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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:06,661 --> 00:00:10,781 This is the Amazon rainforest. It's breathtaking. 2 00:00:12,701 --> 00:00:17,581 So many people think of the Amazon as this vast, natural oasis. 3 00:00:17,621 --> 00:00:20,981 Truly wild, unchanged forever... 4 00:00:24,141 --> 00:00:26,061 ..dotted with a few isolated tribes. 5 00:00:27,421 --> 00:00:29,821 But it's a complete myth. 6 00:00:29,861 --> 00:00:33,181 See, a monumental mystery is unfolding out here, 7 00:00:33,221 --> 00:00:37,421 with new evidence of vast societies that thrived along these banks 8 00:00:37,461 --> 00:00:39,981 and stretched right across the continent, 9 00:00:40,021 --> 00:00:42,861 where now, there's nothing but dense rainforest. 10 00:00:44,461 --> 00:00:47,141 I want to get to the bottom of this mystery 11 00:00:47,181 --> 00:00:51,021 and find out for myself the real history of the Amazon. 12 00:00:53,341 --> 00:00:56,421 I'm Ella al-Shamahi. 13 00:00:56,461 --> 00:00:59,741 I'm an explorer and archaeologist in some of the world's 14 00:00:59,781 --> 00:01:02,581 most dangerous and remote regions. 15 00:01:04,581 --> 00:01:07,661 I'll be travelling through the Amazon's conflict zones... 16 00:01:07,701 --> 00:01:09,541 GUNFIRE 17 00:01:09,581 --> 00:01:11,341 LOUD BANG 18 00:01:11,381 --> 00:01:14,821 ..in search of a lost ancient world. 19 00:01:14,861 --> 00:01:16,501 There's hand prints. 20 00:01:16,541 --> 00:01:19,101 There's actual hand prints. 21 00:01:19,141 --> 00:01:24,461 I'll be seeing how new technology is looking beneath the jungle, 22 00:01:24,501 --> 00:01:27,661 uncovering vast, hidden settlements 23 00:01:27,701 --> 00:01:32,141 and revealing the remains of entire civilisations 24 00:01:32,181 --> 00:01:34,501 of millions of people. 25 00:01:34,541 --> 00:01:38,021 It's going to raise a whole pile of questions. 26 00:01:38,061 --> 00:01:41,381 Who were these people and when did they live here? 27 00:01:41,421 --> 00:01:43,021 Where did they come from? 28 00:01:43,061 --> 00:01:48,261 And perhaps most important of all, what on Earth happened to them? 29 00:01:57,261 --> 00:02:02,101 I'm going on an incredible adventure to solve a massive mystery. 30 00:02:05,701 --> 00:02:09,661 When most of us think about ancient civilisations in the Americas, 31 00:02:09,701 --> 00:02:14,141 we think of the mighty mountain citadels of the Inca... 32 00:02:15,661 --> 00:02:18,341 ..and the great pyramids of the Maya. 33 00:02:23,461 --> 00:02:25,021 But here in the Amazon, 34 00:02:25,061 --> 00:02:28,541 there are no signs of ancient civilisation at all. 35 00:02:28,581 --> 00:02:32,061 Just a vast, empty wilderness, 36 00:02:32,101 --> 00:02:36,381 lightly populated by scattered indigenous groups. 37 00:02:39,541 --> 00:02:41,941 But could we have got it all wrong? 38 00:02:43,301 --> 00:02:46,301 An extraordinary account by a European explorer, 39 00:02:46,341 --> 00:02:48,381 almost 500 years ago, 40 00:02:48,421 --> 00:02:51,781 paints a dramatically different picture. 41 00:02:53,181 --> 00:02:56,101 One of the first Europeans to ever travel along the Amazon 42 00:02:56,141 --> 00:02:59,421 was a missionary called Gaspar de Carvajal. 43 00:02:59,461 --> 00:03:02,581 He actually wrote about it in his diary in the 16th century 44 00:03:02,621 --> 00:03:06,741 and he talks about "gleaming vast cities 45 00:03:06,781 --> 00:03:08,461 "on the river banks." 46 00:03:08,501 --> 00:03:13,181 And he describes inhabited areas that were 440 kilometres long. 47 00:03:13,221 --> 00:03:17,501 It took them two days and two nights to pass through it. 48 00:03:20,181 --> 00:03:21,621 Back in 1542... 49 00:03:22,781 --> 00:03:26,741 ..Carvajal described a highly developed civilisation. 50 00:03:31,781 --> 00:03:34,301 One to rival the famous cities of the Inca. 51 00:03:35,861 --> 00:03:38,341 But successive generations of explorers 52 00:03:38,381 --> 00:03:40,701 found pretty much what we see today. 53 00:03:40,741 --> 00:03:45,021 Endless, impenetrable jungle. 54 00:03:45,061 --> 00:03:47,581 So, the Spanish priest was forgotten. 55 00:03:47,621 --> 00:03:50,381 His diary ridiculed. 56 00:03:51,541 --> 00:03:54,741 But now, new archaeological evidence is suggesting 57 00:03:54,781 --> 00:03:57,661 he may have been telling the truth after all. 58 00:04:01,901 --> 00:04:05,901 My investigation will take me right across the Amazon, 59 00:04:05,941 --> 00:04:08,101 the world's largest rainforest, 60 00:04:08,141 --> 00:04:11,221 so huge, it spans eight countries. 61 00:04:14,421 --> 00:04:18,901 I'm starting off in a region of western Brazil called Acre. 62 00:04:21,501 --> 00:04:24,541 Here, huge areas of the forest have been cleared 63 00:04:24,581 --> 00:04:26,181 and turned into farmland. 64 00:04:27,221 --> 00:04:28,821 It's just tragic. 65 00:04:28,861 --> 00:04:32,741 But it's also revealing something amazing. 66 00:04:34,581 --> 00:04:37,381 Allowing archaeologists like Jose Iriarte 67 00:04:37,421 --> 00:04:40,221 to discover the Amazon's ancient secrets. 68 00:04:41,541 --> 00:04:44,061 Hello, how are you? Hey, how's it going? 69 00:04:45,181 --> 00:04:47,181 Watch out, it's super steep. 70 00:04:51,141 --> 00:04:54,981 Deforestation has recently revealed these mind-blowing, 71 00:04:55,021 --> 00:04:57,461 man-made geoglyphs. 72 00:04:59,541 --> 00:05:02,501 Huge, mysterious geometric patterns... 73 00:05:04,181 --> 00:05:06,821 ..carved into the landscape. 74 00:05:07,981 --> 00:05:12,141 This is one of the most distinct and mysterious geoglyphs 75 00:05:12,181 --> 00:05:13,621 in the whole region. 76 00:05:13,661 --> 00:05:15,861 We've all seen crop circles. Yeah. 77 00:05:15,901 --> 00:05:19,701 But this is something like a pre-historic crop circle... 78 00:05:20,701 --> 00:05:21,741 ..in the Amazon. 79 00:05:23,021 --> 00:05:27,261 This isn't supposed to exist and yet, it does. 80 00:05:29,501 --> 00:05:31,461 It is a bit mad, isn't it? 81 00:05:33,301 --> 00:05:36,221 Thought to date from as long as 2,000 years ago, 82 00:05:36,261 --> 00:05:40,221 centuries before Europeans arrived in the Amazon, 83 00:05:40,261 --> 00:05:45,381 their sheer scale means they surely could only have been built 84 00:05:45,421 --> 00:05:47,901 by a highly organised society. 85 00:05:50,421 --> 00:05:52,701 These are ritual, ceremonial structures. 86 00:05:52,741 --> 00:05:56,341 If we go back in time and we think of the technology 87 00:05:56,381 --> 00:05:57,981 that the geoglyph builders have, 88 00:05:58,021 --> 00:06:02,101 it would take 100 people a month to take out the dirt 89 00:06:02,141 --> 00:06:03,781 to build one of these structures. 90 00:06:03,821 --> 00:06:07,821 So, we're talking about a society that was very complex. 91 00:06:07,861 --> 00:06:12,981 To be able to plan, to build and to maintain these structures. 92 00:06:15,781 --> 00:06:18,821 Discovering these structures is a game changer. 93 00:06:18,861 --> 00:06:23,021 The people who built them weren't small groups of hunter-gatherers, 94 00:06:23,061 --> 00:06:28,541 but part of a much more complex society than experts ever imagined. 95 00:06:30,021 --> 00:06:34,461 Once completely hidden, they now seem to be everywhere. 96 00:06:38,301 --> 00:06:41,461 So far, more than 500 structures have emerged 97 00:06:41,501 --> 00:06:43,821 in this part of the Amazon alone... 98 00:06:45,261 --> 00:06:48,701 ..across an area almost the size of Scotland. 99 00:06:51,461 --> 00:06:53,501 It's so completely unexpected. 100 00:06:53,541 --> 00:06:56,861 I think so many of us have got the notion of the people 101 00:06:56,901 --> 00:07:01,581 that lived in the Amazon and it wasn't societies like this. 102 00:07:03,261 --> 00:07:05,421 This isn't a simple society. 103 00:07:05,461 --> 00:07:10,501 These geoglyphs indicate a really complex society. 104 00:07:19,781 --> 00:07:22,381 These discoveries are starting a revolution 105 00:07:22,421 --> 00:07:24,621 in Amazonian archaeology. 106 00:07:33,861 --> 00:07:35,941 OK, what...what are we looking at here? 107 00:07:37,381 --> 00:07:41,541 So, this is our area of archaeological interest. 108 00:07:42,701 --> 00:07:46,661 Today, cutting-edge laser technology called Lidar 109 00:07:46,701 --> 00:07:51,381 is helping scientists to discover what's hidden beneath the tress, 110 00:07:51,421 --> 00:07:53,981 without destroying the rainforest. 111 00:07:55,621 --> 00:07:59,181 Look at all this area covered with trees. 112 00:07:59,221 --> 00:08:01,941 But when we remove the canopy... 113 00:08:01,981 --> 00:08:03,821 ..kaboom. 114 00:08:03,861 --> 00:08:07,821 The scan reveals structures that have never been seen before... 115 00:08:09,341 --> 00:08:12,581 ..including one that Jose is particularly intrigued by. 116 00:08:13,781 --> 00:08:16,101 As you can see, we've found a new site 117 00:08:16,141 --> 00:08:19,341 that was completely unknown to archaeology. 118 00:08:21,741 --> 00:08:23,061 Oh, wow. 119 00:08:23,101 --> 00:08:24,541 I mean, that's amazing. 120 00:08:26,221 --> 00:08:29,901 What's revealed looks like a precise circle of mounds 121 00:08:29,941 --> 00:08:32,621 with a straight road leading to it. 122 00:08:36,341 --> 00:08:37,621 It's incredible. 123 00:08:37,661 --> 00:08:39,821 That is completely hidden under the trees. 124 00:08:41,261 --> 00:08:44,381 Jose believes this could be an ancient settlement. 125 00:08:45,821 --> 00:08:48,461 But there's only one way to find out for sure. 126 00:08:49,741 --> 00:08:54,541 Tomorrow, we're going to do an expedition to go through the forest 127 00:08:54,581 --> 00:08:57,301 to find this site and see how it looks. 128 00:08:57,341 --> 00:08:59,501 Oh, this is gonna be brilliant. 129 00:09:12,981 --> 00:09:15,901 It's morning and a short, sweltering hike 130 00:09:15,941 --> 00:09:18,301 takes us to the edge of the forest. 131 00:09:18,341 --> 00:09:19,741 Ugh! 132 00:09:19,781 --> 00:09:22,021 It's going to be dense, difficult terrain, 133 00:09:22,061 --> 00:09:24,181 so we need a local guide. 134 00:09:27,341 --> 00:09:28,381 Hey. Ella. 135 00:09:29,781 --> 00:09:32,581 So, what's your assessment of the forest behind us? 136 00:09:32,621 --> 00:09:34,261 Like, how brutal is it, really? 137 00:09:47,061 --> 00:09:49,861 I feel like I'm about to go to my death in there. 138 00:09:54,941 --> 00:09:58,661 I've done most of my archaeology in unstable and hostile territories, 139 00:09:58,701 --> 00:10:00,541 like Yemen and Iraq, 140 00:10:00,581 --> 00:10:03,261 but this jungle is a whole different challenge. 141 00:10:04,821 --> 00:10:06,461 Here is the worst kind of forest. 142 00:10:07,541 --> 00:10:09,581 This is the thing we need to watch for. 143 00:10:09,621 --> 00:10:11,901 The palm spines. You see? 144 00:10:11,941 --> 00:10:14,581 Once it enters your body, it won't come out. 145 00:10:14,621 --> 00:10:18,061 Are you being serious? Yeah. It will come out in two, three months, so... 146 00:10:18,101 --> 00:10:20,581 Please be very careful with these spines. 147 00:10:27,141 --> 00:10:29,261 The going is painfully slow, 148 00:10:29,301 --> 00:10:32,541 and it's taking much longer than Jose expected. 149 00:10:33,661 --> 00:10:35,741 We still have a while to go 150 00:10:35,781 --> 00:10:38,421 and, er, I'm a bit worried 151 00:10:38,461 --> 00:10:42,781 because you can see how dense it is to get there. 152 00:10:43,901 --> 00:10:46,941 I don't know if we are going to be able to see anything. 153 00:10:49,301 --> 00:10:51,181 Oh, my God, the ants are everywhere. 154 00:10:51,221 --> 00:10:53,181 We just did half of it. 155 00:10:53,221 --> 00:10:54,901 We need to do the other half. 156 00:10:54,941 --> 00:10:56,661 Come on, we can do this. 157 00:10:58,701 --> 00:11:01,101 We can't stay in the forest after dark, 158 00:11:01,141 --> 00:11:03,941 because at night, the jungle gets really dangerous. 159 00:11:05,261 --> 00:11:06,501 Ow, shit. 160 00:11:06,541 --> 00:11:08,341 Ai-ai-ai. 161 00:11:12,621 --> 00:11:15,461 Then suddenly, Jose spots something. 162 00:11:15,501 --> 00:11:18,061 Do you think this could be something, Ella? 163 00:11:18,101 --> 00:11:21,101 I think, er, we may have found something. 164 00:11:21,141 --> 00:11:24,701 Could it be the entrance to the ancient village? 165 00:11:24,741 --> 00:11:26,581 This could be the causeway. Woo! 166 00:11:26,621 --> 00:11:28,021 In there. 167 00:11:34,781 --> 00:11:39,341 We've been hacking through dense forest for most of the day... 168 00:11:39,381 --> 00:11:44,701 ..in search of what could be an ancient Amazonian settlement. 169 00:11:44,741 --> 00:11:46,581 Wait, Neguinho. Wait. 170 00:11:46,621 --> 00:11:50,221 Then suddenly, deep in the forest... 171 00:11:50,261 --> 00:11:52,221 Look at that! Look at that. 172 00:11:53,541 --> 00:11:55,941 This is much lower down. 173 00:11:55,981 --> 00:11:57,861 If you take a look, 174 00:11:57,901 --> 00:12:00,301 this looks like a ridge. 175 00:12:00,341 --> 00:12:04,221 Steps down here and steps down to the other side. 176 00:12:04,261 --> 00:12:07,621 Neguinho is 1.6 metres, 177 00:12:07,661 --> 00:12:12,621 so we are talking that this man is minimum two metres and a half. 178 00:12:12,661 --> 00:12:14,821 So this might be the entrance to the village? 179 00:12:14,861 --> 00:12:18,541 This is likely to be the entrance of the village. Yeah, yeah, yeah. 180 00:12:18,581 --> 00:12:19,781 Yes! 181 00:12:19,821 --> 00:12:21,941 As an archaeologist, these are the moments 182 00:12:21,981 --> 00:12:23,621 that are really special, you know? 183 00:12:25,301 --> 00:12:27,941 This is our newly-discovered site. 184 00:12:27,981 --> 00:12:29,341 I wanna hug you. Sorry. 185 00:12:32,221 --> 00:12:34,821 Jose's, like, doing this in the background. 186 00:12:34,861 --> 00:12:37,981 This...this is just blowing my mind right now, 187 00:12:38,021 --> 00:12:40,621 because this is real archaeological discovery. 188 00:12:40,661 --> 00:12:44,381 No archaeologist has stepped here before. Not at all. 189 00:12:47,941 --> 00:12:49,821 Revealed by laser scans, 190 00:12:49,861 --> 00:12:55,021 Jose begins the first ever survey of the new site, 191 00:12:55,061 --> 00:12:58,621 piecing together a picture of an ancient settlement. 192 00:12:59,661 --> 00:13:03,021 And this ground-truthing gives strong evidence 193 00:13:03,061 --> 00:13:05,501 that other newly-revealed structures 194 00:13:05,541 --> 00:13:08,661 are also man-made. 195 00:13:08,701 --> 00:13:13,341 It's archaeology like this that's retelling the history of the Amazon. 196 00:13:13,381 --> 00:13:17,461 There were people who were living here hundreds of years ago 197 00:13:17,501 --> 00:13:21,621 and it's so bloody awesome... Yeah. 198 00:13:21,661 --> 00:13:24,701 ..that we're standing at the beginning of the village. 199 00:13:24,741 --> 00:13:26,901 But I am actually standing on an ant hill 200 00:13:26,941 --> 00:13:29,741 and they are biting me really badly, 201 00:13:29,781 --> 00:13:31,461 so I think we should move. 202 00:13:31,501 --> 00:13:34,901 It's five o'clock. We need to get out. Vamonos! 203 00:13:37,861 --> 00:13:41,421 We can now bring this village to life. 204 00:13:41,461 --> 00:13:43,501 Over 500 years ago, 205 00:13:43,541 --> 00:13:47,621 20 or more houses would have been built on raised platforms, 206 00:13:47,661 --> 00:13:51,861 forming a circle more than 150 metres across. 207 00:13:53,541 --> 00:13:57,501 There was a sunken road leading into a large central plaza... 208 00:13:58,861 --> 00:14:03,301 ..where a community of up to 200 people would have gathered. 209 00:14:05,541 --> 00:14:10,621 And the lidar scans show this settlement wasn't alone. 210 00:14:10,661 --> 00:14:14,221 The road leads to another village nearby, 211 00:14:14,261 --> 00:14:17,181 the first of over 50 212 00:14:17,221 --> 00:14:24,341 that formed a vast extended network, mostly hidden until now. 213 00:14:24,381 --> 00:14:27,941 It's powerful evidence that ancient Amazonians 214 00:14:27,981 --> 00:14:31,821 built permanent, organised societies. 215 00:14:35,781 --> 00:14:38,061 And it's just the start of the revolution 216 00:14:38,101 --> 00:14:41,701 that's changing our understanding of the Amazon. 217 00:14:45,501 --> 00:14:47,301 Back in 1542, 218 00:14:47,341 --> 00:14:49,781 the Spanish missionary Gaspar de Carvajal 219 00:14:49,821 --> 00:14:53,381 described even more sophisticated societies... 220 00:14:55,661 --> 00:15:01,661 ..with huge cities and lords adorned with elaborate jewellery. 221 00:15:01,701 --> 00:15:04,301 Now, I'm heading to Bolivia 222 00:15:04,341 --> 00:15:07,341 in search of those gleaming cities. 223 00:15:10,981 --> 00:15:12,181 Oh! 224 00:15:13,901 --> 00:15:15,861 My introduction to Bolivia's a bit bumpy. 225 00:15:18,261 --> 00:15:20,981 I've already seen how ground-breaking lidar 226 00:15:21,021 --> 00:15:23,421 can unlock the secrets of the Amazon. 227 00:15:25,181 --> 00:15:27,861 I've come to find out how it actually works 228 00:15:27,901 --> 00:15:31,261 and what more secrets it can reveal. 229 00:15:31,301 --> 00:15:32,501 Hi! 230 00:15:32,541 --> 00:15:33,661 Good morning. 231 00:15:33,701 --> 00:15:35,941 Ella, nice to meet you guys. Mark. 232 00:15:35,981 --> 00:15:37,661 How do you do, Ella? Hi, Mark. 233 00:15:37,701 --> 00:15:39,741 Heiko. Heiko, nice to meet you. Hi. 234 00:15:39,781 --> 00:15:42,421 British archaeologist Mark Robinson 235 00:15:42,461 --> 00:15:46,261 and a team from three archaeological institutes 236 00:15:46,301 --> 00:15:49,061 are lidar pioneers in the Amazon. 237 00:15:49,101 --> 00:15:51,341 Could you just explain to me what lidar is? 238 00:15:51,381 --> 00:15:53,501 Yeah, lidar is a laser scanner. 239 00:15:53,541 --> 00:15:55,501 It's a 3D laser scanner. 240 00:15:55,541 --> 00:15:58,301 And here we have a rotating mirror through the glass. Mm-hm. 241 00:15:58,341 --> 00:16:02,381 And the idea is that you shoot a lot of laser pulses at the ground. 242 00:16:02,421 --> 00:16:05,301 So, lasers will shoot out, hit the mirror and the mirror's rotating, 243 00:16:05,341 --> 00:16:07,301 so it can basically get the full spread 244 00:16:07,341 --> 00:16:10,981 and it can create an incredibly detailed three-dimensional map 245 00:16:11,021 --> 00:16:12,461 of the terrain. 246 00:16:12,501 --> 00:16:14,541 ENGINE REVS 247 00:16:21,621 --> 00:16:25,621 Yeah, you definitely get the motion sickness on the turns. 248 00:16:25,661 --> 00:16:28,061 Leaping backwards and forwards like this 249 00:16:28,101 --> 00:16:30,781 can be queasy work. 250 00:16:30,821 --> 00:16:32,421 Yeah, you need a strong stomach. 251 00:16:35,501 --> 00:16:38,941 The area we are scanning is mostly open floodplains... 252 00:16:39,901 --> 00:16:42,101 ..dotted with patches of forest. 253 00:16:44,261 --> 00:16:45,661 It's incredible! 254 00:16:49,661 --> 00:16:53,381 It is really surprising to me that this is the Amazon, 255 00:16:53,421 --> 00:16:57,381 cos I wouldn't expect a massive floodplain. 256 00:16:57,421 --> 00:17:01,861 Yeah, the diversity of the Amazon basin is just mind-boggling. 257 00:17:01,901 --> 00:17:05,741 For humans, these are perfect locations to exist. 258 00:17:05,781 --> 00:17:07,501 You get the best of both worlds. 259 00:17:07,541 --> 00:17:10,341 You get all the resources of a savannah environment 260 00:17:10,381 --> 00:17:12,741 as well as the benefits of a full forest. 261 00:17:14,861 --> 00:17:18,061 Our main focus is an unusual mound 262 00:17:18,101 --> 00:17:22,501 rising out of the otherwise flat landscape. 263 00:17:22,541 --> 00:17:25,421 Coming up on the right, on the right side of the helicopter, 264 00:17:25,461 --> 00:17:27,701 we're gonna come up on La Punta mound, 265 00:17:27,741 --> 00:17:30,101 with a nice little white house on top. 266 00:17:30,141 --> 00:17:33,901 Mark believes the mound is the relic of an ancient settlement, 267 00:17:33,941 --> 00:17:37,181 possibly built more than 2,000 years ago. 268 00:17:38,341 --> 00:17:40,861 Now he's in search of any signs 269 00:17:40,901 --> 00:17:44,981 that it might have been part of something bigger. 270 00:17:45,021 --> 00:17:46,781 When we were on the ground, 271 00:17:46,821 --> 00:17:50,621 you could see that there were clusters of trees nearby, 272 00:17:50,661 --> 00:17:54,941 but it was actually being up in the sky you could suddenly start seeing 273 00:17:54,981 --> 00:17:57,341 the other mounds that are really close by 274 00:17:57,381 --> 00:18:02,021 in really close proximity, like neighbours to the La Punta mound. 275 00:18:02,061 --> 00:18:03,981 And suddenly you're thinking, 276 00:18:04,021 --> 00:18:05,941 "All right, what's going on there?" 277 00:18:05,981 --> 00:18:09,941 All right, so if we look at the map here, it's our current position. 278 00:18:09,981 --> 00:18:11,621 You can see as we progress, 279 00:18:11,661 --> 00:18:15,581 we're collecting new data that's coming out as we pass over. 280 00:18:17,861 --> 00:18:21,941 Amazingly, lidar is working its magic again. 281 00:18:25,821 --> 00:18:29,501 The scans reveal more man-made mounds nearby, 282 00:18:29,541 --> 00:18:32,621 many hidden beneath the trees. 283 00:18:32,661 --> 00:18:35,381 And the mounds are all different sizes, 284 00:18:35,421 --> 00:18:38,701 with some much more impressive than others. 285 00:18:40,261 --> 00:18:42,701 For Mark, that's curious, 286 00:18:42,741 --> 00:18:46,621 as it could be evidence of social hierarchy, 287 00:18:46,661 --> 00:18:51,661 a crucial stage towards large-scale societies. 288 00:18:57,261 --> 00:19:00,661 The La Punta mound appears to be the epicentre 289 00:19:00,701 --> 00:19:02,861 of something much bigger 290 00:19:02,901 --> 00:19:08,981 and it might hold clues to the great civilisations I'm searching for. 291 00:19:09,021 --> 00:19:12,221 I'm going there with archaeologist Carla Betancourt, 292 00:19:12,261 --> 00:19:15,141 who recently began excavating the mound. 293 00:19:17,501 --> 00:19:19,141 On our way, I can't resist 294 00:19:19,181 --> 00:19:23,141 taking a closer look at some of the wildlife. 295 00:19:27,901 --> 00:19:29,541 Can you see them? 296 00:19:29,581 --> 00:19:32,181 Do you see the teeth on it? Look at that! 297 00:19:41,461 --> 00:19:42,981 CARLA: So, welcome to La Punta. 298 00:19:45,781 --> 00:19:49,741 It looks beautiful. Yeah, it's a beautiful landscape. 299 00:19:51,061 --> 00:19:53,581 Already, in the first year of excavation, 300 00:19:53,621 --> 00:19:58,261 Carla's uncovered a whole history of human occupation at La Punta. 301 00:19:59,941 --> 00:20:03,501 This is amazing. Yeah, the stratigraphy is wonderful. 302 00:20:03,541 --> 00:20:07,621 You can see this black layer. 303 00:20:07,661 --> 00:20:12,021 That is the earliest layer... Oh! 304 00:20:12,061 --> 00:20:15,501 ..from when they started to build this mound. 305 00:20:15,541 --> 00:20:18,781 Cos we are talking about maybe 1,000 years. 306 00:20:18,821 --> 00:20:20,861 Are you kidding? That's wonderful! 307 00:20:22,301 --> 00:20:26,541 The layers of soil contain signs of the people who lived here 308 00:20:26,581 --> 00:20:30,301 at different points in Amazonian history. 309 00:20:30,341 --> 00:20:34,221 Their pottery, their rubbish, even their bones. 310 00:20:35,741 --> 00:20:39,461 So, that is a snapshot of 1,000 years. Yes. 311 00:20:39,501 --> 00:20:41,341 How doesn't that give you goose bumps? 312 00:20:41,381 --> 00:20:44,621 Like, seriously, how does that not give you goose bumps? 313 00:20:46,061 --> 00:20:49,261 But it's the human remains discovered by Carla 314 00:20:49,301 --> 00:20:53,901 that are giving us a window into ancient Amazonian society. 315 00:20:55,301 --> 00:20:57,621 The unearthed skeleton of a man 316 00:20:57,661 --> 00:21:00,901 buried with elaborate copper earrings 317 00:21:00,941 --> 00:21:03,981 is a sure sign of status. 318 00:21:05,261 --> 00:21:10,021 So, I think this man was an important man in this society. 319 00:21:10,061 --> 00:21:13,541 Yeah, maybe a political character or something 320 00:21:13,581 --> 00:21:17,061 and that is the reasons that we are thinking that there was 321 00:21:17,101 --> 00:21:21,221 a society organised, also with hierarchies. 322 00:21:21,261 --> 00:21:23,021 It seems privileged people 323 00:21:23,061 --> 00:21:27,501 were living on the larger, more impressive mounds. 324 00:21:27,541 --> 00:21:30,981 The lower classes left with the lower mounds. 325 00:21:33,301 --> 00:21:36,901 It all fits with a complex class-based society. 326 00:21:39,501 --> 00:21:42,141 Maybe there is something like a competition 327 00:21:42,181 --> 00:21:44,981 between these different groups of people 328 00:21:45,021 --> 00:21:48,861 and they are building this mound higher and higher. 329 00:21:48,901 --> 00:21:50,541 One bigger than the other. 330 00:21:51,501 --> 00:21:55,381 So, I think it is a sign of status or competition. 331 00:21:55,421 --> 00:21:58,181 So, that's interesting, cos we know this in anthropology 332 00:21:58,221 --> 00:22:01,261 that people do compete with higher and higher buildings. 333 00:22:01,301 --> 00:22:03,941 Even today, we know that people do this. 334 00:22:03,981 --> 00:22:05,941 People build a tower 335 00:22:05,981 --> 00:22:08,541 and then somebody else tries to build a higher tower. 336 00:22:08,581 --> 00:22:11,861 You get the idea. So, it's kind of blown my mind to think people 337 00:22:11,901 --> 00:22:13,341 would be doing it with mounds, 338 00:22:13,381 --> 00:22:15,181 cos you're keeping up with the Jones', 339 00:22:15,221 --> 00:22:17,621 you're trying to compete. 340 00:22:17,661 --> 00:22:21,181 I'm already building a picture of societies 341 00:22:21,221 --> 00:22:24,501 more complex than experts ever imagined. 342 00:22:27,221 --> 00:22:30,061 But the Spanish priest 500 years ago 343 00:22:30,101 --> 00:22:33,661 talked of an even more advanced society, 344 00:22:33,701 --> 00:22:36,781 of cities ruled by powerful lords. 345 00:22:37,901 --> 00:22:40,701 800 miles east, in Brazil, 346 00:22:40,741 --> 00:22:43,621 I'm hoping one indigenous community 347 00:22:43,661 --> 00:22:46,821 can unlock that great ancient secret 348 00:22:46,861 --> 00:22:49,941 and perhaps the mystery of what happened 349 00:22:49,981 --> 00:22:52,781 to those lost civilisations. 350 00:22:57,141 --> 00:22:59,101 Back in Brazil, I'm still investigating 351 00:22:59,141 --> 00:23:04,341 the extraordinary diary of Spanish missionary, Gaspar De Carvajal. 352 00:23:05,781 --> 00:23:08,861 In 1542, he was aboard one of the first 353 00:23:08,901 --> 00:23:11,781 European explorations of the Amazon. 354 00:23:13,621 --> 00:23:17,301 His account describes vast, sprawling settlements, 355 00:23:17,341 --> 00:23:19,661 all along the river bank. 356 00:23:21,421 --> 00:23:25,021 And he talks about one settlement being so large 357 00:23:25,061 --> 00:23:27,461 that it stretched for five leagues, 358 00:23:27,501 --> 00:23:29,341 that's about 27.5km, 359 00:23:29,381 --> 00:23:33,021 without there intervening any space from house to house, 360 00:23:33,061 --> 00:23:35,581 which was a marvellous thing to behold. 361 00:23:37,701 --> 00:23:40,981 But when Europeans returned to the Amazon, years later, 362 00:23:41,021 --> 00:23:43,781 all they found was forest. 363 00:23:45,101 --> 00:23:50,541 And Carvajal's account of great Amazonian civilisations was dismissed. 364 00:23:52,941 --> 00:23:57,181 Today, new approaches to archaeology are completely overturning 365 00:23:57,221 --> 00:24:00,141 our understanding of the Amazon's history. 366 00:24:01,821 --> 00:24:03,621 It's shocking, but for years, 367 00:24:03,661 --> 00:24:06,621 we've ignored one critical piece of the puzzle. 368 00:24:06,661 --> 00:24:10,141 But finally, indigenous peoples' own accounts 369 00:24:10,181 --> 00:24:13,701 of their ancient history are leading the way. 370 00:24:15,381 --> 00:24:19,661 The Kuikuro people live in the upper Xingu region of Brazil. 371 00:24:20,861 --> 00:24:22,701 Today, there are just 500 of them. 372 00:24:22,741 --> 00:24:24,541 WHOOPING 373 00:24:24,581 --> 00:24:26,341 But they believe they're descendants 374 00:24:26,381 --> 00:24:28,821 of a once-vast, ancient civilisation. 375 00:24:30,701 --> 00:24:33,541 And Chief Afukaka is proud of that heritage. 376 00:24:42,421 --> 00:24:45,621 American anthropologist Michael Heckenberger 377 00:24:45,661 --> 00:24:47,901 works closely with the Kuikuro. 378 00:24:49,341 --> 00:24:51,981 They've led him to a remote part of the forest, 379 00:24:52,021 --> 00:24:55,381 where they say there are clues to their ancient past. 380 00:24:58,381 --> 00:25:02,541 The site is surrounded by a massive, mysterious ditch. 381 00:25:04,861 --> 00:25:07,301 When we'd mapped the extent of this ditch 382 00:25:07,341 --> 00:25:12,741 around the archaeological site, it goes for over 2km. 383 00:25:12,781 --> 00:25:17,621 That ditch enclosed an area of 50 hectares, 384 00:25:17,661 --> 00:25:22,661 which is 20-times as large as the contemporary village. 385 00:25:22,701 --> 00:25:25,061 So this was a massive earthen structure 386 00:25:25,101 --> 00:25:29,181 that was built by a population that could mobilise labour 387 00:25:29,221 --> 00:25:34,541 on a much larger scale and obviously supported a much larger population. 388 00:25:36,581 --> 00:25:40,061 Michael believes the ancient Kuikuro built the ditch 389 00:25:40,101 --> 00:25:44,221 as a defensive fortification, around 800 years ago. 390 00:25:45,901 --> 00:25:50,101 Compared with today's village, the ancient settlement was huge. 391 00:25:51,061 --> 00:25:54,301 But in other ways, it was incredibly similar. 392 00:25:55,261 --> 00:25:58,381 So Michael can use the layout of today's village 393 00:25:58,421 --> 00:26:01,621 to guide him around the archaeological site. 394 00:26:03,101 --> 00:26:05,461 Starting, oddly, with the trash mounds 395 00:26:05,501 --> 00:26:08,661 that families always build behind their houses. 396 00:26:11,221 --> 00:26:15,141 What we set about looking for first was the trash mounds. 397 00:26:15,181 --> 00:26:19,861 We assumed that, between the plaza and these trash mounds, 398 00:26:19,901 --> 00:26:22,501 we would find the remains of ancient houses. 399 00:26:22,541 --> 00:26:24,261 So we opened up this area, 400 00:26:24,301 --> 00:26:27,341 looking for the remains of that actual house. 401 00:26:28,941 --> 00:26:32,541 We came across, suddenly, a pot support, 402 00:26:32,581 --> 00:26:34,781 it's a very distinctive ceramic artefact. 403 00:26:34,821 --> 00:26:37,901 It's what they used to hold up their cooking pots. 404 00:26:39,341 --> 00:26:41,581 This is an important breakthrough, 405 00:26:41,621 --> 00:26:47,261 because the Kuikuro use very similar supports to help them cook today. 406 00:26:48,581 --> 00:26:51,461 As soon as the Kuikuru saw that pot support, 407 00:26:51,501 --> 00:26:53,861 they immediately knew what we were looking at. 408 00:26:53,901 --> 00:26:55,541 They said, "This is the kitchen. 409 00:26:55,581 --> 00:26:57,861 "The front door is going to be right there. 410 00:26:57,901 --> 00:26:59,981 "The sleeping areas are going to be right there." 411 00:27:00,021 --> 00:27:02,621 And sure enough, as we expanded our excavations, 412 00:27:02,661 --> 00:27:04,701 we found remnants of the front door. 413 00:27:04,741 --> 00:27:07,061 We found remnants of the sleeping area. 414 00:27:07,101 --> 00:27:11,021 This ancient community was built on the same principles 415 00:27:11,061 --> 00:27:13,221 as the contemporary community. 416 00:27:15,501 --> 00:27:18,461 And these revelations are only the beginning. 417 00:27:18,501 --> 00:27:19,981 GRUNTING 418 00:27:20,021 --> 00:27:22,181 Investigating the surrounding area 419 00:27:22,221 --> 00:27:26,341 has revealed that this settlement was not alone, 420 00:27:26,381 --> 00:27:30,301 but part of an entire, ancient, urban network. 421 00:27:32,701 --> 00:27:35,981 What really took me by surprise is how integrated they were. 422 00:27:36,021 --> 00:27:38,101 They were all connected by roads, 423 00:27:38,141 --> 00:27:41,221 and not just small paths through the tropical forest, 424 00:27:41,261 --> 00:27:44,861 these were wide and well-constructed roads with kerbs. 425 00:27:47,221 --> 00:27:50,901 Michael estimates this ancient, interconnected metropolis 426 00:27:50,941 --> 00:27:56,741 was home to around 50,000 people, in just this area alone. 427 00:27:57,981 --> 00:28:01,061 Much bigger than anything else we've seen. 428 00:28:02,541 --> 00:28:07,621 It confirms what today's Kuikuro people have always believed. 429 00:28:34,581 --> 00:28:37,061 Why not civilisations in the Amazon? 430 00:28:39,421 --> 00:28:41,981 The pre-Columbian societies of the Amazon, 431 00:28:42,021 --> 00:28:46,061 these were not that different from some of the classic civilisations 432 00:28:46,101 --> 00:28:48,381 we look to in antiquity. 433 00:28:50,981 --> 00:28:53,941 The evidence is now really stacking up 434 00:28:53,981 --> 00:28:58,261 that ancient Amazon societies not only existed, 435 00:28:58,301 --> 00:29:01,981 but did so on a scale and complexity 436 00:29:02,021 --> 00:29:06,061 that, compared to today, is staggering. 437 00:29:06,101 --> 00:29:10,341 Experts now believe as many as 10 million people 438 00:29:10,381 --> 00:29:13,301 lived across the whole of the Amazon. 439 00:29:15,021 --> 00:29:19,021 It looks like the ridiculed Spanish missionary, Gaspar De Carvajal, 440 00:29:19,061 --> 00:29:22,181 may well have been telling the truth, after all. 441 00:29:23,181 --> 00:29:26,621 But that raises another, huge question. 442 00:29:27,621 --> 00:29:31,541 Where on earth did all those people go? 443 00:29:32,701 --> 00:29:35,101 The truth is simple and tragic. 444 00:29:37,141 --> 00:29:41,581 The early Europeans, possibly including Gaspar De Carvajal himself, 445 00:29:41,621 --> 00:29:44,741 brought diseases that spread like wildfire 446 00:29:44,781 --> 00:29:46,861 through the people of the Amazon. 447 00:29:49,221 --> 00:29:52,021 It decimated those populations very quickly. 448 00:29:52,061 --> 00:29:56,661 They had never had experience with these Old World diseases. 449 00:29:56,701 --> 00:30:00,021 And once they hit, they would ravage entire villages 450 00:30:00,061 --> 00:30:02,261 and quickly move from village to village, 451 00:30:02,301 --> 00:30:05,901 precisely because these populations were interlinked 452 00:30:05,941 --> 00:30:09,301 in very complex trade networks. 453 00:30:12,221 --> 00:30:14,381 In some places, the lack of immunity 454 00:30:14,421 --> 00:30:18,541 meant up to 90% of Amazonians perished 455 00:30:18,581 --> 00:30:21,101 from influenza and smallpox. 456 00:30:21,141 --> 00:30:25,341 Across the Americas, millions died 457 00:30:25,381 --> 00:30:29,901 in one of the biggest demographic catastrophes in human history. 458 00:30:32,141 --> 00:30:34,421 BELLS JANGLE 459 00:30:34,461 --> 00:30:38,101 Some escaped death and enslavement by fleeing their cities. 460 00:30:39,741 --> 00:30:42,981 But unlike the stone relics of other great civilisations, 461 00:30:43,021 --> 00:30:48,261 their wooden cities rotted and disappeared beneath the forest. 462 00:30:50,461 --> 00:30:54,621 Over the centuries, repeated contact with the outside world 463 00:30:54,661 --> 00:30:56,821 has often spelt disaster. 464 00:30:59,141 --> 00:31:01,221 Even in living memory. 465 00:31:29,341 --> 00:31:30,741 Five centuries ago, 466 00:31:30,781 --> 00:31:36,421 this area was populated by as many as 50,000 people. 467 00:31:36,461 --> 00:31:40,941 Now there are only around 500. 468 00:31:44,141 --> 00:31:47,341 Just 1% of a once-great metropolis. 469 00:31:48,341 --> 00:31:50,621 And today, across the Amazon, 470 00:31:50,661 --> 00:31:54,261 its people are still fighting for their survival. 471 00:31:56,341 --> 00:31:59,541 Right now, the Brazilian rainforest 472 00:31:59,581 --> 00:32:03,421 is being cleared at a terrifying rate... 473 00:32:03,461 --> 00:32:06,821 BOLSANARO SPEAKS PORTUGUESE ..as President Bolsanaro's government 474 00:32:06,861 --> 00:32:09,381 ruthlessly pursues economic growth. 475 00:32:11,261 --> 00:32:16,181 In the last 50 years, a fifth of the rainforest has disappeared. 476 00:32:16,221 --> 00:32:18,141 Cleared for timber and farming. 477 00:32:20,021 --> 00:32:23,461 Indigenous peoples have seen their land taken away, 478 00:32:23,501 --> 00:32:26,021 their forest destroyed. 479 00:32:30,261 --> 00:32:32,221 But they're fighting back. 480 00:32:34,981 --> 00:32:37,461 And they're discovering that their history 481 00:32:37,501 --> 00:32:39,821 is an important weapon in the battle... 482 00:32:39,861 --> 00:32:42,461 CHANTING 483 00:32:44,261 --> 00:32:48,181 ...as some communities try to prove the lands they occupy today 484 00:32:48,221 --> 00:32:51,421 are traditional, indigenous homelands. 485 00:32:55,861 --> 00:32:59,101 I've come to a remote river town called Tefe, 486 00:32:59,141 --> 00:33:01,141 in the northwest of Brazil. 487 00:33:01,181 --> 00:33:04,621 From here I'm travelling up-river to meet the Kokama, 488 00:33:04,661 --> 00:33:09,021 an indigenous community that live in fear of eviction. 489 00:33:12,061 --> 00:33:15,021 But they've been finding unusual pottery, 490 00:33:15,061 --> 00:33:20,181 which they hope will help them to stay in their ancestral home. 491 00:33:24,541 --> 00:33:26,981 The Kokama people believe these artefacts 492 00:33:27,021 --> 00:33:29,421 are from an ancient Amazonian society. 493 00:33:29,461 --> 00:33:32,861 The problem is, we don't even know that they are that old. 494 00:33:32,901 --> 00:33:35,581 We haven't even verified that they are authentic, 495 00:33:35,621 --> 00:33:37,421 and the reason for that is no archaeologist 496 00:33:37,461 --> 00:33:38,981 has actually examined them 497 00:33:39,021 --> 00:33:41,981 and that's because the Kokama are actually quite protective over them 498 00:33:42,021 --> 00:33:44,781 and they are refusing to release them to archaeologists. 499 00:33:44,821 --> 00:33:47,981 And so I'm, I'm feeling somewhat beside myself, 500 00:33:48,021 --> 00:33:49,141 I'm feeling really excited, 501 00:33:49,181 --> 00:33:51,301 because they are actually letting me see them. 502 00:33:53,061 --> 00:33:54,581 We're here. 503 00:33:57,021 --> 00:33:58,541 All right, here we go. 504 00:33:59,901 --> 00:34:03,021 Hi! Nice to meet you. Thank you for having us. 505 00:34:12,261 --> 00:34:14,821 I am really, really honoured to see them. 506 00:34:14,861 --> 00:34:17,181 And thank you, cos I feel like everybody's come out 507 00:34:17,221 --> 00:34:18,621 to see them with me! 508 00:34:20,421 --> 00:34:25,461 The Kokama's lifestyle has continually changed with the times. 509 00:34:26,701 --> 00:34:30,381 But they also claim centuries of history on this land. 510 00:34:31,381 --> 00:34:34,341 And Chief Anildo has made it his life's work 511 00:34:34,381 --> 00:34:37,541 to protect his people from the threat of eviction. 512 00:34:54,381 --> 00:34:57,901 Although they're nervous of outsiders, Chief Anildo has agreed 513 00:34:57,941 --> 00:35:01,061 to show me the artefacts they've discovered nearby. 514 00:35:05,181 --> 00:35:06,181 Ooh! 515 00:35:06,221 --> 00:35:10,621 It's the first time they've shown them to any archaeologist. 516 00:35:10,661 --> 00:35:12,381 Ah, OK. 517 00:35:15,221 --> 00:35:16,981 Oh! 518 00:35:17,021 --> 00:35:20,421 You can see there's quite a bit of design going on here. 519 00:35:20,461 --> 00:35:24,301 Belais and her friend Teresa discovered these pieces 520 00:35:24,341 --> 00:35:26,341 while they were collecting Brazil nuts. 521 00:35:46,861 --> 00:35:49,221 It's hard to tell much from a simple broken pot... 522 00:35:50,221 --> 00:35:52,781 ..but I'm quickly led to another house... 523 00:35:57,341 --> 00:35:59,621 SHE GASPS 524 00:35:59,661 --> 00:36:03,221 ..and what could be an ancient treasure trove. 525 00:36:06,421 --> 00:36:08,541 It's like a hidden museum around here! 526 00:36:10,741 --> 00:36:14,261 Look at that! Oh, my gosh, that's face, isn't it? 527 00:36:14,301 --> 00:36:16,541 This is easily, so far, of everything I've seen, 528 00:36:16,581 --> 00:36:19,021 the most, kind of, intact, and most spectacular, really. 529 00:36:19,061 --> 00:36:23,101 It's an archaeological artefact, it could be ancient, um, 530 00:36:23,141 --> 00:36:25,781 and it's just kind of loitering here in a back bedroom. 531 00:36:27,341 --> 00:36:28,341 It's a delicate situation, 532 00:36:28,381 --> 00:36:31,421 cos these things have been in the ground for a very long time, 533 00:36:31,461 --> 00:36:33,181 and that's what's preserved them. 534 00:36:33,221 --> 00:36:36,661 If they were out in the open air, in this sweltering heat, 535 00:36:36,701 --> 00:36:38,101 they would not have survived. 536 00:36:39,181 --> 00:36:42,301 The concern is that something like this, you want protect it, 537 00:36:42,341 --> 00:36:45,781 and you want to protect it for the Kokama, actually, 538 00:36:45,821 --> 00:36:48,221 not...not just for the archaeologists. 539 00:36:51,941 --> 00:36:55,421 If the pottery can be proved to be ancient artefacts, 540 00:36:55,461 --> 00:36:57,741 it could be powerful evidence 541 00:36:57,781 --> 00:37:01,741 in the case the Kokama are building against eviction. 542 00:37:02,981 --> 00:37:06,501 But they've consistently refused to show the pots to outsiders. 543 00:37:08,221 --> 00:37:10,821 Why were you afraid to let others see them? 544 00:37:26,181 --> 00:37:29,381 They simply don't trust government officials. 545 00:37:29,421 --> 00:37:32,581 They're worried that if the pots are taken away, 546 00:37:32,621 --> 00:37:34,821 they will disappear for good, 547 00:37:34,861 --> 00:37:39,461 ending any hope they have of remaining on their ancestral land. 548 00:37:57,621 --> 00:38:00,821 OK, I'm good with fish. Fish is...fish is good. 549 00:38:00,861 --> 00:38:01,941 Fish is good. 550 00:38:01,981 --> 00:38:05,381 I really hope I can help the Kokama prove 551 00:38:05,421 --> 00:38:09,141 that people have been living here for centuries. 552 00:38:11,101 --> 00:38:14,261 Tomorrow will be the day of reckoning 553 00:38:14,301 --> 00:38:18,021 in their desperate battle against eviction. 554 00:38:19,141 --> 00:38:20,741 Thank you so much, thank you. 555 00:38:20,781 --> 00:38:21,781 Thank you! 556 00:38:22,741 --> 00:38:23,941 Obrigada. 557 00:38:37,221 --> 00:38:41,381 So, I guess today is going to be really dramatic, 558 00:38:41,421 --> 00:38:43,741 and I'm really hoping not traumatic for the Kokama, 559 00:38:43,781 --> 00:38:47,821 because we've organised for a specialist in Amazonian pottery 560 00:38:47,861 --> 00:38:52,101 to come down and to essentially assess and examine the pottery, 561 00:38:52,141 --> 00:38:56,901 so that they can tell us if the pottery is actually ancient or not. 562 00:39:00,301 --> 00:39:04,261 The Kokama have allowed me to invite Eduardo Tamanaha, 563 00:39:04,301 --> 00:39:07,661 an expert in ancient Amazonian artefacts, 564 00:39:07,701 --> 00:39:12,061 to judge whether the pottery really is pre-Columbian, 565 00:39:12,101 --> 00:39:18,021 made before the arrival of the Spanish, more than 500 years ago. 566 00:39:21,061 --> 00:39:22,541 How's it going? Hi. 567 00:39:22,581 --> 00:39:23,821 This is the chief. 568 00:39:29,061 --> 00:39:32,981 The Kokama's hope of proving this is ancient indigenous land 569 00:39:33,021 --> 00:39:36,181 rests on Eduardo's judgment. 570 00:39:42,501 --> 00:39:48,141 And I'm incredibly nervous about how all this might turn out. 571 00:39:48,181 --> 00:39:50,701 Suddenly, I'm... 572 00:39:50,741 --> 00:39:53,821 ..I'm really rooting for this stuff to be pre-Columbian, 573 00:39:53,861 --> 00:39:56,621 because, you know, it is a wonderful community. 574 00:39:56,661 --> 00:40:00,221 You see here, just... The kids, they just come up to you, they say hello. 575 00:40:00,261 --> 00:40:01,461 Hey! 576 00:40:01,501 --> 00:40:03,621 It's quite...upsetting to think that 577 00:40:03,661 --> 00:40:07,821 that might not be the conclusion, you know? This is not pre-Columbian. 578 00:40:13,541 --> 00:40:15,581 But this is archaeology, it's science, 579 00:40:15,621 --> 00:40:18,221 and sometimes you don't get the results that you want. 580 00:40:18,261 --> 00:40:20,541 And it can be, er, upsetting. 581 00:40:21,701 --> 00:40:24,261 That's not a...a nice feeling, at all. 582 00:40:26,061 --> 00:40:29,181 So much here, it's just kind of finding spots for it, 583 00:40:29,221 --> 00:40:30,861 it's like a treasure trove. 584 00:40:34,421 --> 00:40:37,021 It's the moment of truth. 585 00:40:43,301 --> 00:40:45,141 I'm studying your face, Eduardo. 586 00:40:46,181 --> 00:40:48,261 Trying to see if I can see any clues. 587 00:40:52,261 --> 00:40:54,381 Well, what signs are you looking for? 588 00:40:54,421 --> 00:40:57,381 There are some signs that we can see if they are ancient, 589 00:40:57,421 --> 00:40:58,941 or not so ancient. 590 00:40:58,981 --> 00:41:02,341 What type of technology they used to make this pottery. 591 00:41:02,381 --> 00:41:06,621 The colour of the clay, what did they put in the base of this clay, too? 592 00:41:07,781 --> 00:41:11,181 Is there anything interesting that you could tell me maybe about this one? 593 00:41:13,821 --> 00:41:16,741 Well, here, we can see what they put in this clay. 594 00:41:17,821 --> 00:41:19,021 It's the speckliness, right? 595 00:41:19,061 --> 00:41:20,941 Yes. Slight speckles, spot and stuff. 596 00:41:20,981 --> 00:41:25,141 That is from the tree bark that they burn and mix with the clay. 597 00:41:25,181 --> 00:41:27,021 To...to make the pottery. 598 00:41:27,061 --> 00:41:29,261 Oh, gosh, yeah, yeah. We call it "caraipe". 599 00:41:29,301 --> 00:41:31,021 You can actually see that. 600 00:41:31,061 --> 00:41:32,941 Yeah, it's very small. 601 00:41:32,981 --> 00:41:34,901 And it is a very old technology. 602 00:41:36,661 --> 00:41:38,141 All right, this one. 603 00:41:39,221 --> 00:41:40,501 Hm... 604 00:41:41,581 --> 00:41:45,941 That's very interesting, because you can see here the Yuma face. 605 00:41:45,981 --> 00:41:48,701 Right? Yeah. We have here the Yuma face. Uh-huh. 606 00:41:48,741 --> 00:41:50,901 Probably they mixed something with red, 607 00:41:50,941 --> 00:41:53,541 to make the eyes, the ears, the nose. 608 00:41:53,581 --> 00:41:56,941 It's very typical on archaeological sites in the Amazon. 609 00:41:58,141 --> 00:42:00,901 So, I guess this is the big moment. 610 00:42:00,941 --> 00:42:03,821 Um...what's your professional opinion? 611 00:42:03,861 --> 00:42:08,381 Well, definitely, with no doubt, it is all ancient pottery. 612 00:42:08,421 --> 00:42:14,661 All of this is pre-Columbian, and probably with 1,000 or 1,500 years ago. 613 00:42:14,701 --> 00:42:16,901 Shut up! That's amazing, really? Yeah. 614 00:42:16,941 --> 00:42:17,941 Oh, my gosh. 615 00:42:17,981 --> 00:42:19,381 I'm so glad! 616 00:42:19,421 --> 00:42:21,461 I feel really, really excited with that, 617 00:42:21,501 --> 00:42:23,981 because it is a great collection that they have. 618 00:42:24,021 --> 00:42:25,461 That is really amazing. 619 00:42:32,141 --> 00:42:33,381 Eduardo? 620 00:42:33,421 --> 00:42:35,381 You're Brazilian, do you want to... 621 00:42:35,421 --> 00:42:37,661 ..do you want to tell them the good news? 622 00:42:54,341 --> 00:42:56,861 APPLAUSE Yeah! 623 00:42:59,701 --> 00:43:01,021 Give us a high one. 624 00:43:01,061 --> 00:43:03,341 It really couldn't be better news. 625 00:43:03,381 --> 00:43:06,741 It's persuasive evidence that indigenous people, 626 00:43:06,781 --> 00:43:08,661 probably Kokama themselves, 627 00:43:08,701 --> 00:43:13,981 have lived here for well over 1,000 years. 628 00:43:20,901 --> 00:43:23,341 It means their ancestors may well 629 00:43:23,381 --> 00:43:26,381 have been part of those great civilisations... 630 00:43:27,981 --> 00:43:30,741 ..that the Spanish missionary, Carvajal, 631 00:43:30,781 --> 00:43:33,021 witnessed all those centuries ago. 632 00:43:35,301 --> 00:43:37,221 CHIEF SNIFFLES 633 00:43:38,381 --> 00:43:39,621 God, this is... 634 00:43:42,421 --> 00:43:43,821 Chief, how are you feeling, 635 00:43:43,861 --> 00:43:47,941 and what does this mean for you, and for the Kokama? 636 00:44:28,661 --> 00:44:30,861 APPLAUSE 637 00:44:35,461 --> 00:44:40,861 It's a moving end to the first part of my epic mission. 638 00:44:40,901 --> 00:44:45,141 To explore how the story of the ancient Amazon 639 00:44:45,181 --> 00:44:49,941 is being completely rewritten by brand-new discoveries. 640 00:44:55,181 --> 00:44:58,581 What I've seen in the Amazon has blown my mind. 641 00:44:59,861 --> 00:45:02,621 Because it has completely changed my perception. 642 00:45:04,901 --> 00:45:06,901 See, we thought of the Amazon, historically, 643 00:45:06,941 --> 00:45:10,181 as being this wilderness with a few indigenous groups in it. 644 00:45:11,781 --> 00:45:15,421 But we're finding out that, actually, just a few hundred years ago, 645 00:45:15,461 --> 00:45:17,901 complex societies existed in the Amazon. 646 00:45:17,941 --> 00:45:21,301 Societies with infrastructure, with roads, with hierarchy. 647 00:45:22,501 --> 00:45:26,581 But my Amazon adventure is only just beginning, 648 00:45:26,621 --> 00:45:29,221 and I want to find out so much more. 649 00:45:29,261 --> 00:45:31,141 How did they get here? 650 00:45:32,261 --> 00:45:35,861 How did they survive and thrive in such large numbers, 651 00:45:35,901 --> 00:45:38,021 in such an inhospitable place? 652 00:45:42,741 --> 00:45:47,221 Next time, I'm going deep into dangerous Columbian territory... 653 00:45:47,261 --> 00:45:50,461 We basically got our visa from a bunch of rebels. 654 00:45:51,901 --> 00:45:55,581 ..to discover never-seen-before ancient rock art. 655 00:45:57,021 --> 00:45:59,901 This is the prehistoric Sistine Chapel. 656 00:46:02,141 --> 00:46:06,581 I come face-to-face with the remains of ancient Amazonians. 657 00:46:07,741 --> 00:46:08,941 They are 6,000 years old. 658 00:46:11,101 --> 00:46:13,421 And I meet a people who are changing the story... 659 00:46:13,461 --> 00:46:17,061 You share DNA with people in Australia. 660 00:46:17,101 --> 00:46:20,341 ..of one of the greatest ever human journeys. 661 00:46:44,301 --> 00:46:47,301 Subtitles by Red Bee Media 51069

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