Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:01,499 --> 00:00:03,834
Morgan: IF YOU THINK
YOU SEE EVERYONE AS EQUAL,
2
00:00:03,835 --> 00:00:05,804
YOU'RE KIDDING YOURSELF.
3
00:00:05,805 --> 00:00:07,838
WE ALL HAVE BIASES.
4
00:00:07,839 --> 00:00:09,208
[ SIGHS ]
5
00:00:11,210 --> 00:00:13,746
AND NO MATTER
HOW OPEN-MINDED...
6
00:00:15,348 --> 00:00:17,982
WE THINK WE ARE...
7
00:00:17,983 --> 00:00:20,751
Morgan: STEREOTYPES COLOR
OUR JUDGMENT OF OTHERS.
8
00:00:20,752 --> 00:00:21,854
[ GUN COCKS ]
9
00:00:24,690 --> 00:00:26,725
...AND CAN LEAD US BADLY ASTRAY.
10
00:00:28,894 --> 00:00:33,298
WE LIVE IN A SOCIETY FRACTURED
BY RACE, RELIGION,
11
00:00:33,299 --> 00:00:35,133
EVEN OUR FAVORITE SPORTS TEAMS.
12
00:00:35,134 --> 00:00:36,502
[ BASEBALL BAT CRACKS ]
13
00:00:36,503 --> 00:00:38,469
Man:
GOING, GOING, GONE!
14
00:00:38,470 --> 00:00:40,171
YES! YES!
15
00:00:40,172 --> 00:00:44,842
Morgan: WE DIVIDE OURSELVES
INTO RIVAL TRIBES.
16
00:00:44,843 --> 00:00:47,845
THE POLITICAL DIVIDE
BETWEEN US GROWS DEEPER
17
00:00:47,846 --> 00:00:50,649
WITH EVERY PASSING YEAR.
18
00:00:50,650 --> 00:00:54,052
WHEN DID HATE BECOME HARD-WIRED
INTO OUR BRAINS?
19
00:00:54,053 --> 00:00:57,021
WE LIVE IN TWO DIFFERENT
AMERICAS, ONE FOR THE RICH...
20
00:00:57,022 --> 00:01:02,226
ARE WE ALL BORN TO DISCRIMINATE
AGAINST OUR FELLOW HUMANS?
21
00:01:02,227 --> 00:01:05,165
ARE WE ALL BIGOTS?
22
00:01:08,933 --> 00:01:13,272
SPACE, TIME, LIFE ITSELF.
23
00:01:15,674 --> 00:01:20,578
THE SECRETS OF THE COSMOS
LIE THROUGH THE WORMHOLE.
24
00:01:20,579 --> 00:01:23,581
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
25
00:01:23,582 --> 00:01:26,619
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
26
00:01:33,599 --> 00:01:37,902
HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT
WHO YOU INSTINCTIVELY TRUST
27
00:01:37,903 --> 00:01:40,540
AND WHO YOU INSTINCTIVELY FEAR?
28
00:01:42,942 --> 00:01:47,512
SOMEONE'S WALKING TOWARD YOU
DOWN A DARK ALLEY...
29
00:01:47,513 --> 00:01:50,417
[ METALLIC CLICK ]
HOLDING SOMETHING IN HIS HAND.
30
00:01:54,054 --> 00:01:58,124
NOW, I THINK OF MYSELF
AS AN OPEN-MINDED PERSON.
31
00:01:58,125 --> 00:02:00,993
BUT SCIENTISTS TELL ME
I'M KIDDING MYSELF
32
00:02:00,994 --> 00:02:03,363
AND SO ARE YOU.
33
00:02:03,364 --> 00:02:06,631
WE ALL LOOK AT THE WORLD
WITH PREJUDICE,
34
00:02:06,632 --> 00:02:10,702
AND WHEN YOU HAVE
ONLY A SPLIT SECOND TO DECIDE,
35
00:02:10,703 --> 00:02:14,507
YOUR OWN SNAP JUDGMENTS
MAY SHOCK YOU.
36
00:02:18,979 --> 00:02:23,048
JOSH CORRELL GREW UP
SOLVING PUZZLES FOR FUN,
37
00:02:23,049 --> 00:02:25,485
BUT NOW, AS A PSYCHOLOGIST,
38
00:02:25,486 --> 00:02:29,087
HE'S TRYING TO SOLVE
THE PUZZLE OF RACISM.
39
00:02:29,088 --> 00:02:32,724
AND HIS WORK IS
A MATTER OF LIFE AND DEATH.
40
00:02:32,725 --> 00:02:37,529
Correll:
SO, MY RESEARCH WAS ORIGINALLY
INSPIRED BY AMADOU DIALLO.
41
00:02:37,530 --> 00:02:41,332
HE CAME HOME, WENT BACK OUTSIDE
TO SIT ON HIS FRONT PORCH,
42
00:02:41,333 --> 00:02:43,034
BASICALLY, THE STOOP
OF THE APARTMENT BUILDING.
43
00:02:43,035 --> 00:02:44,337
[ VEHICLE APPROACHES, STOPS ]
44
00:02:44,338 --> 00:02:47,040
Morgan: IT WAS THE EARLY HOURS
OF FEBRUARY 4, 1999.
45
00:02:47,041 --> 00:02:48,273
[ CAR DOORS OPEN ]
46
00:02:48,274 --> 00:02:51,409
FOUR NEW YORK POLICE OFFICERS
APPROACHED HIM.
47
00:02:51,410 --> 00:02:54,178
DIALLO REACHED FOR HIS WALLET
48
00:02:54,179 --> 00:02:56,515
WHEN ONE OF THE OFFICERS
SHOUTED,
49
00:02:56,516 --> 00:02:58,384
"GUN! HE'S GOT A GUN!"
50
00:02:58,385 --> 00:03:05,258
[ GUNFIRE ]
51
00:03:05,259 --> 00:03:10,296
THEY FIRED 41 ROUNDS,
KILLING HIM AT THE SCENE.
52
00:03:10,297 --> 00:03:13,433
THE POLICE OFFICERS WERE
ACQUITTED OF ALL CHARGES,
53
00:03:13,434 --> 00:03:15,568
SPARKING
A HEATED NATIONAL DEBATE.
54
00:03:15,569 --> 00:03:16,768
[ CROWD CHANTING INDISTINCTLY ]
55
00:03:16,769 --> 00:03:19,837
IT WAS A TRAGEDY THAT HAS
SINCE REPEATED ITSELF
56
00:03:19,838 --> 00:03:23,276
IN THE DEATH OF MICHAEL BROWN
IN FERGUSON, MISSOURI,
57
00:03:23,277 --> 00:03:26,945
THE DEATH OF TAMIR RICE
IN CLEVELAND, OHIO,
58
00:03:26,946 --> 00:03:30,849
THE DEATH OF JOHN CRAWFORD
IN BEAVERCREEK, OHIO.
59
00:03:30,850 --> 00:03:33,718
AND SO, THAT PRESENTED A PUZZLE.
60
00:03:33,719 --> 00:03:35,554
THAT PRESENTED A QUESTION.
61
00:03:35,555 --> 00:03:38,456
HOW CAN WE DETERMINE WHETHER
OR NOT RACE WAS ACTUALLY
62
00:03:38,457 --> 00:03:40,260
WHAT DROVE THE OFFICERS
TO SHOOT?
63
00:03:43,029 --> 00:03:44,696
SOME OF THEM WILL BE ARMED.
64
00:03:44,697 --> 00:03:47,933
Morgan:
JOSH IS ABOUT TO RUN AN
EXPERIMENT WITH LIVE AMMUNITION
65
00:03:47,934 --> 00:03:51,171
AND WITH PARTICIPANTS
WHO ARE NOT POLICEMEN.
66
00:03:52,439 --> 00:03:55,106
HE ASKS HIS WHITE TEST SUBJECT
67
00:03:55,107 --> 00:03:59,378
TO TREAT THE SIMULATION
AS IF IT IS REAL LIFE.
68
00:03:59,379 --> 00:04:04,183
A POTENTIALLY LETHAL PERSON IS
ABOUT TO CONFRONT HIM,
69
00:04:04,184 --> 00:04:08,422
AND HE WILL HAVE LESS THAN
ONE SECOND TO MAKE A DECISION.
70
00:04:10,656 --> 00:04:12,758
THERE'S TIME PRESSURE.
THEY HAVE TO REACT QUICKLY.
71
00:04:12,759 --> 00:04:14,625
AND WE CAN LOOK AND SEE
72
00:04:14,626 --> 00:04:16,661
WHETHER WHEN WE CHANGE
THE RACE OF THE SUSPECT
73
00:04:16,662 --> 00:04:19,031
FROM BLACK TO WHITE
OR WHITE TO BLACK,
74
00:04:19,032 --> 00:04:21,034
DOES THAT INFLUENCE
A PERSON'S BEHAVIOR.
75
00:04:21,035 --> 00:04:26,305
Morgan:
THE SUBJECT WILL SEE A SCENE
APPEAR ON A SCREEN DOWNRANGE.
76
00:04:26,306 --> 00:04:29,974
THEN, A WHITE MAN WILL APPEAR
HOLDING EITHER A GUN
77
00:04:29,975 --> 00:04:31,510
OR A CELLPHONE
78
00:04:31,511 --> 00:04:38,484
OR IT WILL BE A BLACK MAN
WITH A GUN OR A CELLPHONE.
79
00:04:38,485 --> 00:04:42,488
THE IMAGE OF THE MAN IS ONLY UP
FOR ONE SECOND.
80
00:04:42,489 --> 00:04:44,522
TIME TO DECIDE.
81
00:04:44,523 --> 00:04:47,060
SHOOT OR HOLD FIRE?
82
00:04:48,194 --> 00:04:51,529
MISTAKE THE GUN FOR A PHONE
AND DIE.
83
00:04:51,530 --> 00:04:56,369
MISTAKE THE PHONE FOR A GUN
AND KILL AN INNOCENT PERSON.
84
00:04:59,204 --> 00:05:00,139
[ GUN COCKS ]
85
00:05:02,174 --> 00:05:04,743
SO, WHAT WE WANT TO LOOK AT IS,
IN THAT SITUATION
86
00:05:04,744 --> 00:05:07,012
WHERE THERE'S NOT GOOD,
CLEAR INFORMATION
87
00:05:07,013 --> 00:05:08,681
WHERE PEOPLE HAVE
TO RESPOND QUICKLY,
88
00:05:08,682 --> 00:05:11,150
DID THEY USE RACE
TO INFORM THEIR DECISIONS?
89
00:05:12,117 --> 00:05:16,322
Morgan: THE SIMULATION CYCLES
THROUGH DOZENS OF CONFRONTATIONS
90
00:05:16,323 --> 00:05:19,793
EQUALLY SPLIT BETWEEN WHITE
AND BLACK MALE SUBJECTS.
91
00:05:22,228 --> 00:05:24,430
JOSH RECORDS
HOW LONG IT TAKES SUBJECTS
92
00:05:24,431 --> 00:05:26,164
TO MAKE A DECISION
93
00:05:26,165 --> 00:05:29,000
AND WHETHER OR NOT THEY KILL
AN INNOCENT PERSON
94
00:05:29,001 --> 00:05:30,568
OR DIE THEMSELVES.
95
00:05:30,569 --> 00:05:32,137
IT'S WORTH NOTING
THAT, IN THIS GAME,
96
00:05:32,138 --> 00:05:33,438
PEOPLE ARE PRETTY GOOD.
97
00:05:33,439 --> 00:05:35,041
THEY DON'T MAKE
A TON OF MISTAKES.
98
00:05:36,242 --> 00:05:38,444
10%, 15% OF THE TIME,
THEY MAKE A MISTAKE.
99
00:05:39,646 --> 00:05:41,147
BUT WHEN WE LOOK
AT THOSE MISTAKES,
100
00:05:41,148 --> 00:05:42,748
WE SEE RACIAL BIAS
IN THE ERRORS.
101
00:05:42,749 --> 00:05:44,650
[ GUNSHOT ]
102
00:05:44,651 --> 00:05:46,486
SO THEY'RE FASTER
TO SHOOT THE ARMED TARGET
103
00:05:46,487 --> 00:05:47,888
IF HE'S BLACK RATHER THAN WHITE.
104
00:05:49,256 --> 00:05:50,388
[ GUNSHOT ]
105
00:05:50,389 --> 00:05:51,791
WHEN THE TARGET'S GOT
A CELLPHONE,
106
00:05:51,792 --> 00:05:53,592
THEY'RE MUCH MORE LIKELY
TO MAKE THAT DECISION
107
00:05:53,593 --> 00:05:55,896
TO SHOOT AN INNOCENT TARGET
WHEN HE'S BLACK...
108
00:05:58,598 --> 00:05:59,499
RATHER THAN WHITE.
109
00:06:02,535 --> 00:06:06,404
Morgan:
JOSH HAS RUN THIS EXPERIMENT
ON THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE.
110
00:06:06,405 --> 00:06:11,142
ON AVERAGE, WHITE SUBJECTS ARE
QUICKER TO SHOOT THE BLACK MALE
111
00:06:11,143 --> 00:06:17,349
AND ARE 30% TO 40% MORE LIKELY
TO MISTAKE HIS PHONE FOR A GUN.
112
00:06:17,350 --> 00:06:20,019
WHEN JOSH PERFORMS
THIS EXPERIMENT
113
00:06:20,020 --> 00:06:22,320
WITH LAW-ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS,
114
00:06:22,321 --> 00:06:24,856
HE FINDS
THAT THEIR EXPERT TRAINING
115
00:06:24,857 --> 00:06:29,027
SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE
OCCURRENCE OF FATAL MISTAKES.
116
00:06:29,028 --> 00:06:31,964
BUT NO MATTER WHAT
THEIR BACKGROUND OR TRAINING,
117
00:06:31,965 --> 00:06:37,471
MOST PARTICIPANTS ARE QUICKER
TO SHOOT AT A BLACK TARGET.
118
00:06:38,872 --> 00:06:40,005
DOES THIS MEAN
119
00:06:40,006 --> 00:06:43,508
THAT WHITE AMERICANS ARE
INHERENTLY BIGOTED?
120
00:06:43,509 --> 00:06:48,080
AN UTTERLY SHOCKING TREND
WITH JOSH'S BLACK PARTICIPANTS
121
00:06:48,081 --> 00:06:51,785
SUGGESTS THAT IT'S
MUCH MORE COMPLICATED THAN THAT.
122
00:07:01,494 --> 00:07:02,463
[ GUNSHOT ]
123
00:07:04,131 --> 00:07:08,801
WE SEE THAT BLACK PARTICIPANTS
SHOW THE SAME ANTI-BLACK BIAS
124
00:07:08,802 --> 00:07:10,304
THAT WHITE PARTICIPANTS DO.
125
00:07:11,170 --> 00:07:12,471
ACTUALLY WHEN WE TEST
126
00:07:12,472 --> 00:07:14,907
TO SEE IF THERE IS A DIFFERENCE
IN THE TWO GROUPS,
127
00:07:14,908 --> 00:07:16,907
WHITE PARTICIPANTS
VERSUS BLACK PARTICIPANTS,
128
00:07:16,908 --> 00:07:18,945
THEY ARE NOT STATISTICALLY
DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER.
129
00:07:21,415 --> 00:07:22,383
[ GUNSHOT ]
130
00:07:24,050 --> 00:07:26,517
SO, WE THINK THIS REPRESENTS
131
00:07:26,518 --> 00:07:29,055
AN AWARENESS
OF A CULTURAL STEREOTYPE,
132
00:07:29,056 --> 00:07:32,625
NOT THAT OUR PARTICIPANTS
BELIEVE NECESSARILY
133
00:07:32,626 --> 00:07:35,060
THAT BLACK MEN ARE
MORE DANGEROUS THAN WHITE MEN.
134
00:07:35,061 --> 00:07:36,195
[ GUN COCKS ]
135
00:07:36,196 --> 00:07:39,031
BUT BY VIRTUE OF THE MOVIES
THAT THEY WATCH,
136
00:07:39,032 --> 00:07:41,401
THE MUSIC THAT THEY LISTEN TO,
NEWS REPORTS,
137
00:07:41,402 --> 00:07:42,500
THEY'RE GETTING THE IDEA
138
00:07:42,501 --> 00:07:45,070
THAT "BLACK MALE" GOES
WITH "VIOLENT."
139
00:07:45,071 --> 00:07:46,505
[ SIREN WAILS ]
140
00:07:46,506 --> 00:07:49,608
THE GROUP AND THE IDEA ARE
LINKED TOGETHER IN THEIR BRAINS
141
00:07:49,609 --> 00:07:52,279
WHETHER THEY AGREE
WITH THAT STEREOTYPE OR NOT.
142
00:07:53,812 --> 00:07:57,383
WHY WOULD WE MAKE
LIFE-AND-DEATH DECISIONS
143
00:07:57,384 --> 00:08:01,419
BASED ON STEREOTYPES
WE DON'T EVEN BELIEVE?
144
00:08:01,420 --> 00:08:02,488
I'VE ALWAYS THOUGHT
145
00:08:02,489 --> 00:08:05,524
WE COULD OVERCOME
THESE BIGOTED IDEAS.
146
00:08:05,525 --> 00:08:10,462
BUT ONE NEUROSCIENTIST SAYS
IT'S NOT THAT SIMPLE.
147
00:08:10,463 --> 00:08:15,669
RACIST STEREOTYPES HIJACK
OUR SUBCONSCIOUS MINDS.
148
00:08:17,871 --> 00:08:20,106
NEUROSCIENTIST
JON FREEMAN BELIEVES
149
00:08:20,107 --> 00:08:24,342
THAT WE ALL CARRY AROUND
STEREOTYPES IN OUR SUBCONSCIOUS.
150
00:08:24,343 --> 00:08:28,613
IN FACT, THE INSTANT
YOU SEE ANOTHER PERSON'S FACE,
151
00:08:28,614 --> 00:08:32,784
YOUR BRAIN FIRST PERCEIVES THEM
AS A STEREOTYPE OF THEIR RACE,
152
00:08:32,785 --> 00:08:36,222
GENDER, OR SEXUAL ORIENTATION.
153
00:08:36,223 --> 00:08:39,824
SO WHEN YOU FIRST LAY EYES
ON A YOUNG ASIAN STUDENT,
154
00:08:39,825 --> 00:08:42,728
SHE MIGHT REGISTER AS...
155
00:08:43,795 --> 00:08:46,732
THE STEREOTYPICAL
ASIAN OVERACHIEVER...
156
00:08:47,967 --> 00:08:50,869
BUT ONLY FOR AN INSTANT.
157
00:08:50,870 --> 00:08:53,072
THE WAY WE MAKE SNAP JUDGMENTS
ABOUT OTHERS IS
158
00:08:53,073 --> 00:08:55,640
NOWHERE NEAR
POLITICALLY CORRECT.
159
00:08:55,641 --> 00:08:57,943
WHETHER YOU LIKE IT OR NOT,
160
00:08:57,944 --> 00:09:00,511
A WELL-GROOMED MAN
MAY FIRST TRIGGER
161
00:09:00,512 --> 00:09:03,281
A STALE STEREOTYPE
IN YOUR SUBCONSCIOUS MIND...
162
00:09:03,282 --> 00:09:06,052
[ WHISTLE BLOWS,
UPBEAT MUSIC PLAYS ]
163
00:09:06,053 --> 00:09:09,688
UNTIL YOUR CONSCIOUS MIND
CORRECTS YOU.
164
00:09:09,689 --> 00:09:12,124
JON WANTS
TO UNDERSTAND PRECISELY
165
00:09:12,125 --> 00:09:15,294
WHY FIRST IMPRESSIONS
CONJURE UP CLICHéS.
166
00:09:15,295 --> 00:09:19,164
Woman:
EXCUSE ME. JON?
167
00:09:19,165 --> 00:09:20,934
I'M A DOCILE WHITE GIRL.
168
00:09:21,867 --> 00:09:25,037
AND HE WANTS TO LEARN
IF THERE'S A WAY FOR US
169
00:09:25,038 --> 00:09:28,073
TO SEE THROUGH THESE CLICHéS.
170
00:09:28,074 --> 00:09:29,674
Jon: IT TAKES HUNDREDS
OF MILLISECONDS
171
00:09:29,675 --> 00:09:32,644
FOR THAT JUDGMENT
TO SORT OF CRYSTALLIZE AND FORM,
172
00:09:32,645 --> 00:09:34,746
AND A LOT HAPPENS
DURING THAT PROCESS.
173
00:09:34,747 --> 00:09:36,314
AND WE ARE ONLY BEGINNING
TO UNDERSTAND
174
00:09:36,315 --> 00:09:38,516
WHAT THE IMPLICATIONS
OF THAT MIGHT BE.
175
00:09:38,517 --> 00:09:41,787
JON USES BRAIN SCANNERS
TO DETERMINE EXACTLY
176
00:09:41,788 --> 00:09:43,322
WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE BRAIN
177
00:09:43,323 --> 00:09:46,458
DURING THE FIRST FRACTION
OF A SECOND OF PERCEPTION,
178
00:09:46,459 --> 00:09:48,794
LONG BEFORE WE ARE
CONSCIOUSLY AWARE
179
00:09:48,795 --> 00:09:50,264
OF WHAT WE'RE LOOKING AT.
180
00:09:51,330 --> 00:09:53,866
THE BRAIN IS LIKE AN OFFICE,
181
00:09:53,867 --> 00:09:58,135
WHERE TWO KEY DESKS HANDLE MOST
OF THE FACE-ANALYZING WORKLOAD,
182
00:09:58,136 --> 00:10:00,373
THE FUSIFORM FACE AREA...
183
00:10:02,641 --> 00:10:05,877
AND THE ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX.
184
00:10:05,878 --> 00:10:09,548
WHEN A VISUAL SIGNAL ARRIVES,
185
00:10:09,549 --> 00:10:12,784
THEY BOTH GET TO WORK
SIMULTANEOUSLY TO PROCESS IT
186
00:10:12,785 --> 00:10:15,420
IN THEIR OWN SPECIALIZED WAYS.
187
00:10:15,421 --> 00:10:17,289
Jon: THE FUSIFORM FACE AREA IS
188
00:10:17,290 --> 00:10:20,125
INVOLVED IN TAKING
VISUAL INFORMATION
189
00:10:20,126 --> 00:10:21,928
AND FORMING
A COHERENT REPRESENTATION
190
00:10:21,929 --> 00:10:24,496
OF THE IDENTITY
AND, SAY, THE GENDER
191
00:10:24,497 --> 00:10:25,866
AND THE RACE OF THE FACE.
192
00:10:28,468 --> 00:10:31,871
Morgan: BUT ACROSS THE WAY,
THE ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX IS
193
00:10:31,872 --> 00:10:35,073
FOCUSED ON ASSOCIATING THAT FACE
WITH ALL THE KNOWLEDGE IT HAS
194
00:10:35,074 --> 00:10:36,376
ABOUT THE WORLD.
195
00:10:37,577 --> 00:10:40,245
Jon: THE ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX IS
RETRIEVING
196
00:10:40,246 --> 00:10:43,616
ALL OF THE ASSOCIATIONS
SPONTANEOUSLY WITHOUT AWARENESS.
197
00:10:43,617 --> 00:10:46,151
Morgan:
WHEN IT SEES A BLACK MAN'S FACE,
198
00:10:46,152 --> 00:10:48,788
THE ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX
QUICKLY LOOKS UP
199
00:10:48,789 --> 00:10:52,225
ALL THE GENERAL INFORMATION
THE BRAIN HAS ABOUT BLACK MEN,
200
00:10:52,226 --> 00:10:59,398
INCLUDING MANY STEREOTYPES,
AND ALTERS THE VISUAL SIGNAL.
201
00:10:59,399 --> 00:11:02,634
SO, SOME BRAIN REGIONS CAN SORT
OF CONVINCE OTHER BRAIN REGIONS
202
00:11:02,635 --> 00:11:04,970
TO BE IN LINE WITH THEM.
203
00:11:04,971 --> 00:11:08,041
Morgan: BECAUSE OF THIS,
STEREOTYPES CAN HIJACK
204
00:11:08,042 --> 00:11:10,042
THE SIGNAL FROM OUR EYES...
205
00:11:11,011 --> 00:11:15,213
AND CHANGE WHAT WE PERCEIVE.
206
00:11:15,214 --> 00:11:16,781
WHEN TEST SUBJECTS LOOK
207
00:11:16,782 --> 00:11:19,418
AT A BLACK MALE
WITH A NEUTRAL EXPRESSION,
208
00:11:19,419 --> 00:11:22,020
THEIR BRAINS
IMMEDIATELY LIGHT UP
209
00:11:22,021 --> 00:11:24,789
AS IF THEY ARE PERCEIVING ANGER.
210
00:11:24,790 --> 00:11:27,125
AND EVEN THOUGH
THEY DON'T REALIZE IT,
211
00:11:27,126 --> 00:11:30,196
WHEN THEY LOOK AT A WHITE FEMALE
WITH A BLANK GAZE,
212
00:11:30,197 --> 00:11:34,632
THEIR BRAIN'S INSTANT REACTION
IS TO PERCEIVE HAPPINESS.
213
00:11:34,633 --> 00:11:39,670
THESE STEREOTYPES TAKE PLACE IN
ALL OF THE BRAINS JON STUDIED,
214
00:11:39,671 --> 00:11:44,208
NO MATTER THEIR GENDER, RACE,
OR SEXUAL ORIENTATION.
215
00:11:44,209 --> 00:11:47,444
THESE PREJUDICED THOUGHTS ARE
QUICKLY SNUFFED OUT
216
00:11:47,445 --> 00:11:48,981
BY THE CONSCIOUS MIND,
217
00:11:48,982 --> 00:11:51,650
BUT THAT DOESN'T MEAN
THAT THEY'RE HARMLESS.
218
00:11:51,651 --> 00:11:54,319
THOSE STEREOTYPES CAN ACTUALLY
WIND UP IMPACTING BEHAVIOR.
219
00:11:54,320 --> 00:11:55,621
SO, FOR EXAMPLE,
220
00:11:55,622 --> 00:11:59,558
IF INDIVIDUALS UNCONSCIOUSLY SEE
AFRICAN-AMERICAN FACES
221
00:11:59,559 --> 00:12:02,361
AS BEING SLIGHTLY MORE ANGRY
THAN THEY ARE,
222
00:12:02,362 --> 00:12:05,764
THAT'S PROBABLY GOING TO IMPACT
HOW MUCH THEY APPROACH
223
00:12:05,765 --> 00:12:08,799
OR AVOID THAT INDIVIDUAL
AT A SPONTANEOUS LEVEL.
224
00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:13,237
Morgan: IF WE RECOGNIZE THAT WE
ARE ALL PRONE TO THESE BIASES,
225
00:12:13,238 --> 00:12:14,340
MAYBE WE CAN COMPENSATE...
226
00:12:14,341 --> 00:12:15,308
[ GUNSHOT ]
227
00:12:15,842 --> 00:12:18,876
...AND AVOID UNINTENDED ACTS
OF PREJUDICE.
228
00:12:18,877 --> 00:12:23,247
BUT ONE BIOLOGIST IS ATTEMPTING
TO GO ONE STEP FURTHER
229
00:12:23,248 --> 00:12:25,251
TO MANIPULATE ANIMAL MINDS...
230
00:12:27,253 --> 00:12:29,322
AND OVERRIDE THEIR BIGOTRY.
231
00:12:30,999 --> 00:12:36,336
A STEREOTYPE IS
THE BRAIN'S WAY OF SAVING TIME.
232
00:12:36,337 --> 00:12:39,406
IT LOOKS AT PEOPLE OR OBJECTS
233
00:12:39,407 --> 00:12:43,911
AND MAKES QUICK DECISIONS
ABOUT THEM.
234
00:12:43,912 --> 00:12:48,014
WHO'D WANT TO EAT
THIS DISGUSTING THING?
235
00:12:48,015 --> 00:12:51,754
BUT THESE MENTAL SHORTCUTS
CAN LEAD US ASTRAY.
236
00:12:55,422 --> 00:12:57,291
MMM.
237
00:12:57,292 --> 00:12:59,527
DELICIOUS.
238
00:12:59,528 --> 00:13:02,363
CAN WE LOOK BEYOND APPEARANCES
239
00:13:02,364 --> 00:13:05,033
AND SEE PEOPLE
FOR WHO THEY REALLY ARE?
240
00:13:10,605 --> 00:13:12,672
NEUROSCIENTIST PEGGY MASON KNOWS
241
00:13:12,673 --> 00:13:14,642
THAT GETTING THROUGH
HER DAILY ROUTINE
242
00:13:14,643 --> 00:13:21,014
REQUIRES LOOKING AT EVERYTHING
AS A STEREOTYPE.
243
00:13:21,015 --> 00:13:23,550
A BASKET
OF FRESHLY PLUCKED VEGETABLES IS
244
00:13:23,551 --> 00:13:25,886
A VEGETABLE BASKET.
245
00:13:25,887 --> 00:13:29,556
VEGETABLE BASKETS CONTAIN
VEGETABLES.
246
00:13:29,557 --> 00:13:32,493
DON'T THEY?
247
00:13:32,494 --> 00:13:34,927
Mason: WE MAKE EXPECTATIONS
ABOUT EVERYTHING,
248
00:13:34,928 --> 00:13:37,131
AND THEY SMOOTH THE WAY.
249
00:13:37,132 --> 00:13:38,565
THEY'RE SHORTCUTS.
250
00:13:38,566 --> 00:13:41,736
THEY MAKE OUR LIFE HAPPEN MUCH
FASTER AND MUCH MORE EASILY.
251
00:13:44,873 --> 00:13:46,775
Morgan: WITHOUT THE ABILITY
TO STEREOTYPE,
252
00:13:46,776 --> 00:13:49,609
EVERYTHING WE DO WOULD TAKE
ENORMOUS MENTAL EFFORT
253
00:13:49,610 --> 00:13:53,013
TO UNDERSTAND.
254
00:13:53,014 --> 00:13:55,049
WE COULD TAKE NOTHING
FOR GRANTED.
255
00:13:59,421 --> 00:14:02,156
WE HAVE RELIED
ON STEREOTYPING FOR EONS
256
00:14:02,157 --> 00:14:05,758
TO QUICKLY TELL OUR TRIBE
FROM OUTSIDERS.
257
00:14:05,759 --> 00:14:08,729
FOR ALL THE HURT
THAT STEREOTYPING CAUSES,
258
00:14:08,730 --> 00:14:12,865
IT'S FUNDAMENTAL
TO HOW OUR BRAINS WORK.
259
00:14:12,866 --> 00:14:15,936
SO, WE'RE MORE LIKELY
TO HELP THOSE CLOSEST TO US,
260
00:14:15,937 --> 00:14:17,537
AND FOR COMPLETE STRANGERS
261
00:14:17,538 --> 00:14:20,040
THAT WE'VE NEVER EVEN SEEN
THE LIKES OF,
262
00:14:20,041 --> 00:14:22,475
WE'RE NOT SO LIKELY
TO HELP THEM.
263
00:14:22,476 --> 00:14:24,878
Morgan: PEGGY WANTED TO SEE
IF THERE MIGHT BE A WAY
264
00:14:24,879 --> 00:14:28,514
TO GET THE BRAIN
TO OVERCOME THESE BIASES.
265
00:14:28,515 --> 00:14:32,286
I THINK
THAT WE HUMANS ACT IN PART
266
00:14:32,287 --> 00:14:36,056
DUE TO OUR SHARED
MAMMALIAN BIOLOGY,
267
00:14:36,057 --> 00:14:39,559
AND I THINK THAT WE CAN
INCREASE SOCIAL COHESION
268
00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:41,630
IN MODERN SOCIETY
AMONGST HUMANS.
269
00:14:44,032 --> 00:14:47,401
Morgan:
SHE BEGAN WITH A MAMMAL THAT HAS
A SIMPLER BRAIN THAN OURS...
270
00:14:47,402 --> 00:14:48,435
[ RAT SQUEAKING ]
271
00:14:48,436 --> 00:14:50,872
Mason: HEY, LITTLE GUYS.
HOW YOU DOING?
272
00:14:50,873 --> 00:14:52,605
YOU'RE OKAY, LITTLE BUDDY.
273
00:14:52,606 --> 00:14:55,575
Morgan: ...THE RAT,
A CREATURE WHO TYPICALLY
274
00:14:55,576 --> 00:14:59,714
ONLY AIDS MEMBERS
OF ITS OWN STRAIN.
275
00:14:59,715 --> 00:15:01,348
PEGGY'S EXPERIMENT INVOLVES
276
00:15:01,349 --> 00:15:04,618
TEMPORARILY TRAPPING A RAT
IN A PLASTIC TUBE.
277
00:15:04,619 --> 00:15:06,588
THE TUBE HAS JUST ONE WAY OUT,
278
00:15:06,589 --> 00:15:10,992
THROUGH A DOOR THAT CAN
ONLY BE OPENED BY ANOTHER RAT.
279
00:15:10,993 --> 00:15:13,627
WHEN ANOTHER RAT
FROM THE SAME STRAIN IS ADDED
280
00:15:13,628 --> 00:15:15,729
TO THE CHAMBER,
IT'S NOT LONG
281
00:15:15,730 --> 00:15:20,901
BEFORE HE WORKS OUT HOW TO FREE
HIS IMPRISONED FELLOW TRIBESMAN.
282
00:15:20,902 --> 00:15:25,506
Mason: THESE ARE ALL ALBINO RATS
OF THE SPRAGUE DAWLEY STOCK.
283
00:15:25,507 --> 00:15:28,742
AND SO,
WHILE THEY ARE NOT IDENTICAL
284
00:15:28,743 --> 00:15:30,811
AND THEY'VE NEVER MET
EACH OTHER,
285
00:15:30,812 --> 00:15:35,081
THEY ALSO MIGHT LOOK LIKE
THE FIFTH COUSIN TWICE REMOVED.
286
00:15:35,082 --> 00:15:38,386
Morgan: IF THE RAT LOOKS
FAMILIAR, THE OTHER RAT HELPS.
287
00:15:38,387 --> 00:15:40,588
BUT THEN PEGGY REPEATS
THE EXPERIMENT
288
00:15:40,589 --> 00:15:43,357
WITH RATS OF UNRELATED STRAINS.
289
00:15:43,358 --> 00:15:46,158
NOW IT'S A BLACK CAPPED RAT
IN THE TUBE,
290
00:15:46,159 --> 00:15:50,129
AND AN ALBINO RAT HAS
THE OPTION TO FREE HIM.
291
00:15:50,130 --> 00:15:52,431
Mason: THEY'VE NEVER MET
A BLACK CAPPED RAT BEFORE.
292
00:15:52,432 --> 00:15:54,000
THEY DON'T OPEN FOR THEM.
293
00:15:54,001 --> 00:15:55,436
THEY HAVE NO AFFILIATIVE BOND,
294
00:15:55,437 --> 00:15:57,238
AND THEREFORE
THEY DO NOT ACT PROSOCIALLY
295
00:15:57,239 --> 00:16:02,843
TOWARDS THESE VERY
STRANGE-LOOKING TYPE OF RATS.
296
00:16:02,844 --> 00:16:05,679
Morgan: BUT CAN A RAT
EVER CHANGE ITS WAYS?
297
00:16:05,680 --> 00:16:09,548
TO FIND OUT,
PEGGY EXPOSES A WHITE RAT
298
00:16:09,549 --> 00:16:11,218
TO A BLACK CAPPED RAT.
299
00:16:11,219 --> 00:16:13,487
Mason:
WE TOOK ALBINO RATS.
300
00:16:13,488 --> 00:16:15,522
WE HOUSED THEM
WITH BLACK CAPPED RATS
301
00:16:15,523 --> 00:16:16,989
FOR TWO WEEKS.
302
00:16:16,990 --> 00:16:20,826
THEN WE REHOUSED THEM
WITH AN ALBINO RAT
303
00:16:20,827 --> 00:16:23,731
SO THEY'VE KNOWN
ONE BLACK CAPPED RAT.
304
00:16:24,899 --> 00:16:28,335
Morgan: DOES THIS EXPERIENCE
MAKE THE ALBINO EMPATHETIC
305
00:16:28,336 --> 00:16:30,706
TO ALL BLACK CAPPED RATS?
306
00:16:32,740 --> 00:16:35,441
TO FIND OUT, SHE PLACES HIM
IN THE ARENA
307
00:16:35,442 --> 00:16:39,046
WITH A TRAPPED BLACK CAPPED RAT
THAT HE'S NEVER MET BEFORE.
308
00:16:39,047 --> 00:16:40,916
[ RAT SQUEAKING ]
309
00:16:49,456 --> 00:16:54,295
THE ALBINO RAT BREAKS
THROUGH THE COLOR LINE.
310
00:16:54,296 --> 00:16:57,931
Mason: WHAT THAT SUGGESTED WAS
THAT JUST HAVING A BOND
311
00:16:57,932 --> 00:17:01,968
TO ONE BLACK CAPPED RAT
WOULD ALLOW AN ALBINO RAT
312
00:17:01,969 --> 00:17:05,306
TO GENERALIZE
ALL THE BLACK CAPPED RATS.
313
00:17:05,307 --> 00:17:08,008
THEY'VE KNOWN ONE.
THEY'VE LIVED WITH ONE.
314
00:17:08,009 --> 00:17:09,876
NOW THEY GET TESTED
WITH STRANGERS.
315
00:17:09,877 --> 00:17:10,944
AND LO AND BEHOLD,
316
00:17:10,945 --> 00:17:13,546
THEY'RE PERFECTLY HELPFUL
TO THE STRANGERS.
317
00:17:13,547 --> 00:17:17,617
SO THAT WAS
REALLY EXCEPTIONAL TO ME
318
00:17:17,618 --> 00:17:21,822
BECAUSE IT SHOWED
THAT EXPERIENCE WAS SO POWERFUL.
319
00:17:21,823 --> 00:17:23,792
Morgan: IT MAY NOT BE
AS HARD AS YOU THINK
320
00:17:23,793 --> 00:17:26,258
FOR A BIGOT TO HAVE
A CHANGE OF HEART.
321
00:17:26,259 --> 00:17:28,696
IF ANY OF US HAS
A POSITIVE EXPERIENCE
322
00:17:28,697 --> 00:17:31,299
WITH SOMEONE
FROM A DIFFERENT RACIAL GROUP,
323
00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:34,835
BIOLOGY HAS THE POWER
TO MAKE US FEEL EMPATHY
324
00:17:34,836 --> 00:17:37,069
FOR A STRANGER FROM THAT GROUP.
325
00:17:37,070 --> 00:17:42,108
IN FACT, PEGGY BELIEVES THAT
EMPATHY IS A PRIMAL INSTINCT
326
00:17:42,109 --> 00:17:43,477
FOR ALL MAMMALS.
327
00:17:43,478 --> 00:17:48,615
WHAT RATS TELL US IS THAT
WE HAVE A MAMMALIAN INHERITANCE
328
00:17:48,616 --> 00:17:53,953
WHICH MAKES US WANT TO HELP
ANOTHER IN DISTRESS.
329
00:17:53,954 --> 00:17:56,757
BUT THE AMAZING THING
THAT WE LEARN FROM THE RATS IS
330
00:17:56,758 --> 00:18:00,259
THAT WHAT THE RATS NEED TO DO IS
TO HAVE AN EXPERIENCE
331
00:18:00,260 --> 00:18:01,995
WITH A DIFFERENT TYPE OF RAT,
332
00:18:01,996 --> 00:18:06,167
AND THEN THAT RAT CAN BE PART
OF THEIR INGROUP, TOO.
333
00:18:06,168 --> 00:18:11,538
AND THAT'S REALLY AN AMAZING
AND HOPEFUL MESSAGE, I THINK.
334
00:18:11,539 --> 00:18:15,942
EMPATHY HAS ENORMOUS POWER.
335
00:18:15,943 --> 00:18:19,345
IMAGES OF NELSON MANDELA
BEHIND BARS
336
00:18:19,346 --> 00:18:24,317
EVOKED SUCH COMPASSION
FROM PEOPLE OF ALL RACES
337
00:18:24,318 --> 00:18:29,456
THAT THEY HELPED END APARTHEID
IN SOUTH AFRICA.
338
00:18:29,457 --> 00:18:33,727
BUT THERE'S ANOTHER DARKER SIDE
TO THE HUMAN MIND,
339
00:18:33,728 --> 00:18:36,062
ONE THAT ALLOWS US
TO TAKE PLEASURE
340
00:18:36,063 --> 00:18:39,232
IN THE PAIN OF OTHERS
341
00:18:39,233 --> 00:18:43,871
AND COULD MAKE US ADDICTED
TO BIGOTRY.
342
00:18:45,999 --> 00:18:50,769
BIGOTRY IS AS OLD
AS HUMAN SOCIETY.
343
00:18:50,770 --> 00:18:56,642
WE PERSECUTE PEOPLE
OF DIFFERENT SKIN COLOR,
344
00:18:56,643 --> 00:19:01,280
OF DIFFERENT RELIGION.
345
00:19:01,281 --> 00:19:06,419
WE DISCRIMINATE
BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN.
346
00:19:06,420 --> 00:19:10,989
BUT BIGOTRY ISN'T JUST ABOUT
THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF YOUR BIRTH.
347
00:19:10,990 --> 00:19:15,828
EVEN FANS OF RIVAL SPORTS TEAMS
CAN LEARN TO HATE ONE ANOTHER
348
00:19:15,829 --> 00:19:19,232
WITH ALL THE VENOM OF A BIGOT.
349
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:23,936
HARVARD PSYCHOLOGIST MINA CIKARA
HAS BEEN THINKING
350
00:19:23,937 --> 00:19:29,075
ABOUT HOW HUMAN BEINGS MOVE
FROM INDIVIDUALS, TO GROUPS
351
00:19:29,076 --> 00:19:31,577
TO BITTER, VIOLENT RIVALS.
352
00:19:31,578 --> 00:19:34,480
IMAGINE A GROUP
OF PERFECT STRANGERS.
353
00:19:34,481 --> 00:19:39,384
IT TAKES VERY LITTLE FOR THEM
TO FORM DEVOUT TRIBAL ALLIANCES.
354
00:19:39,385 --> 00:19:42,020
WELL, ONE OF THE MOST AMAZING
THINGS ABOUT HUMANS IS
355
00:19:42,021 --> 00:19:43,789
HOW READILY THEY FORM GROUPS.
356
00:19:43,790 --> 00:19:46,491
IN FACT, PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
HAS SHOWN
357
00:19:46,492 --> 00:19:48,527
THAT YOU CAN
RANDOMLY ASSIGN PEOPLE
358
00:19:48,528 --> 00:19:50,462
TO RED TEAM OR BLUE TEAM,
359
00:19:50,463 --> 00:19:52,699
AND THAT'S ENOUGH
TO MAKE THEM SHOW
360
00:19:52,700 --> 00:19:54,499
WHAT WE CALL INGROUP BIAS.
361
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:57,871
THEY PREFER THEIR INGROUP,
THEY TREAT THEM BETTER,
362
00:19:57,872 --> 00:20:00,340
THEY DEVOTE
MORE RESOURCES TO THEM,
363
00:20:00,341 --> 00:20:03,077
AND, IN GENERAL, IT'S JUST
A PART OF HUMAN NATURE.
364
00:20:07,547 --> 00:20:09,848
Morgan:
SINCE THE DAWN OF HUMANITY,
365
00:20:09,849 --> 00:20:14,821
WE HAVE NEEDED THE SUPPORT
OF OTHERS TO THRIVE AND SURVIVE.
366
00:20:14,822 --> 00:20:17,791
SO WHEN TWO GROUPS COME
INTO DIRECT COMPETITION,
367
00:20:17,792 --> 00:20:21,561
NO MATTER ARBITRARILY
THOSE GROUPS WERE FORMED,
368
00:20:21,562 --> 00:20:24,631
THE INDIVIDUALS WILL PUT
THE NEEDS OF THE GROUP
369
00:20:24,632 --> 00:20:26,399
ABOVE THEMSELVES.
370
00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:29,370
A LINE IS DRAWN IN THE SAND.
371
00:20:36,210 --> 00:20:37,844
OUT.
NICE JOB.
372
00:20:37,845 --> 00:20:40,145
"OUT"?
WHAT... GIVE ME A BREAK.
373
00:20:40,146 --> 00:20:44,450
ALL-OUT VIOLENCE NEEDS
ONLY A LITTLE PROVOCATION.
374
00:20:44,451 --> 00:20:45,852
YOU WERE OUT.
375
00:20:45,853 --> 00:20:47,053
[ SCOFFS ]
376
00:20:47,054 --> 00:20:49,689
A DOSE OF ESCALATION...
377
00:20:49,690 --> 00:20:51,290
AND BOTH SIDES WILL...
378
00:20:51,291 --> 00:20:52,392
[ ALL SHOUTING INDISTINCTLY ]
379
00:20:52,393 --> 00:20:53,659
CHARGE.
380
00:20:53,660 --> 00:20:55,661
[ SHOUTING CONTINUES ]
381
00:20:55,662 --> 00:20:57,662
[ UPBEAT MUSIC PLAYS ]
382
00:20:57,663 --> 00:20:59,700
[ CRASHING, THUMPING ]
383
00:21:02,134 --> 00:21:06,806
IN GENERAL, PEOPLE ARE ADVERSE
TO TREATING OTHER PEOPLE BADLY.
384
00:21:06,807 --> 00:21:09,175
BUT THAT'S THE THING
ABOUT COMPETITION.
385
00:21:09,176 --> 00:21:10,910
BEING A GOOD INGROUP MEMBER
386
00:21:10,911 --> 00:21:12,644
MEANS BEING A JERK
TO THE OUT GROUP.
387
00:21:12,645 --> 00:21:13,946
AAH!
388
00:21:13,947 --> 00:21:16,250
IT'S NOT JUST THAT YOU WANT
YOUR OWN TEAM TO DO WELL.
389
00:21:16,251 --> 00:21:19,117
IT'S THAT YOU HAVE TO MAKE SURE
THAT THE OTHER TEAM DOESN'T.
390
00:21:19,118 --> 00:21:20,187
AAAAAAH!
391
00:21:20,188 --> 00:21:21,654
AAAAH!
392
00:21:21,655 --> 00:21:24,623
Morgan: MINA WANTS TO KNOW
WHY THIS DESIRE
393
00:21:24,624 --> 00:21:27,960
TO PERSECUTE THE OTHER OVERRIDES
OUR BETTER JUDGMENT.
394
00:21:27,961 --> 00:21:29,463
AAAAAH!
395
00:21:33,099 --> 00:21:37,269
THESE TWO ARE
A COUPLE OF STAND-UP GUYS.
396
00:21:37,270 --> 00:21:40,773
THEY CERTAINLY WOULD NEVER BEAT
EACH OTHER INTO A PULP...
397
00:21:40,774 --> 00:21:42,276
UNLESS IT'S GAME DAY.
398
00:21:43,210 --> 00:21:46,845
TODAY MINA IS GOING
TO SCAN THEIR BRAINS
399
00:21:46,846 --> 00:21:49,615
AS THEY WATCH
THEIR RIVAL TEAM SUFFER.
400
00:21:49,616 --> 00:21:50,882
SO, WHAT WE DID WAS WE RECRUITED
401
00:21:50,883 --> 00:21:54,019
18 DIE-HARD RED SOX
AND YANKEES FANS.
402
00:21:54,020 --> 00:21:57,490
AND THE IDEA WAS
WE WANTED PEOPLE TO WATCH PLAYS
403
00:21:57,491 --> 00:22:00,392
WHERE THEIR RIVALS DID POORLY
AGAINST ANOTHER THIRD TEAM,
404
00:22:00,393 --> 00:22:01,160
THE ORIOLES.
405
00:22:01,161 --> 00:22:02,027
[ CROWD CHEERING ]
406
00:22:02,028 --> 00:22:04,197
THE RED SOX FAN WATCHES A VIDEO
407
00:22:04,198 --> 00:22:07,366
WHERE ALEX RODRIGUEZ
OF THE YANKEES IS PELTED
408
00:22:07,367 --> 00:22:09,535
BY A 100-MILE-PER-HOUR
FAST BALL.
409
00:22:09,536 --> 00:22:10,737
[ BASEBALL THUDS,
CROWD GROANS ]
410
00:22:10,738 --> 00:22:13,940
Man: OOH!
THAT'S GONNA LEAVE A MARK.
411
00:22:13,941 --> 00:22:17,544
Morgan: THE YANKEES FAN GETS
TO ENJOY AN EMBARRASSING MISTAKE
412
00:22:17,545 --> 00:22:21,715
THAT COST THE RED SOX THREE RUNS
IN A SINGLE PLAY.
413
00:22:21,716 --> 00:22:23,716
[ BASEBALL BAT CRACKS,
CROWD GROANS ]
414
00:22:23,717 --> 00:22:26,486
Man: WHAT A DISASTER.
415
00:22:26,487 --> 00:22:30,523
OOH, HOW EMBARRASSING
FOR THE RED SOX.
416
00:22:30,524 --> 00:22:31,824
Morgan: MINA DISCOVERED
417
00:22:31,825 --> 00:22:35,393
THAT THIS FEELING OF PLEASURE
AT OUR RIVAL'S PAIN,
418
00:22:35,394 --> 00:22:38,565
WHAT THE GERMANS CALL
SCHADENFREUDE,
419
00:22:38,566 --> 00:22:42,434
IS SOMETHING OUR BRAINS LEARN
TO CRAVE.
420
00:22:42,435 --> 00:22:45,037
WHEN PARTICIPANTS WATCH
THEIR RIVALS FAIL,
421
00:22:45,038 --> 00:22:46,739
WHAT WE SAW
THAT THERE WAS ACTIVATIONS
422
00:22:46,740 --> 00:22:48,908
OF THE REGION CALLED
THE VENTRAL STRIATUM.
423
00:22:48,909 --> 00:22:51,578
THE WAY THAT THIS REGION
PURPORTEDLY WORKS IS
424
00:22:51,579 --> 00:22:54,514
THAT IT BASICALLY TAGS
POSITIVE INFORMATION,
425
00:22:54,515 --> 00:22:57,717
REWARDING EVENTS,
SO THAT PEOPLE THEN CAN SAY,
426
00:22:57,718 --> 00:23:01,086
"OH, I SHOULD COME BACK TO THIS
IN ORDER TO GET PLEASURE AGAIN."
427
00:23:01,087 --> 00:23:05,991
Morgan: THE VENTRAL STRIATUM IS
AT THE CORE OF MANY ADDICTIONS.
428
00:23:05,992 --> 00:23:08,360
WHEN A SMOKER SEES A CIGARETTE,
429
00:23:08,361 --> 00:23:11,898
THEIR VENTRAL STRIATUM
REMINDS THEM OF ITS PLEASURES.
430
00:23:11,899 --> 00:23:15,702
AND JUST AS A CIGARETTE A DAY
CAN SOON BECOME A PACK A DAY,
431
00:23:15,703 --> 00:23:17,870
COULDN'T SEEING
YOUR RIVAL SUFFER
432
00:23:17,871 --> 00:23:20,640
MAKE YOU WANT TO SEE IT HAPPEN
MORE AND MORE?
433
00:23:20,641 --> 00:23:22,175
Cikara:
SO, THE QUESTION THEN IS
434
00:23:22,176 --> 00:23:24,943
WHETHER OR NOT WATCHING
YOUR RIVAL SUFFER MISFORTUNE
435
00:23:24,944 --> 00:23:26,979
MAKES YOU THEN MORE LIKELY
TO ENDORSE HARM
436
00:23:26,980 --> 00:23:28,981
OR ACTUALLY DO HARM
TO THE RIVAL TEAM
437
00:23:28,982 --> 00:23:30,950
AND AFFILIATED INDIVIDUALS.
438
00:23:30,951 --> 00:23:33,120
WELL, WE HAVE EVIDENCE
TO SUGGEST THAT IT DOES.
439
00:23:34,453 --> 00:23:36,389
Morgan:
WHAT TROUBLES MINA IS
440
00:23:36,390 --> 00:23:38,693
THAT THIS LINE
OF GROUP-ORIENTED THINKING
441
00:23:38,694 --> 00:23:41,459
EXTENDS BEYOND SPORTS TEAMS.
442
00:23:41,460 --> 00:23:44,663
IN FACT,
WE SEE EVERYBODY BELONGING
443
00:23:44,664 --> 00:23:47,600
TO ONE
OF FOUR SOCIAL CATEGORIES.
444
00:23:47,601 --> 00:23:50,202
THE FIRST TIME YOU MEET
A NEW PERSON OR A GROUP,
445
00:23:50,203 --> 00:23:52,204
THERE ARE TWO QUESTIONS
YOU NEED ANSWERED RIGHT AWAY.
446
00:23:52,205 --> 00:23:53,905
THE FIRST IS "FRIEND OR FOE,"
447
00:23:53,906 --> 00:23:55,975
AND THE SECOND IS,
"HOW CAPABLE ARE THEY
448
00:23:55,976 --> 00:23:58,844
OF ENACTING THEIR INTENTIONS
TOWARD ME, GOOD OR ILL?"
449
00:23:58,845 --> 00:24:01,814
Morgan: FIRST, THERE ARE
THE FRIENDLY GROUPS.
450
00:24:01,815 --> 00:24:04,183
BRIGHT, YOUNG KIDS AND DOCTORS,
FOR EXAMPLE,
451
00:24:04,184 --> 00:24:06,620
WE USUALLY SEE AS COMPETENT.
452
00:24:06,621 --> 00:24:10,623
LESS CAPABLE FRIENDLY GROUPS,
LIKE THE ELDERLY AND INFIRM,
453
00:24:10,624 --> 00:24:13,092
USUALLY INVOKE PITY.
454
00:24:13,093 --> 00:24:15,762
DRUG ADDICTS
OR TEENAGE INTERNET BULLIES,
455
00:24:15,763 --> 00:24:18,097
WE CATEGORIZE AS FOE.
456
00:24:18,098 --> 00:24:20,600
BUT THESE GROUPS AREN'T
COMPETENT ENOUGH
457
00:24:20,601 --> 00:24:23,169
TO SPEND MUCH ENERGY HATING.
458
00:24:23,170 --> 00:24:28,106
IT'S THE PEOPLE SEEN BOTH
AS FOE AND HIGHLY COMPETENT
459
00:24:28,107 --> 00:24:31,277
WHO STIR THE STRONG URGES
TOWARD BIGOTRY.
460
00:24:31,278 --> 00:24:35,081
THIS INCLUDES INVESTMENT BANKERS
BUT ALSO GROUPS LIKE ASIANS
461
00:24:35,082 --> 00:24:38,486
OR PROFESSIONAL WOMEN IN DOMAINS
WHERE MEN GENERALLY DOMINATE.
462
00:24:40,153 --> 00:24:42,287
Morgan: MINA STUDIED HUNDREDS
OF SUBJECTS
463
00:24:42,288 --> 00:24:46,758
WHO REPORT FEELING PLEASURE WHEN
MEMBERS OF THESE GROUPS SUFFER.
464
00:24:46,759 --> 00:24:48,827
Cikara: WHEN YOU ASK THEM
WHO THEY'RE MOST LIKELY TO HARM,
465
00:24:48,828 --> 00:24:51,430
TO JUST HURT, NOT ACTUALLY KILL,
466
00:24:51,431 --> 00:24:53,766
THEY'RE MOST WILLING
TO HARM THESE COMPETENT GROUPS
467
00:24:53,767 --> 00:24:56,635
THAT ARE COMPETITIVE
WITH OUR OWN INTERESTS.
468
00:24:56,636 --> 00:24:59,071
SO WHAT'S REALLY INTERESTING
ABOUT THESE GROUPS IS
469
00:24:59,072 --> 00:25:00,873
THAT, IN TIMES
OF SOCIAL STABILITY,
470
00:25:00,874 --> 00:25:02,874
PEOPLE GO ALONG
TO GET ALONG WITH THEM
471
00:25:02,875 --> 00:25:04,844
BECAUSE THEY CONTROL RESOURCES.
472
00:25:04,845 --> 00:25:07,581
BUT THEY'RE ALSO THE FIRST ONES
TO GET SCAPEGOATED
473
00:25:07,582 --> 00:25:09,883
WHEN SOCIAL RELATIONS
BECOME UNSTABLE.
474
00:25:10,999 --> 00:25:12,802
Morgan:
BEING PART OF A GROUP IS
475
00:25:12,803 --> 00:25:15,504
AN UNAVOIDABLE PART
OF BEING HUMAN.
476
00:25:15,505 --> 00:25:18,506
BUT GROUPISM DOES MORE
THAN JUST BLOCK
477
00:25:18,507 --> 00:25:20,909
OUR NATURAL EMPATHY FOR OTHERS.
478
00:25:20,910 --> 00:25:24,045
WHEN IT INVOLVES
A POLITICAL AGENDA,
479
00:25:24,046 --> 00:25:27,115
GROUPISM MAY ACTUALLY HACK
OUR BRAINS
480
00:25:27,116 --> 00:25:29,985
INTO PERCEIVING A FALSE REALITY.
481
00:25:29,986 --> 00:25:32,787
DO YOU SEE THE WORLD
AS IT REALLY IS
482
00:25:32,788 --> 00:25:37,294
OR HOW YOUR POLITICAL PARTY
WANTS YOU TO SEE IT?
483
00:25:38,999 --> 00:25:41,167
WE'RE A TRIBAL SPECIES,
484
00:25:41,168 --> 00:25:43,838
AND WE ALL WANT
TO BE IN THE WINNING TRIBE.
485
00:25:45,406 --> 00:25:49,341
BUT SURELY HUMANITY CAN ASPIRE
TO RISE ABOVE THIS,
486
00:25:49,342 --> 00:25:52,712
TO BRIDGE THE DIVIDE
BETWEEN US.
487
00:25:52,713 --> 00:25:55,482
DEMOCRACY WAS FOUNDED
IN THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY,
488
00:25:55,483 --> 00:25:58,917
THAT WE COULD REACH
ACROSS THE AISLE AND COMPROMISE.
489
00:25:58,918 --> 00:26:00,821
BUT WITH
EVERY PASSING YEAR,
490
00:26:00,822 --> 00:26:02,722
POLITICAL PARTIES SEEM
TO BE GETTING
491
00:26:02,723 --> 00:26:05,492
MORE AND MORE DIVIDED.
492
00:26:05,493 --> 00:26:09,663
MAYBE IT'S BECAUSE
CONSERVATIVES ARE BIGOTED
493
00:26:09,664 --> 00:26:12,765
AGAINST LIBERALS.
494
00:26:12,766 --> 00:26:14,968
I THINK
YOU HAVE IT BACKWARD.
495
00:26:19,907 --> 00:26:22,809
DARREN SCHREIBER IS
AN AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENTIST
496
00:26:22,810 --> 00:26:25,978
NOW WORKING IN EXETER, U.K.
497
00:26:25,979 --> 00:26:27,580
IF THERE'S ONE THING
HE'S LEARNED
498
00:26:27,581 --> 00:26:29,782
FROM MOVING ACROSS THE POND,
499
00:26:29,783 --> 00:26:32,350
IT'S THAT NO MATTER
WHERE YOU GO,
500
00:26:32,351 --> 00:26:37,291
LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES ARE
NOT FROM THE SAME PLANET.
501
00:26:37,292 --> 00:26:38,991
DO YOU SEE YOURSELF
AS BEING MORE LIBERAL
502
00:26:38,992 --> 00:26:40,060
OR MORE CONSERVATIVE?
503
00:26:40,061 --> 00:26:41,528
DEFINITELY
MORE CONSERVATIVE.
504
00:26:41,529 --> 00:26:43,128
I'D SEE MYSELF
MORE LIBERAL.
505
00:26:43,129 --> 00:26:44,930
MILITARY INTERVENTION
IN THE MIDDLE EAST...
506
00:26:44,931 --> 00:26:45,932
HOW DO YOU FEEL
ABOUT THAT?
507
00:26:45,933 --> 00:26:47,334
I THINK
IT'S ABSOLUTELY FUNDAMENTAL.
508
00:26:47,335 --> 00:26:50,503
EACH COUNTRY SHOULD BE ALLOWED
TO DETERMINE THEIR OWN FUTURE.
509
00:26:50,504 --> 00:26:52,472
WHAT DO YOU THINK
ABOUT IMMIGRATION POLICY?
510
00:26:52,473 --> 00:26:54,040
THE BORDERS NEED
TO BE SLIGHTLY MORE CLOSED.
511
00:26:54,041 --> 00:26:55,777
WE SHOULD HAVE
AN OPEN-BORDER POLICY.
512
00:26:55,778 --> 00:27:00,280
LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES
RARELY SEE EYE TO EYE.
513
00:27:00,281 --> 00:27:04,650
COULD IT BE THAT THEY HAVE
DIFFERENT BRAINS?
514
00:27:04,651 --> 00:27:07,753
DARREN DECIDED HE WOULD TRY
TO UNCOVER THE TRUTH
515
00:27:07,754 --> 00:27:11,123
BY USING AN MRI BRAIN SCANNER
TO SEE
516
00:27:11,124 --> 00:27:14,194
HOW THE BRAINS OF LIBERALS
AND CONSERVATIVES HANDLED
517
00:27:14,195 --> 00:27:17,996
DECISION-MAKING
IN A SIMPLE GAMBLING GAME.
518
00:27:17,997 --> 00:27:22,334
TODAY, DARREN AND HIS STUDENTS
ARE RE-CREATING THAT EXPERIMENT
519
00:27:22,335 --> 00:27:24,870
BUT WITHOUT THE MRI.
520
00:27:24,871 --> 00:27:29,810
EACH TEST SUBJECT IS GIVEN £1...
ABOUT A BUCK AND A HALF.
521
00:27:29,811 --> 00:27:33,312
THEY CAN KEEP THE MONEY,
OR THEY CAN GAMBLE WITH IT.
522
00:27:33,313 --> 00:27:35,747
THERE'S A CHANCE
TO DOUBLE THE WINNINGS
523
00:27:35,748 --> 00:27:38,885
BUT ALSO A RISK
OF LOSING IT ALL.
524
00:27:38,886 --> 00:27:41,387
DO YOU WANT TO KEEP THAT £1,
OR DO YOU WANT TO TAKE A RISK
525
00:27:41,388 --> 00:27:43,590
AT POTENTIALLY WINNING
OR LOSING £2?
526
00:27:43,591 --> 00:27:44,991
I WILL RISK £2.
527
00:27:44,992 --> 00:27:47,392
ALL RIGHT,
SO OPEN UP THE ENVELOPE
528
00:27:47,393 --> 00:27:48,862
AND SEE WHAT YOU GET.
529
00:27:50,630 --> 00:27:51,830
I'VE WON £2.
530
00:27:51,831 --> 00:27:52,933
GOOD. ALL RIGHT.
531
00:27:52,934 --> 00:27:54,199
SO HERE'S £2.
532
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:55,601
DO YOU WANT TO KEEP
THE £1,
533
00:27:55,602 --> 00:27:57,603
OR DO YOU WANT
TO RISK POTENTIALLY WINNING
534
00:27:57,604 --> 00:27:58,905
OR LOSING £2?
535
00:27:58,906 --> 00:28:01,509
I THINK I'LL TAKE A RISK
AT WINNING £2.
536
00:28:01,510 --> 00:28:02,476
OKAY.
537
00:28:03,378 --> 00:28:04,276
I'VE WON £2.
538
00:28:04,277 --> 00:28:05,610
WHOO-HOO.
CONGRATULATIONS.
539
00:28:05,611 --> 00:28:07,714
SO, HERE'S YOUR £2.
540
00:28:07,715 --> 00:28:08,880
[ Laughing ]
I'VE LOST £1.
541
00:28:08,881 --> 00:28:10,183
YOU'VE LOST.
ALL RIGHT.
542
00:28:10,184 --> 00:28:12,286
WELL, YOU HAVE
TO GIVE ME £4 NOW.
543
00:28:12,287 --> 00:28:13,620
THANKS, SOPHIE.
544
00:28:14,722 --> 00:28:17,191
DARREN DOESN'T CARE
WHO WINS OR LOSES.
545
00:28:17,192 --> 00:28:20,327
HIS ONLY INTEREST IS
IN HOW THEIR BRAINS DEAL
546
00:28:20,328 --> 00:28:22,994
WITH TAKING GAMBLING RISKS,
547
00:28:22,995 --> 00:28:26,399
AN ACT THAT HAS
NO INTRINSIC POLITICAL SLANT.
548
00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:30,971
BUT TO HIS SURPRISE, LIBERALS
AND CONSERVATIVES PROCESSED RISK
549
00:28:30,972 --> 00:28:34,108
WITH WILDLY DIFFERENT REGIONS
OF THEIR BRAINS.
550
00:28:36,075 --> 00:28:39,545
CONSERVATIVE BRAINS CONSISTENTLY
USE THE AMYGDALA
551
00:28:39,546 --> 00:28:42,948
TO MAKE THE DECISIONS
TO RISK EVERYTHING.
552
00:28:42,949 --> 00:28:45,784
THIS REGION IS ASSOCIATED
WITH GUT FEELING
553
00:28:45,785 --> 00:28:48,187
AND FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSES.
554
00:28:48,188 --> 00:28:50,290
RED BRAINS EXPERIENCED RISK
555
00:28:50,291 --> 00:28:53,328
AS A THREAT
WITH A POTENTIAL REWARD.
556
00:28:55,228 --> 00:28:59,465
LIBERAL BRAINS CONSISTENTLY USE
THE INSULA WHEN GAMBLING,
557
00:28:59,466 --> 00:29:01,001
A REGION ASSOCIATED
558
00:29:01,002 --> 00:29:03,570
WITH PERCEPTION
OF ONE'S OWN FEELINGS.
559
00:29:03,571 --> 00:29:08,741
BLUE BRAINS EXPERIENCED RISK
AS A PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED.
560
00:29:08,742 --> 00:29:13,080
BOTH BRAINS END UP AT SIMILAR
CONCLUSIONS ABOUT TAKING RISKS,
561
00:29:13,081 --> 00:29:17,649
BUT THEIR BRAINS EXPERIENCE IT
DIFFERENTLY.
562
00:29:17,650 --> 00:29:21,221
WHAT IT TELLS US IS
THAT BEING A POLITICAL LIBERAL
563
00:29:21,222 --> 00:29:23,790
OR A POLITICAL CONSERVATIVE
INFLUENCES
564
00:29:23,791 --> 00:29:25,958
EVERYTHING THAT WE SEE,
565
00:29:25,959 --> 00:29:28,060
THAT WE SEE THE WORLD
IN REALLY DIFFERENT WAYS,
566
00:29:28,061 --> 00:29:30,996
WE USE DIFFERENT MENTAL TOOLS
WHEN WE'RE PROCESSING
567
00:29:30,997 --> 00:29:32,698
EVEN BASIC THINGS LIKE GAMBLING
568
00:29:32,699 --> 00:29:35,702
THAT APPEAR TO HAVE NOTHING
TO DO WITH POLITICS.
569
00:29:35,703 --> 00:29:37,004
AND THAT JUST BLEW OUR MINDS.
570
00:29:37,737 --> 00:29:39,773
Morgan:
SO, WHY IS THIS?
571
00:29:39,774 --> 00:29:41,974
ARE WE BORN
WITH OUR FUTURE POLITICS
572
00:29:41,975 --> 00:29:45,878
ALREADY FIXED
IN THE STRUCTURE OF OUR BRAINS?
573
00:29:45,879 --> 00:29:47,280
WE'RE UNSURE ABOUT THIS,
574
00:29:47,281 --> 00:29:49,014
AND I ACTUALLY HAVE A STUDY
WHERE WE'RE GONNA BE LOOKING
575
00:29:49,015 --> 00:29:51,850
TO SEE WITH A DATA SET
THAT HAS STUDIED CHILDREN
576
00:29:51,851 --> 00:29:53,586
FROM AGE 4 TO 20,
577
00:29:53,587 --> 00:29:55,388
THE DIFFERENCES
IN PEOPLE'S BRAINS
578
00:29:55,389 --> 00:29:57,657
AND DO THEY CHANGE OVER TIME.
579
00:29:57,658 --> 00:29:59,894
BUT WHAT WE KNOW RIGHT NOW IS
THAT PEOPLE,
580
00:29:59,895 --> 00:30:01,394
WHEN THEY'RE AROUND 20,
581
00:30:01,395 --> 00:30:03,998
SEEM TO HAVE DIFFERENT SIZES
OF AMYGDALA AND INSULA
582
00:30:03,999 --> 00:30:07,132
DEPENDING ON WHETHER THEY'RE
LIBERALS OR CONSERVATIVES.
583
00:30:07,133 --> 00:30:10,101
Morgan: DARREN EXPECTS
THAT, BY THE TIME WE ARE 20,
584
00:30:10,102 --> 00:30:11,870
MOST OF US WILL HAVE SOLIDIFIED
585
00:30:11,871 --> 00:30:15,073
THE COLOR
OF OUR POLITICAL BRAIN.
586
00:30:15,074 --> 00:30:16,842
THE POSSIBILITY OF HARMONY
587
00:30:16,843 --> 00:30:19,044
BETWEEN LIBERALS
AND CONSERVATIVES IS
588
00:30:19,045 --> 00:30:22,180
THEREFORE UNLIKELY.
589
00:30:22,181 --> 00:30:24,783
POLITICIANS AND POLITICALLY
ACTIVE CITIZENS CANNOT
590
00:30:24,784 --> 00:30:28,021
TRULY SEE THINGS
FROM THE OTHER SIDE.
591
00:30:28,022 --> 00:30:31,323
THEIR BRAINS WON'T LET THEM.
592
00:30:31,324 --> 00:30:35,462
OUR INTENSE PARTISANSHIP IS
PROBABLY HERE TO STAY.
593
00:30:37,197 --> 00:30:39,866
BUT THERE MAY BE A WAY
TO RESHAPE OUR BRAINS
594
00:30:39,867 --> 00:30:44,503
TO CHERISH THE GREATER GOOD
OF ALL MANKIND
595
00:30:44,504 --> 00:30:49,175
AND OPEN OUR MINDS AND HEARTS
TO ONE ANOTHER
596
00:30:49,176 --> 00:30:51,944
IF WE ALL PLAY
597
00:30:51,945 --> 00:30:55,615
ULTRA-VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES.
598
00:30:55,616 --> 00:30:57,716
[ GUNFIRE ]
599
00:30:57,717 --> 00:30:59,052
[ GUN COCKS ]
600
00:31:01,999 --> 00:31:05,068
THE WORLD IS FULL OF HATE.
601
00:31:05,069 --> 00:31:08,671
ELIMINATING BIGOTRY SEEMS
HOPELESS.
602
00:31:08,672 --> 00:31:11,308
BUT THERE MAY BE A WAY...
603
00:31:11,309 --> 00:31:17,848
PURE, UNADULTERATED VIOLENCE
IN AN ALTERNATE REALITY.
604
00:31:18,949 --> 00:31:20,250
[ GUNFIRE ]
Man: AAH!
605
00:31:20,251 --> 00:31:22,987
PROFESSOR MATTHEW GRIZZARD HAS
SPENT A LOT OF TIME
606
00:31:22,988 --> 00:31:24,788
PLAYING VIDEO GAMES.
607
00:31:24,789 --> 00:31:25,856
[ GUNFIRE ]
608
00:31:25,857 --> 00:31:27,924
BUT
AS A COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCHER,
609
00:31:27,925 --> 00:31:32,929
THESE MEDIATED REALITIES ARE
MORE THAN JUST ENTERTAINMENT.
610
00:31:32,930 --> 00:31:34,329
[ GUNFIRE ]
611
00:31:34,330 --> 00:31:36,231
WE DON'T NECESSARILY DISTINGUISH
VERY MUCH
612
00:31:36,232 --> 00:31:40,837
BETWEEN MEDIATED REALITY
AND REAL REALITY.
613
00:31:40,838 --> 00:31:42,204
WE SEE VISUAL ELEMENTS.
614
00:31:42,205 --> 00:31:45,275
WE HEAR THINGS,
AUDITORY ELEMENTS.
615
00:31:45,276 --> 00:31:47,410
AND OUR BODIES RESPOND
TO THOSE ELEMENTS
616
00:31:47,411 --> 00:31:48,944
AS IF THEY WERE REAL.
617
00:31:48,945 --> 00:31:51,079
Morgan:
IMMERSED IN A GAME,
618
00:31:51,080 --> 00:31:53,282
MATTHEW CAN FEEL
HIS PULSE POUNDING
619
00:31:53,283 --> 00:31:57,087
AND HIS STOMACH CHURNING FROM
THE INTENSITY OF THE EXPERIENCE.
620
00:31:57,088 --> 00:31:58,488
[ GUNFIRE ]
621
00:31:58,489 --> 00:32:04,194
BUT ONE DAY, A LEVEL IN A GAME
DOWNRIGHT DISTURBED HIM.
622
00:32:07,364 --> 00:32:10,366
Grizzard:
SO, I'M IN AN ELEVATOR.
623
00:32:10,367 --> 00:32:11,835
AND I'M LOOKING AROUND,
624
00:32:11,836 --> 00:32:15,640
AND THERE'S A LOT OF ARMED MEN
IN MILITARY FATIGUES WITH ME.
625
00:32:17,907 --> 00:32:19,575
AT THAT POINT,
ELEVATOR DOORS OPEN.
626
00:32:19,576 --> 00:32:20,944
[ ELEVATOR BELL DINGS ]
627
00:32:23,914 --> 00:32:26,583
AND WE STEP OUT INTO WHAT
APPEARS TO BE A CROWDED AIRPORT.
628
00:32:26,584 --> 00:32:29,320
[ INTERCOM CHATTER,
[ INDISTINCT CONVERSATIONS ]
629
00:32:29,321 --> 00:32:31,587
AND AT THAT POINT,
THE ORDER IS GIVEN,
630
00:32:31,588 --> 00:32:35,258
AND WE RAISE OUR GUNS
TO POINT AT INNOCENT CIVILIANS
631
00:32:35,259 --> 00:32:37,225
SURROUNDING THIS AIRPORT.
632
00:32:37,226 --> 00:32:40,296
[ GUN COCKS ]
633
00:32:40,297 --> 00:32:41,931
AND THEN, WE START FIRING.
634
00:32:41,932 --> 00:32:43,800
[ GUNFIRE,
PEOPLE SCREAMING ]
635
00:32:52,009 --> 00:32:53,411
[ PEOPLE MOANING, SOBBING ]
636
00:32:56,614 --> 00:32:57,881
Morgan: MATTHEW FELT GUILTY
637
00:32:57,882 --> 00:33:02,085
FOR MURDERING
SO MANY INNOCENT PIXELS.
638
00:33:02,086 --> 00:33:06,455
BUT AS A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST,
HE KNOWS THAT GUILT IS A FEELING
639
00:33:06,456 --> 00:33:10,260
THAT CAN PROFOUNDLY CHANGE
OUR BEHAVIOR.
640
00:33:10,261 --> 00:33:11,795
Grizzard:
WE WANTED TO SEE IF THIS GUILT
641
00:33:11,796 --> 00:33:13,429
THAT WAS ELICITED
FROM VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS
642
00:33:13,430 --> 00:33:16,233
COULD CAUSE PEOPLE TO THINK MORE
ABOUT REAL-WORLD MORALITY
643
00:33:16,234 --> 00:33:18,901
AND COULD ACTUALLY INCREASE
THEIR MORAL SENSITIVITY
644
00:33:18,902 --> 00:33:20,337
TO REAL-WORLD ISSUES.
645
00:33:21,571 --> 00:33:24,539
Morgan: MEDIA PUNDITS
OFTEN ACCUSE VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES
646
00:33:24,540 --> 00:33:27,844
OF DESTROYING
THE MORALITY OF OUR YOUTH.
647
00:33:27,845 --> 00:33:29,913
IS THAT REALLY TRUE?
648
00:33:29,914 --> 00:33:33,415
MATTHEW HAS A SERIES
OF TEST SUBJECTS PLAY A GAME
649
00:33:33,416 --> 00:33:37,354
WHERE THEY CAN HURT
SIMULATED HUMAN BEINGS.
650
00:33:37,355 --> 00:33:39,556
SO, MATTHEW GIVES THE ORDER
651
00:33:39,557 --> 00:33:44,460
TO COMMIT BLATANT CRIMES
AGAINST HUMANITY.
652
00:33:44,461 --> 00:33:47,230
SO, WE SET UP A SITUATION
WHERE PEOPLE ARE GONNA PLAY
653
00:33:47,231 --> 00:33:48,897
A VIOLENT FIRST-PERSON SHOOTER
654
00:33:48,898 --> 00:33:51,334
WHERE THEY'RE ENGAGING
IN TERRORIST BEHAVIORS,
655
00:33:51,335 --> 00:33:53,370
WHERE THEY'RE
COMMITTING GENOCIDES
656
00:33:53,371 --> 00:33:55,204
AND THEY'RE KILLING
INNOCENT CIVILIANS,
657
00:33:55,205 --> 00:33:57,472
THEY'RE BOMBING AREAS,
THEY'RE GAUGING IN THINGS
658
00:33:57,473 --> 00:34:01,510
THAT WOULD BE CONSIDERED MORALLY
REPREHENSIBLE IN THE REAL WORLD.
659
00:34:01,511 --> 00:34:03,312
Morgan:
MATTHEW'S SUBJECTS SURRENDER
660
00:34:03,313 --> 00:34:07,682
TO THE ALTERNATIVE REALITY
OF THE GAME.
661
00:34:07,683 --> 00:34:08,683
[ GUN COCKS ]
662
00:34:08,684 --> 00:34:10,285
INSIDE THEIR MINDS...
663
00:34:10,286 --> 00:34:11,388
[ GUN COCKS ]
664
00:34:11,389 --> 00:34:13,624
THEY ARE LIVING
THROUGH THE EXPERIENCE
665
00:34:13,625 --> 00:34:15,392
OF BEING A MASS MURDER.
666
00:34:17,761 --> 00:34:20,129
THE GAME IS GUILT-INDUCING...
[ GUN COCKS ]
667
00:34:20,130 --> 00:34:21,965
TO SAY THE LEAST.
668
00:34:26,469 --> 00:34:29,606
SO WE ALSO HAD A CONTROL GROUP
BECAUSE WE WANTED TO SEE
669
00:34:29,607 --> 00:34:31,540
AND DISTINGUISH
VIDEO-GAME-INDUCED GUILT
670
00:34:31,541 --> 00:34:33,776
FROM REAL-WORLD GUILT.
671
00:34:33,777 --> 00:34:36,446
SO WE HAD INDIVIDUALS REMEMBER
A SITUATION
672
00:34:36,447 --> 00:34:39,115
IN WHICH THEY FELT
PARTICULARLY GUILTY.
673
00:34:39,116 --> 00:34:43,153
Morgan: WRITING THIS OUT IS
EMOTIONALLY TAXING.
674
00:34:43,154 --> 00:34:45,187
IT BRINGS BACK PAINFUL MEMORIES,
675
00:34:45,188 --> 00:34:48,390
PERHAPS OF THE TIME
THEY CHEATED ON A LOVER
676
00:34:48,391 --> 00:34:51,694
OR LIED
AND GOT SOMEONE ELSE IN TROUBLE
677
00:34:51,695 --> 00:34:55,365
OR SABOTAGED A FRIEND
FOR SELFISH GAIN.
678
00:34:55,366 --> 00:35:00,836
IN EVERY CASE,
REAL PEOPLE WERE REALLY HURT.
679
00:35:00,837 --> 00:35:05,008
MATTHEW COMPARED THIS GROUP
TO THE MURDER-SIMULATOR GROUP.
680
00:35:06,777 --> 00:35:09,812
SO, OUR FINDINGS SHOWED
THAT INDIVIDUALS RECALLING
681
00:35:09,813 --> 00:35:13,816
A REAL-WORLD GUILTY EXPERIENCE
ACTUALLY FELT MORE GUILT
682
00:35:13,817 --> 00:35:15,886
BUT THAT GUILT SOLICITED
BY VIDEO GAME
683
00:35:15,887 --> 00:35:19,890
WAS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH
INCREASED MORAL SENSITIVITY.
684
00:35:19,891 --> 00:35:22,758
Morgan:
COMMITTING VIRTUAL MASS MURDER
685
00:35:22,759 --> 00:35:26,194
GAVE HIS SUBJECTS
A STRONGER SENSE OF MORALITY.
686
00:35:26,195 --> 00:35:27,229
[ GUN COCKS ]
687
00:35:27,230 --> 00:35:28,930
IT'S A SURPRISING RESULT,
688
00:35:28,931 --> 00:35:32,301
BUT MATTHEW THINKS
HE KNOWS WHY IT'S THE CASE.
689
00:35:32,302 --> 00:35:37,140
THE PLAYERS VIOLATED THEIR
OWN PERSONAL SENSE OF FAIRNESS.
690
00:35:37,141 --> 00:35:40,943
THEY CANNOT RIGHT THE WRONGS
THEY HAVE COMMITTED,
691
00:35:40,944 --> 00:35:44,747
SO THEY ATONE
WITH A SUBCONSCIOUS DESIRE
692
00:35:44,748 --> 00:35:47,350
TO BE A BETTER PERSON.
693
00:35:47,351 --> 00:35:49,919
I THINK THAT'S
THE REAL POWER OF VIDEO GAMES.
694
00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:52,221
YOU CAN THINK OF THEM
AS KIND OF MORAL SANDBOXES,
695
00:35:52,222 --> 00:35:55,524
AS AREAS WHERE WE CAN EXPLORE
DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF MORALITY
696
00:35:55,525 --> 00:35:57,359
OR EVEN TAKE VIEWPOINTS
THAT ARE OPPOSED
697
00:35:57,360 --> 00:35:59,595
TO OUR VERY CORE OF MORALITY.
698
00:35:59,596 --> 00:36:02,598
Morgan: BUT IT'S HARD TO IMAGINE
EVERYONE AGREEING
699
00:36:02,599 --> 00:36:06,234
TO PLAY
GUILT-INDUCTING VIDEO GAMES.
700
00:36:06,235 --> 00:36:09,272
AND THERE WILL
ALWAYS BE SOCIOPATHS
701
00:36:09,273 --> 00:36:11,540
WHOSE BIGOTRY SPREADS
THROUGH SOCIETY
702
00:36:11,541 --> 00:36:12,941
LIKE A DEADLY VIRUS.
703
00:36:12,942 --> 00:36:18,080
COULD IT BE THAT WE'RE JUST
TOO TOLERANT OF INTOLERANCE?
704
00:36:18,081 --> 00:36:22,052
WHAT WOULD REALLY HAPPEN IF
WE CUT OFF THE WORST OFFENDERS?
705
00:36:23,454 --> 00:36:24,822
COULD WE EVER DO IT?
706
00:36:30,059 --> 00:36:32,861
IN THE PAST CENTURY,
707
00:36:32,862 --> 00:36:36,932
WE'VE BROKEN DOWN
A LOT OF WALLS THAT DIVIDED US.
708
00:36:36,933 --> 00:36:41,002
MORE SOCIAL GROUPS HAVE BEEN
ACCEPTED INTO THE MAINSTREAM.
709
00:36:41,003 --> 00:36:45,240
SEGREGATION AND PREJUDICE ARE
NO LONGER THE LAWS OF THE LAND.
710
00:36:45,241 --> 00:36:47,676
BUT THERE ARE STILL THOSE
WHO THINK THEY'RE SUPERIOR
711
00:36:47,677 --> 00:36:52,515
BECAUSE OF THEIR SKIN COLOR,
THEIR AGE, OR THEIR GENDER.
712
00:36:52,516 --> 00:36:55,084
THERE MAY BE A WAY TO DEAL
713
00:36:55,085 --> 00:36:57,155
WITH THESE BIGOTS
AND THEIR BIGOTRY...
714
00:36:59,322 --> 00:37:01,424
BUILD WALLS AROUND THEM.
715
00:37:04,661 --> 00:37:08,830
SOCIOLOGIST AND PHYSICIAN
NICHOLAS CHRISTAKIS IS TAKING
716
00:37:08,831 --> 00:37:12,368
A BIRD'S EYE VIEW
OF HUMAN SOCIETY.
717
00:37:12,369 --> 00:37:13,935
FROM HIS PERSPECTIVE,
718
00:37:13,936 --> 00:37:16,906
WHEN BIGOTS FLOURISH
IN A SOCIAL NETWORK,
719
00:37:16,907 --> 00:37:19,843
IT IS PARTLY THE FAULT
OF THE GROUP ITSELF.
720
00:37:19,844 --> 00:37:22,310
Christakis: SO WE'RE EMBEDDED
IN THESE NETWORKS.
721
00:37:22,311 --> 00:37:23,979
HOW WE ACT
IN THE WORLD IS AFFECTED
722
00:37:23,980 --> 00:37:26,247
BY HOW THE PEOPLE WE KNOW ACT
723
00:37:26,248 --> 00:37:28,752
BUT ALSO EVEN
BY HOW PEOPLE WE DON'T KNOW ACT
724
00:37:28,753 --> 00:37:30,352
AS THINGS RIPPLE
THROUGH THE NETWORK
725
00:37:30,353 --> 00:37:32,523
AND COME TO AFFECT US.
726
00:37:33,199 --> 00:37:36,501
Morgan: NICHOLAS AND LONG-TIME
COLLABORATOR JAMES FOWLER ARE
727
00:37:36,502 --> 00:37:40,003
STUDYING HOW SOCIAL CONNECTIONS
CHANGE THE BEHAVIOR
728
00:37:40,004 --> 00:37:43,106
OF THE GROUP AS A WHOLE.
729
00:37:43,107 --> 00:37:45,476
Christakis: WHEN YOU ADD
THESE TIES BETWEEN PEOPLE,
730
00:37:45,477 --> 00:37:48,611
THE PARTICULAR NUMBER OF TIES,
THE PARTICULAR PATTERN OF TIES
731
00:37:48,612 --> 00:37:50,514
THEN CONFERS ON THE GROUP
732
00:37:50,515 --> 00:37:53,852
PROPERTIES IT DIDN'T
NECESSARILY HAVE BEFORE.
733
00:37:53,853 --> 00:37:56,787
Morgan:
PATTERNS AND WIRING MATTER.
734
00:37:56,788 --> 00:37:58,488
THINK OF THE INTERNET.
735
00:37:58,489 --> 00:38:01,325
IT'S A HIGHLY DYNAMIC NETWORK
OF COMPUTERS.
736
00:38:01,326 --> 00:38:03,361
IF ONE AREA GOES DOWN,
737
00:38:03,362 --> 00:38:06,430
THE DATA SIMPLY MOVE
AROUND THE BLOCKAGE.
738
00:38:06,431 --> 00:38:10,101
BUT THE ELECTRICAL GRID IS
MORE VULNERABLE.
739
00:38:10,102 --> 00:38:14,239
ONE BAD NODE CAN DAMAGE ALL OF
ITS NEIGHBORING CONNECTIONS...
740
00:38:16,207 --> 00:38:20,211
OR EVEN BRING
THE WHOLE NETWORK DOWN.
741
00:38:20,212 --> 00:38:22,079
NICHOLAS IS
PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS
742
00:38:22,080 --> 00:38:25,249
TO SEE IF HE CAN RE-ENGINEER
HUMAN SOCIAL NETWORKS
743
00:38:25,250 --> 00:38:27,517
TO BE MORE LIKE THE INTERNET.
744
00:38:27,518 --> 00:38:30,820
HIS STUDENT VOLUNTEERS
FORM A SINGLE SOCIAL NETWORK
745
00:38:30,821 --> 00:38:33,691
DIVIDED
INTO FOUR SEPARATE GROUPS.
746
00:38:33,692 --> 00:38:38,729
EVERY STUDENT'S GOAL IS TO MAKE
AS MUCH MONEY AS POSSIBLE.
747
00:38:38,730 --> 00:38:40,463
OKAY, GUYS, SO HERE'S
WHAT WE'RE GONNA DO.
748
00:38:40,464 --> 00:38:42,832
EACH OF YOU HAS A DOLLAR
AND A PAD IN FRONT OF YOU.
749
00:38:42,833 --> 00:38:45,169
IN A MOMENT, I'M GONNA ASK YOU
TO WRITE "GIVE" OR "TAKE."
750
00:38:45,170 --> 00:38:46,738
YOU CAN CONTRIBUTE
TO THE COLLECTIVE,
751
00:38:46,739 --> 00:38:48,472
OR YOU CAN BE A PARASITE
AND TAKE ADVANTAGE
752
00:38:48,473 --> 00:38:50,041
OF THE COLLECTIVE...
"GIVE" OR "TAKE."
753
00:38:50,042 --> 00:38:52,343
THEN YOU'LL BE ASKED
TO REVEAL YOUR CHOICE
754
00:38:52,344 --> 00:38:54,880
AND TO CONTRIBUTE YOUR DOLLAR
OR NOT TOWARDS THE MIDDLE.
755
00:38:54,881 --> 00:38:56,113
I WILL DOUBLE THE POT,
756
00:38:56,114 --> 00:38:57,548
AND THEN WE'LL DIVIDE
THE MONEY EQUALLY
757
00:38:57,549 --> 00:38:59,517
AMONGST EVERYONE AT EVERY TABLE.
758
00:38:59,518 --> 00:39:01,151
IF EVERYBODY SHARES,
759
00:39:01,152 --> 00:39:04,088
EVERYBODY MAKES
A GOOD AMOUNT OF MONEY.
760
00:39:04,089 --> 00:39:07,624
IF NOBODY SHARES,
NOBODY MAKES ANY MONEY.
761
00:39:07,625 --> 00:39:09,261
SO, REVEAL.
762
00:39:10,795 --> 00:39:12,095
ALL RIGHT.
YOU'RE ALL GIVERS.
763
00:39:12,096 --> 00:39:14,465
SO MAKE YOUR CONTRIBUTIONS,
AS WELL, ACCORDINGLY.
764
00:39:14,466 --> 00:39:15,566
AND SO, WHAT WE'RE GONNA DO IS
765
00:39:15,567 --> 00:39:19,803
WE'RE GONNA DOUBLE THAT
AND SHARE.
766
00:39:19,804 --> 00:39:22,573
Morgan: AT FIRST,
MOST ARE NICE TO EACH OTHER
767
00:39:22,574 --> 00:39:25,209
AND SHARE IN THE REWARDS.
768
00:39:25,210 --> 00:39:28,579
BUT A FEW PLAYERS CHOOSE
NOT TO CONTRIBUTE.
769
00:39:28,580 --> 00:39:32,883
WHEN THE POT IS DOUBLED,
THEY GET MORE THAN THEIR PEERS.
770
00:39:32,884 --> 00:39:34,352
IN THESE ROUNDS,
771
00:39:34,353 --> 00:39:37,990
THE STUDENTS CANNOT CHANGE
THEIR SOCIETY'S SOCIAL WIRING.
772
00:39:37,991 --> 00:39:40,124
SO YOU'RE ASSIGNED
A POSITION IN THE NETWORK,
773
00:39:40,125 --> 00:39:42,026
AND YOU'RE TOLD,
"THESE ARE YOUR NEIGHBORS.
774
00:39:42,027 --> 00:39:44,729
THESE ARE YOUR FRIENDS
FOR THE NEXT HOUR.
775
00:39:44,730 --> 00:39:47,264
AND YOU'RE STUCK NOW INTERACTING
WITH THESE JERKS."
776
00:39:47,265 --> 00:39:50,068
AND YOU DON'T LIKE IT,
BUT ALL YOU CAN DO IS CONTROL
777
00:39:50,069 --> 00:39:54,238
WHETHER YOU COOPERATE OR DEFECT,
WHETHER YOU SHARE OR TAKE.
778
00:39:54,239 --> 00:39:55,874
AND WHAT HAPPENS
AFTER YOU'VE BEEN SHARING
779
00:39:55,875 --> 00:39:57,309
AND SOME OF THE PEOPLE
AROUND YOU ARE TAKING IS
780
00:39:57,310 --> 00:39:59,811
YOU SAY,
"I'M NOT GONNA DO THAT ANYMORE,"
781
00:39:59,812 --> 00:40:02,245
AND YOU SWITCHING TO TAKING,
AS WELL.
782
00:40:02,246 --> 00:40:04,715
AND SHARING DISAPPEARS
FROM THE SYSTEM.
783
00:40:04,716 --> 00:40:07,251
COOPERATION GOES AWAY.
784
00:40:07,252 --> 00:40:10,421
AND WHAT YOU FIND IS THAT YOU
HAVE THEN A SOCIETY OF TAKERS.
785
00:40:10,422 --> 00:40:14,659
Morgan: BUT NOW NICHOLAS ADDS
ONE IMPORTANT RULE.
786
00:40:14,660 --> 00:40:16,660
AFTER EACH ROUND,
787
00:40:16,661 --> 00:40:20,597
EACH STUDENT HAS
THE OPTION OF MOVING SEATS.
788
00:40:20,598 --> 00:40:24,635
NOW YOU CAN CUT THE TIES
TO THE PEOPLE WHO ARE DEFECTORS,
789
00:40:24,636 --> 00:40:26,637
THE PEOPLE WHO ARE
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF YOU
790
00:40:26,638 --> 00:40:28,006
AND PREFERENTIALLY FORM TIES
791
00:40:28,007 --> 00:40:29,640
TO OTHER NICE PEOPLE
IN THE NETWORK,
792
00:40:29,641 --> 00:40:30,876
TO OTHER COOPERATORS.
793
00:40:30,877 --> 00:40:32,175
AND IF YOU DO THAT,
794
00:40:32,176 --> 00:40:35,546
IF YOU MAKE THAT SMALL CHANGE
IN THE SOCIAL ORDER,
795
00:40:35,547 --> 00:40:39,649
WHAT YOU FIND IS COOPERATION
FLOURISHES IN THE SYSTEM.
796
00:40:39,650 --> 00:40:41,885
Morgan: THE SELFISH PEOPLE
HAVEN'T GONE AWAY,
797
00:40:41,886 --> 00:40:45,189
BUT THE SOCIETY
THAT EVERYBODY NOW LIVES IN
798
00:40:45,190 --> 00:40:48,761
HAS A COMPLETELY
DIFFERENT CULTURE.
799
00:40:49,795 --> 00:40:52,130
NICHOLAS BELIEVES HUMANS
AND SOCIETIES ARE
800
00:40:52,131 --> 00:40:55,666
LIKE GROUPS OF CARBON ATOMS.
801
00:40:55,667 --> 00:40:56,968
ARRANGE THEM ONE WAY,
802
00:40:56,969 --> 00:40:59,702
AND YOU GET SOFT,
OPAQUE GRAPHITE.
803
00:40:59,703 --> 00:41:03,640
BUT IF YOU ARRANGE
THOSE SAME ATOMS JUST RIGHT,
804
00:41:03,641 --> 00:41:08,178
YOU GET STRONG, CLEAR,
SPARKLING DIAMOND.
805
00:41:08,179 --> 00:41:10,247
AND SO, THESE PROPERTIES
OF SOFTNESS AND DARKNESS
806
00:41:10,248 --> 00:41:12,818
AREN'T PROPERTIES
OF THE CARBON ATOMS.
807
00:41:12,819 --> 00:41:16,153
AND IT'S JUST LIKE THAT
WITH OUR SOCIAL GROUPS.
808
00:41:16,154 --> 00:41:19,256
THE SAME HUMAN BEINGS
CONNECTED DIFFERENT WAYS
809
00:41:19,257 --> 00:41:21,526
GIVES THE GROUP
DIFFERENT PROPERTIES.
810
00:41:21,527 --> 00:41:23,461
SOME CORPORATIONS ARE
EXPERIMENTING
811
00:41:23,462 --> 00:41:26,664
WITH AN OPEN SOCIAL NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE.
812
00:41:26,665 --> 00:41:28,532
EMPLOYEES ARE FREE
TO BREAK BONDS
813
00:41:28,533 --> 00:41:31,369
WITH ANY OTHER EMPLOYEE
THEY DON'T WORK WELL WITH
814
00:41:31,370 --> 00:41:33,570
AND FORM NEW ONES.
815
00:41:33,571 --> 00:41:36,240
COULD A SIMILAR STRATEGY WORK
FOR OUR NATIONAL
816
00:41:36,241 --> 00:41:39,276
OR EVEN GLOBAL SOCIETY?
817
00:41:39,277 --> 00:41:42,845
IF WE WERE ALL FREE
TO MOVE AROUND,
818
00:41:42,846 --> 00:41:44,981
WOULD THERE BE LESS HATE?
819
00:41:44,982 --> 00:41:47,651
Christakis: NETWORK SCIENCE
DOESN'T OFFER ONE PRESCRIPTION.
820
00:41:47,652 --> 00:41:50,555
IT'S NOT AS IF THERE'S
ONE NETWORK STRUCTURE
821
00:41:50,556 --> 00:41:52,756
THAT'S OPTIMAL FOR EVERYTHING.
822
00:41:52,757 --> 00:41:55,093
WHAT I CAN TELL YOU IS
THAT NETWORK STRUCTURE MATTERS
823
00:41:55,094 --> 00:41:57,963
TO LOTS OF PROBLEMS,
AND UNDERSTANDING THE RULES
824
00:41:57,964 --> 00:42:00,430
OF SOCIAL NETWORK STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION GIVES US
825
00:42:00,431 --> 00:42:03,736
A NEW SET OF TOOLS TO INTERVENE
IN THE WORLD TO MAKE IT BETTER.
826
00:42:05,437 --> 00:42:08,439
Morgan: WE MAY NOT FIND
A SOLUTION TO BIGOTRY SOON,
827
00:42:08,440 --> 00:42:12,244
BUT SCIENCE IS
AT LAST EXPOSING ITS ROOTS...
828
00:42:13,212 --> 00:42:16,380
OUR BIASED,
SNAP JUDGMENTS OF OTHERS,
829
00:42:16,381 --> 00:42:18,715
OUR INNATE GROUPISM,
830
00:42:18,716 --> 00:42:21,986
OUR RIGID POLITICAL FILTERS.
831
00:42:21,987 --> 00:42:27,157
FOR NOW, OUR BEST TOOL
TO FIGHT BIGOTRY LIES
832
00:42:27,158 --> 00:42:29,559
WITHIN OURSELVES...
833
00:42:29,560 --> 00:42:32,829
THE COURAGE TO WALK AWAY.
834
00:42:32,830 --> 00:42:36,367
WE ALL HAVE BIGOTRY INSIDE US.
835
00:42:36,368 --> 00:42:40,870
MOST OF US WORK HARD TO SUPPRESS
OUR INNATE PREJUDICES.
836
00:42:40,871 --> 00:42:42,874
BUT SOME DON'T.
837
00:42:42,875 --> 00:42:46,343
AND THEIR BIGOTRY IS INFECTIOUS.
838
00:42:46,344 --> 00:42:48,512
THE SOLUTION
TO BIGOTRY DOES NOT START
839
00:42:48,513 --> 00:42:49,914
WITH GOVERNMENTS AND LAWS.
840
00:42:49,915 --> 00:42:54,552
IT STARTS WITH UNDERSTANDING
AND NEUTRALIZING ITS SOURCE
841
00:42:54,553 --> 00:42:58,524
AND WITH YOU AND ME DOING
OUR BEST TO CHANGE.
66620
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.