in the signal
365
00:20:20,987 --> 00:20:23,588
And resonate with them,
Boosting the signal.
366
00:20:23,590 --> 00:20:26,457
This stochastic resonance
Can work
367
00:20:26,459 --> 00:20:30,728
With any type of noise
In sound or vision.
368
00:20:30,730 --> 00:20:32,563
So you have a picture here,
369
00:20:32,565 --> 00:20:35,733
But you really cannot
Detect reliably,
370
00:20:35,735 --> 00:20:38,536
"What is it in this picture?"
371
00:20:38,538 --> 00:20:41,606
Can you make out what this is?
372
00:20:41,608 --> 00:20:43,975
If you're going
To add white noise
373
00:20:43,977 --> 00:20:47,145
At a certain level,
You're going to see
374
00:20:47,147 --> 00:20:49,914
That it is the big ben.
375
00:20:49,916 --> 00:20:52,850
Now if you're going to add
Too much noise to that,
376
00:20:52,852 --> 00:20:55,820
It's not going to be
Any more beneficial.
377
00:20:55,822 --> 00:20:59,090
So, the noise needs to be
At a certain level.
378
00:20:59,092 --> 00:21:01,459
Too much noise
Or too little noise --
379
00:21:01,461 --> 00:21:04,262
Not going to improve
Your ability.
380
00:21:04,264 --> 00:21:07,265
Neuroscientists have
Shown that individual neurons
381
00:21:07,267 --> 00:21:11,469
Use stochastic resonance
To boost weak signals.
382
00:21:11,471 --> 00:21:14,772
So, roi decided to try it out
On a whole mind
383
00:21:14,774 --> 00:21:19,477
By adding electrical noise
To his subjects' brains.
384
00:21:19,479 --> 00:21:23,114
Hello, michael.
Please, take a seat.
385
00:21:23,116 --> 00:21:24,882
Roi designed a test
That delivers
386
00:21:24,884 --> 00:21:27,251
A targeted burst
Of electrical noise
387
00:21:27,253 --> 00:21:30,121
To a specific area
Of a subject's brain,
388
00:21:30,123 --> 00:21:34,125
The dorsolateral
Prefrontal cortex.
389
00:21:34,127 --> 00:21:37,662
This region plays a key role
In problem solving
390
00:21:37,664 --> 00:21:42,934
And is also heavily connected
To other parts of the brain.
391
00:21:42,936 --> 00:21:45,803
The idea behind it is
That adding noise
392
00:21:45,805 --> 00:21:49,340
Will increase firing
Of brain cells
393
00:21:49,342 --> 00:21:52,376
And therefore will lead
To changes in their brain cells.
394
00:21:56,616 --> 00:21:58,082
-are you ready?
-I'm ready, yeah.
395
00:21:58,084 --> 00:21:59,584
Okay. Great.
396
00:21:59,586 --> 00:22:01,619
For 30 minutes,
The subject plays
397
00:22:01,621 --> 00:22:05,189
A specially designed video game
Where the player solves
398
00:22:05,191 --> 00:22:09,193
A series of cognitive challenges
In a robot factory.
399
00:22:12,165 --> 00:22:13,731
While this is happening,
400
00:22:13,733 --> 00:22:15,967
Through two electrodes
On the scalp,
401
00:22:15,969 --> 00:22:19,203
The device floods the brain --
Painlessly --
402
00:22:19,205 --> 00:22:21,706
With electrical white noise.
403
00:22:21,708 --> 00:22:25,076
A separate control group
Also plays the same game
404
00:22:25,078 --> 00:22:29,480
Wearing the same cap
But with no stimulation.
405
00:22:29,482 --> 00:22:30,515
Once it's finished,
406
00:22:30,517 --> 00:22:32,984
We repeat this procedure
Multiple days,
407
00:22:32,986 --> 00:22:35,520
And eventually we assess
408
00:22:35,522 --> 00:22:39,857
How much did they change
In their abilities.
409
00:22:39,859 --> 00:22:43,461
We found that they learn faster
And better compared
410
00:22:43,463 --> 00:22:46,664
To those who receive
Placebo stimulation.
411
00:22:49,769 --> 00:22:52,069
Roi believes
The white noise stimulates
412
00:22:52,071 --> 00:22:55,106
All the electrical systems
Across the brain
413
00:22:55,108 --> 00:22:57,575
And wakes them up.
414
00:23:00,146 --> 00:23:04,015
The supercharged brains
Improved in both the short
415
00:23:04,017 --> 00:23:06,551
And long term.
416
00:23:06,553 --> 00:23:07,818
Half a year later,
417
00:23:07,820 --> 00:23:10,555
When roi tested
The subjects again,
418
00:23:10,557 --> 00:23:14,225
He discovered the mental
Improvements were still there.
419
00:23:14,227 --> 00:23:16,861
This breakthrough technique
Could also push us
420
00:23:16,863 --> 00:23:19,030
One step closer to genius.
421
00:23:21,034 --> 00:23:22,533
Imagine one day being able
422
00:23:22,535 --> 00:23:25,770
To supercharge
Any part of your brain...
423
00:23:27,807 --> 00:23:30,708
And become a genius
At any task.
424
00:23:30,710 --> 00:23:35,513
The idea in the past was
That we are born,
425
00:23:35,515 --> 00:23:39,016
And we're going
To be genius or not.
426
00:23:39,018 --> 00:23:42,587
But now we know
That our brain is more plastic.
427
00:23:42,589 --> 00:23:44,689
We can change it.
428
00:23:44,691 --> 00:23:48,125
Where can it go?
It's a $1 million question.
429
00:23:51,197 --> 00:23:53,764
We're already beginning
To use technology
430
00:23:53,766 --> 00:23:57,435
To supercharge
Our neural pathways.
431
00:23:57,437 --> 00:23:59,604
But there's another way
We might unleash
432
00:23:59,606 --> 00:24:02,773
The hidden genius in our minds,
433
00:24:02,775 --> 00:24:04,942
If we dare.
434
00:24:04,944 --> 00:24:09,013
We could tinker
With our brain's basic biology.
435
00:24:14,212 --> 00:24:19,048
To solve any problem,
You have to get from "A" to "B."
436
00:24:19,050 --> 00:24:22,284
The trouble is, in real life,
437
00:24:22,286 --> 00:24:25,988
There are so many paths
To choose from,
438
00:24:25,990 --> 00:24:29,658
And most of them
Lead to dead ends.
439
00:24:29,660 --> 00:24:33,229
Only a genius can remember
Every single turn
440
00:24:33,231 --> 00:24:36,699
That led to a blind alley
441
00:24:36,701 --> 00:24:40,202
And which moved them
Toward their goal.
442
00:24:40,204 --> 00:24:45,007
But what if we could engineer
Our brains to remember far more?
443
00:24:45,009 --> 00:24:47,409
We'd have perspective
To see the bigger picture
444
00:24:47,411 --> 00:24:50,346
And see the path to genius.
445
00:24:55,720 --> 00:24:59,889
John georgiou, a neuroscience
Researcher in toronto,
446
00:24:59,891 --> 00:25:03,859
Believes memory is vital
To everything we do.
447
00:25:03,861 --> 00:25:06,395
Without memories,
We can't do
448
00:25:06,397 --> 00:25:08,164
Many of the basic functions,
449
00:25:08,166 --> 00:25:11,100
Such as finding our way to work,
450
00:25:11,102 --> 00:25:14,436
Recognizing familiar people,
451
00:25:14,438 --> 00:25:17,606
Learning to do tasks.
452
00:25:17,608 --> 00:25:19,608
Without memories and learning,
453
00:25:19,610 --> 00:25:23,412
We're essentially unable
To function in daily life.
454
00:25:24,649 --> 00:25:27,416
But john also believes
We have the power
455
00:25:27,418 --> 00:25:31,887
To make our memories better
Through genetic engineering.
456
00:25:31,889 --> 00:25:37,493
We have systematically tried
To manipulate the genes
457
00:25:37,495 --> 00:25:40,896
That we feel are important
In learning and memory.
458
00:25:40,898 --> 00:25:46,535
In theory,
We can all become genius
459
00:25:46,537 --> 00:25:50,506
If we were to make modifications
460
00:25:50,508 --> 00:25:54,710
In the way our brain works.
461
00:25:54,712 --> 00:25:57,780
To understand
And improve human memory,
462
00:25:57,782 --> 00:26:01,317
John starts small with mice.
463
00:26:01,319 --> 00:26:02,518
What we're trying to do here
464
00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:04,486
Is to measure the learning
465
00:26:04,488 --> 00:26:07,423
And memory
Performance of the mice.
466
00:26:07,425 --> 00:26:09,325
So, what we do is
We take a mouse,
467
00:26:09,327 --> 00:26:13,229
And we place it in a round,
Cylindrical pool of water.
468
00:26:13,231 --> 00:26:15,264
And the mouse has
To find its way
469
00:26:15,266 --> 00:26:18,701
To a submerged, hidden platform.
470
00:26:20,338 --> 00:26:23,038
The mouse in john's test
Cannot see the platform
471
00:26:23,040 --> 00:26:26,909
Because a non-toxic paint
Has been added to the water.
472
00:26:26,911 --> 00:26:29,478
The mouse's only means
Of orienting itself
473
00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:32,448
Are visual cues hung
On the walls.
474
00:26:34,752 --> 00:26:37,019
Overhead, a camera tracks
475
00:26:37,021 --> 00:26:38,554
The path the mouse takes,
476
00:26:38,556 --> 00:26:43,259
Recording time, distance,
And the path traveled.
477
00:26:43,261 --> 00:26:46,128
On the first trial,
The mouse will take
478
00:26:46,130 --> 00:26:48,664
Anywhere from 60 to 90 seconds
479
00:26:48,666 --> 00:26:50,766
To find the location
Of the escape platform
480
00:26:50,768 --> 00:26:54,703
Because it's, essentially,
A random process.
481
00:26:54,705 --> 00:26:57,339
But then, with each
Repeated trial,
482
00:26:57,341 --> 00:27:00,109
They get better at it.
483
00:27:00,111 --> 00:27:03,012
The more times
The mice swim the maze,
484
00:27:03,014 --> 00:27:04,914
The better they remember
The location
485
00:27:04,916 --> 00:27:06,515
Of the hidden platform.
486
00:27:06,517 --> 00:27:10,252
But john wanted to speed up
Their learning process.
487
00:27:10,254 --> 00:27:13,088
He wanted to enhance
The mice's memory
488
00:27:13,090 --> 00:27:16,358
So they would remember
After only one try.
489
00:27:20,197 --> 00:27:23,365
The key for john
Was targeting the hippocampus,
490
00:27:23,367 --> 00:27:27,202
A part of the brain crucial
To memory formation.
491
00:27:27,204 --> 00:27:30,439
As memories form,
Neurons send electrical
492
00:27:30,441 --> 00:27:33,375
And chemical signals
Back and forth
493
00:27:33,377 --> 00:27:38,314
Until an enzyme called pde4b
Shuts down
494
00:27:38,316 --> 00:27:40,783
The signal between the neurons.
495
00:27:40,785 --> 00:27:43,652
No more communication means
The window closes
496
00:27:43,654 --> 00:27:46,655
For building bigger,
Richer memories
497
00:27:46,657 --> 00:27:48,691
And the mouse can only focus
498
00:27:48,693 --> 00:27:52,861
On the water
In front of its nose.
499
00:27:52,863 --> 00:27:55,297
So, john created a mutation
500
00:27:55,299 --> 00:27:58,000
In the gene for pde4b.
501
00:27:58,002 --> 00:28:02,338
The pde4b mutant mice
That we created have a mutation
502
00:28:02,340 --> 00:28:04,273
That impairs the function
Of the enzyme,
503
00:28:04,275 --> 00:28:06,842
Which results
In neurons being able
504
00:28:06,844 --> 00:28:10,312
To communicate with each other
For extended period of time
505
00:28:10,314 --> 00:28:13,482
And presumably this is
What allows the mice
506
00:28:13,484 --> 00:28:16,352
To be better
At encoding memories
507
00:28:16,354 --> 00:28:18,320
And recalling memories.
508
00:28:21,559 --> 00:28:24,960
The result was exactly
What he expected.
509
00:28:24,962 --> 00:28:28,597
Where the non-mutant mice
Take up to 90 seconds
510
00:28:28,599 --> 00:28:30,099
To solve the maze,
511
00:28:30,101 --> 00:28:33,469
The mutant mice complete it
In less than 30.
512
00:28:35,706 --> 00:28:37,206
The mutant mice were able
513
00:28:37,208 --> 00:28:40,142
To perform this task
A lot better.
514
00:28:40,144 --> 00:28:43,579
They were faster
And remembered the location
515
00:28:43,581 --> 00:28:45,748
Of the escape platform
Much better.
516
00:28:45,750 --> 00:28:49,885
The mutant pde4b enzyme
Allows more time
517
00:28:49,887 --> 00:28:52,388
For the mice
To build stronger memories.
518
00:28:52,390 --> 00:28:56,058
The mice get smarter.
519
00:28:56,060 --> 00:28:57,459
But mice aren't the only ones
520
00:28:57,461 --> 00:29:00,963
That can have their brains
Pushed past normal levels.
521
00:29:00,965 --> 00:29:05,267
Human brains also use
The pde4b enzyme.
522
00:29:05,269 --> 00:29:10,139
If we were to mutate
The pde4b gene in humans,
523
00:29:10,141 --> 00:29:14,476
It's possible that the same
Effect could be recreated.
524
00:29:14,478 --> 00:29:18,881
We believe that, yes,
We can potentially improve
525
00:29:18,883 --> 00:29:21,150
Cognitive function in humans.
526
00:29:24,355 --> 00:29:25,921
A stronger memory wouldn't
527
00:29:25,923 --> 00:29:29,425
Just help us remember details
Like directions.
528
00:29:29,427 --> 00:29:32,161
It could give us a larger
Window of experience,
529
00:29:32,163 --> 00:29:34,496
Leading to the kind
Of visionary genius
530
00:29:34,498 --> 00:29:39,034
That people like steve jobs
Or jackson pollock had,
531
00:29:39,036 --> 00:29:42,571
The ability to step back
From the small details
532
00:29:42,573 --> 00:29:45,140
And see the big picture.
533
00:29:45,142 --> 00:29:49,178
The road to this type
Of visionary genius may come
534
00:29:49,180 --> 00:29:53,515
From directly tinkering
With the biology of our brain.
535
00:29:53,517 --> 00:29:56,318
We are, indeed,
Getting closer to unlocking
536
00:29:56,320 --> 00:30:00,289
The key to genius inside of us.
537
00:30:00,291 --> 00:30:03,892
Will it be possible to take
A pill and become genius?
538
00:30:03,894 --> 00:30:07,162
Theoretically, it is possible.
539
00:30:07,164 --> 00:30:10,599
Human brains have evolved
Over millions of years.
540
00:30:10,601 --> 00:30:12,301
We may soon be able to leap
541
00:30:12,303 --> 00:30:15,270
Far beyond
Our evolutionary limits.
542
00:30:15,272 --> 00:30:17,439
But should we make that leap?
543
00:30:17,441 --> 00:30:20,676
Or is there a reason
We're not all geniuses?
544
00:30:24,657 --> 00:30:28,392
Bigger, faster, smarter --
545
00:30:28,394 --> 00:30:30,828
Almost daily,
Science seems to promise
546
00:30:30,830 --> 00:30:34,532
A new kind
Of supercharged mind.
547
00:30:34,534 --> 00:30:37,168
Diets promise
A burst of intelligence.
548
00:30:37,170 --> 00:30:41,772
Drugs promise
To boost attention or memory.
549
00:30:41,774 --> 00:30:46,644
But if we do pop that pill,
550
00:30:46,646 --> 00:30:49,580
What might the consequences be?
551
00:30:49,582 --> 00:30:52,550
Instead of being a blessing,
552
00:30:52,552 --> 00:30:54,451
Could genius be a curse?
553
00:30:58,991 --> 00:31:03,160
In warwick, england, psychology
Professor thomas hills has come
554
00:31:03,162 --> 00:31:07,798
To the conclusion
That genius is overrated.
555
00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:09,633
His local pub is
The perfect place
556
00:31:09,635 --> 00:31:11,468
To demonstrate this.
557
00:31:15,541 --> 00:31:18,209
It's a complicated context --
558
00:31:18,211 --> 00:31:21,045
An environment that requires you
To be able to choose beers,
559
00:31:21,047 --> 00:31:22,947
To be able to talk
With different people.
560
00:31:22,949 --> 00:31:25,282
It's a challenging situation,
561
00:31:25,284 --> 00:31:28,652
And minds like ours are adapted
For this kind of thing.
562
00:31:28,654 --> 00:31:30,888
We tend to think
Supercharged brains could
563
00:31:30,890 --> 00:31:32,590
Only make us better.
564
00:31:32,592 --> 00:31:36,293
They'll help us deal
With life's complex problems.
565
00:31:36,295 --> 00:31:38,462
But thomas disagrees.
566
00:31:38,464 --> 00:31:40,831
His reason -- evolution.
567
00:31:40,833 --> 00:31:43,701
So, there's this idea
That more is better, right?
568
00:31:43,703 --> 00:31:46,370
More memory, more focus,
More self-control,
569
00:31:46,372 --> 00:31:48,172
More willpower --
570
00:31:48,174 --> 00:31:49,540
But you have to realize
571
00:31:49,542 --> 00:31:52,743
That evolution's been
Sort of selecting
572
00:31:52,745 --> 00:31:54,812
For our minds
For millions of years.
573
00:31:54,814 --> 00:31:57,181
And if those things
Were just good,
574
00:31:57,183 --> 00:31:59,450
Why wouldn't we have minds
Like that already?
575
00:32:02,088 --> 00:32:03,554
Looking at the human mind
576
00:32:03,556 --> 00:32:05,623
Through the lens
Of evolution explains
577
00:32:05,625 --> 00:32:08,492
Why most of us aren't geniuses.
578
00:32:08,494 --> 00:32:11,195
In a complex
And ever-changing environment,
579
00:32:11,197 --> 00:32:14,231
Our minds don't need
To be exceptional.
580
00:32:14,233 --> 00:32:16,000
They need to find
The right balance
581
00:32:16,002 --> 00:32:18,602
Between accuracy and speed.
582
00:32:18,604 --> 00:32:20,371
So, evolution has
To pay attention
583
00:32:20,373 --> 00:32:23,874
To both how quickly we want
To be able to do things
584
00:32:23,876 --> 00:32:25,342
As well as how accurately
585
00:32:25,344 --> 00:32:26,877
We want to be able
To do things.
586
00:32:26,879 --> 00:32:28,612
And a dart game is
A good analogy
587
00:32:28,614 --> 00:32:30,314
For this kind of problem.
588
00:32:32,551 --> 00:32:35,052
You can see, first, I'm trying
To be fairly accurate.
589
00:32:35,054 --> 00:32:37,921
But as I increase my speed,
590
00:32:37,923 --> 00:32:39,623
I start to lose that accuracy.
591
00:32:39,625 --> 00:32:41,392
So, this represents that balance
592
00:32:41,394 --> 00:32:44,461
Between being focused
And taking your time
593
00:32:44,463 --> 00:32:48,265
And being too fast
And throwing too many things,
594
00:32:48,267 --> 00:32:49,466
Maybe in the wrong directions.
595
00:32:54,807 --> 00:32:56,974
Our brains have been
Guided by evolution
596
00:32:56,976 --> 00:32:59,410
To be pretty good
At many things,
597
00:32:59,412 --> 00:33:02,513
Not geniuses at one thing.
598
00:33:02,515 --> 00:33:04,381
Our mental limits
In any one area
599
00:33:04,383 --> 00:33:06,450
Are all too apparent.
600
00:33:06,452 --> 00:33:07,785
Take our memories.
601
00:33:07,787 --> 00:33:08,886
Hey, everybody.
602
00:33:08,888 --> 00:33:10,287
-hi.
-hi.
603
00:33:10,289 --> 00:33:11,689
Want to play a pub game?
604
00:33:11,691 --> 00:33:13,390
-yeah. Yeah.
-yeah.
605
00:33:13,392 --> 00:33:15,192
All right,
So, in this game,
606
00:33:15,194 --> 00:33:18,295
I'm gonna give you a category,
And you say all the items
607
00:33:18,297 --> 00:33:20,831
From that category
You can think of.
608
00:33:20,833 --> 00:33:22,733
Thomas is giving
What's called
609
00:33:22,735 --> 00:33:26,103
A semantic fluency test
To some of his students.
610
00:33:26,105 --> 00:33:28,072
It measures verbal memory.
611
00:33:28,074 --> 00:33:30,941
Jay, your category
Is occupations.
612
00:33:30,943 --> 00:33:34,678
Go.
-doctor, lawyer, barman,
613
00:33:34,680 --> 00:33:37,548
Cleaner, plumber,
Electrician...
614
00:33:37,550 --> 00:33:39,450
Clinicians use this test
615
00:33:39,452 --> 00:33:40,784
To measure brain health.
616
00:33:40,786 --> 00:33:42,486
...Extra, actor...
617
00:33:42,488 --> 00:33:45,022
Everyone has 60 seconds.
618
00:33:45,024 --> 00:33:46,290
...Window cleaner...
619
00:33:46,292 --> 00:33:48,759
But most start
To stumble a lot earlier.
620
00:33:48,761 --> 00:33:50,327
...Jar filler.
621
00:33:52,665 --> 00:33:54,431
Um...
622
00:33:54,433 --> 00:33:56,934
We may know
Hundreds of professions,
623
00:33:56,936 --> 00:34:01,071
But most people can only recall
About 10 to 20 in a minute.
624
00:34:01,073 --> 00:34:04,208
Not all of our memory is
Instantly available.
625
00:34:04,210 --> 00:34:05,743
I saw the jars on the --
626
00:34:05,745 --> 00:34:07,778
But what if it was?
627
00:34:08,848 --> 00:34:11,749
Polar bear,
Mouse, lion...
628
00:34:11,751 --> 00:34:14,118
What if every animal
You ever learned was
629
00:34:14,120 --> 00:34:16,553
Right there
At the tip of your tongue?
630
00:34:16,555 --> 00:34:20,491
...Tiger, horse, snake,
Alligator, dog, squirrel...
631
00:34:20,493 --> 00:34:22,393
Let's suppose you had
A perfect memory.
632
00:34:22,395 --> 00:34:23,694
Do you want to remember
633
00:34:23,696 --> 00:34:26,063
Every blade of grass
You've ever seen?
634
00:34:26,065 --> 00:34:27,831
Do you want to remember
Every slight
635
00:34:27,833 --> 00:34:29,800
You've ever experienced
In your life,
636
00:34:29,802 --> 00:34:31,068
Every breakup,
637
00:34:31,070 --> 00:34:33,137
Every time
You've ever stubbed your toe?
638
00:34:33,139 --> 00:34:36,073
How well do you want
To remember those things?
639
00:34:36,075 --> 00:34:37,174
What may seem at first
640
00:34:37,176 --> 00:34:38,776
Like a superpower...
641
00:34:38,778 --> 00:34:41,845
...Might quickly
Become a curse.
642
00:34:41,847 --> 00:34:44,615
You could remember everything
You've ever experienced,
643
00:34:44,617 --> 00:34:46,083
And that might
Make it more difficult
644
00:34:46,085 --> 00:34:47,885
To learn new things, right?
645
00:34:47,887 --> 00:34:50,788
In some sense, forgetting
Helps you learn new contexts
646
00:34:50,790 --> 00:34:54,258
And learn new ways
To deal with new problems.
647
00:34:54,260 --> 00:34:57,194
Dog, cat,
Horse, spider...
648
00:34:57,196 --> 00:34:58,495
In other words,
Forgetting is
649
00:34:58,497 --> 00:35:03,100
Just as important a mental skill
As remembering.
650
00:35:03,102 --> 00:35:07,037
...Um...
651
00:35:07,039 --> 00:35:09,773
Thomas says
It's critical to understand
652
00:35:09,775 --> 00:35:13,143
That our evolved brain is
A system seeking balance,
653
00:35:13,145 --> 00:35:18,749
Operating within limits in order
To survive a complex world.
654
00:35:18,751 --> 00:35:22,352
Improving on what nature gave us
May seem tempting,
655
00:35:22,354 --> 00:35:25,923
But the brain has taken
Millions of years to evolve.
656
00:35:25,925 --> 00:35:30,160
Supercharge one area,
And you could upset the balance.
657
00:35:30,162 --> 00:35:32,930
Genius like van gogh, tesla,
658
00:35:32,932 --> 00:35:36,800
Or mathematician john nash
Had incredible minds
659
00:35:36,802 --> 00:35:40,270
But also struggled to connect
To other people,
660
00:35:40,272 --> 00:35:42,039
Understand society,
661
00:35:42,041 --> 00:35:45,108
Or even experience
Deep emotions.
662
00:35:45,110 --> 00:35:47,811
So, there's sort of a mythology
Around genius, right,
663
00:35:47,813 --> 00:35:51,114
That it's kind of a --
Potentially a curse.
664
00:35:51,116 --> 00:35:53,750
We see this in different types
Of individuals
665
00:35:53,752 --> 00:35:55,752
Who've gained fame
Because they knew
666
00:35:55,754 --> 00:35:57,421
A lot of different kinds
Of things.
667
00:35:57,423 --> 00:35:59,556
But at the same time,
They seemed somehow trapped
668
00:35:59,558 --> 00:36:02,459
In their own world,
Which presents problems
669
00:36:02,461 --> 00:36:06,396
For social activities,
Like hanging out in the pub.
670
00:36:06,398 --> 00:36:07,464
Thomas believes
671
00:36:07,466 --> 00:36:10,167
We should celebrate
Our limitations.
672
00:36:10,169 --> 00:36:12,569
What we call genius might be
673
00:36:12,571 --> 00:36:15,305
A mind that's overdeveloped
In one area
674
00:36:15,307 --> 00:36:16,874
And deficient in another.
675
00:36:16,876 --> 00:36:21,545
So, having a super mind is
An interesting kind of question.
676
00:36:21,547 --> 00:36:24,948
As soon as you start to unpack
What "Super mind" means,
677
00:36:24,950 --> 00:36:28,619
You start to realize maybe it's
Not such a good idea after all.
678
00:36:28,621 --> 00:36:30,187
But their might be
A way to break through
679
00:36:30,189 --> 00:36:31,788
Our mental limitations
680
00:36:31,790 --> 00:36:35,092
Without paying the social
And emotional price.
681
00:36:35,094 --> 00:36:39,596
Technology may soon
Artificially expand the brain,
682
00:36:39,598 --> 00:36:41,999
Link all of our minds together,
683
00:36:42,001 --> 00:36:45,068
And show us the path
To true genius.
684
00:36:47,907 --> 00:36:50,208
One of my favorite memories is
685
00:36:50,210 --> 00:36:54,512
The taste of my grandmother's
Iced tea.
686
00:36:54,514 --> 00:36:58,449
But how many memories
Are now beyond retrieval?
687
00:36:58,451 --> 00:37:00,885
My classmates' names,
Books I read,
688
00:37:00,887 --> 00:37:03,654
Movies I saw decades ago.
689
00:37:03,656 --> 00:37:06,224
The human brain can't --
690
00:37:06,226 --> 00:37:10,094
Shouldn't fit
All of life's experiences.
691
00:37:10,096 --> 00:37:14,699
But perhaps there's a way
To beat our evolutionary limits.
692
00:37:14,701 --> 00:37:19,670
Imagine off-loading
Most of our memories,
693
00:37:19,672 --> 00:37:22,506
Accessing them only when needed.
694
00:37:22,508 --> 00:37:24,542
And why stop there?
695
00:37:24,544 --> 00:37:28,879
You could have all
Of mankind's knowledge on tap.
696
00:37:28,881 --> 00:37:33,884
Our collective minds
Could make us all geniuses.
697
00:37:38,858 --> 00:37:41,659
Dr. Ted berger is
A biomedical engineer
698
00:37:41,661 --> 00:37:45,796
Who's trying to push
The brain past its limits.
699
00:37:45,798 --> 00:37:48,532
We very often in science
Pay attention
700
00:37:48,534 --> 00:37:50,501
To how brains break down,
701
00:37:50,503 --> 00:37:52,136
But we don't often pay attention
702
00:37:52,138 --> 00:37:54,538
To how we can accelerate
Brain function,
703
00:37:54,540 --> 00:37:57,942
How we can make brain function
Above normal.
704
00:37:57,944 --> 00:38:01,679
His lab at the university
Of southern california
705
00:38:01,681 --> 00:38:04,115
Is developing a way
To load digital memories
706
00:38:04,117 --> 00:38:07,218
Into our biological brains.
707
00:38:07,220 --> 00:38:09,287
His first hope is
To help repair brains
708
00:38:09,289 --> 00:38:11,889
That have trouble
Retaining memories.
709
00:38:11,891 --> 00:38:14,492
But his research
May give us all a way
710
00:38:14,494 --> 00:38:17,728
To become
Digitally-enhanced geniuses.
711
00:38:23,202 --> 00:38:25,436
Ted's first step was
712
00:38:25,438 --> 00:38:28,639
To understand
How the brain stores memories.
713
00:38:28,641 --> 00:38:30,875
This storage
Facility could represent
714
00:38:30,877 --> 00:38:33,477
The process
By which short-term memories
715
00:38:33,479 --> 00:38:35,246
Become long-term memories.
716
00:38:37,350 --> 00:38:39,784
When the brain receives
New information,
717
00:38:39,786 --> 00:38:42,486
It comes first
To short-term memory,
718
00:38:42,488 --> 00:38:43,854
Like when a building receives
719
00:38:43,856 --> 00:38:45,856
A package on its loading dock.
720
00:38:48,127 --> 00:38:50,261
A part of the brain
Called the hippocampus
721
00:38:50,263 --> 00:38:53,698
Then scans
And categorizes the item,
722
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:56,600
Like this memory of ted
And his daughter,
723
00:38:56,602 --> 00:38:59,670
So it can be sent
To long-term storage.
724
00:39:01,908 --> 00:39:03,808
What the hippocampus does is
725
00:39:03,810 --> 00:39:05,810
To pick up
These short-term memories
726
00:39:05,812 --> 00:39:09,747
And move them
From the loading dock
727
00:39:09,749 --> 00:39:11,415
To the right floor
728
00:39:11,417 --> 00:39:13,217
And the right location.
729
00:39:17,690 --> 00:39:20,624
But if the hippocampus
Doesn't do its job right,
730
00:39:20,626 --> 00:39:24,028
This memory-storage system
Can go haywire.
731
00:39:24,030 --> 00:39:28,833
Memories can be misfiled
Or not created at all.
732
00:39:28,835 --> 00:39:32,169
If the hippocampus
Were malfunctioning,
733
00:39:32,171 --> 00:39:36,040
Then the new information
That's on the loading dock
734
00:39:36,042 --> 00:39:39,877
May not get delivered
To the right location.
735
00:39:39,879 --> 00:39:42,179
It might even go
In the right door
736
00:39:42,181 --> 00:39:45,583
But not all of the memory
Made it to the door.
737
00:39:49,956 --> 00:39:51,522
Ted is trying to work out
738
00:39:51,524 --> 00:39:54,759
How the hippocampus
Actually stores memories
739
00:39:54,761 --> 00:39:58,896
So he can hack into
The system electronically.
740
00:39:58,898 --> 00:40:01,832
When there's a memory
That's generated by the brain,
741
00:40:01,834 --> 00:40:05,369
It involves literally hundreds
If not thousands of cells.
742
00:40:05,371 --> 00:40:08,706
And each cell generates
A series of pulses.
743
00:40:08,708 --> 00:40:12,209
So, we're actually
Seeing the memory codes
744
00:40:12,211 --> 00:40:14,378
That are generated
By this part of the brain.
745
00:40:15,915 --> 00:40:17,314
With a set
Of electrodes implanted
746
00:40:17,316 --> 00:40:20,251
In the hippocampus
Of volunteer patients,
747
00:40:20,253 --> 00:40:23,254
Ted is beginning to decipher
How our brains turn
748
00:40:23,256 --> 00:40:26,557
Short-term memories
Into coded form
749
00:40:26,559 --> 00:40:30,694
So that they can be stored
As long-term memories.
750
00:40:30,696 --> 00:40:32,530
We ask the patients
To look at a picture,
751
00:40:32,532 --> 00:40:37,301
And we can read the code
For the picture.
752
00:40:37,303 --> 00:40:39,503
And that means
That we could generate,
753
00:40:39,505 --> 00:40:41,806
Ourselves, the code
754
00:40:41,808 --> 00:40:43,741
And put it back into the brain.
755
00:40:43,743 --> 00:40:46,710
Having cracked
The long-term memory code,
756
00:40:46,712 --> 00:40:49,914
Ted can now use
A microchip to send memories
757
00:40:49,916 --> 00:40:53,017
Directly into our brain's
Permanent storage.
758
00:40:56,355 --> 00:40:59,356
Human trials have already begun
In patients suffering
759
00:40:59,358 --> 00:41:02,059
From memory loss due to epilepsy
760
00:41:02,061 --> 00:41:05,062
And for soldiers dealing
With brain trauma.
761
00:41:05,064 --> 00:41:07,198
But the implications
Of ted's breakthrough
762
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:10,134
Could be
Far greater for humanity
763
00:41:10,136 --> 00:41:12,169
And our quest for genius.
764
00:41:14,207 --> 00:41:17,741
If we can hack into our brains'
Memory-coding system,
765
00:41:17,743 --> 00:41:20,277
There's no limit
To which memories
766
00:41:20,279 --> 00:41:23,314
Or whose memories
We could access.
767
00:41:26,786 --> 00:41:29,520
It may be possible
To take memories
768
00:41:29,522 --> 00:41:31,121
From one organism
769
00:41:31,123 --> 00:41:34,124
And put them into the brain
Of another organism.
770
00:41:34,126 --> 00:41:37,027
And to a certain extent,
That's been shown already.
771
00:41:37,029 --> 00:41:39,730
We can imagine
Sharing those memories
772
00:41:39,732 --> 00:41:43,234
In such a way
That genius evolves
773
00:41:43,236 --> 00:41:44,869
Not from an individual
774
00:41:44,871 --> 00:41:48,072
But from a collective
Set of memories.
775
00:41:48,074 --> 00:41:51,141
Our individual,
Biologically limited brains
776
00:41:51,143 --> 00:41:54,345
Could have instant access
To the collective wisdom
777
00:41:54,347 --> 00:41:56,780
Of all of humanity.
778
00:41:56,782 --> 00:41:58,716
Thanks to this technology,
779
00:41:58,718 --> 00:42:01,218
The whole world
Can work together
780
00:42:01,220 --> 00:42:05,823
And think together to solve
Our biggest problems.
781
00:42:05,825 --> 00:42:09,126
Genius means more
Than just memory.
782
00:42:09,128 --> 00:42:11,061
Together, as a group,
783
00:42:11,063 --> 00:42:13,063
We might have
A greater genius,
784
00:42:13,065 --> 00:42:14,431
A greater capability
785
00:42:14,433 --> 00:42:17,201
Than we would have
As individuals.
786
00:42:17,203 --> 00:42:20,871
We could really grow
The capability for genius
787
00:42:20,873 --> 00:42:23,941
By collectively using
Our memories
788
00:42:23,943 --> 00:42:25,643
And our creativities.
789
00:42:28,814 --> 00:42:32,850
One day, we might
No longer be prisoners
790
00:42:32,852 --> 00:42:34,285
To the inherited genetics
791
00:42:34,287 --> 00:42:38,455
And acts of happenstance
That created our brains.
792
00:42:38,457 --> 00:42:42,326
Instead, technology and medicine
Will make us masters
793
00:42:42,328 --> 00:42:45,396
Of all that we want to know.
794
00:42:45,398 --> 00:42:47,431
But even
The smartest minds among us
795
00:42:47,433 --> 00:42:50,768
Can't know everything
That is to come.
796
00:42:50,770 --> 00:42:55,606
We always need to be able
To change, to adapt.
797
00:42:55,608 --> 00:42:59,643
True genius is
To never stop learning.
61607
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