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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:06,581 --> 00:00:08,901 This is the Amazon rainforest. 2 00:00:08,941 --> 00:00:10,901 It's breathtaking. 3 00:00:13,181 --> 00:00:18,061 So many people think of the Amazon as this vast natural oasis - 4 00:00:18,101 --> 00:00:20,821 truly wild, unchanged forever... 5 00:00:22,861 --> 00:00:25,501 ..dotted with a few isolated tribes... 6 00:00:27,261 --> 00:00:29,861 ..but it's a complete myth. 7 00:00:29,901 --> 00:00:33,101 See, a monumental mystery is unfolding out here, 8 00:00:33,141 --> 00:00:37,261 with new evidence of vast societies that thrived along these banks, 9 00:00:37,301 --> 00:00:40,261 and stretched right across the continent - 10 00:00:40,301 --> 00:00:43,141 where, now, there's nothing but dense rainforest. 11 00:00:45,541 --> 00:00:48,101 I'm Ella Al-Shamahi. 12 00:00:48,141 --> 00:00:49,981 I'm an explorer and archaeologist 13 00:00:50,021 --> 00:00:54,661 in some of the world's most dangerous and remote regions. 14 00:00:56,541 --> 00:00:59,141 I've been travelling through the Amazon... 15 00:00:59,181 --> 00:01:00,621 Look at that! 16 00:01:00,661 --> 00:01:02,741 This is real archaeological discovery. 17 00:01:02,781 --> 00:01:06,221 ..finding evidence of lost civilisations... 18 00:01:06,261 --> 00:01:08,381 There's handprints! 19 00:01:08,421 --> 00:01:10,821 There's actual handprints. 20 00:01:10,861 --> 00:01:14,901 ..and a population of millions... 21 00:01:14,941 --> 00:01:17,421 This isn't supposed to exist. 22 00:01:19,461 --> 00:01:22,781 ..that was decimated by disease... 23 00:01:23,941 --> 00:01:25,341 ..and exploitation... 24 00:01:26,661 --> 00:01:31,341 ..after Europeans arrived 500 years ago. 25 00:01:32,381 --> 00:01:37,341 Now, for the last survivors of those ancient civilisations, 26 00:01:37,381 --> 00:01:40,221 the situation is critical. 27 00:01:42,541 --> 00:01:46,901 And I'm now on a journey to find out whether these people, 28 00:01:46,941 --> 00:01:51,581 with so much past, have any hope of a future 29 00:01:51,621 --> 00:01:55,581 as the modern world threatens to eradicate them 30 00:01:55,621 --> 00:01:58,381 and their way of life forever. 31 00:02:13,101 --> 00:02:19,021 I'm in Peru, on the final leg of my Amazonian adventure... 32 00:02:20,421 --> 00:02:24,181 ..and I'm about to join a military operation. 33 00:02:35,781 --> 00:02:38,341 I'm exploring whether the ancient 34 00:02:38,381 --> 00:02:41,061 indigenous people of the Amazon can survive... 35 00:02:41,101 --> 00:02:42,381 CHAINSAWS BUZZ 36 00:02:42,421 --> 00:02:46,061 ..while logging destroys the forest around them. 37 00:02:46,101 --> 00:02:47,701 SHE GASPS 38 00:02:47,741 --> 00:02:49,301 Oh, my gosh. 39 00:02:49,341 --> 00:02:52,141 You can see this, right? 40 00:02:52,181 --> 00:02:56,181 Where industry and agriculture threaten land 41 00:02:56,221 --> 00:02:59,461 that's been their home for thousands of years. 42 00:02:59,501 --> 00:03:00,621 THEY SHOUT 43 00:03:07,141 --> 00:03:12,621 And where, even in the modern cities of the Amazon, 44 00:03:12,661 --> 00:03:16,861 their homes and their cultures are being destroyed. 45 00:03:19,701 --> 00:03:22,661 But while logging is one threat we all know... 46 00:03:24,621 --> 00:03:27,021 ..there's another hidden killer... 47 00:03:30,061 --> 00:03:34,381 ..in the very water of the Amazon's rivers. 48 00:03:38,821 --> 00:03:44,741 I'm starting my investigation in the East of Peru, 49 00:03:44,781 --> 00:03:47,541 and the city of Puerto Maldonado. 50 00:03:49,301 --> 00:03:51,101 It's past 2am in the morning, 51 00:03:51,141 --> 00:03:55,301 and we're about to join the Puerto Maldonado Police Force. 52 00:03:57,221 --> 00:04:01,061 They're planning a raid on an illegal gold mine. 53 00:04:04,461 --> 00:04:07,781 The promise of gold was one of the main things 54 00:04:07,821 --> 00:04:12,461 that drew the first Europeans to South America. 55 00:04:12,501 --> 00:04:16,141 And today, its lure remains as strong as ever... 56 00:04:17,421 --> 00:04:23,021 ..with catastrophic effects on the rainforest and its people. 57 00:04:23,061 --> 00:04:24,941 Que tal? Que tal? 58 00:04:24,981 --> 00:04:28,261 Colonel Polo is in charge of the operation. 59 00:04:41,381 --> 00:04:43,341 The Colonel's a no-nonsense guy, 60 00:04:43,381 --> 00:04:45,261 and I feel like I just walked into something 61 00:04:45,301 --> 00:04:48,141 cos, well, he's clearly gearing up to go, 62 00:04:48,181 --> 00:04:52,261 but also I hadn't quite appreciated the absolute scale of the operation. 63 00:04:52,301 --> 00:04:55,101 So they have a backup helicopter, the army's involved, 64 00:04:55,141 --> 00:04:57,221 the police are involved, and the Navy. 65 00:05:00,221 --> 00:05:02,661 Indigenous people have been killed 66 00:05:02,701 --> 00:05:05,381 in clashes with illegal gold miners... 67 00:05:07,621 --> 00:05:11,661 ..and the mines destroy rivers and forests. 68 00:05:11,701 --> 00:05:15,981 But there's another massive and deadly consequence. 69 00:05:20,581 --> 00:05:27,101 Because gold is extracted using mercury, a lethal neurotoxin 70 00:05:27,141 --> 00:05:31,421 that's poisoning thousands of miles of Amazonian rivers 71 00:05:31,461 --> 00:05:33,621 and millions of its people. 72 00:05:51,901 --> 00:05:55,661 The plan tonight is to destroy an illegal gold mine. 73 00:05:57,541 --> 00:06:02,221 Just one of an estimated 2,000 that are thought to exist 74 00:06:02,261 --> 00:06:04,821 in gold-rich regions of the Amazon. 75 00:06:24,301 --> 00:06:26,541 After driving through the night... 76 00:06:28,541 --> 00:06:30,701 ..deep into the rainforest... 77 00:06:32,581 --> 00:06:34,581 ..we head out on foot... 78 00:06:37,221 --> 00:06:39,621 ..towards our remote target. 79 00:06:49,221 --> 00:06:52,381 Three hours' sweltering march... 80 00:06:54,101 --> 00:06:56,021 HE WHISTLES 81 00:06:56,061 --> 00:06:59,101 ..and a signal's suddenly passed down the line. 82 00:07:00,821 --> 00:07:02,261 Shh! 83 00:07:02,301 --> 00:07:06,101 Something or someone has been spotted. 84 00:08:10,541 --> 00:08:12,181 GUNFIRE ERUPTS 85 00:08:19,981 --> 00:08:20,981 GUNFIRE CEASES 86 00:08:25,941 --> 00:08:29,421 Despite the police's warning shots, the miners escape... 87 00:08:31,461 --> 00:08:34,261 ..abandoning their equipment and the mine. 88 00:08:36,781 --> 00:08:38,461 So I guess this is the campsite? 89 00:08:48,861 --> 00:08:51,621 Can you see any mercury or anything like that? 90 00:09:05,941 --> 00:09:07,501 It looks very much like mercury. 91 00:09:07,541 --> 00:09:10,541 So they're around a lot of mercury, it's very dangerous. Si. 92 00:09:12,341 --> 00:09:15,981 These mines cause environmental havoc, 93 00:09:16,021 --> 00:09:19,221 but the huge cartels that mostly operate them 94 00:09:19,261 --> 00:09:22,461 are responding to our global demand for gold. 95 00:09:23,701 --> 00:09:27,981 And the million or so local miners who work these places 96 00:09:28,021 --> 00:09:30,581 certainly aren't the ones getting rich. 97 00:09:32,101 --> 00:09:34,061 They are criminals, don't get me wrong. 98 00:09:34,101 --> 00:09:38,981 They're absolutely criminals, but if you look at this place 99 00:09:39,021 --> 00:09:43,981 and you ask yourself, "Why would anyone put themselves through this?" 100 00:09:44,021 --> 00:09:47,541 You start asking another question, which is, "How desperate are they?" 101 00:09:55,301 --> 00:09:59,981 The mine works by sucking up silt from the river-banks into barrels. 102 00:10:03,421 --> 00:10:07,221 Mixing it with mercury extracts any gold... 103 00:10:08,621 --> 00:10:14,541 ..before the left-over toxic sludge is poured back into the river. 104 00:10:16,221 --> 00:10:19,261 It looks like a small operation 105 00:10:19,301 --> 00:10:23,301 but, together, small mines like this across the Amazon 106 00:10:23,341 --> 00:10:28,181 produce up to 60 tonnes of gold every year, 107 00:10:28,221 --> 00:10:33,261 releasing over 150 tonnes of mercury in the process. 108 00:10:34,541 --> 00:10:38,021 Collectively, that makes the Amazon's gold mines 109 00:10:38,061 --> 00:10:43,221 the biggest source of mercury pollution in the entire world. 110 00:10:43,261 --> 00:10:46,741 It's mad, isn't it? It's absolutely mad. 111 00:10:49,981 --> 00:10:54,101 The promise of wealth, from gold and spices, is one of the things that 112 00:10:54,141 --> 00:10:59,981 drew the first European conquestors to the Amazon 500 years ago. 113 00:11:01,341 --> 00:11:05,701 That lust for gold by conquestors hundreds of years ago 114 00:11:05,741 --> 00:11:10,261 was absolutely devastating to indigenous people. 115 00:11:10,301 --> 00:11:16,701 And so it's mad to think that the lust for gold today 116 00:11:16,741 --> 00:11:20,141 is still absolutely devastating to indigenous people. 117 00:11:22,381 --> 00:11:24,501 I mean, you can see the impact of it. 118 00:11:24,541 --> 00:11:26,821 They're turning the rainforest into desert, 119 00:11:26,861 --> 00:11:30,021 and not just that, they're adding mercury into the food chain. 120 00:11:31,221 --> 00:11:35,621 Indigenous people, they need this to be taken seriously, 121 00:11:35,661 --> 00:11:39,221 and so operation Mercurio is probably their only hope. 122 00:11:42,421 --> 00:11:46,421 Even though the Colonel didn't catch any miners, 123 00:11:46,461 --> 00:11:49,861 he's going to make sure there's nothing for them to come back to... 124 00:11:51,501 --> 00:11:53,581 ..by blowing up the mine. 125 00:12:04,141 --> 00:12:08,101 I'm embedded with a military task force in Peru... 126 00:12:09,741 --> 00:12:13,101 ..on a mission to seek out an illegal gold mine 127 00:12:13,141 --> 00:12:16,381 that's poisoning the river, 128 00:12:16,421 --> 00:12:19,141 destroying the forest 129 00:12:19,181 --> 00:12:23,221 and threatening the lives of indigenous communities, 130 00:12:23,261 --> 00:12:27,901 the last survivors of an ancient, forest civilisation. 131 00:12:30,021 --> 00:12:31,581 All that's left to do... 132 00:12:31,621 --> 00:12:32,941 IN SPANISH: ten, nine... 133 00:12:32,981 --> 00:12:35,621 ..is to blow the mine to pieces. 134 00:12:35,661 --> 00:12:38,261 IN SPANISH: ..five, four, 135 00:12:38,301 --> 00:12:40,181 three, two... 136 00:12:51,341 --> 00:12:52,701 THEY LAUGH 137 00:12:55,661 --> 00:13:00,061 My heart's beating, but, um...that's good. 138 00:13:11,661 --> 00:13:13,381 With the mine destroyed, 139 00:13:13,421 --> 00:13:17,621 the local ecosystem has some chance of recovering, 140 00:13:17,661 --> 00:13:19,061 here, at least. 141 00:13:20,741 --> 00:13:23,301 It's the Amazon. It's amazing. Look at this! 142 00:13:24,941 --> 00:13:30,581 But the mercury does its real damage downstream. 143 00:13:38,301 --> 00:13:41,061 The question is, do the local communities 144 00:13:41,101 --> 00:13:44,501 who've relied on the river for centuries 145 00:13:44,541 --> 00:13:50,381 have any idea of the danger its waters now contain. 146 00:13:55,501 --> 00:14:01,101 About 50 miles down river from the mine we've just destroyed, 147 00:14:01,141 --> 00:14:04,021 there's one indigenous community called the Ese'Eja. 148 00:14:06,901 --> 00:14:09,861 Augusto. Augusto? 149 00:14:09,901 --> 00:14:12,741 Like so many indigenous Amazonians, 150 00:14:12,781 --> 00:14:17,501 Augusto Mishaja and his family depend on the river for their food. 151 00:14:37,861 --> 00:14:40,101 The river might look fine here, 152 00:14:40,141 --> 00:14:44,541 but mercury can build up in the food chain for decades 153 00:14:44,581 --> 00:14:46,821 without any visible signs... 154 00:14:49,461 --> 00:14:53,301 ..and that includes the fish Augusto depends on for food. 155 00:14:55,341 --> 00:14:59,301 Using knowledge passed down for generations... 156 00:15:00,581 --> 00:15:06,221 ..Augusto fishes at night, when the fish swim close to the river banks. 157 00:15:22,981 --> 00:15:25,301 I think there's stuff splashing around down there. 158 00:15:25,341 --> 00:15:28,581 There's definitely stuff splashing around down there. 159 00:15:28,621 --> 00:15:31,661 It's a long wait before suddenly... 160 00:15:31,701 --> 00:15:33,341 There we go! 161 00:15:33,381 --> 00:15:35,261 That's a snappity snappity. 162 00:15:35,301 --> 00:15:38,181 ..but it's not a fish. 163 00:15:40,261 --> 00:15:43,541 Augusto, this caiman's probably got all your fish in its stomach. 164 00:15:52,941 --> 00:15:54,421 All right, mate, swim away. 165 00:15:54,461 --> 00:15:55,461 Sorry. 166 00:15:57,341 --> 00:16:02,621 But is Augusto aware that the river could be contaminated? 167 00:16:02,661 --> 00:16:04,741 Are you trying to do something different 168 00:16:04,781 --> 00:16:06,381 because of the mercury problem? 169 00:16:18,821 --> 00:16:21,861 So do you know which fish have more mercury in them than others? 170 00:16:39,461 --> 00:16:41,301 And so, do you still eat catfish? 171 00:16:49,421 --> 00:16:54,141 Building up over years, mercury can cause brain damage, 172 00:16:54,181 --> 00:16:56,141 paralysis and ultimately death... 173 00:16:57,941 --> 00:17:00,661 ..unnoticed until it's too late. 174 00:17:04,581 --> 00:17:09,141 As for Augusto, I'm surprised he's not better informed, 175 00:17:10,581 --> 00:17:14,581 because it turns out he once worked in the mines himself. 176 00:17:44,181 --> 00:17:47,101 Life out here is not easy, 177 00:17:47,141 --> 00:17:51,941 and I can completely understand the temptation of working in the mines. 178 00:17:53,541 --> 00:17:55,141 But at what cost? 179 00:17:57,781 --> 00:17:59,381 Do you know what? 180 00:17:59,421 --> 00:18:03,261 I'm getting a real education in the real world, out here, I think. 181 00:18:03,301 --> 00:18:07,501 You kind of come out here and have these really simplistic ideas 182 00:18:07,541 --> 00:18:14,101 about good and bad and the solutions for things. 183 00:18:14,141 --> 00:18:17,941 And it's really complicated 184 00:18:17,981 --> 00:18:23,301 when you see the same individual struggling with all of those issues. 185 00:18:23,341 --> 00:18:24,621 And at the end of the day, 186 00:18:24,661 --> 00:18:27,741 he's got to put food on the table and feed his kids. 187 00:18:47,381 --> 00:18:50,141 Scientific studies in this region 188 00:18:50,181 --> 00:18:54,141 are revealing that mercury poisoning is already having 189 00:18:54,181 --> 00:18:57,061 a terrifying effect. 190 00:19:03,301 --> 00:19:06,061 Experts estimate that across the Amazon, 191 00:19:06,101 --> 00:19:11,021 1.5 million people are affected by mercury poisoning. 192 00:19:12,301 --> 00:19:16,701 And it's the indigenous people, who rely on the rivers, 193 00:19:16,741 --> 00:19:19,901 who are suffering the most. 194 00:19:19,941 --> 00:19:23,421 Augusto's got a really lovely family. 195 00:19:23,461 --> 00:19:24,861 And obviously, you know, 196 00:19:24,901 --> 00:19:29,261 they are quite materially poor, I guess, is the word. 197 00:19:31,301 --> 00:19:35,661 And depressingly, he did say that every other day, 198 00:19:35,701 --> 00:19:40,221 him and those adorable kids are eating fish, 199 00:19:40,261 --> 00:19:42,661 some of which we know is not safe. 200 00:19:54,181 --> 00:19:57,101 Indigenous people throughout the Amazon 201 00:19:57,141 --> 00:20:01,901 have always depended on its great rivers for fresh water, 202 00:20:01,941 --> 00:20:04,181 fish, and transport. 203 00:20:05,581 --> 00:20:08,821 It's no surprise that it was along these banks 204 00:20:08,861 --> 00:20:13,621 that some of the earliest accounts of great Amazonian civilisations... 205 00:20:15,221 --> 00:20:20,301 ..described mile upon mile of indigenous urban settlements. 206 00:20:22,541 --> 00:20:27,781 But if it wasn't tragic enough that their rivers are being poisoned... 207 00:20:28,941 --> 00:20:34,821 ..now the forests that have been their refuge for generations 208 00:20:34,861 --> 00:20:39,261 are being destroyed at a terrifying rate. 209 00:20:40,981 --> 00:20:44,421 Logging and farming drive economic growth 210 00:20:44,461 --> 00:20:46,501 and trigger rampant development... 211 00:20:52,181 --> 00:20:54,541 ..bringing roads and infrastructure 212 00:20:54,581 --> 00:20:57,701 that can be devastating to indigenous people. 213 00:21:02,661 --> 00:21:05,061 For traditional riverside communities, 214 00:21:05,101 --> 00:21:09,141 one of the most devastating threats is flooding 215 00:21:09,181 --> 00:21:12,341 caused by new hydroelectric dams. 216 00:21:15,621 --> 00:21:18,741 But many communities are fighting back. 217 00:21:26,101 --> 00:21:29,741 Almost 200 miles south of the Amazon, in Brazil, 218 00:21:31,421 --> 00:21:37,221 the banks of the Tapajos River are home to the Munduruku people. 219 00:21:51,421 --> 00:21:54,541 Today, like so many indigenous groups, 220 00:21:54,581 --> 00:21:58,301 the Munduruku are battling for their very survival. 221 00:22:00,741 --> 00:22:04,381 Territory they claim to have lived in for generations 222 00:22:04,421 --> 00:22:07,141 has been earmarked by the government 223 00:22:07,181 --> 00:22:12,261 as a prime site for a new hydro-electric power plant. 224 00:22:12,301 --> 00:22:15,821 Its dam will flood much of their land, 225 00:22:15,861 --> 00:22:19,741 obliterating this ancient community forever. 226 00:22:33,101 --> 00:22:38,221 Chief Juarez Munduruku knows that their homes, their history, 227 00:22:38,261 --> 00:22:43,301 and their ancestral lands are all under threat of annihilation. 228 00:22:58,661 --> 00:23:02,941 The Munduruku's best chance of stalling the government's plans 229 00:23:02,981 --> 00:23:08,621 is to demonstrate that the land they claim is rightfully theirs. 230 00:23:11,581 --> 00:23:14,941 The problem is that Munduruku territory, 231 00:23:14,981 --> 00:23:19,621 like much indigenous land, isn't written down in deeds. 232 00:23:19,661 --> 00:23:25,621 Its boundaries have been passed down through centuries of oral tradition. 233 00:23:28,341 --> 00:23:33,661 But now, for the first-time, they are staking out their territory. 234 00:23:52,101 --> 00:23:55,101 All along a 1,000 mile border 235 00:23:55,141 --> 00:23:59,381 new signs proclaim this to be Munduruku land. 236 00:24:26,141 --> 00:24:28,741 With a permanent, physical boundary, 237 00:24:28,781 --> 00:24:33,421 the Munduruku hope to fend off the dam forever. 238 00:24:33,461 --> 00:24:38,741 Only time will tell whether all their efforts have any impact. 239 00:24:42,101 --> 00:24:44,701 In a place as big as the Amazon, 240 00:24:44,741 --> 00:24:48,741 it can be tough to defend huge territories, 241 00:24:48,781 --> 00:24:53,341 even more challenging to protect vast reserves of forest 242 00:24:53,381 --> 00:24:57,581 the size of entire countries. 243 00:24:57,621 --> 00:25:00,901 But back in Peru, one Amazonian community 244 00:25:00,941 --> 00:25:03,781 is turning to cutting edge technology 245 00:25:03,821 --> 00:25:07,101 to help protect their ancient forest. 246 00:25:07,141 --> 00:25:08,781 SAW WHIRS 247 00:25:17,221 --> 00:25:22,621 On my Amazonian mission so far, 248 00:25:22,661 --> 00:25:26,141 I've blown-up a gold mine that was poisoning rivers, 249 00:25:26,181 --> 00:25:28,101 and seen how local communities... 250 00:25:28,141 --> 00:25:29,501 THEY CHEER 251 00:25:29,541 --> 00:25:34,501 ..are fighting to protect ancestral lands. 252 00:25:34,541 --> 00:25:41,501 But the most visible impact on indigenous communities is 253 00:25:41,541 --> 00:25:46,061 the destruction of the forest itself. 254 00:25:46,101 --> 00:25:50,621 I mean, this is all really, really fresh. 255 00:25:50,661 --> 00:25:53,381 It feels like turning up to a crime scene. 256 00:25:53,421 --> 00:25:59,941 And we are at the heart of the problem driving 257 00:25:59,981 --> 00:26:05,021 the demand for resources and products that cause deforestation. 258 00:26:10,221 --> 00:26:12,661 Experts are warning that 259 00:26:12,701 --> 00:26:16,501 if this scale of deforestation continues, you are looking 260 00:26:16,541 --> 00:26:19,981 at the Amazon being wiped out in 100 years. 261 00:26:20,021 --> 00:26:22,101 It's completely insane. 262 00:26:29,661 --> 00:26:36,261 But here in Peru, one community is embracing the latest technology 263 00:26:36,301 --> 00:26:42,181 in the battle to protect the ancient forest they depend on. 264 00:26:42,221 --> 00:26:43,861 It's always interesting 265 00:26:43,901 --> 00:26:46,861 and, actually, really exciting to see how indigenous communities 266 00:26:46,901 --> 00:26:50,061 fight back. And the Infierno are not taking it lying down, 267 00:26:50,101 --> 00:26:54,061 because they are using the most innovative, cutting-edge audio 268 00:26:54,101 --> 00:26:56,981 technology I've ever heard of and it seems to be helping. 269 00:27:01,021 --> 00:27:03,061 Ruhiler? Yes. Ella. 270 00:27:03,101 --> 00:27:05,741 Hola, Ella. Hi, guys! 271 00:27:06,861 --> 00:27:08,461 CHILDREN CHATTER 272 00:27:11,781 --> 00:27:16,741 Ruhiler Mishaja is the leader of Peru's Infierno community. 273 00:27:18,741 --> 00:27:21,861 They live in a protected forest reserve, 274 00:27:21,901 --> 00:27:28,981 but it's under constant threat from illegal loggers 275 00:27:29,021 --> 00:27:31,781 who'll turn to violence and even murder 276 00:27:31,821 --> 00:27:33,741 if anyone tries to stop them. 277 00:27:35,261 --> 00:27:40,781 Even so, the Infierno are taking them on using technology. 278 00:27:46,461 --> 00:27:50,421 Ruhiler shows me how he can tap into a network of microphones 279 00:27:50,461 --> 00:27:53,341 hidden in the rainforest. 280 00:27:55,581 --> 00:27:57,581 All right, so this is an app on your phone? Yeah. 281 00:27:57,621 --> 00:28:00,621 So, all this is the different microphones 282 00:28:00,661 --> 00:28:04,021 and different position of sites of our concessions. 283 00:28:06,061 --> 00:28:11,181 Among the usual sounds of the jungle are those that Ruhiler dreads, 284 00:28:11,221 --> 00:28:14,661 and each one triggers an alert to his phone. 285 00:28:16,061 --> 00:28:17,101 Can I hear them? 286 00:28:17,141 --> 00:28:19,861 Yeah, each of these sounds is a chainsaw. 287 00:28:21,941 --> 00:28:23,421 This is a chainsaw sound. 288 00:28:23,461 --> 00:28:24,461 CHAINSAW BUZZES 289 00:28:24,501 --> 00:28:27,741 This is from 19 September. 290 00:28:27,781 --> 00:28:32,701 And so, if there are illegal loggers on your territory, what happens? 291 00:28:32,741 --> 00:28:35,501 First, we have to organise in the community 292 00:28:35,541 --> 00:28:37,981 and then people go to see what happened. 293 00:28:38,021 --> 00:28:43,581 And the official police, they have to go in that place to catch the 294 00:28:43,621 --> 00:28:46,301 people. 295 00:28:46,341 --> 00:28:52,381 It's an incredible system operated by the Infierno, using donated kit 296 00:28:52,421 --> 00:28:56,621 and the expertise of audio engineers from the US. 297 00:28:58,461 --> 00:29:01,981 Topher White is one of them, and an old friend of mine. 298 00:29:03,941 --> 00:29:08,301 He's figured out how to recycle old mobile phones, converting them 299 00:29:08,341 --> 00:29:13,021 into secret weapons to save the forest. 300 00:29:17,341 --> 00:29:18,781 Hi, guys. 301 00:29:18,821 --> 00:29:21,021 How are you? Welcome to the jungle. 302 00:29:21,061 --> 00:29:23,261 I want to find out how it all works, 303 00:29:23,301 --> 00:29:27,541 so I've come to help Topher with his latest installation. 304 00:29:27,581 --> 00:29:31,301 So, basically, you've hacked old mobile phones... Yeah. ..so that 305 00:29:31,341 --> 00:29:34,061 they will, in real time, pick up the sound of illegal logging. 306 00:29:34,101 --> 00:29:36,461 Yeah, well, think about it, I mean, like, an old smartphone, 307 00:29:36,501 --> 00:29:39,501 people throw them away, but they are awesome little computers, they work. 308 00:29:39,541 --> 00:29:42,501 We put them in these boxes with solar panels and microphones 309 00:29:42,541 --> 00:29:45,261 and we put them up in the trees. You get cellphone service up in the 310 00:29:45,301 --> 00:29:48,141 trees here, you can't get them at all on the ground, but up in the 311 00:29:48,181 --> 00:29:51,141 trees you can get it from pretty far away. They listen to all the sounds 312 00:29:51,181 --> 00:29:53,781 of the forest and they stream that up into the cloud, then we use 313 00:29:53,821 --> 00:29:56,861 artificial intelligence to pick out things that matter like chainsaws, 314 00:29:56,901 --> 00:29:59,661 and things like that, and then we send alerts to the Infierno tribe 315 00:29:59,701 --> 00:30:02,501 and other people, so they can actually show up and stop things on 316 00:30:02,541 --> 00:30:05,061 the spot, which the tribe actually has done before. 317 00:30:05,101 --> 00:30:07,701 It's so high up, it's actually... 318 00:30:10,181 --> 00:30:15,421 I've climbed big trees before, but nothing like this one. 319 00:30:15,461 --> 00:30:17,101 All right, let's do this. 320 00:30:17,141 --> 00:30:20,621 Climbing a 60 metre-high tree 321 00:30:20,661 --> 00:30:27,381 is going to give me the best view I'll ever get of the glorious 322 00:30:27,421 --> 00:30:29,421 Amazon rainforest. 323 00:30:31,261 --> 00:30:32,461 Let's go, let's go. 324 00:30:35,501 --> 00:30:36,941 Phew! 325 00:30:36,981 --> 00:30:39,301 It's more tiring than it looks. 326 00:30:45,501 --> 00:30:48,501 Thanks for doing this. Are you kidding me? Thank you for having me. 327 00:30:48,541 --> 00:30:50,021 You're going to like this tree too. 328 00:30:50,061 --> 00:30:51,781 It's beautiful up there. 329 00:30:54,781 --> 00:30:56,061 You're getting close. 330 00:30:56,101 --> 00:30:58,461 Oh, this is incredible! 331 00:30:58,501 --> 00:30:59,861 You like it? 332 00:30:59,901 --> 00:31:01,101 It's insane! 333 00:31:01,141 --> 00:31:03,301 Yeah, it's the forest. 334 00:31:03,341 --> 00:31:04,901 You can hear everything. 335 00:31:08,301 --> 00:31:09,701 There you go. 336 00:31:09,741 --> 00:31:10,741 SHE YELPS 337 00:31:12,941 --> 00:31:14,781 Here we are. 338 00:31:14,821 --> 00:31:18,221 Once in a while you meet some good friends. 339 00:31:18,261 --> 00:31:20,101 Oh, my God, look at that view! 340 00:31:28,461 --> 00:31:33,221 Up here, you can basically see the rainforest. 341 00:31:33,261 --> 00:31:36,861 It's a totally different environment up here, you know. 342 00:31:36,901 --> 00:31:39,981 It is, it is completely different from the view at the bottom. 343 00:31:41,461 --> 00:31:45,061 Stunning as it is up here, we've got a job to do. 344 00:31:46,781 --> 00:31:49,181 Who's phone is that? That's mine. 345 00:31:49,221 --> 00:31:50,461 How have you got a signal? 346 00:31:50,501 --> 00:31:52,781 That's what I'm saying, we've topped the tree. 347 00:31:52,821 --> 00:31:55,061 And in a matter of moments... 348 00:31:55,101 --> 00:31:56,421 How do I help you right now? 349 00:31:56,461 --> 00:31:58,341 Put that microphone on there. 350 00:31:58,381 --> 00:32:02,581 ..the whole rig is in place 351 00:32:02,621 --> 00:32:05,261 and already transmitting its signal. 352 00:32:06,861 --> 00:32:09,221 It's hard work, what they do. They're streaming 353 00:32:09,261 --> 00:32:12,341 and they're listening all the time, and they keep going for years. 354 00:32:12,381 --> 00:32:14,701 This is the most incredible thing. 355 00:32:18,261 --> 00:32:23,621 The growing network of detectors monitor over 100 square 356 00:32:23,661 --> 00:32:28,021 miles of logging hot spots in Peru and Brazil. 357 00:32:28,061 --> 00:32:31,701 It's a small start against a ruthless enemy, but at least 358 00:32:31,741 --> 00:32:37,261 it gives indigenous people some hope and a new weapon in the battle 359 00:32:37,301 --> 00:32:42,741 to protect one of the planet's most extraordinary environments. 360 00:32:42,781 --> 00:32:49,101 I thought I was going up a tree to see this incredible technology, 361 00:32:49,141 --> 00:32:52,901 but instead, I got up the tree and I 362 00:32:52,941 --> 00:32:57,941 saw a view of the rainforest which makes me just want to cry. 363 00:32:57,981 --> 00:33:02,141 It was, it was... 364 00:33:02,181 --> 00:33:03,821 I can't put into words. 365 00:33:03,861 --> 00:33:06,341 It was so beautiful. 366 00:33:06,381 --> 00:33:09,701 I've seen the rainforest so much from on the ground 367 00:33:09,741 --> 00:33:14,181 and from really, really way up high, but I've never seen 368 00:33:14,221 --> 00:33:17,301 it from the actual canopy itself, and it was just this moment 369 00:33:17,341 --> 00:33:22,181 where I was like, "Wow, this is what they're trying to protect." 370 00:33:22,221 --> 00:33:23,741 This is all their land. 371 00:33:23,781 --> 00:33:26,621 We've sailed through it and it's extensive 372 00:33:26,661 --> 00:33:30,221 and it's absolutely beautiful, and wouldn't it just be 373 00:33:30,261 --> 00:33:34,781 completely devastating if you look to your right and you look to your 374 00:33:34,821 --> 00:33:41,781 left and the Infierno community's land turns into savannah? 375 00:33:41,821 --> 00:33:43,821 It kind of cuts you up, 376 00:33:43,861 --> 00:33:48,341 cos you see exactly what you're trying to protect. 377 00:33:54,861 --> 00:34:00,221 For many indigenous groups, exploitation of the rainforest is 378 00:34:00,261 --> 00:34:02,421 like a closing net. 379 00:34:05,741 --> 00:34:09,221 Their rivers poisoned, 380 00:34:09,261 --> 00:34:12,061 their forests burnt down 381 00:34:12,101 --> 00:34:14,821 and their homes flooded. 382 00:34:14,861 --> 00:34:17,461 It's overwhelming. 383 00:34:21,261 --> 00:34:23,301 But for many, there's another 384 00:34:23,341 --> 00:34:28,621 increasingly compelling option for a very different future... 385 00:34:30,461 --> 00:34:32,341 ..in the city. 386 00:34:32,381 --> 00:34:34,061 Let's go. 387 00:34:38,461 --> 00:34:40,741 And that's where I'm heading next. 388 00:34:50,581 --> 00:34:53,541 I'm entering the biggest city in the Amazon... 389 00:34:55,061 --> 00:34:57,061 ..Manaus. 390 00:34:57,101 --> 00:34:59,661 Right in the middle of the rain forest, 391 00:34:59,701 --> 00:35:02,021 it's risen from nothing 392 00:35:02,061 --> 00:35:08,581 to become a huge city with a population of two million people. 393 00:35:11,021 --> 00:35:12,861 Almost everything legal... 394 00:35:15,061 --> 00:35:20,141 ..and illegal that leaves the Amazon comes through Manaus 395 00:35:20,181 --> 00:35:26,261 including indigenous people driven from their traditional lands, 396 00:35:26,301 --> 00:35:29,621 desperate to try and make a new life in one of the city's many 397 00:35:29,661 --> 00:35:32,741 shanty towns, the Amazon's favelas. 398 00:35:37,501 --> 00:35:41,581 So we're on our way to a favela called Monte Horebe 399 00:35:41,621 --> 00:35:45,981 and this just happens to be one of the more dangerous favela, 400 00:35:46,021 --> 00:35:48,621 a favela is a bit like a shanty town. 401 00:35:48,661 --> 00:35:51,341 I want to find out if traditional, 402 00:35:51,381 --> 00:35:56,341 indigenous cultures can survive in the heart of the city. 403 00:35:56,381 --> 00:35:59,421 We're on our way there to actually meet an indigenous leader 404 00:35:59,461 --> 00:36:01,821 within that community. 405 00:36:01,861 --> 00:36:04,421 But we are we're definitely a little bit on edge 406 00:36:04,461 --> 00:36:08,381 cos we're not too far out now from where the cartel live. 407 00:36:08,421 --> 00:36:11,021 And there's a motorbike coming. 408 00:36:11,061 --> 00:36:12,461 Which one? This one? 409 00:36:12,501 --> 00:36:14,221 Yeah, they are the people. 410 00:36:14,261 --> 00:36:17,181 They are the people that are going to help us get in. OK? 411 00:36:17,221 --> 00:36:20,221 On a sunny morning, it all looks pretty normal. 412 00:36:20,261 --> 00:36:22,661 But the favela is a lawless place. 413 00:36:24,261 --> 00:36:25,701 Drug cartels call the shots. 414 00:36:27,381 --> 00:36:29,901 And outsiders have to be careful. 415 00:36:31,621 --> 00:36:33,061 Without my guide Flavio, 416 00:36:33,101 --> 00:36:37,541 and some delicate negotiating to get in, I wouldn't stand a chance here. 417 00:36:42,741 --> 00:36:44,661 SPEAKS IN PORTUGEUSE 418 00:36:44,701 --> 00:36:46,781 He's saying you have to keep your windows down. 419 00:36:51,341 --> 00:36:55,261 Keep the windows down, because this is the signal for us 420 00:36:55,301 --> 00:36:56,861 to be able to be allowed to get in. 421 00:36:56,901 --> 00:36:58,821 All right. 422 00:37:00,381 --> 00:37:01,701 Are we doing this? 423 00:37:03,861 --> 00:37:05,421 Very good, let's go. 424 00:37:07,461 --> 00:37:10,101 We have a rendezvous with a community leader here. 425 00:37:11,941 --> 00:37:16,341 We're assured that in daylight, if we stick with her, we're good. 426 00:37:17,941 --> 00:37:19,181 All right, so we're here. 427 00:37:21,061 --> 00:37:22,461 Everything seems fine. 428 00:37:22,501 --> 00:37:23,821 Which is good. 429 00:37:25,901 --> 00:37:28,381 So Bia is the leader of the indigenous people within 430 00:37:28,421 --> 00:37:30,541 this particular favela. 431 00:37:30,581 --> 00:37:32,541 And she's quite strong, she's quite powerful. 432 00:37:32,581 --> 00:37:34,941 Yeah, Ella, Ella. Hi. 433 00:37:34,981 --> 00:37:36,181 Can we come in? 434 00:37:36,221 --> 00:37:37,861 BIA SPEAKS IN PORTUGEUSE 435 00:37:37,901 --> 00:37:41,261 We're causing quite a bit of commotion, there's quite a few of us, there's cameras. 436 00:37:41,301 --> 00:37:43,181 We should get in as quickly as possible. 437 00:37:43,221 --> 00:37:45,021 You may film. 438 00:37:50,141 --> 00:37:54,941 With our minders on guard outside, I can finally relax 439 00:37:54,981 --> 00:37:59,301 and find out more about indigenous life away from the forest. 440 00:38:00,541 --> 00:38:03,141 I'm just kind of really curious to know a bit more about you. 441 00:38:03,181 --> 00:38:06,461 Which of the different indigenous groups are you from? 442 00:38:13,861 --> 00:38:16,021 Was it just you, or was it the whole family, 443 00:38:16,061 --> 00:38:17,781 and what caused the family to move? 444 00:38:36,901 --> 00:38:40,861 Like many who move to the city, Bia came with very little. 445 00:38:40,901 --> 00:38:46,261 But one prized possession speaks volumes about the connections 446 00:38:46,301 --> 00:38:48,861 people here feel for their ancestral roots. 447 00:38:53,061 --> 00:38:54,661 Ah, let's see this. 448 00:38:57,341 --> 00:38:59,261 Is this yours? It is. 449 00:38:59,301 --> 00:39:02,181 Is it OK for women to wear the headdress in the Kokama? 450 00:39:10,261 --> 00:39:11,701 I like that. 451 00:39:11,741 --> 00:39:13,341 Some, gender equality. 452 00:39:13,381 --> 00:39:15,981 LAUGHS: Whether you're from London or Manaus, 453 00:39:16,021 --> 00:39:17,901 that's going to go down well with me. 454 00:39:19,381 --> 00:39:20,581 Ah! 455 00:39:22,821 --> 00:39:24,901 That's quite incredible. 456 00:39:33,181 --> 00:39:38,461 I feel you are standing even taller, and prouder, just being in it. 457 00:39:38,501 --> 00:39:41,901 Like, I'm wanting to stand taller and prouder just being next to you. 458 00:40:00,821 --> 00:40:05,701 She may be surrounded by criminal gangs, but in her headdress, 459 00:40:05,741 --> 00:40:08,261 Bia is a proud chief. 460 00:40:08,301 --> 00:40:12,061 SHE GREETS PEOPLE 461 00:40:12,101 --> 00:40:16,581 And she's earned the respect of her community by fighting for their 462 00:40:16,621 --> 00:40:22,341 rights and their traditions as they build new lives here in Manaus. 463 00:40:36,501 --> 00:40:38,941 They're indigenous from Ticuna. Ticuna? Yes. 464 00:41:10,421 --> 00:41:12,461 Is anyone still in the village? 465 00:41:32,941 --> 00:41:35,141 I guess, do you think life is better here now? 466 00:41:52,181 --> 00:41:56,421 And what are your hopes for the future, for yourselves 467 00:41:56,461 --> 00:41:59,181 and your, well, very, very cute kids? 468 00:42:10,301 --> 00:42:11,421 Professor? 469 00:42:14,261 --> 00:42:16,021 It's been really great meeting Bia 470 00:42:16,061 --> 00:42:18,461 and some of the other indigenous people in this community, 471 00:42:18,501 --> 00:42:22,061 in this favela, and it's actually been quite enlightening, because 472 00:42:22,101 --> 00:42:26,341 the reasons for living in cities and towns seem quite complex. 473 00:42:26,381 --> 00:42:29,501 Some indigenous people are clearly fleeing, 474 00:42:29,541 --> 00:42:31,741 and they are being pushed out their homes. 475 00:42:31,781 --> 00:42:35,141 But others actually want to be in towns and cities. 476 00:42:35,181 --> 00:42:37,941 They're looking for a different and better way of life. 477 00:42:39,421 --> 00:42:42,501 But in the end, it all essentially adds up to the same thing, 478 00:42:42,541 --> 00:42:45,461 which is that traditional way of life, that traditional 479 00:42:45,501 --> 00:42:49,541 indigenous way of life, in the rainforest, that's dying out. 480 00:42:56,701 --> 00:43:01,461 But it seems that escaping to the city to seek a better life 481 00:43:01,501 --> 00:43:04,021 is no guarantee of safety. 482 00:43:08,381 --> 00:43:10,301 Just a few weeks after filming... 483 00:43:13,261 --> 00:43:15,941 ..Bia sent a video she'd taken. 484 00:43:21,021 --> 00:43:24,581 She and Irineu and the whole community they've built up 485 00:43:24,621 --> 00:43:26,941 were evicted from the favela. 486 00:43:29,861 --> 00:43:31,701 And with little warning... 487 00:43:35,501 --> 00:43:38,381 ..all they had built over years 488 00:43:38,421 --> 00:43:43,061 was bull-dozed to the ground in just a couple of days. 489 00:43:50,221 --> 00:43:54,141 After all I've seen, I'm just appalled. 490 00:43:55,581 --> 00:44:00,541 This persecution goes way beyond the destruction of history 491 00:44:00,581 --> 00:44:01,901 and ancient cultures. 492 00:44:03,581 --> 00:44:07,141 All these people wanted was to build homes 493 00:44:07,181 --> 00:44:12,381 and dream of a future for their kids as doctors and teachers. 494 00:44:15,981 --> 00:44:18,381 Their rivers are being been poisoned, 495 00:44:18,421 --> 00:44:20,581 their forests burned down, 496 00:44:20,621 --> 00:44:22,501 their land taken away. 497 00:44:25,061 --> 00:44:29,181 And finally, after they abandon their traditional lives 498 00:44:29,221 --> 00:44:31,261 and move to the city, 499 00:44:31,301 --> 00:44:34,501 not only are their homes being destroyed, 500 00:44:34,541 --> 00:44:36,181 but their dreams. 501 00:44:39,221 --> 00:44:41,621 It's hard to know what to say. 502 00:44:41,661 --> 00:44:45,661 So many tragedies are still unfolding in the Amazon. 503 00:44:47,181 --> 00:44:49,981 Not just the destruction of the forest, 504 00:44:50,021 --> 00:44:53,261 or the loss of so much ancient history... 505 00:44:54,821 --> 00:44:57,741 ..t's the people, the families 506 00:44:57,781 --> 00:44:59,461 and the next generation. 507 00:45:05,021 --> 00:45:09,301 This journey through the Amazon has just been so eye-opening for me. 508 00:45:11,101 --> 00:45:15,261 It's been emotional, it's been stunning and it's been really, 509 00:45:15,301 --> 00:45:16,421 really complicated. 510 00:45:23,701 --> 00:45:26,701 I had not comprehended, and I don't think 511 00:45:26,741 --> 00:45:31,701 most of the world comprehends how much we have misunderstood about 512 00:45:31,741 --> 00:45:34,141 the Amazon, about Amazonian archaeology 513 00:45:34,181 --> 00:45:36,541 and about indigenous people. 514 00:45:36,581 --> 00:45:41,661 And this re-telling of the history of the Amazon is ground-breaking. 515 00:45:43,741 --> 00:45:45,541 My only hope is 516 00:45:45,581 --> 00:45:51,061 now we're discovering the truth about their epic ancient history, 517 00:45:51,101 --> 00:45:55,581 we might finally understand how much is at stake 518 00:45:55,621 --> 00:45:59,661 and make sure what's happening today doesn't become 519 00:45:59,701 --> 00:46:05,981 the final chapter in the story of the great Amazonian civilisations. 520 00:46:50,101 --> 00:46:53,101 Subtitles by Red Bee Media 40368

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