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♪ [Marching band music]
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Madison, Wisconsin 1963...
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Year-end news in review.
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Madison, Wisconsin, 1963...
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The city voted "the Best Place
to Live in America,"
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and the home of
the University of Wisconsin.
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Fanning out along 4 lakes,
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surrounded by dairy farms
and cheese factories,
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Madison's elm-lined streets
stretch like slow dancers
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from the state capitol.
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♪ [Marching band music
continues]
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Madison, Wisconsin, 1963...
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It was an unprecedented
boom year for Madison.
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More than 50 new
retail stores opened,
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the University's enrollment
jumped 8%,
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the suburbs grew and
commuter bus ridership swelled.
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♪ [More marching band music]
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Everyone did "“The Twist."”
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Stiletto thin pants are worn so
tight they look like tattoos,
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and bouffant hair-dos
balloon out just like
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madras shirt-waist dresses.
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Ron Vander Kelen, the Badgers'
star quarterback,
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hurled the pigskin in the
3rd largest football stadium
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in the Big Ten,
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leading
the University of Wisconsin
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all the way to the Rose Bowl.
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Madison is
the American prescription.
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It's the All-American town.
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♪ [Marching band music fades
out]
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Ken, why do you plan to burn
your personal check in front of
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the Internal Revenue Service
building
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here in Madison this morning.
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I would like to protest
against the income tax system
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because of where
most of the money goes.
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Fifty cents
on the dollar goes for
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what the government likes
to call "national defense,"
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euphemistically, "defense."
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And 10% is earmarked
especially for Vietnam,
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which I consider to be
an immoral war.
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I should really know
how to start a fire,
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I was an Eagle Scout
when I was a kid.
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♪ [Guitar music with harmonica]
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♪ Oh the foes will rise with
the sleep still in their eyes
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♪ and they'll jerk from their
beds and think they're dreamin'
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♪ But they'll pinch themselves
and squeal
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♪ and they'll know
that it's for real
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♪ the hour that the ship comes
in
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♪ And they'll raise their hands,
say we'll meet all your demands
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♪ and we'll shout from the bow
your days are numbered
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♪ And like Pharaoh's tribe,
they'll be drownded in the tide
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♪ And like Goliath
they'll be conquered
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It was just a year ago
that you ordered
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stepped up aid to Vietnam.
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There seems to be a good deal
of discouragement
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about the progress.
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Can you give us your assessment?
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No, we are putting in
a major effort in Vietnam.
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As you know, we have about
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10 or 11 times as many men there
as we had a year ago.
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They are...
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We've had
a number of casualties.
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We've put in
an awful lot of equipment.
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We're going ahead with
the Strategic Hamlet proposal.
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Some phases,
the military program
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has been quite successful.
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There is
great difficulty however
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in fighting a guerilla war.
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You need 10 to one or 11 to one,
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especially in terrain
as difficult as South Vietnam.
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But I'm...
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So we're not...
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We don't see the end of
the tunnel but I must say,
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I don't think it's darker
than it was a year ago.
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In some ways, lighter.
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When I first came to Madison,
I was looking for something
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I could do to help change
what was going on,
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and I just happened
to run into some people
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who were working with
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Americans for Reappraisal
of Far Eastern Policy.
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In working with that group,
I looked into
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a lot of U.S. foreign policy.
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And foreign policy
was directed to getting control
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of the Far East
or the Pacific Basin.
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So I began to see this
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as I looked through
Eisenhower's statements
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and some of the others.
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Now let us assume
that we lose Indochina.
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If Indochina goes,
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the tin and the tungsten
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that we so greatly value from
that area would cease coming.
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Somewhere along the line,
this must be blocked.
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It must be blocked now.
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So by the time Vietnam
really became an issue I was...
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I had already looked into the
background of our policy there.
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Today, the United States
is in Vietnam...
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The first
antiwar demonstrations
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specifically involving Vietnam
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took place in October,
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about mid-October of 1963,
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a month before President Kennedy
was assassinated.
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And the main thrust
of the demonstration was to
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to attack the presence of U.S.
military advisors in Vietnam.
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It seemed there must have been
about 150, maybe 200 people
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who were present, listening
to a number of speeches.
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I don't know that anybody felt
that they were
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going to accomplish anything
by being there.
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They were there more
as a matter of principle.
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...we become totally receptive
and we walk along like sheep.
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♪ [Dramatic background music]
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Swift and sure has been
U.S. retaliation
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for communist P.T. Boat attacks
on the high seas.
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This is theMaddox,
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one of the two destroyers
that were attacked while
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patrolling international waters
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in the Gulf of Tonkin
near North Vietnam.
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Warplanes from two carriers,
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theTiconderoga
and theConstellation
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avenged the unwarranted
red assault
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with 64 sorties to
North Vietnam P.T. bases.
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The U.S. sorties were launched
for one purpose...
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as a warning to the communists
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that unprovoked attacks
will bring prompt response.
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Now the story was false
to begin with
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because the destroyer Maddox
was not on a routine patrol
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in international waters.
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She had penetrated the coastal
waters of South Vietnam.
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She was within their waters.
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She was a spy ship.
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She was not on a routine patrol
like a destroyer.
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She had been equipped
the week before with
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elaborate electronic devices,
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and she was doing this
at a very time when
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South Vietnamese P.T. boats,
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supplied by the United States,
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with crews trained by
the United States,
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were bombarding
the North Vietnamese ports.
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In other words, we were engaged
in an act of aggression
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at the very time Johnson
was preparing to claim
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that we were
fighting aggression.
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We Americans know,
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although others
appear to forget,
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the risk of spreading conflicts.
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We still seek no wider war.
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One...
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Two...
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Three...
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Four...
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Five...
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Seven...
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Six...
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00:08:07,245 --> 00:08:08,349
Six...
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Eight...
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Nine...
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Ten, nine, eight, seven,
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six, five, four, three,
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two, one, zero.
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[Thunderous nuclear blast]
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[President Lyndon B. Johnson]
These are the stakes...
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To make a world in which
all of God's children can live.
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Or to go into the darkness.
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We must either
love each other...
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Or we must die.
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[Narrator] Vote for
President Johnson on November 3.
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The stakes are too high
for you to stay home.
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A month before the election,
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President Johnson said that
he was not going
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to send American troops
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to fight a war that
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Asian troops
should fight themselves.
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♪ Fighting soldiers from the sky
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♪ Fearless men who jump and die
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♪ Men who mean
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♪ just what they say
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♪ The brave men
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♪ of the Green Berets
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On this Monday morning
in Vietnam,
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at my direction,
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United States aircraft
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have struck the lines of supply
which support
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the continuing movement
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of men and arms
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against the people and
the government of South Vietnam.
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Our air strikes on North Vietnam
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from the beginning
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have been aimed
at military targets
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and have been controlled
with the greatest of care.
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[Explosion]
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So when the bombings start,
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the demonstrations immediately
pick up,
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and the community in effect
was ready to react to it.
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There was already
a highly mobile,
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politically sophisticated group
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that was the core of
a couple hundred people
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who over the next 4 or 5 years
were really
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in my estimation, the heart
of the Antiwar Movement.
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What do you think of
this protest demonstration
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against the actions in Vietnam?
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All they're doing is
giving propaganda to
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the North Vietnamese,
the Red Chinese
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00:10:37,395 --> 00:10:38,672
or the Communists.
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00:10:38,776 --> 00:10:40,191
And I think...
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00:10:40,294 --> 00:10:42,849
if they would sit down
intelligently...
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go over what is
being done in Washington,
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00:10:46,369 --> 00:10:48,130
they might go along
with President Johnson,
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00:10:48,233 --> 00:10:49,890
cause he is trying
to get out of there,
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00:10:49,994 --> 00:10:53,066
but he's doing it in a little
bit more diplomatic way.
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00:10:53,169 --> 00:10:56,276
The first day I got off the bus
almost in Madison,
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I saw the literature table of
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The Committee to End
The War In Vietnam.
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00:11:00,867 --> 00:11:03,283
That was quite a shock,
cause I was still
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00:11:03,386 --> 00:11:05,595
basically coming out
of northern New York,
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00:11:05,699 --> 00:11:07,390
an all-American boy
213
00:11:07,494 --> 00:11:10,186
whose political values
were conservative.
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00:11:10,290 --> 00:11:13,396
But also I was quite curious,
so I always took the literature.
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00:11:13,500 --> 00:11:16,779
This was after I'd already
been enrolled in ROTC.
216
00:11:17,677 --> 00:11:20,369
When I first went to the
university, my father said,
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00:11:20,472 --> 00:11:22,440
"Don't get involved
in any organizations.
218
00:11:22,543 --> 00:11:24,580
"Don't get involved
in any demonstrations
219
00:11:24,684 --> 00:11:27,825
"because the government
will get your name
220
00:11:27,928 --> 00:11:29,827
"and they'll put it
in their file and
221
00:11:29,930 --> 00:11:32,208
"they'll use it against you
for the rest of your life."
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00:11:32,312 --> 00:11:36,350
So I said, "Well," I said
to myself, "I'm not getting...
223
00:11:36,454 --> 00:11:39,181
"I'll just stand by
the sidelines,
224
00:11:39,284 --> 00:11:41,735
"and watch
and see what's going on here,
225
00:11:41,839 --> 00:11:43,875
"but I don't want
to get involved."
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00:11:43,979 --> 00:11:46,706
I finally decided I was gonna go
to an SDS meeting.
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00:11:46,809 --> 00:11:49,570
I remember the night
I decided I was gonna go,
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00:11:49,674 --> 00:11:52,781
I ate dinner and then
I decided I wasn't gonna go
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00:11:52,884 --> 00:11:54,955
cause I was sure
there was something that
230
00:11:55,059 --> 00:11:57,440
I was going to get in trouble
about for going to the meeting.
231
00:11:57,544 --> 00:12:00,754
Then I decided I would go,
then I decided I wouldn't.
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00:12:00,858 --> 00:12:02,307
I decided I'd walk down
by the union
233
00:12:02,411 --> 00:12:03,584
and see what was going on.
234
00:12:03,688 --> 00:12:05,586
Maybe I'd go in,
maybe I wouldn't.
235
00:12:05,690 --> 00:12:07,865
Finally, I said,
"To hell with it,
236
00:12:07,968 --> 00:12:09,625
"I'm being intimidated,
237
00:12:09,729 --> 00:12:11,006
"I'm supposed to be able
to do what I want."
238
00:12:11,109 --> 00:12:12,455
So I went to the meeting.
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00:12:12,559 --> 00:12:15,251
What attracted me about SDS
was the fact that
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00:12:15,355 --> 00:12:17,909
they were interested
in the total picture.
241
00:12:18,151 --> 00:12:20,705
It wasn't an antiwar group
in any sense at all.
242
00:12:20,809 --> 00:12:23,570
My feeling was that
there had to be a total change.
243
00:12:23,673 --> 00:12:25,365
I wasn't really interested
in politics,
244
00:12:25,468 --> 00:12:26,780
I was just tired of the life
245
00:12:26,884 --> 00:12:29,507
that was being presented to me,
and I wanted to change that.
246
00:12:30,059 --> 00:12:32,475
I recall now that at that time
247
00:12:32,579 --> 00:12:35,064
it was a relatively
quiet campus.
248
00:12:35,168 --> 00:12:38,240
And someone told me
when I took the job that
249
00:12:38,550 --> 00:12:41,968
my most difficult job would be
dealing with the ruffled dignity
250
00:12:42,071 --> 00:12:45,005
of a professor who had a problem
with his parking ticket.
251
00:12:45,109 --> 00:12:47,525
Well, of course, that's
all changed...
252
00:12:47,836 --> 00:12:51,391
And I soon saw that the campus
was anything but
253
00:12:51,494 --> 00:12:52,944
a quiet campus.
254
00:12:53,289 --> 00:12:55,050
There were extensive
demonstrations
255
00:12:55,153 --> 00:12:56,051
all over the country,
256
00:12:56,154 --> 00:12:58,536
not just in the Madisons
or the Berkeleys
257
00:12:58,639 --> 00:13:00,055
or the East Coast universities.
258
00:13:00,158 --> 00:13:02,091
I remember Iowa and
the University of Illinois
259
00:13:02,195 --> 00:13:04,335
had had demonstrations
and in reaction
260
00:13:04,438 --> 00:13:06,751
to the bombings in Vietnam.
261
00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:09,581
So what happened is
the government sent out
262
00:13:09,685 --> 00:13:11,514
these "truth teams"
to the campuses.
263
00:13:11,618 --> 00:13:14,034
And they were gonna go
from campus to campus,
264
00:13:14,138 --> 00:13:17,382
and tell us the morality
of what was taking place
265
00:13:17,486 --> 00:13:19,833
and the political
justification for it.
266
00:13:19,937 --> 00:13:23,492
I think one of the problems
you people are gonna have is
267
00:13:23,595 --> 00:13:26,840
you think by coming here and
telling us what the policy is,
268
00:13:27,116 --> 00:13:28,669
then we will agree with it.
269
00:13:28,773 --> 00:13:30,602
I think you're working
under the assumption
270
00:13:30,706 --> 00:13:32,777
that we don't realize
what the policy is.
271
00:13:32,881 --> 00:13:34,158
I don't think anything...
272
00:13:34,261 --> 00:13:37,817
This is what Johnson has told us
and this is what we understand.
273
00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:40,578
This is what we understand
by these missions.
274
00:13:40,681 --> 00:13:42,752
Have I said anything
to you at all?
275
00:13:42,856 --> 00:13:43,926
I'm telling you
what I understand.
276
00:13:44,030 --> 00:13:46,826
All I plan to do is,
as I said earlier,
277
00:13:46,929 --> 00:13:48,620
to come here with this group
278
00:13:48,724 --> 00:13:50,312
to share our experience
with you
279
00:13:50,415 --> 00:13:52,245
to discuss this question
with you.
280
00:13:52,486 --> 00:13:56,214
They would go and they'd lecture
for half an hour, 45 minutes.
281
00:13:56,318 --> 00:13:59,562
I remember the kind of thing
we went through...
282
00:13:59,666 --> 00:14:02,255
The representative of the
Defense Department was asked,
283
00:14:02,358 --> 00:14:04,050
"What does napalm do?"
284
00:14:04,153 --> 00:14:06,915
So he gave a technical
description of napalm,
285
00:14:07,018 --> 00:14:09,193
being a gel and so on.
286
00:14:09,296 --> 00:14:10,919
The crowd was rumbling.
287
00:14:11,022 --> 00:14:13,645
Question came up,
"What does napalm do?"
288
00:14:13,749 --> 00:14:16,925
He says,
"Well, it can catch on fire."
289
00:14:17,028 --> 00:14:20,618
Kept on hitting away,
"What does napalm really do?"
290
00:14:20,721 --> 00:14:23,103
The general said, "You really
want to know what it does?
291
00:14:23,207 --> 00:14:25,450
"It burns, it burns people."
292
00:14:25,554 --> 00:14:26,693
Finally out of frustration,
293
00:14:26,796 --> 00:14:28,419
he decided
to just tell the truth,
294
00:14:28,522 --> 00:14:30,214
which everybody already knew.
295
00:14:30,317 --> 00:14:33,182
It was a good thing
to confront students
296
00:14:33,286 --> 00:14:35,805
with what you called
a "truth squad".
297
00:14:36,047 --> 00:14:38,878
And a lot of students
are much more convinced now
298
00:14:38,981 --> 00:14:41,259
than they were before
that we're not very likely
299
00:14:41,363 --> 00:14:44,228
to get candid answers from
anyone in the administration
300
00:14:44,573 --> 00:14:47,058
in defense of our policy
in Vietnam.
301
00:15:02,971 --> 00:15:07,285
It was in the spring of 1965
that we saw the first...
302
00:15:08,010 --> 00:15:10,564
overt action
against the government.
303
00:15:10,910 --> 00:15:13,395
About 8 to 12 people, I can't
remember the exact number,
304
00:15:13,498 --> 00:15:16,950
went out to the airbase
here in Madison to, in effect,
305
00:15:17,054 --> 00:15:20,920
a citizen's arrest of the
base commander for war crimes.
306
00:15:21,023 --> 00:15:23,474
The airbase was a symbol of the
military in our community and
307
00:15:23,577 --> 00:15:25,683
that's where the confrontation
had to take place.
308
00:15:25,786 --> 00:15:28,306
The leaders of the Antiwar
Movement were infuriated.
309
00:15:28,410 --> 00:15:29,929
The whole issue
of civil disobedience
310
00:15:30,032 --> 00:15:31,240
threatened the hell out of them
311
00:15:31,344 --> 00:15:33,863
because they felt that only
legalistic methods would attract
312
00:15:33,967 --> 00:15:36,142
the majority of middle class
students they hoped to reach
313
00:15:36,245 --> 00:15:37,522
as members of the community.
314
00:15:37,626 --> 00:15:39,800
There were threats that came
into us from Truax Airbase
315
00:15:39,904 --> 00:15:41,009
that we would be shot.
316
00:15:41,112 --> 00:15:43,252
The place was covered
with journalists.
317
00:15:43,356 --> 00:15:47,567
We asked to see the head of the
airbase to have him informed
318
00:15:47,670 --> 00:15:49,258
that we wanted
entrance to the base
319
00:15:49,362 --> 00:15:50,950
and that we planned
to arrest him.
320
00:15:51,053 --> 00:15:52,468
He refused to come out.
321
00:15:52,572 --> 00:15:54,884
We maintained
our presence there and
322
00:15:54,988 --> 00:15:58,060
people were arrested
and carried away to jail.
323
00:15:58,819 --> 00:16:01,926
[Protesters chanting]
324
00:16:08,277 --> 00:16:11,694
What do you think of the
Peace Movement in this country?
325
00:16:11,798 --> 00:16:14,732
I don't think that the people
that are advocating it
326
00:16:14,835 --> 00:16:19,254
or standing behind it understand
the overall situation.
327
00:16:19,357 --> 00:16:21,946
They don't understand
the Asiatic mind
328
00:16:22,050 --> 00:16:24,949
and they don't understand
that we're endeavoring to stop
329
00:16:25,053 --> 00:16:27,331
communism on the line
over there,
330
00:16:27,434 --> 00:16:30,265
and not permit it to spread
to free nations.
331
00:16:30,610 --> 00:16:32,992
A number of us, including
332
00:16:33,095 --> 00:16:36,719
Congressman Ben Rosenthal,
who is here today with me,
333
00:16:36,823 --> 00:16:40,861
had asked that the Foreign
Affairs Committee hold hearings,
334
00:16:40,965 --> 00:16:43,968
public hearings,
on the question of Vietnam.
335
00:16:44,520 --> 00:16:46,246
They have not done so.
336
00:16:46,798 --> 00:16:48,386
It is my feeling then
337
00:16:48,490 --> 00:16:51,527
that if there are not to be
hearings in Washington
338
00:16:51,631 --> 00:16:53,564
on this crucial question,
339
00:16:53,840 --> 00:16:57,671
we ought to have hearings
at the grassroots, back home.
340
00:16:57,775 --> 00:17:02,124
And this, as far as I know, is
the first effort of this type.
341
00:17:03,091 --> 00:17:05,610
This hearing is a brave thing.
342
00:17:05,714 --> 00:17:08,268
And it is good that it is
first held in the Midwest
343
00:17:08,372 --> 00:17:12,031
which has often been called
"“a hotbed of lethargy."”
344
00:17:12,479 --> 00:17:16,000
What is not good is that we
must wait until a time of crisis
345
00:17:16,104 --> 00:17:19,452
before putting the machinery
of democracy into high gear.
346
00:17:19,555 --> 00:17:20,522
Gentlemen...
347
00:17:20,625 --> 00:17:23,042
I ask you
to tell your colleagues
348
00:17:23,145 --> 00:17:24,974
that we in the Peace Center
349
00:17:25,078 --> 00:17:28,012
like thousands of students
throughout this country
350
00:17:28,116 --> 00:17:30,635
are willing
to defend and support
351
00:17:30,739 --> 00:17:33,121
democratic and social revolution
352
00:17:33,224 --> 00:17:36,469
if only this government
has the courage to do so.
353
00:17:36,572 --> 00:17:38,264
But if it does not,
354
00:17:38,367 --> 00:17:41,750
we believe that
this government must be changed.
355
00:17:42,613 --> 00:17:44,891
After having heard
about the hearings,
356
00:17:44,994 --> 00:17:48,170
I felt it my duty
to speak out my concern.
357
00:17:48,653 --> 00:17:51,760
I have four children
and I'm a housewife.
358
00:17:51,863 --> 00:17:55,004
I have never done anything
political other than voting,
359
00:17:55,108 --> 00:17:58,284
and I'm not particularly
interested in politics.
360
00:17:58,387 --> 00:18:02,391
But I do read the papers,
and I'm confused by the news.
361
00:18:02,495 --> 00:18:04,048
I talk to people
362
00:18:04,152 --> 00:18:06,568
and I don't like what I hear.
363
00:18:06,671 --> 00:18:11,193
If this war is so unpredictable
and goes on for 6 years,
364
00:18:11,504 --> 00:18:13,471
7 years, decades...
365
00:18:13,954 --> 00:18:16,992
my children could be drawn
into this horror.
366
00:18:17,096 --> 00:18:20,478
I have read and heard about
some of the atrocities,
367
00:18:20,582 --> 00:18:22,687
and it is unbearable
for me to know
368
00:18:22,791 --> 00:18:25,138
that our boys are taught
and made
369
00:18:25,242 --> 00:18:28,176
to use
napalm and phosphorous bombs.
370
00:18:28,969 --> 00:18:31,834
I try to teach my children
the value
371
00:18:31,938 --> 00:18:34,182
of individual human worth,
372
00:18:34,285 --> 00:18:37,323
and I don't want this
destroyed by my country.
373
00:18:37,668 --> 00:18:41,016
I do not have
a solution to the war,
374
00:18:41,258 --> 00:18:44,123
but I do want a solution,
and I want you to find it.
375
00:18:44,226 --> 00:18:45,469
Thank you.
376
00:18:46,539 --> 00:18:48,955
[Applause]
377
00:18:55,617 --> 00:18:59,483
♪ Oh I marched to the battle
of New Orleans
378
00:18:59,586 --> 00:19:02,624
♪ at the end of
the early British war
379
00:19:03,314 --> 00:19:07,249
♪ The young land started
growing,
the young blood started flowing
380
00:19:07,353 --> 00:19:10,149
♪ But I ain't marchin' anymore
381
00:19:12,358 --> 00:19:14,153
♪ For I've killed
my share of Injuns
382
00:19:14,256 --> 00:19:16,085
♪ in a thousand different fights
383
00:19:16,189 --> 00:19:19,537
♪ I was there at
the Little Big Horn
384
00:19:19,641 --> 00:19:23,610
♪ I heard many men a-lying,
I saw many more a-dying
385
00:19:23,714 --> 00:19:26,648
♪ but I ain't marchin' anymore
386
00:19:26,958 --> 00:19:30,859
♪ It's always the old to lead us
to the wars
387
00:19:30,962 --> 00:19:34,207
♪ Always the young to fall
388
00:19:34,311 --> 00:19:38,004
♪ Now look at all we've won
with the saber and the gun
389
00:19:38,107 --> 00:19:41,352
♪ Tell me is it worth it all?
390
00:19:41,870 --> 00:19:43,872
[Protesters]
Hell, no! We won't go!
391
00:19:43,975 --> 00:19:46,150
Hell, no! We won't go!
392
00:19:51,845 --> 00:19:53,675
I wasn't gonna go,
that much I knew.
393
00:19:53,778 --> 00:19:55,297
I had already made a decision,
no matter what happened,
394
00:19:55,401 --> 00:19:56,574
I wasn't going.
395
00:19:56,678 --> 00:19:59,646
So it wasn't that difficult
to cope with the situation.
396
00:19:59,922 --> 00:20:01,303
This is just at the time now
397
00:20:01,407 --> 00:20:03,754
when the draft card burnings
were taking place.
398
00:20:03,857 --> 00:20:06,239
And the draft then
was just merely
399
00:20:06,343 --> 00:20:08,207
a means of which to attack
400
00:20:08,310 --> 00:20:12,003
the military and try
and disrupt the military effort.
401
00:20:12,487 --> 00:20:14,074
The draft was very important
at that time
402
00:20:14,178 --> 00:20:15,766
to our young people because
403
00:20:15,869 --> 00:20:20,253
everyone at college age
was a potential for
404
00:20:20,357 --> 00:20:22,462
serving in the armed forces.
405
00:20:22,566 --> 00:20:24,982
This meant an interruption
to their education.
406
00:20:25,085 --> 00:20:28,951
Also it meant potentially
the effect of them
407
00:20:29,055 --> 00:20:31,437
fighting in an unpopular war.
408
00:20:31,713 --> 00:20:33,991
That was spring of '66.
409
00:20:34,094 --> 00:20:35,544
The government was trying to get
410
00:20:35,648 --> 00:20:37,684
more and more people
to fight in Vietnam.
411
00:20:37,788 --> 00:20:38,892
For the first time,
412
00:20:38,996 --> 00:20:41,032
they were talking about
drafting college students.
413
00:20:41,136 --> 00:20:42,724
so this meant that
not only poor people
414
00:20:42,827 --> 00:20:44,381
were going to have to
fight in Vietnam,
415
00:20:44,484 --> 00:20:47,453
but also children
of the middle class.
416
00:20:48,039 --> 00:20:51,215
If you took this test
as a college student,
417
00:20:51,319 --> 00:20:53,286
you passed the test,
you got to stay in school.
418
00:20:53,390 --> 00:20:55,771
If you flunked the test,
you got sent to Vietnam
419
00:20:55,875 --> 00:20:56,876
is basically what it was.
420
00:20:56,979 --> 00:20:58,981
You lost your student deferment.
421
00:20:59,085 --> 00:21:03,192
So they would have these tests
out at the Field House,
422
00:21:03,296 --> 00:21:04,953
and we went out there
and we would picket.
423
00:21:05,056 --> 00:21:08,819
And eventually some demands were
drafted against the university,
424
00:21:08,922 --> 00:21:10,924
insisting that they not
425
00:21:11,028 --> 00:21:12,995
participate with the
Selective Service System,
426
00:21:13,099 --> 00:21:14,721
that they not send in
grade points,
427
00:21:14,825 --> 00:21:16,965
that they not give
the test on campus.
428
00:21:17,310 --> 00:21:19,623
And these demands were delivered
to the university
429
00:21:19,726 --> 00:21:21,452
with an ultimatum.
430
00:21:21,556 --> 00:21:22,695
Well...
431
00:21:22,798 --> 00:21:23,972
"Do it or else."
432
00:21:24,075 --> 00:21:25,387
I don't remember
whether we said
433
00:21:25,491 --> 00:21:26,975
what "the else" was.
434
00:21:27,078 --> 00:21:30,012
Well some of the politicos,
shall we say,
435
00:21:30,116 --> 00:21:33,464
the professional
BS-ers that we had around them
436
00:21:33,568 --> 00:21:36,536
were up negotiating
with the administration.
437
00:21:36,778 --> 00:21:38,297
a meeting was held in front of
438
00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:40,091
the administration building
439
00:21:40,195 --> 00:21:41,748
to hear the answer.
440
00:21:41,852 --> 00:21:44,303
Well, none of the politicos
were there yet,
441
00:21:44,406 --> 00:21:47,651
so myself and Bob Zwicker
and John Cumbler
442
00:21:47,754 --> 00:21:50,895
moved that we take over
the Administration Building.
443
00:21:50,999 --> 00:21:52,863
And the people who
were there said, "Sure".
444
00:21:52,966 --> 00:21:54,278
And we all walked in
and sat down.
445
00:21:54,554 --> 00:21:55,728
The sit-in started.
446
00:21:55,831 --> 00:21:57,730
There was an underground network
of people
447
00:21:57,833 --> 00:21:59,697
putting out the word to go in...
448
00:21:59,939 --> 00:22:02,217
to sit in at the new
Administration Building.
449
00:22:02,321 --> 00:22:03,563
It was fairly ingenious.
450
00:22:03,667 --> 00:22:04,806
People were being asked
to go in
451
00:22:04,909 --> 00:22:07,636
and get copies
of their transcripts duplicated,
452
00:22:07,740 --> 00:22:09,949
saying that they'd
lost their student ID cards.
453
00:22:10,052 --> 00:22:11,295
All kinds of things like that.
454
00:22:11,399 --> 00:22:13,366
to get into the building and
have access
455
00:22:13,470 --> 00:22:15,713
prior to the time
the building closed,
456
00:22:15,817 --> 00:22:20,166
so as not to alert the fact that
there was something coming down.
457
00:22:20,269 --> 00:22:23,963
And slowly over the hours,
it begins to grow,
458
00:22:24,204 --> 00:22:26,621
so that by after dinner
that evening,
459
00:22:26,724 --> 00:22:30,418
I guess there probably were
1,000, 1,500 in the building.
460
00:22:30,521 --> 00:22:33,110
I was in the building
most of the time.
461
00:22:33,213 --> 00:22:36,838
I was down there in a sense
for temperature control.
462
00:22:37,321 --> 00:22:39,875
And my observations
were such that,
463
00:22:39,979 --> 00:22:43,258
that I saw no evidence
of any hostility here.
464
00:22:43,707 --> 00:22:46,192
But in evening,
during the evening hours,
465
00:22:46,295 --> 00:22:47,883
the crowds would swell.
466
00:22:47,987 --> 00:22:49,678
There would be various speakers
467
00:22:49,782 --> 00:22:52,163
speaking on the issue of
the war in Vietnam and
468
00:22:52,267 --> 00:22:54,580
and the draft
and how it affected
469
00:22:54,683 --> 00:22:56,478
young people who had them.
470
00:22:56,720 --> 00:22:58,860
This is what I'd come
to the university for
471
00:22:58,963 --> 00:23:00,551
and never found it
in any classes.
472
00:23:00,655 --> 00:23:04,141
There was a real feeling
of openness, of learning,
473
00:23:04,244 --> 00:23:06,419
that people were studying
together actually
474
00:23:06,523 --> 00:23:07,938
right there in the building
475
00:23:08,041 --> 00:23:10,803
because the draft was not
the only issue.
476
00:23:10,906 --> 00:23:13,012
The wider issue was
the war in Vietnam,
477
00:23:13,115 --> 00:23:15,221
and people were talking about
the war in Vietnam.
478
00:23:15,532 --> 00:23:17,637
I was learning things
I had never learned before
479
00:23:17,741 --> 00:23:19,984
and I was learning them in a way
I had never learned before.
480
00:23:20,088 --> 00:23:22,435
The major thing that
I got out of that sit-in,
481
00:23:22,539 --> 00:23:25,576
I think everybody else did was
a sense of doing things together
482
00:23:25,818 --> 00:23:27,060
of fighting back together.
483
00:23:27,164 --> 00:23:28,890
There was an incredible
sense of community that
484
00:23:28,993 --> 00:23:31,927
I don't think anybody had ever
experienced in there before.
485
00:23:32,031 --> 00:23:34,585
The thing lasted
for maybe 4 or 5 days,
486
00:23:34,689 --> 00:23:36,484
and during the course
of that time,
487
00:23:36,587 --> 00:23:39,418
the Wisconsin Student
Association voted its support,
488
00:23:39,521 --> 00:23:41,765
the first political stand
it had ever made.
489
00:23:41,868 --> 00:23:45,009
The Inter-Fraternity Council
voted its support.
490
00:23:45,113 --> 00:23:47,529
The student newspaper,
The Daily Cardinal,
491
00:23:47,633 --> 00:23:49,704
supported it, the first
thing it had ever done.
492
00:23:50,049 --> 00:23:53,121
That forced fraternity people
to think about the war.
493
00:23:53,224 --> 00:23:55,503
And I was much more,
I guess I was
494
00:23:55,606 --> 00:23:59,058
in the liberal wing
by that time of my fraternity.
495
00:23:59,403 --> 00:24:02,441
And we supported the sit-in.
496
00:24:05,789 --> 00:24:08,447
If you can show us how to
get out of Vietnam without
497
00:24:08,550 --> 00:24:10,138
destroying the freedom,
498
00:24:10,241 --> 00:24:12,554
what little freedom
is left there,
499
00:24:14,763 --> 00:24:17,490
we'll put the placards
that are around here
500
00:24:17,594 --> 00:24:19,837
in the hall of fame...
501
00:24:20,286 --> 00:24:22,702
rather than the hall of shame.
502
00:24:25,187 --> 00:24:27,431
The truth is that the protest
503
00:24:27,949 --> 00:24:30,227
has but one alternative...
504
00:24:30,330 --> 00:24:31,711
Just leave.
505
00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:33,817
Just leave.
506
00:24:34,093 --> 00:24:36,233
That's what Hitler said.
507
00:24:37,061 --> 00:24:39,512
We do not intend to just leave.
508
00:24:40,962 --> 00:24:43,482
[Bombs exploding]
509
00:24:45,138 --> 00:24:47,486
[More bombs]
510
00:24:51,697 --> 00:24:55,114
[Panicked voices, sirens]
511
00:25:05,434 --> 00:25:08,334
The decision
to strike these targets
512
00:25:08,645 --> 00:25:11,371
was made to restrict and
to make more costly
513
00:25:11,475 --> 00:25:13,995
the enemy's
infiltration efforts.
514
00:25:14,547 --> 00:25:16,894
We believe this is essential
to help safeguard
515
00:25:16,998 --> 00:25:18,655
the freedom of South Vietnam
516
00:25:18,758 --> 00:25:20,829
and to save the lives
of those South Vietnamese,
517
00:25:20,933 --> 00:25:22,797
Americans, Australians,
518
00:25:22,900 --> 00:25:25,040
New Zealanders and Koreans
519
00:25:25,282 --> 00:25:27,560
who are fighting
to insure that freedom.
520
00:25:27,871 --> 00:25:30,667
I think the bombing of Hanoi
and Haiphong struck me so deeply
521
00:25:30,770 --> 00:25:33,497
because it brought back a memory
of my own childhood.
522
00:25:33,601 --> 00:25:36,155
One of the earliest memories
I have as a kid is
523
00:25:36,258 --> 00:25:39,986
having to wear a copper dog tag
in a public school in New York.
524
00:25:40,297 --> 00:25:42,023
I asked the teacher,
"Why do we have to wear
525
00:25:42,126 --> 00:25:43,887
"these identification tags?"
And she said,
526
00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:45,613
so that when a bomb hit us,
527
00:25:45,716 --> 00:25:47,304
and in case we were incinerated,
528
00:25:47,407 --> 00:25:49,271
these tags would allow us
to be identified.
529
00:25:49,375 --> 00:25:51,722
I remember the day
that Hanoi-Haiphong was bombed
530
00:25:51,826 --> 00:25:53,206
by the United States,
531
00:25:53,310 --> 00:25:55,381
thinking about that incident.
532
00:25:57,935 --> 00:26:01,663
♪ [Vietnamese instrumental
music]
533
00:26:12,674 --> 00:26:14,987
♪ [Vienamese music fades out]
534
00:26:16,022 --> 00:26:19,681
We were trying to build
a mass movement.
535
00:26:20,026 --> 00:26:21,234
What I mean by that is
536
00:26:21,338 --> 00:26:22,581
a movement dealing
with all the issues,
537
00:26:22,684 --> 00:26:24,410
of as many people as possible.
538
00:26:24,513 --> 00:26:28,725
we spent the summer working on
forming a tenant union,
539
00:26:28,828 --> 00:26:30,105
setting up our own newspaper,
540
00:26:30,209 --> 00:26:31,728
trying to develop
communications.
541
00:26:31,831 --> 00:26:34,489
I mean we were trying to build
a whole counterculture.
542
00:26:34,593 --> 00:26:37,043
And at that time,
I for one thought
543
00:26:37,147 --> 00:26:39,770
the war in Vietnam
would be over within months.
544
00:26:39,874 --> 00:26:41,979
I felt that the war in Vietnam
545
00:26:42,083 --> 00:26:44,533
was not the right place
to center the organizing,
546
00:26:44,637 --> 00:26:48,089
that the right place
was on all social issues,
547
00:26:48,192 --> 00:26:50,229
to try to create
a new society...
548
00:26:50,332 --> 00:26:52,231
I was head of SDS
during that time,
549
00:26:52,334 --> 00:26:55,130
for the next year and
that's the way I guided it.
550
00:26:55,786 --> 00:26:59,238
In 1966 when
I first came to Madison...
551
00:27:00,308 --> 00:27:02,206
The black students
552
00:27:03,414 --> 00:27:07,108
weren't really that involved
in the war issue...
553
00:27:07,591 --> 00:27:10,732
their main concern was
the Black Power question,
554
00:27:10,836 --> 00:27:13,839
the question that Stokely
Carmichael had raised that year
555
00:27:13,942 --> 00:27:15,979
as a result of
the James Meredith march
556
00:27:16,082 --> 00:27:17,532
through Mississippi.
557
00:27:17,636 --> 00:27:21,536
We wanted to make it
well known to ourselves
558
00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:23,055
and to the community at large
559
00:27:23,158 --> 00:27:24,539
that we wanted
to identify ourselves
560
00:27:24,643 --> 00:27:26,714
as black students
in particular.
561
00:27:26,817 --> 00:27:29,682
And we didn't want
to just fall into
562
00:27:29,786 --> 00:27:33,341
the general organization,
as it were.
563
00:27:34,169 --> 00:27:36,482
We had announced on
the first day of school
564
00:27:36,585 --> 00:27:38,277
that we would
not allow any speakers
565
00:27:38,380 --> 00:27:39,554
from the federal government
566
00:27:39,658 --> 00:27:41,729
to speak
at the university campus.
567
00:27:41,832 --> 00:27:45,456
So several people in turn,
including Hubert Humphrey,
568
00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:47,044
had cancelled planned speeches.
569
00:27:47,286 --> 00:27:50,738
They sent Teddy Kennedy sort of
as a junior brother lackey
570
00:27:50,841 --> 00:27:53,395
to test out the water
to see how hot it was.
571
00:27:53,499 --> 00:27:55,501
We went out to the,
I don't remember...
572
00:27:55,604 --> 00:27:56,571
the Cow Palace.
573
00:27:56,882 --> 00:27:58,884
Teddy Kennedy
was coming in to speak.
574
00:27:58,987 --> 00:28:00,920
Pat Lucey
was running for governor.
575
00:28:01,024 --> 00:28:02,542
In walks Kennedy and
576
00:28:02,646 --> 00:28:04,717
people were well-placed
throughout the audience.
577
00:28:04,821 --> 00:28:05,649
I was in the audience
578
00:28:05,753 --> 00:28:07,651
because I was still taken
by the Kennedys,
579
00:28:07,755 --> 00:28:10,274
and was really excited about
seeing Teddy Kennedy.
580
00:28:10,585 --> 00:28:12,449
So our strategy for
the Kennedy demonstration
581
00:28:12,552 --> 00:28:14,002
was to put
a large number of people,
582
00:28:14,106 --> 00:28:15,314
maybe 30 or 40,
583
00:28:15,417 --> 00:28:18,524
behind the platform
so that when we shouted,
584
00:28:18,627 --> 00:28:21,700
the microphones on the platform
would pick up our voices
585
00:28:21,803 --> 00:28:23,874
and carry them out
into the auditorium.
586
00:28:23,978 --> 00:28:25,876
At the same time,
a member of the audience,
587
00:28:25,980 --> 00:28:28,568
one of our group
was to start speaking
588
00:28:28,672 --> 00:28:31,606
and addressing questions
to Senator Kennedy.
589
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:34,540
What is that, what's your...?
Why don't we...
590
00:28:34,643 --> 00:28:35,783
Are you a spokesman?
591
00:28:35,886 --> 00:28:37,543
Would you like to ask
the first question?
592
00:28:37,646 --> 00:28:38,613
So there I am sitting
593
00:28:38,717 --> 00:28:40,063
and all of a sudden people
start screaming,
594
00:28:40,166 --> 00:28:42,134
"What about the war?
What about the war?"
595
00:28:42,237 --> 00:28:43,756
You know, you know the...
596
00:28:44,239 --> 00:28:46,794
We know what you're against.
597
00:28:46,897 --> 00:28:49,106
The real question is
what you're for.
598
00:28:53,145 --> 00:28:55,388
It was an interesting situation
because he actually
599
00:28:55,492 --> 00:28:58,219
invited one of our members
onto the platform with him
600
00:28:58,322 --> 00:28:59,738
and was able
601
00:28:59,841 --> 00:29:02,879
in the course of a few quick,
if you will, wise-ass remarks,
602
00:29:02,982 --> 00:29:05,571
to win the audience to his side.
603
00:29:05,847 --> 00:29:09,023
I'd like to talk about the war,
it's a complicated issue.
604
00:29:09,126 --> 00:29:11,542
Now I think we can extend
605
00:29:11,646 --> 00:29:13,752
that wonderful bargain
that we had and...
606
00:29:13,855 --> 00:29:15,098
Oh no, it wasn't a bargain.
607
00:29:15,201 --> 00:29:18,135
You asked me to stay,
and talk for 3 minutes.
608
00:29:18,239 --> 00:29:22,588
The only thing that I'd like
to hear and which, I would,
609
00:29:22,691 --> 00:29:24,555
is what the solution is.
610
00:29:24,659 --> 00:29:27,179
At that point,
the question before us was...
611
00:29:27,282 --> 00:29:28,663
Do we allow him to finish
612
00:29:28,767 --> 00:29:31,355
because he has won
a rhetorical victory over us?
613
00:29:31,459 --> 00:29:33,219
Or do we stick
to our political principles
614
00:29:33,323 --> 00:29:35,014
that our campus is
not gonna be used as a platform
615
00:29:35,118 --> 00:29:36,257
for the administration?
616
00:29:36,360 --> 00:29:38,121
And we quickly made
the latter decision,
617
00:29:38,224 --> 00:29:39,778
and disrupted the speech.
618
00:29:41,055 --> 00:29:44,127
Let me say that under the...
619
00:29:44,230 --> 00:29:46,785
under the questions of...
620
00:29:46,888 --> 00:29:48,925
Under... I hear the question.
621
00:29:49,028 --> 00:29:50,547
[Disruptive yelling]
622
00:29:50,789 --> 00:29:53,412
I was caught in the middle
because here I was again,
623
00:29:53,515 --> 00:29:55,414
the ROTC cadet.
624
00:29:55,724 --> 00:29:57,519
I thought Kennedy
had a responsibility
625
00:29:57,623 --> 00:29:58,624
to talk about it,
626
00:29:58,727 --> 00:30:00,522
and I thought that he was
shirking that duty.
627
00:30:00,626 --> 00:30:02,766
I also thought that, well,
628
00:30:02,870 --> 00:30:06,011
maybe that the committee
did more to discredit themselves
629
00:30:06,114 --> 00:30:08,599
by disrupting the meeting.
630
00:30:08,703 --> 00:30:12,396
Cause I don't think that you'd
hope to list a persuasion
631
00:30:12,500 --> 00:30:14,916
with the kind of representation
you've made this afternoon,
632
00:30:15,020 --> 00:30:16,918
but I'm delighted to
at least express
633
00:30:17,022 --> 00:30:19,231
what my position would be.
634
00:30:19,334 --> 00:30:22,165
I'd be unalterably opposed
at the present time of
635
00:30:22,268 --> 00:30:27,308
unilateral withdrawal of
U.S. troops in Southeast Asia.
636
00:30:27,791 --> 00:30:31,657
The next day, petitions went out
all over the campus.
637
00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:34,384
But at that time, I was really
torn personally
638
00:30:34,487 --> 00:30:36,593
between the guilt of feeling,
639
00:30:36,696 --> 00:30:39,665
"Wow, we really did something
to embarrass Senator Kennedy,"
640
00:30:39,768 --> 00:30:42,185
But on the other hand,
we were right.
641
00:30:42,288 --> 00:30:45,222
I felt guilty that I didn't know
whether to sign it or not.
642
00:30:45,326 --> 00:30:46,914
So I eventually didn't sign it.
643
00:30:47,017 --> 00:30:48,467
The embarrassment
of confrontation,
644
00:30:48,570 --> 00:30:50,641
I hadn't yet come to terms
with personally.
645
00:30:50,918 --> 00:30:57,372
[Sounds of helicopters,
machine guns firing]
646
00:30:58,753 --> 00:31:01,411
We had to tell the government
647
00:31:01,514 --> 00:31:03,585
in unmistakable terms
648
00:31:03,689 --> 00:31:05,967
that we would not
support the war,
649
00:31:06,071 --> 00:31:08,832
that we thought it was
immoral and illegal.
650
00:31:09,350 --> 00:31:14,148
And we wanted to make a protest
that they could not ignore...
651
00:31:14,665 --> 00:31:16,875
They couldn't just wash off.
652
00:31:17,496 --> 00:31:19,843
♪ [Vietnamese instrumental
music]
653
00:31:21,983 --> 00:31:28,576
In 1967, I left Madison to go
to North Vietnam
654
00:31:28,679 --> 00:31:31,579
with a group of Quakers
to deliver medical supplies
655
00:31:31,682 --> 00:31:33,961
to the North Vietnamese
civilians.
656
00:31:34,237 --> 00:31:38,931
We sailed from Japan
on a 50-foot boat,
657
00:31:39,035 --> 00:31:42,383
which was a ketch,
a two-masted schooner.
658
00:31:42,486 --> 00:31:46,318
We carried $10,000 worth
of medical supplies
659
00:31:46,421 --> 00:31:48,803
lashed to the deck of this boat.
660
00:31:49,459 --> 00:31:53,739
There were 8 men
and myself on the trip.
661
00:31:53,842 --> 00:31:56,397
As you can guess,
I got the job of cooking.
662
00:31:56,500 --> 00:31:59,952
Mrs. Boardman, has it been
difficult for you to arrive at a
663
00:32:00,056 --> 00:32:03,059
very overt commitment
such as this?
664
00:32:03,922 --> 00:32:06,062
Emotionally and intellectually?
665
00:32:06,165 --> 00:32:07,995
Oh anything like this is hard.
666
00:32:08,098 --> 00:32:12,137
But once you've carried a sign,
667
00:32:12,240 --> 00:32:16,348
once you've made the first step,
it's easier the next time.
668
00:32:16,658 --> 00:32:18,833
You always feel like a fool.
669
00:32:21,284 --> 00:32:22,837
Is that what you mean?
670
00:32:23,665 --> 00:32:27,221
Some people thought that
I was some kind of a heroine.
671
00:32:27,324 --> 00:32:30,638
And a lot of people thought
that I was a traitor.
672
00:32:31,535 --> 00:32:34,159
I was very confident that
what I was doing was right.
673
00:32:34,262 --> 00:32:37,645
It just didn't occur to me
that it might not be,
674
00:32:37,748 --> 00:32:39,750
even though some people
said it wasn't.
675
00:32:39,854 --> 00:32:42,236
I was sure it was
the right thing to do.
676
00:32:43,271 --> 00:32:46,688
As it turned out here in 1967,
677
00:32:46,792 --> 00:32:53,143
Dow was accused not only by
students here at Wisconsin, but
678
00:32:53,247 --> 00:32:56,940
by students practically
across the country of
679
00:32:57,044 --> 00:32:58,977
manufacturing napalm.
680
00:32:59,667 --> 00:33:03,464
And a napalm bomb,
when it shatters on impact
681
00:33:03,567 --> 00:33:06,191
is supposed to severely burn,
682
00:33:07,675 --> 00:33:10,505
destroy whatever it comes
in contact with.
683
00:33:12,059 --> 00:33:15,062
Dow Chemical was
a big corporation here.
684
00:33:15,407 --> 00:33:18,962
And Dow Chemical recruited
chemical engineers
685
00:33:19,066 --> 00:33:22,138
and other professional people
from the campus
686
00:33:22,241 --> 00:33:25,279
for careers
in their various operations.
687
00:33:25,762 --> 00:33:28,489
So we decided that since Dow
was coming in February,
688
00:33:28,592 --> 00:33:31,768
the Dow recruiter, we would
also have a demonstration.
689
00:33:31,871 --> 00:33:35,047
So at our
15-person meeting still,
690
00:33:35,151 --> 00:33:36,635
we moved that we would sit-in,
691
00:33:36,738 --> 00:33:39,638
and hold the guy there until
he was willing to leave campus.
692
00:33:39,741 --> 00:33:41,571
So it was decided
that we were gonna have
693
00:33:41,674 --> 00:33:43,745
a picket
around these recruiters.
694
00:33:43,849 --> 00:33:46,472
What we had was these pictures
from Ramparts Magazine
695
00:33:46,576 --> 00:33:48,095
of napalmed kids.
696
00:33:48,474 --> 00:33:50,373
Almost everybody had
a picket sign like that.
697
00:33:50,476 --> 00:33:51,788
And we were gonna go
into the buildings
698
00:33:51,891 --> 00:33:53,134
and stand
right outside the office
699
00:33:53,238 --> 00:33:54,722
and form a gauntlet,
700
00:33:54,825 --> 00:33:57,828
and force these people who
were gonna recruit for the jobs
701
00:33:57,932 --> 00:34:00,210
to see what
they were getting into.
702
00:34:00,314 --> 00:34:02,523
The idea was to confront people
703
00:34:02,626 --> 00:34:05,112
and make them face up
to what was going on.
704
00:34:05,215 --> 00:34:07,873
We took the attitude that,
705
00:34:07,976 --> 00:34:09,668
and I think SDS took this
all along
706
00:34:09,771 --> 00:34:10,634
through its whole history,
707
00:34:10,738 --> 00:34:12,395
that you don't
talk people into things.
708
00:34:12,498 --> 00:34:15,398
You take an action and force
them to confront the situation.
709
00:34:15,674 --> 00:34:19,505
What really seared
my mind in the Dow demonstration
710
00:34:19,609 --> 00:34:21,818
was the counter-pickets.
711
00:34:21,921 --> 00:34:24,924
They were my fellow ROTC cadets.
712
00:34:25,028 --> 00:34:26,650
And they were carrying signs.
713
00:34:26,754 --> 00:34:28,549
The only one that
I really remember was,
714
00:34:28,652 --> 00:34:31,103
"Napalm is good for V.C. acne."
715
00:34:31,483 --> 00:34:35,003
It just confirmed everything
that the...
716
00:34:35,280 --> 00:34:38,317
the anti-Dow
demonstrators were saying.
717
00:34:38,904 --> 00:34:42,218
In the fall,
Dow was coming back and...
718
00:34:42,701 --> 00:34:44,012
the university had really
719
00:34:44,116 --> 00:34:45,773
challenged us
to try to stop them
720
00:34:45,876 --> 00:34:47,637
by its actions the last time.
721
00:34:47,740 --> 00:34:49,984
It was clear that the university
was gonna protect Dow.
722
00:34:50,088 --> 00:34:52,297
There was a lot of talk
about free speech...
723
00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:54,195
People were...
free speech for the recruiters,
724
00:34:54,299 --> 00:34:55,886
free speech for capitalists
to make money,
725
00:34:55,990 --> 00:34:58,130
free speech
for people to kill people.
726
00:34:58,406 --> 00:35:04,136
Today along with my "Roseleip
attacks Cardinal" stories,
727
00:35:04,240 --> 00:35:08,071
down below is an item by
the Students
728
00:35:08,175 --> 00:35:10,038
For A Democratic Society
729
00:35:10,142 --> 00:35:14,767
to block a chemical company
from operating
730
00:35:15,285 --> 00:35:18,633
because it's helping
the boys in Vietnam,
731
00:35:18,737 --> 00:35:21,049
furnishing material
for those boys.
732
00:35:21,153 --> 00:35:23,328
I think that's very un-American.
733
00:35:23,707 --> 00:35:27,608
There were protest activities
going on across the country
734
00:35:27,711 --> 00:35:29,920
and that this is the week
that they were to
735
00:35:30,024 --> 00:35:32,095
culminate their activities
736
00:35:32,199 --> 00:35:35,098
at the Pentagon building
in Washington, D.C.
737
00:35:35,202 --> 00:35:36,341
And according to the rhetoric,
738
00:35:36,444 --> 00:35:38,895
they were to
confront the war-makers.
739
00:35:38,998 --> 00:35:42,692
On the first day, it was
a very peaceful, orderly,
740
00:35:42,795 --> 00:35:45,729
well-organized and
legal demonstration.
741
00:35:45,833 --> 00:35:49,354
They leafleted people,
they used a bullhorn and
742
00:35:49,630 --> 00:35:51,770
explained their reasons to
743
00:35:51,873 --> 00:35:54,324
anybody that wanted
to listen to them.
744
00:35:54,945 --> 00:35:57,741
And I ask you to think it over,
745
00:35:58,121 --> 00:36:01,159
to go to your newspapers,
to go to the editors,
746
00:36:01,262 --> 00:36:04,990
explain what your position is.
They don't understand you.
747
00:36:05,093 --> 00:36:08,476
They don't understand
what kind of weapon this is.
748
00:36:08,580 --> 00:36:11,272
And I think
it's incumbent upon you
749
00:36:11,790 --> 00:36:13,481
not only to see your editors,
750
00:36:13,585 --> 00:36:17,416
but to engage in some kind of
political activity in this city.
751
00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:20,937
[Chanting "Dow Must Go!"]
752
00:36:24,354 --> 00:36:25,459
The climate on campus was
753
00:36:25,562 --> 00:36:27,737
to really do a job
on Dow the next day.
754
00:36:28,082 --> 00:36:29,463
So the plan was that
755
00:36:29,566 --> 00:36:31,465
people were going to go up
to the Commerce Building again
756
00:36:31,568 --> 00:36:33,329
and sit down and be carried off.
757
00:36:33,432 --> 00:36:35,745
Another
nonviolent demonstration.
758
00:36:36,297 --> 00:36:40,025
[Chanting, drumming,
horns blowing]
759
00:36:44,098 --> 00:36:46,997
People at that time's
consciousness about the war was
760
00:36:47,101 --> 00:36:51,139
at a stage
of conscious active resistance.
761
00:36:51,519 --> 00:36:53,280
There was
a straight determination
762
00:36:53,383 --> 00:36:56,110
to resist being removed
from that building
763
00:36:56,214 --> 00:36:58,181
if the police entered.
764
00:37:00,735 --> 00:37:03,807
[Crowd noise, drums beating]
765
00:37:11,401 --> 00:37:15,819
[Protesters singing]
♪ We shall not be moved...
766
00:37:17,614 --> 00:37:20,790
There was some noise,
there was some singing.
767
00:37:21,031 --> 00:37:24,138
I recall that, "“Dow must go!"
768
00:37:24,863 --> 00:37:26,830
"Bring the troops home!"
769
00:37:26,934 --> 00:37:28,763
"Ralph must go."
770
00:37:29,488 --> 00:37:31,456
I was not there as a protester,
771
00:37:31,559 --> 00:37:33,561
I was not there was as
an observer for the university.
772
00:37:33,665 --> 00:37:36,909
I was there to observe
for myself what was going on.
773
00:37:37,220 --> 00:37:40,810
Within maybe 5 or 10 minutes of
looking out over this corridor,
774
00:37:40,913 --> 00:37:43,537
you could just feel a tension
mount in the air.
775
00:37:43,640 --> 00:37:46,712
You felt that
somebody was going to blunder.
776
00:37:46,816 --> 00:37:49,646
In following procedures that
we've gone through before,
777
00:37:49,750 --> 00:37:52,546
I simply called
the chief downtown and
778
00:37:52,649 --> 00:37:55,411
indicated that I needed
some more help on the campus.
779
00:37:55,514 --> 00:37:57,275
He said that
he'd provide the help
780
00:37:57,378 --> 00:37:59,035
and would come
to campus himself,
781
00:37:59,138 --> 00:38:01,382
which is exactly what he did.
782
00:38:01,658 --> 00:38:04,109
I cannot quote this exactly,
but these are the words
783
00:38:04,212 --> 00:38:06,249
that I remember
to the best of my ability,
784
00:38:06,353 --> 00:38:08,044
"Let's go in and
take a crack at 'em."
785
00:38:08,562 --> 00:38:13,083
[Protesters yelling, booing]
786
00:38:14,188 --> 00:38:15,396
Fascists!
787
00:38:16,363 --> 00:38:17,536
Fascists!
788
00:38:17,950 --> 00:38:20,056
I was in the building
at Dow II...
789
00:38:20,159 --> 00:38:24,129
standing right by the door when
the head of the campus police
790
00:38:24,232 --> 00:38:26,062
comes in and announces,
791
00:38:26,442 --> 00:38:28,409
"Everybody,
you have one minute,"
792
00:38:28,513 --> 00:38:30,618
...or something like that...
"to evacuate the building."
793
00:38:30,722 --> 00:38:34,450
And without even another word,
in come 35 policemen.
794
00:38:34,726 --> 00:38:36,969
To this day it's debatable
as to what happened
795
00:38:37,073 --> 00:38:39,455
when the police made their first
move into the building.
796
00:38:39,558 --> 00:38:41,284
But once they made
that first move,
797
00:38:41,388 --> 00:38:42,561
regardless of what happened,
798
00:38:42,665 --> 00:38:45,288
all they did was come in,
4 or 5 at a time,
799
00:38:45,392 --> 00:38:46,807
with clubs swinging and
800
00:38:46,910 --> 00:38:48,636
beat the hell out of everybody
in their path
801
00:38:48,740 --> 00:38:50,776
as they swept down the corridor.
802
00:38:50,880 --> 00:38:53,331
Everybody then just ran for it.
803
00:38:53,607 --> 00:38:56,334
At one moment, the police appear
at the front of the corridor,
804
00:38:56,437 --> 00:38:57,542
swinging.
805
00:38:57,645 --> 00:39:00,407
And it seemed to me, it was
like 10, maybe 5 seconds,
806
00:39:00,510 --> 00:39:02,926
suddenly I was
in the front of the group.
807
00:39:03,030 --> 00:39:05,446
Just everybody in front
of me disappeared.
808
00:39:05,550 --> 00:39:07,068
I don't know
where those people went.
809
00:39:07,172 --> 00:39:08,829
They couldn't have gone
into the walls.
810
00:39:09,174 --> 00:39:11,625
That's how fast
they moved down that corridor.
811
00:39:11,728 --> 00:39:13,937
people in the rear were
trying to go out the back door,
812
00:39:14,041 --> 00:39:15,283
not panicking,
813
00:39:15,387 --> 00:39:17,803
but there just wasn't time to
get everybody behind us out.
814
00:39:17,907 --> 00:39:19,805
And that's when
they started swinging at us.
815
00:39:19,909 --> 00:39:23,878
I had a heavy lambskin jacket
which I pulled up over my head.
816
00:39:24,120 --> 00:39:25,535
The cops were chasing people.
817
00:39:25,639 --> 00:39:27,779
One guy got chased
into the bathroom.
818
00:39:27,882 --> 00:39:30,920
Soglin was on the floor
in the corner of the hall.
819
00:39:31,023 --> 00:39:32,577
There were 3 cops around him
820
00:39:32,680 --> 00:39:34,924
and they were just pounding
the crap out of him.
821
00:39:35,027 --> 00:39:38,410
He was all curled up in a ball
and he had a leather jacket on.
822
00:39:38,514 --> 00:39:40,067
And I remember,
823
00:39:40,170 --> 00:39:42,241
I can clearly remember
the sound of those clubs
824
00:39:42,345 --> 00:39:44,278
hitting that leather.
[Clubbing sound]
825
00:39:44,382 --> 00:39:46,970
After this initial impact,
826
00:39:47,074 --> 00:39:49,835
it was a relatively
short period of time
827
00:39:49,939 --> 00:39:52,597
when we were able to accomplish
the objective of
828
00:39:52,700 --> 00:39:54,184
clearing the corridor area.
829
00:39:54,288 --> 00:39:56,980
As a matter of fact
it took 12 minutes,
830
00:39:57,084 --> 00:40:00,328
but the problem then transferred
itself from within the building
831
00:40:00,432 --> 00:40:02,641
to outside of the building.
832
00:40:02,745 --> 00:40:05,817
[Protesters screaming,
police beating]
833
00:40:13,272 --> 00:40:16,621
[More student screaming]
834
00:40:17,553 --> 00:40:19,555
[Female protester]
Dow must go!
835
00:40:24,145 --> 00:40:26,078
[Panicked shouting]
836
00:40:26,907 --> 00:40:28,529
I was working in my office,
837
00:40:28,633 --> 00:40:30,462
a couple of students came
screaming into the office
838
00:40:30,566 --> 00:40:32,637
and said that the students are
getting smashed over the heads
839
00:40:32,740 --> 00:40:35,743
in the Dow demonstrations and
moved out bodily,
840
00:40:35,847 --> 00:40:36,986
and rounded up.
841
00:40:37,331 --> 00:40:39,160
And I should come and stop it.
842
00:40:39,264 --> 00:40:41,473
I was naive enough
to dash out in the belief that
843
00:40:41,577 --> 00:40:43,026
I could tell the police
to stop it.
844
00:40:43,130 --> 00:40:44,787
The students were naive enough
to believe that if
845
00:40:44,890 --> 00:40:46,582
a professor told police
to stop beating students,
846
00:40:46,685 --> 00:40:47,686
that they would stop it.
847
00:40:47,790 --> 00:40:49,550
It seems to me that that
really sums up
848
00:40:49,654 --> 00:40:51,379
the historic episode,
and so you see...
849
00:40:51,483 --> 00:40:54,313
This famous picture, there are
about 6 students right there
850
00:40:54,417 --> 00:40:55,798
that were all my students.
851
00:40:55,901 --> 00:40:59,180
I was standing there,
telling the students to leave.
852
00:40:59,284 --> 00:41:01,493
I turned to the police officer
and I said,
853
00:41:01,597 --> 00:41:03,875
"I'm a professor, I want the
students to clear out of here,
854
00:41:03,978 --> 00:41:05,497
"and you clear out of here."
855
00:41:05,601 --> 00:41:08,120
Obviously while I was
explaining to one cop,
856
00:41:08,224 --> 00:41:09,501
another one swung at me,
857
00:41:09,605 --> 00:41:11,814
the students jumped on him and
there's that historical picture
858
00:41:11,917 --> 00:41:13,781
and it just turned into
another fray.
859
00:41:14,644 --> 00:41:17,302
[Panicked yelling from crowd]
860
00:41:43,777 --> 00:41:46,193
The whole place was
like a war zone.
861
00:41:46,296 --> 00:41:48,644
The teargas was going off
at that point
862
00:41:48,747 --> 00:41:50,093
and that was what...
863
00:41:50,197 --> 00:41:54,581
The critical moment was
the crowd began to gather
864
00:41:54,684 --> 00:41:58,550
because classes were just over
when the cops moved in.
865
00:41:59,068 --> 00:42:01,139
And so suddenly,
with the crowd getting larger,
866
00:42:01,242 --> 00:42:02,416
and the crowd getting meaner,
867
00:42:02,520 --> 00:42:04,452
they start using the teargas.
868
00:42:04,556 --> 00:42:07,973
And suddenly it's like
4,000, 5,000 kids
869
00:42:08,077 --> 00:42:10,562
who were being affected
by this thing.
870
00:42:10,907 --> 00:42:13,289
They wanted
to produce casualties.
871
00:42:13,392 --> 00:42:15,843
They sent 65 people
to the hospital.
872
00:42:15,947 --> 00:42:18,639
So we were outraged
and I can just remember...
873
00:42:18,743 --> 00:42:22,263
All I can remember is rage,
just screaming...
874
00:42:22,609 --> 00:42:24,058
"Seig Heil."
875
00:42:24,162 --> 00:42:26,440
[Crowd chanting "Seig Heil"]
876
00:42:28,511 --> 00:42:31,790
Suddenly all these fine,
middle class kids
877
00:42:31,894 --> 00:42:33,309
at the University of Wisconsin
878
00:42:33,412 --> 00:42:35,587
are being tear-gassed
and clubbed.
879
00:42:35,898 --> 00:42:39,660
I don't know if it's
a time shock or what,
880
00:42:39,936 --> 00:42:42,836
but there was an awful lot
of political...
881
00:42:42,939 --> 00:42:46,633
politicalization that took place
in that 15 - 20 minutes
882
00:42:46,736 --> 00:42:49,497
when the cops just let go
with everything they had.
883
00:42:49,601 --> 00:42:52,639
And that night,
something called a strike began.
884
00:42:52,742 --> 00:42:54,157
...A general strike!
885
00:43:04,409 --> 00:43:07,654
♪ There's something
happening here
886
00:43:08,206 --> 00:43:11,830
♪ What it is ain't exactly clear
887
00:43:13,107 --> 00:43:16,939
♪ There's a man
with a gun over there
888
00:43:17,905 --> 00:43:21,944
♪ telling me I got to beware
889
00:43:22,461 --> 00:43:25,741
♪ I think it's time we stop,
children, what's that sound?
890
00:43:25,844 --> 00:43:29,434
♪ Everybody look
what's going down
891
00:43:34,888 --> 00:43:39,133
Reports will indicate that
a squad of 50 Madison policemen
892
00:43:39,237 --> 00:43:40,963
were called to the scene,
893
00:43:41,066 --> 00:43:43,448
and were met by an angry,
vicious mob
894
00:43:43,551 --> 00:43:45,761
of 300 or more protestors
895
00:43:45,864 --> 00:43:47,797
led by in many cases,
896
00:43:47,901 --> 00:43:50,213
professionals
from out of the city.
897
00:43:50,317 --> 00:43:54,666
And that virtually individual
officers' reports would indicate
898
00:43:54,770 --> 00:43:58,221
that at times they were fighting
for their own lives.
899
00:44:03,917 --> 00:44:07,610
♪ There's battle lines
being drawn
900
00:44:07,714 --> 00:44:11,856
♪ Nobody's right
if everybody's wrong
901
00:44:13,443 --> 00:44:17,068
♪ Young people
speaking their minds
902
00:44:17,378 --> 00:44:22,142
♪ Getting so much resistance
from behind
903
00:44:22,245 --> 00:44:25,214
♪ Time we stop, hey,
what's that sound?
904
00:44:25,317 --> 00:44:28,424
♪ Everybody look
what's going down
905
00:44:37,709 --> 00:44:40,919
♪ What a field day for the heat
906
00:44:42,058 --> 00:44:45,648
♪ a thousand people in the
street
907
00:44:46,269 --> 00:44:50,308
♪ singing songs
and carrying signs
908
00:44:51,171 --> 00:44:55,071
♪ Mostly say,
hooray for our side.
909
00:44:55,658 --> 00:44:59,144
♪ It's s time we stop,
hey, what's that sound?
910
00:44:59,248 --> 00:45:02,458
♪ Everybody look
what's going down
911
00:45:03,459 --> 00:45:06,634
[Explosion]
912
00:45:12,054 --> 00:45:14,297
In the period that followed Dow,
913
00:45:14,401 --> 00:45:19,164
from the last week of October 67
through the spring of 68,
914
00:45:19,440 --> 00:45:22,823
there was really very little
that happened on the campus.
915
00:45:22,927 --> 00:45:25,757
And yet it was in that
4- or 5-month period of time,
916
00:45:25,861 --> 00:45:28,104
from the end of October
through April
917
00:45:28,208 --> 00:45:30,658
that the movement turned
from student movement
918
00:45:30,762 --> 00:45:33,109
to a community movement
against the war.
919
00:45:33,385 --> 00:45:37,458
There were great attempts
made by the students
920
00:45:37,562 --> 00:45:40,807
to get material and...
921
00:45:41,497 --> 00:45:44,949
it was not the logic
of a pamphlet
922
00:45:45,052 --> 00:45:48,055
or the political sense
of a pamphlet,
923
00:45:48,159 --> 00:45:51,196
it was the club of a policeman
924
00:45:51,300 --> 00:45:55,235
who made the remaining part
of the community
925
00:45:55,338 --> 00:45:57,720
pay attention to the war.
926
00:45:58,686 --> 00:46:01,275
I went through some
927
00:46:01,379 --> 00:46:04,071
very trying times
during the Nazi time.
928
00:46:04,554 --> 00:46:07,695
First in the church resistant
movement against Hitler
929
00:46:07,799 --> 00:46:10,353
and then in the political
resistant movement.
930
00:46:10,457 --> 00:46:15,496
I was arrested several times,
starting 1936...
931
00:46:16,394 --> 00:46:17,913
I was quite young.
932
00:46:18,016 --> 00:46:21,917
And eventually, I was
2 and 1/2 years in jail
933
00:46:22,020 --> 00:46:25,092
and concentration camp
and sentenced to death
934
00:46:25,196 --> 00:46:27,025
at the end of the war.
935
00:46:28,406 --> 00:46:32,272
And I was always politically
active during the Nazi time.
936
00:46:32,375 --> 00:46:36,310
I was very politically active
after the war.
937
00:46:36,655 --> 00:46:40,625
In late '67, I began
systematically to try
938
00:46:40,728 --> 00:46:44,077
to organize a group
within the community
939
00:46:44,180 --> 00:46:46,734
to put the war in Vietnam
on the ballot.
940
00:46:47,183 --> 00:46:50,393
One function of
local government is to
941
00:46:50,842 --> 00:46:54,190
inform the national government
942
00:46:54,294 --> 00:46:58,298
what the views of citizens are
about issues of national moment.
943
00:46:59,368 --> 00:47:02,474
We had no illusions that
in putting a referendum
944
00:47:02,578 --> 00:47:04,131
to bring the war to an end
945
00:47:04,235 --> 00:47:05,892
on the ballot
of the city of Madison
946
00:47:05,995 --> 00:47:07,410
that we would stop the war.
947
00:47:07,514 --> 00:47:09,136
But the purpose of it
was very clear
948
00:47:09,240 --> 00:47:10,758
and our objective was immediate,
949
00:47:10,862 --> 00:47:12,312
which was that
we would take people
950
00:47:12,415 --> 00:47:13,727
who were already opposed
to the war
951
00:47:13,831 --> 00:47:17,144
and who had a clear conception
of that war
952
00:47:17,489 --> 00:47:19,077
off the campus.
953
00:47:19,353 --> 00:47:23,254
So I was particularly concerned
to go into the homes of people
954
00:47:23,357 --> 00:47:26,291
and to explain our opposition
to the war to them.
955
00:47:26,567 --> 00:47:29,363
So my 12 year-old daughter
and I went around.
956
00:47:29,467 --> 00:47:31,227
I wasn't going to go alone.
957
00:47:31,331 --> 00:47:34,230
And we went around and we talked
to the neighbors and asked them
958
00:47:34,334 --> 00:47:36,715
all the questions that
were on the list that we had.
959
00:47:36,819 --> 00:47:38,165
And got signatures
for the referendum.
960
00:47:38,269 --> 00:47:39,166
That's how I got into it.
961
00:47:40,271 --> 00:47:44,033
This was at a time
when Americans
962
00:47:44,137 --> 00:47:47,795
have lost so many lives
over there in Vietnam
963
00:47:47,899 --> 00:47:51,213
that the subject could not
be avoided anymore
964
00:47:51,316 --> 00:47:53,284
by the general population.
965
00:47:54,526 --> 00:47:57,702
The time was right
for some real changes.
966
00:47:58,047 --> 00:48:00,705
That's what the people wanted
in Madison and naturally
967
00:48:00,808 --> 00:48:04,088
that had a national effect too
with Eugene McCarthy.
968
00:48:05,020 --> 00:48:09,334
[Crowd applause, cheering]
969
00:48:10,818 --> 00:48:14,236
[Delegates cheering, applauding]
970
00:48:28,284 --> 00:48:31,356
♪ [Dixieland jazz music]
971
00:48:38,018 --> 00:48:40,883
[Crowd cheering]
972
00:48:42,057 --> 00:48:43,610
We've begun...
973
00:48:43,713 --> 00:48:46,509
Made a great beginning
in New Hampshire.
974
00:48:46,613 --> 00:48:48,856
The next and significant step
975
00:48:48,960 --> 00:48:50,962
here is in the state
of Wisconsin.
976
00:48:52,067 --> 00:48:54,379
Something really happened,
something clicked in Madison.
977
00:48:54,483 --> 00:48:56,864
There were all kinds of people
with McCarthy buttons on,
978
00:48:56,968 --> 00:48:58,659
and people would smile
at each other
979
00:48:58,763 --> 00:49:00,385
who had McCarthy buttons on
in the library,
980
00:49:00,489 --> 00:49:02,422
and everyone knew
what that smile meant.
981
00:49:02,663 --> 00:49:05,459
And then by the time
the Wisconsin primary came,
982
00:49:05,563 --> 00:49:08,117
it was almost as if there was
a total transformation
983
00:49:08,221 --> 00:49:11,051
of the sororities and
fraternities on Langdon Street.
984
00:49:11,155 --> 00:49:12,363
Everyone was against the war.
985
00:49:12,466 --> 00:49:15,021
Now it was respectable
to be against the war.
986
00:49:16,574 --> 00:49:19,646
And suppose I was speaking
for McCarthy.
987
00:49:19,749 --> 00:49:21,820
You know what they'd say
in the question,
988
00:49:21,924 --> 00:49:24,789
"Senator Morse, where was he
on this vote and this vote
989
00:49:24,892 --> 00:49:26,791
"and this vote
and this vote and this vote?"
990
00:49:26,894 --> 00:49:29,035
Go right on down the line,
991
00:49:29,380 --> 00:49:30,726
where he's never given us
992
00:49:30,829 --> 00:49:33,487
a single vote
on the Vietnam issue
993
00:49:34,247 --> 00:49:36,490
except one procedural vote.
994
00:49:37,595 --> 00:49:40,046
We've never had a single vote.
995
00:49:40,494 --> 00:49:42,600
Not a single vote...
996
00:49:43,049 --> 00:49:44,982
from most of the doves.
997
00:49:45,672 --> 00:49:47,812
We backed Eugene McCarthy
998
00:49:47,915 --> 00:49:50,332
because there wasn't
anybody else there.
999
00:49:50,573 --> 00:49:54,474
And he was not the best,
we thought,
1000
00:49:54,577 --> 00:49:56,717
but it was a body.
1001
00:49:57,615 --> 00:50:00,998
You put together Soglin's
election in that year
1002
00:50:01,101 --> 00:50:03,966
with the President withdrawing
from the Democratic ticket
1003
00:50:04,242 --> 00:50:06,520
with McCarthy winning
the primaries that he won,
1004
00:50:06,624 --> 00:50:07,866
and I, at that point,
1005
00:50:07,970 --> 00:50:09,351
Susie Cream Cheese here again,
1006
00:50:09,454 --> 00:50:11,801
believed I think that
anything was possible.
1007
00:50:12,457 --> 00:50:16,254
[Crowd roaring, band playing] ♪
1008
00:50:33,961 --> 00:50:35,687
I'd wanted to go
to the convention,
1009
00:50:35,791 --> 00:50:38,656
but I hadn't had the time
cause I was working.
1010
00:50:39,243 --> 00:50:41,969
I found a way to get
off from the job
1011
00:50:42,073 --> 00:50:43,868
that I was on at the time.
1012
00:50:43,971 --> 00:50:46,940
So I decided to hitchhike
to Chicago.
1013
00:50:47,561 --> 00:50:50,047
Well, the first time that
I remember Karl being
1014
00:50:50,150 --> 00:50:53,050
active in the war movement
was in...
1015
00:50:53,326 --> 00:50:57,847
Well, I saw him out at the
university demonstration,
1016
00:50:57,951 --> 00:51:01,782
and he hollered to me
from the group
1017
00:51:01,886 --> 00:51:03,474
that was demonstrating there,
1018
00:51:03,577 --> 00:51:08,134
He saw me on the sidewalk, says,
"Come on, Dad, come on along."
1019
00:51:08,237 --> 00:51:11,068
It was like this.
I didn't do this at that time.
1020
00:51:11,171 --> 00:51:15,106
But right after that time,
1021
00:51:15,210 --> 00:51:18,454
he started to become
active in the McCarthy campaign,
1022
00:51:18,558 --> 00:51:25,116
and he went to Chicago for
the 1968 convention down there.
1023
00:51:25,841 --> 00:51:29,293
I felt it was important
for me to be at Chicago,
1024
00:51:29,396 --> 00:51:31,502
just to show that
I'd been present
1025
00:51:31,605 --> 00:51:34,815
when the convention
was going down.
1026
00:51:34,919 --> 00:51:38,888
It was apparent from reading
in the newspapers
1027
00:51:38,992 --> 00:51:42,616
that they were going to have
the police out and
1028
00:51:42,720 --> 00:51:44,860
that these people were...
1029
00:51:44,963 --> 00:51:49,658
were going to react violently
to any kind of a demonstration
1030
00:51:49,761 --> 00:51:50,831
that they might have down there.
1031
00:51:50,935 --> 00:51:52,419
I didn't want him
to go down there.
1032
00:51:53,213 --> 00:51:56,492
What impressed me
at the time was
1033
00:51:57,010 --> 00:51:59,357
the presence of the military.
1034
00:51:59,461 --> 00:52:03,982
They had snipers up on
the Chicago Natural Museum,
1035
00:52:04,086 --> 00:52:07,641
they had machine gun placements
on the bridges,
1036
00:52:07,745 --> 00:52:10,644
and then they had thousands
of troops
1037
00:52:10,748 --> 00:52:12,646
surrounding the whole area,
1038
00:52:12,750 --> 00:52:15,856
plus thousands
of Chicago police.
1039
00:52:16,650 --> 00:52:19,584
So we marched on
the Conrad Hilton
1040
00:52:20,447 --> 00:52:23,588
where Humphrey was waving out
the window at us.
1041
00:52:23,692 --> 00:52:26,764
And we'd just heard
the news about Prague,
1042
00:52:26,867 --> 00:52:30,595
that the Soviets
had invaded Czechoslovakia.
1043
00:52:30,699 --> 00:52:35,082
The repression that was used
in Czechoslovakia was compared
1044
00:52:35,393 --> 00:52:39,086
to the repression being used
in Chicago that day.
1045
00:52:39,535 --> 00:52:43,643
I was a delegate to the...
1046
00:52:43,746 --> 00:52:46,887
I was a delegate
to the convention in Chicago.
1047
00:52:47,233 --> 00:52:51,306
There was, of course, lots of
emotion, lots of fights.
1048
00:52:51,409 --> 00:52:54,585
Mr. Chairman, the state
of West Virginia passes.
1049
00:52:56,587 --> 00:52:58,589
Wisconsin!
1050
00:52:59,210 --> 00:53:01,039
Mr. Chairman...
1051
00:53:01,143 --> 00:53:03,904
Most delegates to this
convention do not know
1052
00:53:04,008 --> 00:53:07,149
that thousands of young people
are being beaten
1053
00:53:07,253 --> 00:53:09,807
in the streets of Chicago.
1054
00:53:10,221 --> 00:53:13,086
[Delegates screaming]
1055
00:53:13,742 --> 00:53:17,090
And for that reason,
and that reason alone,
1056
00:53:17,194 --> 00:53:19,334
I request the suspension
of the rules
1057
00:53:19,437 --> 00:53:21,301
for the purpose of adjournment
1058
00:53:21,405 --> 00:53:23,269
for two weeks...
1059
00:53:23,579 --> 00:53:25,788
[Delegates yelling]
1060
00:53:27,928 --> 00:53:31,208
to relocate the convention
in another city
1061
00:53:31,311 --> 00:53:33,934
of the choosing of the
Democratic National Committee
1062
00:53:34,038 --> 00:53:35,419
and the presidential
candidates...
1063
00:53:35,522 --> 00:53:39,112
Wisconsin is not acknowledged
for that purpose!
1064
00:53:39,354 --> 00:53:41,010
[Delegates erupting]
1065
00:53:41,252 --> 00:53:43,910
I'm trying to state
my statement, sir.
1066
00:53:44,911 --> 00:53:46,740
We want to relocate
this convention...
1067
00:53:46,844 --> 00:53:48,570
Wyoming!
1068
00:53:52,229 --> 00:53:54,921
We got in front
of the hotel and...
1069
00:53:55,439 --> 00:53:58,752
the whole demonstration was
stopped for a two-block area.
1070
00:53:58,856 --> 00:54:02,998
And then we were blocked off at
the other end by Chicago police.
1071
00:54:03,274 --> 00:54:05,449
And then up between the hotels,
1072
00:54:05,552 --> 00:54:08,762
the Blackstone Hotel
and the Conrad Hilton came
1073
00:54:09,176 --> 00:54:10,695
some more cops
1074
00:54:10,799 --> 00:54:15,942
with TV cameras and so forth,
so this was just after dark.
1075
00:54:16,218 --> 00:54:20,602
And the police marched
up the street into our ranks.
1076
00:54:20,705 --> 00:54:24,675
And I told everybody around me
to sit down and be arrested.
1077
00:54:24,778 --> 00:54:26,780
You know peacefully arrested.
1078
00:54:26,884 --> 00:54:31,371
I would say about a dozen people
around me started sitting down.
1079
00:54:31,475 --> 00:54:36,376
Police came in and just started
hitting people over the head.
1080
00:54:36,480 --> 00:54:39,621
I mean they weren't interested
in arresting anybody.
1081
00:54:39,724 --> 00:54:43,521
Just hitting people and then
dragging them off by the hair.
1082
00:54:43,625 --> 00:54:47,560
I remember seated
right on the asphalt,
1083
00:54:47,870 --> 00:54:51,978
and trying to get up and
people tripping over people,
1084
00:54:52,081 --> 00:54:54,567
and my face going
into the asphalt.
1085
00:54:54,670 --> 00:54:56,810
[Crowd chaos, sirens wailing]
1086
00:54:56,914 --> 00:54:58,605
It was bedlam.
1087
00:54:59,088 --> 00:55:01,021
While I had my face
in that asphalt,
1088
00:55:01,125 --> 00:55:03,438
and that split second, I said,
1089
00:55:03,541 --> 00:55:06,372
"I'm never going to be caught in
a position like this again.
1090
00:55:06,475 --> 00:55:07,994
"If they're going
to make war on us,
1091
00:55:08,097 --> 00:55:10,341
"we're going to make
war on them."
1092
00:55:10,445 --> 00:55:14,449
Last night in Chicago, it was
a pretty shameful affair.
1093
00:55:14,552 --> 00:55:15,691
Pretty shameful.
1094
00:55:15,795 --> 00:55:18,556
And they're only beginning
and I think,
1095
00:55:18,660 --> 00:55:22,629
when the public gets through
watching this battle of Chicago,
1096
00:55:22,733 --> 00:55:25,632
where they're really
censoring the news
1097
00:55:25,736 --> 00:55:27,772
by the way they're handling
the press,
1098
00:55:27,876 --> 00:55:29,809
the American people
won't be willing
1099
00:55:29,912 --> 00:55:31,880
to turn over the leadership
1100
00:55:31,983 --> 00:55:35,746
of this country to that kind of
a party for the next four years.
1101
00:55:37,334 --> 00:55:39,094
If you do become president,
1102
00:55:39,197 --> 00:55:42,511
would you consider using
atomic weapons in Vietnam?
1103
00:55:42,615 --> 00:55:43,788
No...
1104
00:55:45,134 --> 00:55:47,792
I would not consider using
atomic weapons in Vietnam,
1105
00:55:47,896 --> 00:55:49,622
and I'll go further.
1106
00:55:49,725 --> 00:55:52,521
I take a very firm line
on Vietnam,
1107
00:55:52,625 --> 00:55:54,765
as you probably are aware.
1108
00:55:55,110 --> 00:55:59,183
But I would not
use atomic weapons in Vietnam,
1109
00:55:59,425 --> 00:56:02,013
I would not invade
North Vietnam,
1110
00:56:02,117 --> 00:56:04,188
and incidentally,
I would not invade any of
1111
00:56:04,291 --> 00:56:06,293
the other countries
in the area of Vietnam
1112
00:56:06,397 --> 00:56:08,123
for a fundamental reason.
1113
00:56:08,226 --> 00:56:11,057
The goal of the United States
in Vietnam
1114
00:56:11,160 --> 00:56:14,578
must be to end this war
in a way
1115
00:56:14,681 --> 00:56:18,444
that does not produce
a bigger war or another war.
1116
00:56:18,961 --> 00:56:22,758
The American people
are faced with...
1117
00:56:22,862 --> 00:56:25,278
a very unpleasant situation
1118
00:56:25,382 --> 00:56:28,315
that there is no liberal
alternative anymore.
1119
00:56:28,764 --> 00:56:32,354
I spoke all over the state
of Wisconsin on the campuses
1120
00:56:32,458 --> 00:56:34,770
to groups who were hostile
to Hubert Humphrey.
1121
00:56:34,874 --> 00:56:37,014
There used to be a time
when one could think
1122
00:56:37,117 --> 00:56:39,534
that one was a little more
liberal than the other.
1123
00:56:39,637 --> 00:56:42,675
Mr. Humphrey represents
what we have had.
1124
00:56:42,778 --> 00:56:45,194
You've got two choices
I pointed out.
1125
00:56:45,298 --> 00:56:48,094
Your choice is Hubert Humphrey
or Richard Nixon.
1126
00:56:48,197 --> 00:56:50,027
If you get Richard Nixon,
you won't like it.
1127
00:56:50,130 --> 00:56:53,962
I didn't know how badly everyone
would dislike it,
1128
00:56:54,065 --> 00:56:56,033
but I knew it would be bad.
1129
00:56:56,447 --> 00:56:58,311
Election night 1968
1130
00:56:58,415 --> 00:57:01,590
had to be one of the most
depressing nights of my life.
1131
00:57:01,694 --> 00:57:02,902
Here we had Richard Nixon,
1132
00:57:03,005 --> 00:57:04,800
everyone knew he was lying
through his teeth
1133
00:57:04,904 --> 00:57:07,216
about his secret peace plan,
and he was elected.
1134
00:57:07,320 --> 00:57:08,770
He won in a squeaker.
1135
00:57:08,873 --> 00:57:11,151
All I could do was to go out,
1136
00:57:11,255 --> 00:57:12,498
it felt kind of futile,
1137
00:57:12,601 --> 00:57:14,465
but I went out with
a lot of other people and
1138
00:57:14,569 --> 00:57:18,883
marched down State Street
to protest this sham election.
1139
00:57:26,650 --> 00:57:30,792
By 1969, the Antiwar Movement,
which arose out of the
1140
00:57:30,895 --> 00:57:33,277
Civil Rights Movement
of the early '‘60s,
1141
00:57:33,380 --> 00:57:34,623
returned to its roots
1142
00:57:34,727 --> 00:57:37,902
in the form of a black
student strike on campus.
1143
00:57:38,006 --> 00:57:41,423
Somebody in SDS got a call
and we were asked...
1144
00:57:41,527 --> 00:57:43,874
"How many people
can you get on the hill,
1145
00:57:43,977 --> 00:57:47,049
"on Bascom Hill
tomorrow morning at noon?"
1146
00:57:47,153 --> 00:57:49,638
We said we thought we could get
about 300 people.
1147
00:57:49,742 --> 00:57:51,398
They said,
"Alright, you get them there
1148
00:57:51,502 --> 00:57:53,331
"because we're going
to rip this motherfucker off."
1149
00:57:53,435 --> 00:57:56,058
"We're going to tear
this motherfucker down."
1150
00:57:56,783 --> 00:57:59,924
The black students
of the University of Wisconsin,
1151
00:58:00,269 --> 00:58:02,617
embodied in the black council,
1152
00:58:02,720 --> 00:58:04,757
have presented not one
1153
00:58:04,860 --> 00:58:08,519
but 13 demands to the
university administration.
1154
00:58:08,761 --> 00:58:11,211
Our strategy was
to make demands...
1155
00:58:11,729 --> 00:58:13,593
create a little ruckus,
1156
00:58:13,697 --> 00:58:16,458
and then try to get to the
negotiating table and come out
1157
00:58:16,562 --> 00:58:17,942
with something concrete.
1158
00:58:18,046 --> 00:58:21,705
There was no discussion of a
black studies program
1159
00:58:21,808 --> 00:58:24,017
before the strike.
1160
00:58:24,293 --> 00:58:27,642
The real issue is persuading
reasonable people
1161
00:58:27,745 --> 00:58:30,334
that this university
has a program...
1162
00:58:31,024 --> 00:58:32,301
It's carrying it on.
1163
00:58:32,405 --> 00:58:34,752
It's going to be a better
program and a bigger program,
1164
00:58:34,856 --> 00:58:37,410
and that this university is
going to go about its functions,
1165
00:58:37,514 --> 00:58:38,618
it's going to go about it
1166
00:58:38,722 --> 00:58:42,829
without being disrupted
by anybody for any reason.
1167
00:58:43,105 --> 00:58:45,798
We are fighting for
the liberation of minds!
1168
00:58:45,901 --> 00:58:49,353
Not the liberation of these pigs
and racist society.
1169
00:58:49,456 --> 00:58:51,320
We're trying to save
brothers and sisters,
1170
00:58:51,424 --> 00:58:52,805
from going to Vietnam.
1171
00:58:53,219 --> 00:58:56,222
I distinctly remember
one very vivid image,
1172
00:58:56,533 --> 00:58:59,259
and that is of
about 12 or 15 black guys,
1173
00:58:59,363 --> 00:59:01,399
all of whom were wearing
combat boots
1174
00:59:01,503 --> 00:59:04,161
and green army fatigue jackets.
1175
00:59:04,437 --> 00:59:07,060
And I thought
the revolution had arrived.
1176
00:59:07,164 --> 00:59:09,476
[Protesters chanting]
1177
00:59:10,201 --> 00:59:12,376
On strike, shut it down!
1178
00:59:13,480 --> 00:59:16,069
Tuesday afternoon,
we rallied at the library mall,
1179
00:59:16,173 --> 00:59:17,830
the center of campus
like we always did,
1180
00:59:17,933 --> 00:59:19,107
marched up the hill.
1181
00:59:19,210 --> 00:59:21,627
Along the march,
a pink slip of paper
1182
00:59:21,730 --> 00:59:23,594
on which were printed
maybe 20 words
1183
00:59:23,698 --> 00:59:25,320
was handed out to everybody.
1184
00:59:25,423 --> 00:59:27,667
The pink slip of paper
merely said,
1185
00:59:27,771 --> 00:59:30,912
"This afternoon's tactics are
obstructive picket lines.
1186
00:59:31,015 --> 00:59:33,535
"No one is to be allowed
into the building."
1187
00:59:33,639 --> 00:59:34,709
So at that point,
1188
00:59:34,812 --> 00:59:38,747
they had completely
upped the level of militancy.
1189
00:59:40,197 --> 00:59:41,405
As soon as that happened,
1190
00:59:41,508 --> 00:59:43,027
the National Guard
was called in.
1191
00:59:43,890 --> 00:59:49,378
I will not in any way
tolerate violence or disorder,
1192
00:59:49,482 --> 00:59:51,415
and in carrying out my duties,
1193
00:59:51,518 --> 00:59:53,659
I feel I have
a direct responsibility
1194
00:59:53,762 --> 00:59:55,522
under the constitution
1195
00:59:55,626 --> 00:59:59,285
to call the National Guard
when requested to do so.
1196
00:59:59,388 --> 01:00:01,598
People are tense
on this university campus
1197
01:00:01,701 --> 01:00:04,704
and the troops coming in jeeps
showing bayonets,
1198
01:00:04,808 --> 01:00:08,087
and coming armed and all the
full paraphernalia of war,
1199
01:00:08,190 --> 01:00:09,571
have made many people tense.
1200
01:00:09,675 --> 01:00:11,400
And this is provocation.
1201
01:00:11,953 --> 01:00:13,886
The National Guard were ringed
around the buildings,
1202
01:00:13,989 --> 01:00:16,405
there was no way that
we could block the building
1203
01:00:16,509 --> 01:00:18,373
unless we did it on the points
of their bayonets,
1204
01:00:18,476 --> 01:00:20,824
so we might as well block
traffic, which is what we did.
1205
01:00:20,927 --> 01:00:22,619
And they kept on
varying tactics like that
1206
01:00:22,722 --> 01:00:23,792
for 4 or 5 days,
1207
01:00:23,896 --> 01:00:25,725
which one,
kept people involved,
1208
01:00:25,829 --> 01:00:27,727
and two, kept
the administration guessing.
1209
01:00:29,211 --> 01:00:32,905
[Protesters]
On strike, shut it down!
1210
01:00:39,083 --> 01:00:41,741
And you feel the use of
the Guard was justified
1211
01:00:41,845 --> 01:00:43,018
under the circumstances?
1212
01:00:43,122 --> 01:00:45,020
Oh indeed I do,
1213
01:00:45,124 --> 01:00:48,714
particularly because
it was to avoid violence.
1214
01:00:49,197 --> 01:00:50,923
[Protesters chanting]
1215
01:00:51,026 --> 01:00:53,719
On strike, shut it down!
On strike, shut it down!
1216
01:00:56,342 --> 01:00:59,586
Racism was a very
scary word for everybody...
1217
01:00:59,690 --> 01:01:01,416
You know, black students...
1218
01:01:01,519 --> 01:01:05,213
It was a tactic, it was
a strategy that we did use
1219
01:01:05,316 --> 01:01:08,009
because it was necessary
to cry racism,
1220
01:01:08,112 --> 01:01:09,769
because we got reactions
when we did.
1221
01:01:10,080 --> 01:01:12,220
People would go from the strike
to the dorms,
1222
01:01:12,323 --> 01:01:13,635
and they would talk about it.
1223
01:01:13,739 --> 01:01:15,672
They'd go to the bars
and talk about it.
1224
01:01:15,775 --> 01:01:18,019
I also saw a consciousness
being raised.
1225
01:01:18,122 --> 01:01:20,746
It's kind of hard
to describe that.
1226
01:01:20,849 --> 01:01:24,577
One example would be
doing the strikes,
1227
01:01:24,681 --> 01:01:27,925
just upgrading the tactics
from demonstration to
1228
01:01:28,029 --> 01:01:31,135
destruction of property,
maybe bombings and
1229
01:01:31,239 --> 01:01:34,138
just people's attitudes toward
those types of things.
1230
01:01:34,242 --> 01:01:37,659
To up the level of militancy
for the white students
1231
01:01:37,763 --> 01:01:40,869
meant mainly
the question of violence.
1232
01:01:41,145 --> 01:01:44,977
The question of putting
your body on the line,
1233
01:01:45,080 --> 01:01:48,877
and it became less a discussion
or an essay
1234
01:01:48,981 --> 01:01:50,051
and more something that,
1235
01:01:50,154 --> 01:01:53,295
"Hey, I have to make
a decision because I'm in SDS,
1236
01:01:53,399 --> 01:01:56,126
"and SDS is talking about this."
1237
01:01:56,229 --> 01:01:59,129
I don't think anybody
gets real upset anymore
1238
01:01:59,232 --> 01:02:01,407
when they're called "a pig"
or something like that.
1239
01:02:01,718 --> 01:02:03,236
That's part of the job.
1240
01:02:03,340 --> 01:02:05,411
The thing I keep uppermost or
1241
01:02:05,514 --> 01:02:08,103
runs through my mind
naturally I guess is...
1242
01:02:08,586 --> 01:02:10,450
"Who is this fellow
standing out here?
1243
01:02:10,554 --> 01:02:12,245
"Who is he to be
calling me a pig?"
1244
01:02:13,730 --> 01:02:17,630
It's no secret that the police
were called pigs.
1245
01:02:17,941 --> 01:02:20,806
And we didn't mind that so much.
1246
01:02:20,909 --> 01:02:26,328
So when we began
the undercover operations,
1247
01:02:26,915 --> 01:02:30,712
I decided to name are officers
that worked undercover
1248
01:02:31,540 --> 01:02:33,853
after breeds of hogs.
1249
01:02:34,578 --> 01:02:36,753
And it worked out
very, very well.
1250
01:02:36,856 --> 01:02:39,652
They would sign their reports
by a pig's name...
1251
01:02:39,756 --> 01:02:43,345
Duroc, Pullose,
Peccary, Poland China.
1252
01:02:43,449 --> 01:02:47,211
The FBI around 1968,
a year later,
1253
01:02:47,315 --> 01:02:49,593
instituted
a grand master plan to
1254
01:02:49,696 --> 01:02:51,215
confuse and disrupt
1255
01:02:51,319 --> 01:02:54,149
the youth movement
and the New Left.
1256
01:02:54,253 --> 01:02:59,948
I have here a copy of their
master plan of July 5th, 1968,
1257
01:03:00,224 --> 01:03:05,402
which is a 12-point program
to be undemocratic basically...
1258
01:03:05,885 --> 01:03:08,923
for the secret police
to disrupt public conversation.
1259
01:03:09,613 --> 01:03:13,341
The sheriff's department
had people working undercover.
1260
01:03:13,720 --> 01:03:15,619
The University Protection
Security had people
1261
01:03:15,722 --> 01:03:16,862
working undercover.
1262
01:03:16,965 --> 01:03:18,656
So did
the Department of Justice.
1263
01:03:18,760 --> 01:03:21,176
The FBI had someone and
even military intelligence
1264
01:03:21,280 --> 01:03:22,591
was in the streets.
1265
01:03:23,040 --> 01:03:25,802
And we gelled
all of it together.
1266
01:03:25,905 --> 01:03:28,321
"Consider the use of
cartoons, photographs
1267
01:03:28,425 --> 01:03:29,702
"and anonymous letters
1268
01:03:29,806 --> 01:03:31,877
"which will have the effect
of ridiculing the New Left.
1269
01:03:31,980 --> 01:03:33,879
"Ridicule is one of the most
potent weapons
1270
01:03:33,982 --> 01:03:35,363
"we can use against it."
1271
01:03:35,466 --> 01:03:38,538
This is the secret police
talking about the citizens.
1272
01:03:38,642 --> 01:03:43,095
This is the grand master
plan of COINTELPRO 1968,
1273
01:03:43,198 --> 01:03:45,822
which was probably a response
1274
01:03:46,201 --> 01:03:49,101
to the relatively good-humored
gathering together
1275
01:03:49,204 --> 01:03:50,447
of the confused citizenry
1276
01:03:50,550 --> 01:03:52,656
trying to figure out what to do
with their government.
1277
01:03:52,759 --> 01:03:55,141
The lifestyle at that time
was basically
1278
01:03:55,245 --> 01:03:57,350
revolved around
political activity,
1279
01:03:57,454 --> 01:04:00,733
and people spent their time
doing only a few things.
1280
01:04:00,837 --> 01:04:03,701
They'd go to school,
do a little studying,
1281
01:04:03,805 --> 01:04:05,945
they'd spend a good deal
of time with politics,
1282
01:04:06,049 --> 01:04:07,533
and then they had
their social life.
1283
01:04:07,636 --> 01:04:09,811
And somehow on the side,
they'd slip in work.
1284
01:04:10,053 --> 01:04:12,365
But all of these things
were brought together,
1285
01:04:12,469 --> 01:04:13,504
the kind of work people
would do,
1286
01:04:13,608 --> 01:04:14,816
the kind of social life,
1287
01:04:14,920 --> 01:04:16,853
all connected to the politics,
1288
01:04:16,956 --> 01:04:18,924
particularly to make sure
one wasn't getting co-opted,
1289
01:04:19,027 --> 01:04:22,203
whether it was working
in a bar or driving a cab.
1290
01:04:23,756 --> 01:04:28,485
I was living on Mifflin Street
from the fall of 1967 on,
1291
01:04:28,588 --> 01:04:31,764
and that community sort of grew.
1292
01:04:31,868 --> 01:04:36,320
There were a few seedy
ex-beatniks living there...
1293
01:04:36,424 --> 01:04:39,116
Then it became more of a sort
of a hippie community.
1294
01:04:39,220 --> 01:04:41,567
The coop started.
That was like this big impetus
1295
01:04:41,670 --> 01:04:43,603
for people moving
into that neighborhood
1296
01:04:43,707 --> 01:04:45,743
to start to relate
to their community.
1297
01:04:45,847 --> 01:04:48,125
I think people decided to have
this block party
1298
01:04:48,229 --> 01:04:49,920
as a sort of celebration.
1299
01:04:50,024 --> 01:04:53,406
That didn't directly connect
to the Antiwar Movement
1300
01:04:53,510 --> 01:04:56,375
or to anything else, but was
a sort of community event.
1301
01:04:56,478 --> 01:04:58,446
♪ [Band playing, singing]
1302
01:04:58,549 --> 01:05:01,932
♪ We can be together
1303
01:05:02,795 --> 01:05:06,488
♪ Ah, you and me
1304
01:05:06,972 --> 01:05:10,320
♪ We should be together...
1305
01:05:14,324 --> 01:05:16,533
[Crowd yelling]
1306
01:05:17,948 --> 01:05:20,640
[Police screaming]
1307
01:05:37,209 --> 01:05:41,834
♪ We're all outlaws
in the eyes of America...
1308
01:05:44,871 --> 01:05:48,565
Two other officers and I were
the ones that were
1309
01:05:48,668 --> 01:05:51,602
at the beginning
of the Mifflin Street riots
1310
01:05:51,706 --> 01:05:55,986
on May 3, 1969
at 512 West Mifflin Street.
1311
01:05:56,676 --> 01:05:58,333
They went out into the street,
they were told
1312
01:05:58,437 --> 01:06:00,577
that they couldn't have
their block party in the street.
1313
01:06:00,680 --> 01:06:04,926
And ones and twos and threes,
people got arrested.
1314
01:06:05,927 --> 01:06:08,999
I got arrested just trying
to drive my car down the street,
1315
01:06:09,103 --> 01:06:12,175
which was a bit of an irony
because the police were supposed
1316
01:06:12,278 --> 01:06:15,247
to be there to keep the street
open for traffic.
1317
01:06:15,937 --> 01:06:18,975
But even those during those
first initial arrests,
1318
01:06:19,078 --> 01:06:22,875
there was still an attitude
of levity and gaiety.
1319
01:06:24,290 --> 01:06:27,224
Mobs were in the streets
at Mifflin and Bassett.
1320
01:06:27,328 --> 01:06:28,605
We tried to clear the streets.
1321
01:06:28,708 --> 01:06:30,227
As we cleared the streets,
1322
01:06:30,331 --> 01:06:34,335
we were pelted with rocks
and bottles, cans...
1323
01:06:34,852 --> 01:06:38,822
We had to keep the streets open,
we had to try to keep
1324
01:06:38,925 --> 01:06:40,272
the trouble down,
but we couldn't,
1325
01:06:40,375 --> 01:06:43,413
so we had to resort
to mechanical means to stop it.
1326
01:06:43,654 --> 01:06:46,588
And all I know is by the time
I got bailed out of jail,
1327
01:06:46,692 --> 01:06:50,834
and went down there
about 4 o'clock, 5 o'clock,
1328
01:06:50,937 --> 01:06:52,525
2-3 hours later,
1329
01:06:52,801 --> 01:06:54,389
it was like a war zone.
1330
01:06:54,493 --> 01:06:56,943
Clouds of tear gas,
1331
01:06:57,047 --> 01:06:59,670
the rubble, the barricades...
1332
01:07:00,188 --> 01:07:04,606
the bleeding, the rocks being
thrown, the armored police...
1333
01:07:04,710 --> 01:07:05,952
The whole bit.
1334
01:07:06,229 --> 01:07:11,682
These are the examples of
some of the articles that were
1335
01:07:11,958 --> 01:07:14,444
thrown at the policemen
last night.
1336
01:07:14,927 --> 01:07:17,343
There were rocks, bricks...
1337
01:07:17,654 --> 01:07:20,484
This was taken off
of one of the arrested people,
1338
01:07:20,588 --> 01:07:25,696
to give you an example
of some of the attitudes
1339
01:07:25,800 --> 01:07:29,562
and actions of the dissidents
1340
01:07:29,666 --> 01:07:33,290
and their activities over
last night and the night before.
1341
01:07:33,394 --> 01:07:35,534
What is the purpose of bringing
these objects here
1342
01:07:35,637 --> 01:07:37,191
before the cameras?
1343
01:07:37,294 --> 01:07:41,678
To let the people see that this
is not just all fun and games.
1344
01:07:42,679 --> 01:07:44,888
♪ [Drum roll]
1345
01:07:48,926 --> 01:07:51,308
The issue of the
Army Math Research Center
1346
01:07:51,412 --> 01:07:54,656
was first raised in 1967
by people on the Cardinalstaff.
1347
01:07:54,760 --> 01:07:58,315
People were looking for
war-related research on campus
1348
01:07:58,419 --> 01:08:00,041
and since that was funded
by the army,
1349
01:08:00,145 --> 01:08:01,353
it was a logical first choice.
1350
01:08:01,732 --> 01:08:03,079
It was impossible to ignore.
1351
01:08:03,182 --> 01:08:04,770
They had it right on the front
of the building.
1352
01:08:04,873 --> 01:08:06,875
"U.S. Army Math Research
Center."
1353
01:08:06,979 --> 01:08:09,602
And what surprised me
is it took so long
1354
01:08:09,706 --> 01:08:13,158
for the protests to materialize
against the Center.
1355
01:08:13,261 --> 01:08:17,334
But the protests began
against the Center
1356
01:08:17,438 --> 01:08:19,785
in the summer of 1969.
1357
01:08:20,199 --> 01:08:23,823
By the winter
of 1969 resistance,
1358
01:08:23,927 --> 01:08:27,517
the Army Math Research Center
was pretty strong.
1359
01:08:28,000 --> 01:08:32,384
I have to admit that that year,
I couldn't understand how this
1360
01:08:32,487 --> 01:08:35,525
"abstract mathematics"
was helping the army.
1361
01:08:35,628 --> 01:08:38,252
But the more and more
we looked into it,
1362
01:08:38,355 --> 01:08:42,497
the more obvious it became
that the Math Research Center
1363
01:08:42,601 --> 01:08:45,466
was doing abstractly
what the military wanted.
1364
01:08:45,569 --> 01:08:48,779
The AMRC was doing
no secret work,
1365
01:08:48,883 --> 01:08:50,850
no classified work
for the campus.
1366
01:08:50,954 --> 01:08:54,647
And they were saying it was.
I guess some chap named Rowen
1367
01:08:54,751 --> 01:08:56,684
or somebody like that around,
1368
01:08:56,787 --> 01:08:59,238
was making some charges
in the Cardinal,
1369
01:08:59,342 --> 01:09:01,344
but it wasn't true.
1370
01:09:02,172 --> 01:09:06,728
At one point, I requested a copy
of the 1967 Annual Report.
1371
01:09:06,832 --> 01:09:09,593
I was told that that report
was never printed,
1372
01:09:09,697 --> 01:09:12,941
that they had not made annual
reports until 1968.
1373
01:09:13,045 --> 01:09:14,874
So through
Senator Proxmire's office,
1374
01:09:14,978 --> 01:09:16,842
we made the same request.
1375
01:09:16,945 --> 01:09:19,016
His office made the request
to the army and
1376
01:09:19,120 --> 01:09:21,260
the army of course
forwarded to a senator
1377
01:09:21,364 --> 01:09:24,539
a copy of the report and
his office forwarded it to us.
1378
01:09:24,643 --> 01:09:27,680
It had a large section,
and an 8-page section,
1379
01:09:27,784 --> 01:09:29,958
and it was only about
a 40-page report,
1380
01:09:30,062 --> 01:09:32,237
censored out with a note saying,
1381
01:09:32,340 --> 01:09:34,825
"This material is
is considered classified
1382
01:09:34,929 --> 01:09:36,827
"and not for public release."
1383
01:09:36,931 --> 01:09:38,760
But in the table of contents,
1384
01:09:38,864 --> 01:09:40,728
it listed what that section
would've been,
1385
01:09:40,831 --> 01:09:43,938
and it simply said "Assistance
to Project Michigan".
1386
01:09:44,041 --> 01:09:46,423
Along with
some other researchers,
1387
01:09:46,527 --> 01:09:48,287
we delved into Project Michigan.
1388
01:09:48,391 --> 01:09:49,771
There'd been a lot
of publicity about it
1389
01:09:49,875 --> 01:09:51,566
at the University of Michigan,
1390
01:09:51,670 --> 01:09:54,604
It was a project to use
high-altitude,
1391
01:09:54,707 --> 01:09:56,433
infrared photography
1392
01:09:56,537 --> 01:10:00,575
to track heat-giving
sources on the ground.
1393
01:10:01,404 --> 01:10:05,166
So we felt that there was
quite a clear connection between
1394
01:10:05,270 --> 01:10:07,064
what the military was doing,
1395
01:10:07,168 --> 01:10:08,756
what the foreign policy
of the country was,
1396
01:10:08,859 --> 01:10:10,275
what the Army Math Center
was doing
1397
01:10:10,378 --> 01:10:13,588
and the university's complicity
in permitting censored documents
1398
01:10:13,692 --> 01:10:15,901
to be published on its behalf.
1399
01:10:16,004 --> 01:10:20,043
The tension was building
and building to a point
1400
01:10:20,146 --> 01:10:21,941
and all kinds
of peaceful protests,
1401
01:10:22,045 --> 01:10:24,461
all kinds
of peaceful discussions
1402
01:10:24,565 --> 01:10:27,775
about what AMRC was
meant nothing
1403
01:10:28,120 --> 01:10:29,915
because the university
and the army
1404
01:10:30,018 --> 01:10:31,813
were not going
to give that up.
1405
01:10:31,917 --> 01:10:33,815
Jim Rowen seemed like had
1406
01:10:33,919 --> 01:10:36,508
a new article
every day in The Daily Cardinal,
1407
01:10:36,611 --> 01:10:38,751
and it was something
that I could really understand.
1408
01:10:38,855 --> 01:10:40,753
I could understand
how that worked,
1409
01:10:40,857 --> 01:10:43,756
how it was that
mathematicians did work
1410
01:10:43,860 --> 01:10:46,242
that caused deaths in Vietnam.
1411
01:10:46,345 --> 01:10:48,347
[Massive explosions]
1412
01:10:49,141 --> 01:10:53,525
I expected to go to college and
sort of be involved in politics
1413
01:10:53,628 --> 01:10:54,905
and it would be fall
1414
01:10:55,009 --> 01:10:57,736
and I would be on
this big college campus and
1415
01:10:57,839 --> 01:10:59,565
it wasn't like that...
1416
01:10:59,841 --> 01:11:03,293
Instead, it was meetings
and meetings and
1417
01:11:03,397 --> 01:11:07,504
more meetings for long hours,
late into the night.
1418
01:11:07,608 --> 01:11:09,437
And not going to classes.
1419
01:11:09,541 --> 01:11:11,370
It was like I felt like
I had to catch up.
1420
01:11:11,474 --> 01:11:13,269
Everyone had
these 4 years on me.
1421
01:11:13,372 --> 01:11:15,409
Here I was a freshman
in college and had to catch up,
1422
01:11:15,512 --> 01:11:17,756
and somehow be
this instant radical.
1423
01:11:17,997 --> 01:11:20,724
At that time, we were just
one city in the country,
1424
01:11:20,828 --> 01:11:23,244
and it was going on
all over the United States.
1425
01:11:23,348 --> 01:11:27,213
The notion of closing down
a school to spend time
1426
01:11:27,317 --> 01:11:29,077
reflecting on the war,
and learning about it,
1427
01:11:29,181 --> 01:11:30,872
and studying about it,
and talking about it,
1428
01:11:30,976 --> 01:11:32,460
and sharing strategies
1429
01:11:32,564 --> 01:11:35,567
became a very good
organizing device
1430
01:11:35,670 --> 01:11:38,190
and all of our energies
went into pulling off
1431
01:11:38,294 --> 01:11:40,641
the October
and November moratoriums.
1432
01:11:40,744 --> 01:11:43,126
The question of moratoriums,
closing the university, came up
1433
01:11:43,229 --> 01:11:44,507
many times,
1434
01:11:44,610 --> 01:11:47,613
and my reaction was
generally the same way...
1435
01:11:48,373 --> 01:11:51,376
That the purpose of a university
is to educate people
1436
01:11:51,479 --> 01:11:53,412
and to help build
a better world,
1437
01:11:53,516 --> 01:11:55,932
and closing it down
isn't the way to do that.
1438
01:11:56,035 --> 01:11:59,280
Therefore, we would stay open as
long as I could keep it open.
1439
01:11:59,660 --> 01:12:02,559
Part of our program is
to bring home the relationship
1440
01:12:02,663 --> 01:12:05,769
of the university's compliance
with the war machine.
1441
01:12:05,873 --> 01:12:08,324
For the day,
we've scheduled pickets
1442
01:12:08,427 --> 01:12:12,189
at some university buildings
that are closely connected
1443
01:12:12,293 --> 01:12:14,744
with the military
industrial complex.
1444
01:12:14,985 --> 01:12:19,473
Our position is that ROTC and
the Army Math Research Center
1445
01:12:19,576 --> 01:12:21,751
must be eliminated
from the campus.
1446
01:12:22,268 --> 01:12:24,374
I'm wondering
what your opinion is
1447
01:12:24,478 --> 01:12:26,411
on today's nationwide
moratorium.
1448
01:12:26,790 --> 01:12:27,791
Very good.
1449
01:12:28,171 --> 01:12:30,518
You think it'll have
an effect on policy?
1450
01:12:30,794 --> 01:12:32,106
I doubt that very much.
1451
01:12:32,555 --> 01:12:33,625
How about you, sir?
1452
01:12:33,728 --> 01:12:35,903
I don't know, the moratorium...
1453
01:12:36,006 --> 01:12:38,768
Gotta raise hell or
else no one will recognize it.
1454
01:12:38,871 --> 01:12:41,357
So the more hell we raise,
the more Nixon will find out.
1455
01:12:41,702 --> 01:12:44,843
I've had quite a few friends
who have been killed over there
1456
01:12:44,946 --> 01:12:47,397
for what they're fighting for.
1457
01:12:48,502 --> 01:12:51,539
what these students
and these people are doing,
1458
01:12:51,643 --> 01:12:53,472
I don't go for at all.
1459
01:12:53,990 --> 01:12:58,408
At the University Field House,
they organized 15,000 people
1460
01:12:58,512 --> 01:13:02,308
into the moratorium and I was
one of half-a-dozen speakers.
1461
01:13:02,654 --> 01:13:06,002
It is up to the people
here tonight
1462
01:13:06,312 --> 01:13:08,211
to organize,
1463
01:13:08,314 --> 01:13:11,352
propose and enforce
1464
01:13:12,422 --> 01:13:14,769
a total moratorium
1465
01:13:15,183 --> 01:13:20,050
on military research
and imperial investment
1466
01:13:20,982 --> 01:13:23,295
to begin here and now
1467
01:13:23,399 --> 01:13:27,195
a reversal of United States
foreign policy.
1468
01:13:27,299 --> 01:13:29,888
[Audience applauding]
1469
01:13:33,719 --> 01:13:37,274
They carried David
off that plane
1470
01:13:37,827 --> 01:13:40,174
in a canvas-covered box.
1471
01:13:42,348 --> 01:13:45,248
And the young officer
stood guard
1472
01:13:45,351 --> 01:13:48,424
with a black band on his arm.
1473
01:13:50,391 --> 01:13:55,085
Inside that box was
all that was left of my son,
1474
01:13:55,810 --> 01:13:58,951
a burned, broken body,
1475
01:13:59,262 --> 01:14:01,782
wrapped in plastic,
1476
01:14:02,265 --> 01:14:04,750
and covered with a uniform.
1477
01:14:07,512 --> 01:14:09,997
What did he die for?
1478
01:14:11,516 --> 01:14:16,659
What have over 40,000 other boys
in Vietnam died for?
1479
01:14:18,177 --> 01:14:21,767
What have hundreds
of thousands of soldiers,
1480
01:14:21,871 --> 01:14:24,045
Vietnamese soldiers,
1481
01:14:24,149 --> 01:14:27,842
women, peasants,
even children...
1482
01:14:29,085 --> 01:14:31,950
What have they died for?
1483
01:14:33,158 --> 01:14:36,506
And what are thousands
of other American boys
1484
01:14:36,610 --> 01:14:40,924
going to have to die for
if we don't bring them home?
1485
01:14:43,306 --> 01:14:47,448
Merlin R. Allen, Bayfield.
1486
01:14:48,345 --> 01:14:52,246
Roscoe Ammerman, Madison.
1487
01:14:53,074 --> 01:14:56,699
Dale E. Anderson, New Lisbon.
1488
01:14:57,562 --> 01:15:01,566
Gerald R. Anderson, Kenosha.
1489
01:15:02,118 --> 01:15:05,604
Richard L. Anderson, Oshkosh.
1490
01:15:07,019 --> 01:15:10,747
♪ [Drums beating sadly]
1491
01:15:24,209 --> 01:15:27,246
The National Moratorium was
the one thing that if ever
1492
01:15:27,350 --> 01:15:29,248
I had any doubts about
1493
01:15:29,352 --> 01:15:30,664
being involved
in the Antiwar Movement,
1494
01:15:30,767 --> 01:15:31,699
that would've done it.
1495
01:15:32,424 --> 01:15:36,324
Carrying signs of people
who had died
1496
01:15:36,428 --> 01:15:39,431
was an incredible feeling.
1497
01:15:40,156 --> 01:15:42,227
By the time you got
to the White House,
1498
01:15:42,330 --> 01:15:43,884
that person was a part of you.
1499
01:15:43,987 --> 01:15:45,748
George Kilbuck.
1500
01:15:48,164 --> 01:15:49,959
William Hutton.
1501
01:15:50,269 --> 01:15:52,202
We dropped off the cards,
1502
01:15:52,306 --> 01:15:54,480
we were in a very
somber mood, we left,
1503
01:15:54,584 --> 01:15:56,517
and then found out that
1504
01:15:56,621 --> 01:15:59,278
the President Nixon
had not watched any of this,
1505
01:15:59,382 --> 01:16:01,557
that he was watching
a football game at the time.
1506
01:16:01,902 --> 01:16:05,388
You can have 60,000 of us,
or 250,000 of us,
1507
01:16:05,491 --> 01:16:08,943
parade in front of
the White House or in DC,
1508
01:16:09,047 --> 01:16:10,669
and if Nixon makes a statement,
1509
01:16:10,773 --> 01:16:13,016
"I will not in any way
be swayed by it,"
1510
01:16:13,430 --> 01:16:14,984
this is going to lead
to frustration.
1511
01:16:15,329 --> 01:16:18,125
♪ [Rock music comes up]
1512
01:16:33,658 --> 01:16:36,764
♪ [Rock music fades out]
1513
01:16:37,420 --> 01:16:39,940
You know we came back
from the war
1514
01:16:40,043 --> 01:16:42,943
and the environment here was
real hostile,
1515
01:16:43,046 --> 01:16:44,185
especially to us.
1516
01:16:44,289 --> 01:16:47,223
People in the peace movement
were down on us, you know.
1517
01:16:47,326 --> 01:16:49,639
People that were for the war
were down on us.
1518
01:16:50,157 --> 01:16:53,574
I guess I gravitated toward
Vets for Peace
1519
01:16:53,678 --> 01:16:56,404
as an organization in terms
of formal involvement
1520
01:16:56,508 --> 01:16:58,855
in the Antiwar Movement
at that point.
1521
01:16:58,959 --> 01:17:02,997
We had some credibility as guys
who had been in Vietnam,
1522
01:17:03,101 --> 01:17:05,275
coming back and saying,
"Hey, it's not working,
1523
01:17:05,379 --> 01:17:07,968
"they're lying to you, the light
at the end of the tunnel
1524
01:17:08,071 --> 01:17:09,625
"ain't there folks."
1525
01:17:10,246 --> 01:17:14,146
Calley and My Lai and atrocities
are not aberrations.
1526
01:17:14,250 --> 01:17:15,769
They're not unusual.
1527
01:17:15,872 --> 01:17:19,635
It's the day in, day out
routine conduct of the war,
1528
01:17:19,738 --> 01:17:22,016
these kinds of things happen
in Vietnam.
1529
01:17:22,120 --> 01:17:23,742
They are happening.
1530
01:17:28,471 --> 01:17:30,266
Alright, you ready to go?
1531
01:17:31,301 --> 01:17:32,648
You ready to go?
1532
01:17:40,207 --> 01:17:42,485
Every day you had to look
at the war.
1533
01:17:42,588 --> 01:17:45,626
And as the war went on,
every time you read the paper,
1534
01:17:45,730 --> 01:17:49,043
every time you saw the news,
you saw not only
1535
01:17:49,147 --> 01:17:52,322
more and more scenes
of violence in Vietnam,
1536
01:17:52,426 --> 01:17:54,152
the Vietnamese people
being destroyed, but it became
1537
01:17:54,255 --> 01:17:56,154
a reality that maybe, to me,
1538
01:17:56,257 --> 01:17:57,983
that my sense of urgency grew
1539
01:17:58,087 --> 01:17:59,329
because I thought that maybe
that country
1540
01:17:59,433 --> 01:18:00,606
would be completely obliterated
1541
01:18:00,710 --> 01:18:03,437
before the Vietnamese people
could win.
1542
01:18:04,196 --> 01:18:06,854
[Sound of helicopter taking off]
1543
01:18:07,337 --> 01:18:09,754
Something concrete,
1544
01:18:09,857 --> 01:18:12,446
something specific,
some blast,
1545
01:18:12,549 --> 01:18:16,346
some strike against the war
machine as a machine,
1546
01:18:16,864 --> 01:18:18,141
needed to happen.
1547
01:18:18,417 --> 01:18:21,662
I can remember sitting in the
basement of St. Frances House
1548
01:18:21,766 --> 01:18:23,353
in a Vets for Peace Meeting
1549
01:18:23,457 --> 01:18:25,528
where we were talking about
more parades,
1550
01:18:25,631 --> 01:18:27,910
and more marches and so forth,
1551
01:18:28,462 --> 01:18:31,983
and thinking this isn't going
to get us anywhere anymore.
1552
01:18:32,086 --> 01:18:34,433
We ought to be talking now
about blowing up
1553
01:18:34,537 --> 01:18:37,609
railroad trains coming out of
the Baraboo ammunition plant
1554
01:18:37,713 --> 01:18:40,923
where they're building this
stuff, sending it to Vietnam.
1555
01:18:41,026 --> 01:18:43,753
If I'd had the courage to do
what Armstrong did,
1556
01:18:43,857 --> 01:18:44,996
I would have.
1557
01:18:45,272 --> 01:18:47,757
I was just amazed,
I came back and
1558
01:18:47,861 --> 01:18:50,518
a group called
the New Year's Gang had bombed
1559
01:18:50,622 --> 01:18:53,556
the old red gym
where the ROTC offices were.
1560
01:18:53,659 --> 01:18:57,353
I had a hard time
concealing my glee that
1561
01:18:57,456 --> 01:19:00,494
the ROTC was getting what
it had been producing.
1562
01:19:00,597 --> 01:19:04,153
It had been producing officers
to fight in Vietnam,
1563
01:19:04,256 --> 01:19:06,155
and now they were getting
some of that back.
1564
01:19:06,465 --> 01:19:08,088
I thought the New Year's Gang
was a good idea
1565
01:19:08,191 --> 01:19:10,504
because it seemed to me
like that was the only way
1566
01:19:10,607 --> 01:19:11,885
things were gonna be stopped.
1567
01:19:12,230 --> 01:19:15,440
The thing that really caught
my imagination was
1568
01:19:15,543 --> 01:19:17,131
the fact
that the New Year's Gang
1569
01:19:17,235 --> 01:19:18,684
had apparently rented
a plane and
1570
01:19:18,788 --> 01:19:21,101
dropped the bomb
on the Badger Munition Works.
1571
01:19:21,204 --> 01:19:22,827
Unfortunately it didn't go off.
1572
01:19:23,206 --> 01:19:26,865
We had B52s dropping bombs
on Vietnam every day.
1573
01:19:26,969 --> 01:19:28,798
I felt that
the psychological effect
1574
01:19:28,902 --> 01:19:31,283
of dropping a bomb on the
Badger Ordinance plant
1575
01:19:31,387 --> 01:19:34,908
would be such that
people would become...
1576
01:19:35,667 --> 01:19:39,878
Their imagination regarding
struggle against the war
1577
01:19:40,292 --> 01:19:41,880
would be heightened.
1578
01:19:41,984 --> 01:19:45,090
[Protesters screaming]
1579
01:19:46,712 --> 01:19:48,611
[Bombs exploding]
1580
01:19:48,714 --> 01:19:50,544
[Jet roaring above]
1581
01:19:51,062 --> 01:19:53,719
[Siren sounding]
1582
01:19:56,550 --> 01:19:58,690
[More bombs blowing up]
1583
01:19:59,415 --> 01:20:01,866
The air war had just simply
taken off
1584
01:20:01,969 --> 01:20:04,006
and intensified dramatically.
1585
01:20:04,109 --> 01:20:07,872
On campus, there was a greater
sense of frustration every day.
1586
01:20:07,975 --> 01:20:09,805
It looked like the war
was never going to end.
1587
01:20:09,908 --> 01:20:11,427
It was only getting worse.
1588
01:20:11,530 --> 01:20:13,463
And then Nixon
invaded Cambodia.
1589
01:20:13,567 --> 01:20:17,605
Tonight, Americans and
South Vietnamese units
1590
01:20:17,709 --> 01:20:21,126
will attack the headquarters
for the entire communist
1591
01:20:21,230 --> 01:20:24,060
military operation
in South Vietnam.
1592
01:20:24,164 --> 01:20:26,304
This key control center
has been occupied
1593
01:20:26,407 --> 01:20:28,409
by the North Vietnamese
and Vietcong
1594
01:20:28,513 --> 01:20:31,205
for 5 years
in blatant violation
1595
01:20:31,309 --> 01:20:33,035
of Cambodia's neutrality.
1596
01:20:34,105 --> 01:20:36,797
[Protesters chanting]
1597
01:20:38,247 --> 01:20:41,906
Power to the people!
Off the pig!
1598
01:20:43,562 --> 01:20:45,564
[Tear gas exploding]
1599
01:20:47,152 --> 01:20:49,223
[Panicked screaming]
1600
01:20:49,568 --> 01:20:51,639
The troops were formed
in a circle
1601
01:20:51,743 --> 01:20:53,607
on the practice field
next to Taylor.
1602
01:20:53,710 --> 01:20:55,609
They were shooting tear gas...
1603
01:20:55,712 --> 01:20:57,645
And it was orderly.
No kids were out of hand.
1604
01:20:57,749 --> 01:21:00,096
And about 20 of them,
the whole regiment,
1605
01:21:00,200 --> 01:21:02,512
lowered their guns and
opened fire, straight fire.
1606
01:21:02,616 --> 01:21:05,515
Three people were dead
on arrival at the hospital.
1607
01:21:05,619 --> 01:21:07,000
And one more died later.
1608
01:21:07,103 --> 01:21:09,105
Most of them
were just plain gunned down
1609
01:21:09,209 --> 01:21:10,486
in cold blood in the back.
1610
01:21:10,589 --> 01:21:12,868
As soon as the students
were shot at Kent State,
1611
01:21:12,971 --> 01:21:15,456
we knew that all hell
was going to break loose.
1612
01:21:15,560 --> 01:21:16,595
And of course we knew it
1613
01:21:16,699 --> 01:21:18,632
when we called
that first demonstration.
1614
01:21:18,735 --> 01:21:21,531
We stood up on the balcony there
1615
01:21:21,635 --> 01:21:23,740
and we looked down
towards the Lakeshore dorms,
1616
01:21:23,844 --> 01:21:26,053
and Lakeshore path
was black with people.
1617
01:21:26,157 --> 01:21:27,779
We looked up towards
the Southeast dorms,
1618
01:21:27,883 --> 01:21:29,677
the Southeast dorms
was black with people.
1619
01:21:29,781 --> 01:21:33,095
That first demonstration was
like 5,000, 6,000, 7,000 people.
1620
01:21:33,198 --> 01:21:35,166
It was not just
an explosion of rage.
1621
01:21:35,269 --> 01:21:38,307
I felt like people had a very
concrete objective in mind,
1622
01:21:38,410 --> 01:21:40,378
and that was to try to get
the U.S. government
1623
01:21:40,481 --> 01:21:42,035
to stop sending troops
to Cambodia.
1624
01:21:42,138 --> 01:21:45,555
But that if the level
of reaction in this country
1625
01:21:45,659 --> 01:21:47,385
was strong enough, that they
would start to think
1626
01:21:47,488 --> 01:21:48,558
they couldn't afford
1627
01:21:48,662 --> 01:21:51,354
another Vietnam in Cambodia
and it would stop.
1628
01:21:51,458 --> 01:21:53,494
And that was the objective.
1629
01:21:54,357 --> 01:21:57,533
There were hundreds, thousands
in the streets at a time.
1630
01:21:57,636 --> 01:21:58,603
It was big.
1631
01:21:58,706 --> 01:22:00,777
We had to call up the Guard.
1632
01:22:00,881 --> 01:22:04,160
We coped as best as we could
with the vandalism.
1633
01:22:04,505 --> 01:22:06,611
We had to use
a considerable amount of gas.
1634
01:22:06,714 --> 01:22:09,925
We suppressed the violence
as well as we could.
1635
01:22:10,028 --> 01:22:12,651
There was simply a riot
for about 10 days,
1636
01:22:12,755 --> 01:22:14,377
the way I remember it.
1637
01:22:14,481 --> 01:22:15,896
Nobody went to classes.
1638
01:22:16,000 --> 01:22:19,417
Everybody was out into rallies,
demonstrations,
1639
01:22:19,520 --> 01:22:21,143
and once it got dark,
1640
01:22:21,246 --> 01:22:24,491
there was trashing,
looting, fire bombing.
1641
01:22:24,836 --> 01:22:29,047
I remember a cop
going like this with his pistol
1642
01:22:29,151 --> 01:22:32,085
down on the edge of the car,
using it as a rest.
1643
01:22:32,188 --> 01:22:34,915
I distinctly thought that
he was going to shoot somebody.
1644
01:22:35,019 --> 01:22:36,986
I couldn't see
that far up the street.
1645
01:22:37,090 --> 01:22:39,575
But I was right there,
next to my friend, Lloyd Guzier.
1646
01:22:39,678 --> 01:22:41,611
We were both sitting there,
we both had our guns,
1647
01:22:41,715 --> 01:22:43,751
we both put rounds
into the chamber...
1648
01:22:44,062 --> 01:22:45,615
We just aimed.
1649
01:22:45,719 --> 01:22:48,549
Then the guy lifted his hand up
and he walked away.
1650
01:22:48,653 --> 01:22:50,966
That cop never knew
how lucky he was.
1651
01:22:51,828 --> 01:22:54,038
There were some people,
the leaders,
1652
01:22:54,141 --> 01:22:57,662
said that we are at war
with the state now.
1653
01:22:58,007 --> 01:23:00,389
And this is a position
that they took,
1654
01:23:00,492 --> 01:23:01,907
and they were serious.
1655
01:23:02,011 --> 01:23:03,840
They would like
to have overtaken
1656
01:23:03,944 --> 01:23:05,773
the city if they could.
1657
01:23:05,877 --> 01:23:07,844
I think there were
a group of people
1658
01:23:07,948 --> 01:23:09,225
who saw themselves in a war.
1659
01:23:09,329 --> 01:23:10,916
I think we were isolated
1660
01:23:11,020 --> 01:23:12,711
from the mass feeling
at the time,
1661
01:23:12,815 --> 01:23:14,403
which was to play war.
1662
01:23:14,506 --> 01:23:17,682
We thought that all those people
would come right along with us.
1663
01:23:17,785 --> 01:23:19,166
I distinctly thought that.
1664
01:23:19,270 --> 01:23:21,962
I thought those people
would rise to the occasion,
1665
01:23:22,066 --> 01:23:24,344
'cause you gotta remember,
during Cambodia,
1666
01:23:24,447 --> 01:23:27,002
there were firebombings
every night.
1667
01:23:27,105 --> 01:23:28,658
In one week's period of time,
1668
01:23:28,762 --> 01:23:32,386
there was 67 fire bombings
in the city of Madison.
1669
01:23:32,490 --> 01:23:33,939
It was inconceivable
1670
01:23:34,043 --> 01:23:35,872
that we could turn
this many people
1671
01:23:35,976 --> 01:23:38,461
out into the streets
night after night,
1672
01:23:38,565 --> 01:23:40,601
take the campus apart...
1673
01:23:40,705 --> 01:23:42,741
And it wouldn't mean anything.
1674
01:23:42,845 --> 01:23:46,366
That it wouldn't in some way
change the course of history.
1675
01:23:46,469 --> 01:23:47,815
[Gunfire]
1676
01:23:47,919 --> 01:23:49,162
Vietnam?
1677
01:23:49,265 --> 01:23:50,163
No.
1678
01:23:50,266 --> 01:23:52,889
Jackson State College
in Mississippi.
1679
01:23:52,993 --> 01:23:55,858
When the students
were killed at Jackson State,
1680
01:23:55,961 --> 01:23:58,274
there was not that much shock.
1681
01:23:58,757 --> 01:24:03,038
By 1970, we had expected
the country to react differently
1682
01:24:03,141 --> 01:24:05,212
to the killing of black students
1683
01:24:05,316 --> 01:24:07,421
than they would to the
killing of white students.
1684
01:24:07,525 --> 01:24:10,700
The white students were
probably in shock at
1685
01:24:10,804 --> 01:24:14,221
the difference in reaction,
but for us, we weren't really...
1686
01:24:14,325 --> 01:24:16,396
Martin Luther King
had been killed...
1687
01:24:16,499 --> 01:24:19,813
So many things had happened that
we just expected these things
1688
01:24:19,916 --> 01:24:21,470
and took them right into stride.
1689
01:24:21,573 --> 01:24:23,023
Really it's sad to say
but true.
1690
01:24:23,472 --> 01:24:27,717
In the middle of the
Cambodia aftermath,
1691
01:24:27,821 --> 01:24:32,377
I had received my reporting date
for active duty on July 5th,
1692
01:24:32,481 --> 01:24:35,380
So I knew now that I had to make
a decision pretty quickly,
1693
01:24:35,484 --> 01:24:37,624
and that decision
really fell into place.
1694
01:24:38,038 --> 01:24:40,765
It was clear to me
one alternative was out.
1695
01:24:40,868 --> 01:24:43,561
I was not gonna go to jail
in Nixon's America.
1696
01:24:43,664 --> 01:24:46,150
Since 1966, when I was
against the war,
1697
01:24:46,253 --> 01:24:48,704
not a single day passed when I
had to deal with the fact,
1698
01:24:48,807 --> 01:24:49,774
what am I gonna do?
1699
01:24:49,877 --> 01:24:51,707
Do I have enough guts to do
what I believe in
1700
01:24:51,810 --> 01:24:53,295
and not fight in Vietnam?
1701
01:24:53,398 --> 01:24:55,400
Or am I going to be
just like all the liberals
1702
01:24:55,504 --> 01:24:57,195
who were advising me
and that is,
1703
01:24:57,299 --> 01:24:59,197
"Put your beliefs in
your back pocket,
1704
01:24:59,301 --> 01:25:01,648
"sit on them for two years,
come out after the war
1705
01:25:01,751 --> 01:25:03,236
"and be a great American."
1706
01:25:03,615 --> 01:25:05,376
To me that was bullshit.
1707
01:25:05,479 --> 01:25:08,068
So I decided that
what I had to do was
1708
01:25:08,172 --> 01:25:10,829
to opt for freedom
and go to Canada.
1709
01:25:12,314 --> 01:25:14,868
The frustration that
we felt with the...
1710
01:25:14,971 --> 01:25:16,732
If the war was to be
ended at all,
1711
01:25:16,835 --> 01:25:18,285
there was only one way
that was going to do it
1712
01:25:18,389 --> 01:25:21,633
and that was to make
some big...
1713
01:25:22,841 --> 01:25:24,740
impact somewhere.
1714
01:25:25,258 --> 01:25:27,570
Whether it was going to be in
Madison or not, we didn't know,
1715
01:25:27,674 --> 01:25:30,021
but something had to happen
to stop the war.
1716
01:25:32,541 --> 01:25:35,268
[Earthshattering explosion]
1717
01:25:37,718 --> 01:25:39,341
It was about 4 o'clock
in the morning,
1718
01:25:39,444 --> 01:25:42,861
an explosion went off, and
I turned to my wife and I said,
1719
01:25:42,965 --> 01:25:44,518
"That's the
Math Research Center."
1720
01:25:44,794 --> 01:25:47,211
That's the only thing it
could be. It was obvious, right?
1721
01:25:47,314 --> 01:25:49,282
Something was gonna happen
to that thing,
1722
01:25:49,385 --> 01:25:51,836
and when something blew up,
it wasn't an accident.
1723
01:25:51,939 --> 01:25:53,009
That's what it had to be.
1724
01:25:53,493 --> 01:25:56,841
I was awakened at home
when the bomb went off
1725
01:25:57,359 --> 01:26:00,810
that destroyed the Army Math
Research Center and killed a
1726
01:26:00,914 --> 01:26:03,296
physics graduate student there.
1727
01:26:03,399 --> 01:26:05,608
Of course I immediately
got up and came down,
1728
01:26:05,712 --> 01:26:09,474
and like everybody else,
I was tremendously shocked by
it.
1729
01:26:09,888 --> 01:26:13,133
I remember thinking,
"Well, I'm not surprised"...
1730
01:26:13,409 --> 01:26:16,757
And that the university
should have broken that contract
1731
01:26:16,861 --> 01:26:20,036
and gotten Army Math off the
campus because that bombing
1732
01:26:20,140 --> 01:26:22,038
was an inevitability.
1733
01:26:22,142 --> 01:26:24,731
It was gonna happen
at some point,
1734
01:26:24,834 --> 01:26:26,560
as long as the war continued.
1735
01:26:26,905 --> 01:26:29,045
We've got damage, serious damage
1736
01:26:29,149 --> 01:26:31,289
to millions of dollars
worth of property
1737
01:26:31,393 --> 01:26:33,326
belonging to the people
of the state of Wisconsin
1738
01:26:33,429 --> 01:26:36,363
and to the people
of the United States of America.
1739
01:26:36,467 --> 01:26:39,435
In addition to that, of course
we've got what appears to be
1740
01:26:39,539 --> 01:26:43,094
the beginnings of
an outright revolution.
1741
01:26:43,715 --> 01:26:48,306
The UW Board of Regents today
pledged a $100,000 reward
1742
01:26:48,410 --> 01:26:50,722
for any information
which leads to the conviction
1743
01:26:50,826 --> 01:26:53,449
of those who bombed the
Army Mathematics Research Center
1744
01:26:53,553 --> 01:26:55,624
at the Madison campus on Monday.
1745
01:26:56,659 --> 01:27:00,870
I couldn't believe
any connection here at all.
1746
01:27:00,974 --> 01:27:02,389
There just wasn't any.
1747
01:27:02,700 --> 01:27:03,735
As a matter of fact,
1748
01:27:03,839 --> 01:27:06,600
even after the warrants
were sworn out for him,
1749
01:27:06,704 --> 01:27:08,809
I couldn't believe that
they were implicated.
1750
01:27:08,913 --> 01:27:12,123
I couldn't put
anything together.
1751
01:27:13,814 --> 01:27:17,853
I had in mind that eventually
we would give ourselves up,
1752
01:27:17,956 --> 01:27:19,958
and have a political trial.
1753
01:27:20,269 --> 01:27:24,308
We found out that a man
had died in the bombing and
1754
01:27:24,791 --> 01:27:29,658
there was no way that we could
give ourselves up for a trial.
1755
01:27:30,210 --> 01:27:34,283
I just felt that the bombing
was very stupid at that time
1756
01:27:34,387 --> 01:27:38,287
because I knew that
politically what had happened,
1757
01:27:38,391 --> 01:27:43,050
and I felt morally a sense of
shame for taking someone's life.
1758
01:27:43,154 --> 01:27:45,708
I didn't feel it was justified.
1759
01:27:46,295 --> 01:27:49,367
The Karl Armstrong incident
brings us back to
1760
01:27:49,471 --> 01:27:52,957
the Nuremberg trial and
the whole problem of
1761
01:27:53,475 --> 01:27:57,306
who is responsible
for the actions,
1762
01:27:57,410 --> 01:27:59,550
the criminal actions
of a nation.
1763
01:27:59,653 --> 01:28:02,967
And it always boils down
to the individual.
1764
01:28:03,070 --> 01:28:05,728
How do you respond
personally to it?
1765
01:28:05,832 --> 01:28:08,213
If you feel truly
responsible for it,
1766
01:28:08,317 --> 01:28:09,663
you have to act.
1767
01:28:10,043 --> 01:28:12,804
If you feel as responsible
as Karl Armstrong,
1768
01:28:12,908 --> 01:28:14,875
you probably blow up a building.
1769
01:28:16,187 --> 01:28:19,708
An uneasy calm would probably
best describe the mood here
1770
01:28:19,811 --> 01:28:21,503
at the University of Wisconsin
1771
01:28:21,606 --> 01:28:23,884
on this first day
of the new school year.
1772
01:28:23,988 --> 01:28:27,854
On the surface, everything is
quiet, but there is the memory
1773
01:28:27,957 --> 01:28:29,856
of the student disorders
last spring
1774
01:28:29,959 --> 01:28:31,513
and the bombing last month
1775
01:28:31,616 --> 01:28:34,274
which left one person dead
and four others injured.
1776
01:28:34,723 --> 01:28:38,416
Nobody's really sure what's
gonna really go on right now.
1777
01:28:39,693 --> 01:28:41,902
There are various moods
going around campus.
1778
01:28:42,006 --> 01:28:45,596
Some people really want
to keep school going,
1779
01:28:45,699 --> 01:28:48,288
are anxious
to have a good year, but
1780
01:28:48,392 --> 01:28:50,083
by and large,
everything's up in the air.
1781
01:28:50,428 --> 01:28:51,843
I think that after bombing,
1782
01:28:51,947 --> 01:28:53,638
things pretty much
disintegrated.
1783
01:28:53,742 --> 01:28:57,539
What the bombing did was that
it changed the sort of
1784
01:28:57,642 --> 01:28:59,713
rock-throwing, comic strip
type of revolution
1785
01:28:59,817 --> 01:29:01,025
that was going on
1786
01:29:01,128 --> 01:29:03,234
into a real revolution
and told people
1787
01:29:03,338 --> 01:29:05,478
that people yes indeed
were going to be hurt.
1788
01:29:05,581 --> 01:29:09,205
I don't think that
the Antiwar Movement died.
1789
01:29:09,309 --> 01:29:11,449
I think that
what happened was that
1790
01:29:11,553 --> 01:29:14,590
there was a lot of repression
in this country which affected
1791
01:29:14,694 --> 01:29:16,558
the kinds of work
that was going on.
1792
01:29:16,661 --> 01:29:18,387
And there was increasingly
1793
01:29:18,491 --> 01:29:20,285
new directions that
political people were taking.
1794
01:29:20,389 --> 01:29:23,703
They were trying to move into
communities that hadn't been...
1795
01:29:24,635 --> 01:29:27,638
That hadn't been touched
by a lot of antiwar organizing,
1796
01:29:27,741 --> 01:29:29,053
and trying to talk about
1797
01:29:29,156 --> 01:29:31,573
whole new issues
of life in this country.
1798
01:29:31,987 --> 01:29:35,370
We've dropped,
as of five months ago,
1799
01:29:35,473 --> 01:29:39,097
23 million bombs
on South Vietnam,
1800
01:29:39,201 --> 01:29:44,206
each one creating a crater
40 feet across and 25 feet deep.
1801
01:29:44,309 --> 01:29:49,142
We have left homeless
25% of South Vietnam,
1802
01:29:49,245 --> 01:29:52,732
which would be the equivalent of
50 million Americans homeless.
1803
01:29:53,008 --> 01:29:55,459
The cold hard fact
of the matter is,
1804
01:29:55,562 --> 01:29:58,358
and I said it on the floor
of the Senate 6 weeks ago, that
1805
01:29:58,462 --> 01:30:00,809
South Vietnam
would be better off losing
1806
01:30:00,912 --> 01:30:03,398
to North Vietnam
than winning with us.
1807
01:30:03,708 --> 01:30:05,986
How many more years
do we have to go before
1808
01:30:06,090 --> 01:30:08,748
we can get out
of Vietnam completely?
1809
01:30:08,851 --> 01:30:10,750
[Sen. William Proxmire]
How long does this go on?
1810
01:30:11,613 --> 01:30:14,167
That war has gone on
for 30 years.
1811
01:30:14,409 --> 01:30:18,033
And it'll be 10-15 years
before we get out entirely?
1812
01:30:18,136 --> 01:30:19,724
I believe that that war
1813
01:30:19,828 --> 01:30:22,382
can continue for
a good many more years.
1814
01:30:22,486 --> 01:30:23,452
With us in it?
1815
01:30:23,556 --> 01:30:25,558
Ladies and gentlemen,
I am announcing today
1816
01:30:25,661 --> 01:30:28,561
the withdrawal of an additional
70,000 from Vietnam
1817
01:30:28,664 --> 01:30:30,425
over the next three months.
1818
01:30:30,528 --> 01:30:33,773
This means that our troop
ceiling by May 1
1819
01:30:33,876 --> 01:30:36,500
will be down to 69,000.
1820
01:30:36,603 --> 01:30:39,019
What Nixon was able to do
with the Vietnamization program
1821
01:30:39,123 --> 01:30:41,366
which was in effect when I,
right before I went over,
1822
01:30:41,470 --> 01:30:43,368
and while I was there, was to...
1823
01:30:43,472 --> 01:30:46,371
It was a very shrewd tactic,
I thought, and
1824
01:30:46,475 --> 01:30:48,477
accomplished the task of
1825
01:30:48,719 --> 01:30:50,445
starting to bring home U.S. GIs,
1826
01:30:50,548 --> 01:30:52,688
replace them with Vietnamese,
so people didn't care if
1827
01:30:52,792 --> 01:30:54,034
Vietnamese were getting killed,
1828
01:30:54,138 --> 01:30:56,416
and escalate the air war
to a great degree.
1829
01:30:56,520 --> 01:30:59,177
The death toll
of American soldiers
1830
01:30:59,281 --> 01:31:01,179
was gonna drop off
precipitously.
1831
01:31:01,283 --> 01:31:04,528
And, wow, they could keep on
spending money and bombing,
1832
01:31:04,631 --> 01:31:07,013
which, of course,
they ultimately did.
1833
01:31:07,427 --> 01:31:10,534
But the tragedy, of course,
was that
1834
01:31:10,637 --> 01:31:14,227
people would buy it as a policy
to continue the war.
1835
01:31:16,609 --> 01:31:18,300
[Rifles firing rounds]
1836
01:31:18,403 --> 01:31:20,716
For years, Memorial Day had been
1837
01:31:20,820 --> 01:31:22,925
kind of
"America Right or Wrong,"
1838
01:31:23,029 --> 01:31:26,101
"Love it or Leave it"
patriotic game.
1839
01:31:26,204 --> 01:31:29,000
♪ [Drums rolling]
1840
01:31:29,656 --> 01:31:32,797
Finally, the Antiwar Movement,
the peace movement,
1841
01:31:32,901 --> 01:31:36,836
countered with a parade
around the capital square,
1842
01:31:36,939 --> 01:31:38,182
which was quite separate.
1843
01:31:38,285 --> 01:31:41,634
I think it was like two hours
after the first one was over.
1844
01:31:41,737 --> 01:31:44,050
It was entirely
our own parade.
1845
01:31:44,602 --> 01:31:47,985
I think the incidence of GI
reaction
1846
01:31:48,088 --> 01:31:50,884
and revulsion to the war
1847
01:31:50,988 --> 01:31:52,748
probably peaked
along these periods.
1848
01:31:53,024 --> 01:31:55,061
The number of AWOLs
and desertions,
1849
01:31:55,164 --> 01:31:57,235
the high incidence of fraggings,
1850
01:31:57,339 --> 01:31:59,514
the less-than-honorable
discharge rates,
1851
01:31:59,617 --> 01:32:00,687
the drug abuse.
1852
01:32:00,791 --> 01:32:02,758
I think all these things
could be seen at that point
1853
01:32:02,862 --> 01:32:05,036
as an indication
of the breakdown of the army.
1854
01:32:06,590 --> 01:32:09,420
This is an honorable discharge,
it says, from the Armed Forces
of
1855
01:32:09,524 --> 01:32:10,697
the United States of America,
1856
01:32:10,801 --> 01:32:13,666
"This is to certify that
Allen Wallace Morentz,
1857
01:32:13,769 --> 01:32:16,047
"Airman Second Class
regular Air Force
1858
01:32:16,151 --> 01:32:18,843
"was honorably discharged
from the United States Air Force
1859
01:32:18,947 --> 01:32:22,122
"on the 23rd day of May,
December '66."
1860
01:32:22,226 --> 01:32:23,261
Down at the bottom, it says,
1861
01:32:23,365 --> 01:32:25,919
"This is an important record,
safeguard it."
1862
01:32:26,299 --> 01:32:27,369
[Crowd cheers]
1863
01:32:29,026 --> 01:32:31,822
I pray that time will forgive me
and my brothers for what we did.
1864
01:32:34,652 --> 01:32:36,896
♪ [Rock music comes up softly]
1865
01:32:37,828 --> 01:32:41,245
Second Battalion First Marines.
Power to the people!
1866
01:32:45,042 --> 01:32:47,216
Twenty-second Cavalry strike
in Da Nang.
1867
01:32:47,320 --> 01:32:50,219
I hope they realize this is
their last goddamn chance.
1868
01:32:52,049 --> 01:32:55,017
Paul F. Willis.
Spec four Army retired.
1869
01:32:55,121 --> 01:32:58,158
I've taking in 9 Purple Hearts,
Distinguished Service Cross,
1870
01:32:58,262 --> 01:33:00,575
Silver Star, Bronze Star,
Army commendation,
1871
01:33:00,678 --> 01:33:02,162
and a lot of other shit.
1872
01:33:02,266 --> 01:33:04,130
This is for my brothers!
1873
01:33:04,475 --> 01:33:05,580
Right on!
1874
01:33:11,171 --> 01:33:13,898
We don't want to fight anymore,
but if we have to fight again,
1875
01:33:14,002 --> 01:33:16,729
- it'll be to take these steps.
- Right on!
1876
01:33:16,832 --> 01:33:18,351
[Crowd cheers]
1877
01:33:18,454 --> 01:33:20,111
All power to people!
1878
01:33:21,285 --> 01:33:23,011
You came here to testify
for Karleton Armstrong?
1879
01:33:23,114 --> 01:33:24,184
I did.
1880
01:33:24,288 --> 01:33:26,014
I was asked by Mr. Kunstler
to come and testify.
1881
01:33:26,117 --> 01:33:28,085
OK, why did you do this?
1882
01:33:28,326 --> 01:33:31,916
Well, I have felt, while I have
not prepared to pass judgment
1883
01:33:32,020 --> 01:33:34,125
on this particular offense,
1884
01:33:34,229 --> 01:33:36,507
I think that all protest
against the war,
1885
01:33:36,611 --> 01:33:39,544
not only justified
but a civic duty.
1886
01:33:39,648 --> 01:33:44,170
I think after you appreciate
how we were lied into this war,
1887
01:33:44,273 --> 01:33:45,930
and the terrible
consequences of it...
1888
01:33:46,034 --> 01:33:48,415
Just think,
as a result of Johnson's lying,
1889
01:33:48,519 --> 01:33:52,109
55,000 American boys are dead.
1890
01:33:52,212 --> 01:33:54,698
And I think that it's the duty
of every American,
1891
01:33:54,801 --> 01:33:57,493
if he knows these facts,
to protest.
1892
01:33:57,597 --> 01:33:59,495
And Armstrong was
one of those protestors.
1893
01:34:00,773 --> 01:34:04,569
Armstrong had gone
and made a decision,
1894
01:34:04,811 --> 01:34:08,194
gotten involved
in blowing up a building,
1895
01:34:08,470 --> 01:34:11,542
and everything was gonna
come down on him.
1896
01:34:11,887 --> 01:34:13,440
It wasn't going to come down
on the rest
1897
01:34:13,544 --> 01:34:15,511
of the Antiwar Movement.
1898
01:34:16,064 --> 01:34:18,273
He was a product of
that Antiwar Movement,
1899
01:34:18,376 --> 01:34:20,655
whether he was right or wrong.
1900
01:34:20,758 --> 01:34:22,242
[Prison door slams shut]
1901
01:34:26,419 --> 01:34:29,318
In full coordination
with the Republic of Vietnam,
1902
01:34:29,422 --> 01:34:31,148
I have ordered
the following measures
1903
01:34:31,251 --> 01:34:34,841
which are being implemented
as I am speaking to you.
1904
01:34:35,635 --> 01:34:38,086
All entrances
to North Vietnamese ports
1905
01:34:38,189 --> 01:34:42,055
will be mined to prevent access
to these ports
1906
01:34:42,159 --> 01:34:46,681
and North Vietnamese naval
operations from these ports.
1907
01:34:47,405 --> 01:34:49,649
Rail and all
other communications
1908
01:34:49,753 --> 01:34:52,756
will be cut off to
the maximum extent possible.
1909
01:34:53,101 --> 01:34:54,481
Air and naval strikes
1910
01:34:54,585 --> 01:34:57,933
against military targets
in North Vietnam will continue.
1911
01:34:58,762 --> 01:35:02,558
And finally, may I say
to the American people...
1912
01:35:03,042 --> 01:35:07,149
I ask you for the same strong
support you've always given
1913
01:35:07,253 --> 01:35:10,152
your president
in difficult moments.
1914
01:35:10,739 --> 01:35:13,811
It is you, most of all,
1915
01:35:13,915 --> 01:35:15,917
that the world will be watching.
1916
01:35:17,228 --> 01:35:20,576
Ho Ho Ho Chi Minh!
Ho Ho Ho Chi Minh!
1917
01:35:20,680 --> 01:35:23,890
Ho Ho Ho Chi Minh!
The N.L.F. is gonna win!
1918
01:35:26,065 --> 01:35:27,583
[President Richard Nixon]
You want peace.
1919
01:35:27,894 --> 01:35:29,344
I want peace.
1920
01:35:29,585 --> 01:35:32,243
[Explosions, sirens sounding]
1921
01:35:40,665 --> 01:35:44,393
♪ [Oriental music]
1922
01:36:01,790 --> 01:36:05,552
If I'd known some of the things
that Karl knew,
1923
01:36:06,070 --> 01:36:08,866
I probably would have been
very active
1924
01:36:08,970 --> 01:36:11,800
in the Antiwar Movement.
1925
01:36:12,076 --> 01:36:13,975
But I didn't know
some of the things.
1926
01:36:14,078 --> 01:36:17,806
A lot of those things were
by word of mouth and...
1927
01:36:18,117 --> 01:36:24,157
And of course I have a tendency
like a lot of older people do
1928
01:36:24,468 --> 01:36:26,746
to take and believe
that your children sometimes
1929
01:36:26,850 --> 01:36:29,335
exaggerate the situations.
1930
01:36:29,749 --> 01:36:33,511
And of course
they weren't exaggerating.
1931
01:36:33,615 --> 01:36:37,757
They were telling us the truth
and we weren't listening.
1932
01:36:39,414 --> 01:36:42,624
♪ We should be together
1933
01:36:43,314 --> 01:36:46,731
♪ Come on all you people
standin' round
1934
01:36:47,111 --> 01:36:50,908
♪ Our life's too fine
to let it die
1935
01:36:51,667 --> 01:36:54,912
♪ We should be together
1936
01:37:37,403 --> 01:37:40,233
♪ C'mon now together
1937
01:37:41,579 --> 01:37:44,341
♪ Get it all together
1938
01:37:45,687 --> 01:37:47,792
♪ Everybody together
1939
01:37:48,276 --> 01:37:51,796
♪ We should be together
1940
01:37:52,521 --> 01:37:56,318
♪ We should be together,
my friends
1941
01:37:56,836 --> 01:37:59,218
♪ We should be together
1942
01:37:59,321 --> 01:38:02,014
♪ We can be
1943
01:38:30,594 --> 01:38:34,391
♪ We must begin here and now
1944
01:38:34,494 --> 01:38:38,636
♪ A new continent of love and
fire
1945
01:38:39,051 --> 01:38:42,675
♪ Tear down the walls
1946
01:38:43,331 --> 01:38:46,921
♪ Tear down the walls
1947
01:38:47,576 --> 01:38:50,752
♪ Tear down the walls
1948
01:38:51,856 --> 01:38:55,067
♪ Tear down the walls
1949
01:38:56,068 --> 01:38:58,898
♪ Tear down the walls
1950
01:38:59,209 --> 01:39:03,075
♪ Won't you try?
1951
01:39:49,397 --> 01:39:51,986
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Mistral Artist-New York
147490
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