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hello everyone and welcome to this
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iskarsa webinar on earthquakes and
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traditional construction
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my name is timmy heals and i am a
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structural engineer at old structures
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engineering in new york and adjunct
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professor of historic preservation at
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columbia university
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today's webinar is brought to you by
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ikomos iscarsa
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or the international scientific
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committee of the on the analysis
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and restoration of structures of
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architectural heritage
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as several of you might not be familiar
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with iskarsa i will briefly introduce
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our scientific committee
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before we get started with the webinar
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we are an international group of
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engineers architects scientists and
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educators dedicated to the restoration
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and care of build heritage
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we mostly focus on the structural and
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technical aspects of conservation and
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architectural heritage
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we have an elected board
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many of whom are here with us today our
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president
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goron arun will be our first speaker our
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secretary general tom morrison
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is always working hard behind the scenes
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um
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letting people into the meeting room
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monitoring the chat and so on um
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the goals of viscarsa are amongst others
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to disseminate knowledge
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promote international cooperation and
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organize international training programs
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another goal is to collaborate with
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other scientific committees so we are
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very glad today that we have
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speakers who are also active in iska the
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international scientific committee that
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works on urban heritage from icomos
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and icorp which works on risk
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preparedness for this webinar
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in the past years iskarsa has published
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principles for the analysis conservation
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and structural restoration of
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architectural heritage we publish
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newsletters as well
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currently we are developing um
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guidelines for the
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analysis and restoration of structures
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of architectural heritage
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and before the pandemic we were
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organizing yearly workshops
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the latest ones were in korea like this
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one uh
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turkey here's some pictures of um
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that workshop um and then the very last
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one was in october 2018 and was held
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in iran we look forward to continue this
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once the pandemic is over um
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you can reach us on at the following
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email that is coming up when my slides
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pick up there we go
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um is iskarsa gmail.com you can follow
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us on facebook as well or you can find
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us
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on our website
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okay that brings us to our webinar on
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traditional construction
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and earthquakes we wanted to highlight
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traditional
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structures made from for example wood
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masonry
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or earth in seismic areas because these
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buildings are often seen as the most
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vulnerable to earthquakes yet often
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these buildings have seismic mitigation
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threat
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strategies built in as part of their
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original construction or past repair
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all too often unfortunately this
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built-in knowledge
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has been lost or is misunderstood
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as the safe keepers of all buildings in
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earthquake areas
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we all grapple with similar questions
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how do we balance on the one hand
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the life safety of all the users of a
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building and our desire to preserve that
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building for future generations
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and on the other hand how do we
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implement a minimum intervention
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that is the least intrusive to that same
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building
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sometimes engineering solutions take a
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conservative approach
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that try to maximize structural strength
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yet they go well beyond what is actually
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needed to ensure life safety
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often this damages valuable elements of
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the building
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and those well-meaning interventions
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might paradoxically in the end
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contribute to a building's destruction
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additionally
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the regulatory framework provided by
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building codes to deal with traditional
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buildings is often lacking
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therefore we need to study learn and
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discuss
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traditional architecture building
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technology in seismic regions has
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evolved over centuries and has developed
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what is referred to as
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a local seismic culture today we have
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five distinguished speakers from five
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distinct regions around the world who
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will discuss their local seismic culture
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we also hope to hear from you we look
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forward to taking your questions after
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presentations feel free feel free to
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post them in the zoom chat window at any
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time
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we would also like you to consider
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presenting on your own work
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on traditional construction in a
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follow-up webinar probably held
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at the end of march a call for
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presentations will be distributed
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shortly
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before handing over the floor to our
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speakers i would like to thank
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evan speer and tom morrison who are my
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co-hosts today and who are managing the
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webinar logistics
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behind the scenes i would also like to
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thank the mem other members of the
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organizing webinar committee
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steve kelly kaiweisser goron arun
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krieger angeli you
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chola aquintunde stacy wallis and maya
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segarra lagunas
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finally i would like to thank all of our
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distinguished speakers for agreeing
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to share with us their work
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so then without further ado i would like
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to introduce you to our first speaker
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professor goron arun who is also our
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president of
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ikomos escarsa she is full professor and
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dean of the faculty of fine arts and
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architecture at hasan ka leonchu
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university in gaziantep turkey her
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research focuses on diagnosing the
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structural problems of existing
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structures
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including buildings made of masonry
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timber early concrete and steel
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located in seismic areas she has led 12
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national and international research
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projects on historical structures
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authored five books and written more
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than 200 scientific papers and reports
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on heritage
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welcome madam president you have the
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floor
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thank you
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okay shall i share my screen yes please
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okay good morning good afternoon and
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good evening
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for all of you i'd like to thank thank
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all of you
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participating from different countries
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for being here with us
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this pandemic period kept us from
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meeting face to face
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and to share our experience and enjoy
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spending time together
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but the constraints of this
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period also enforce us to use digital
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communication
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i hope this webinar will serve to
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increase
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synergy among us now i will present
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my topic is traditional earthquake
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mitigation measures in anatolia
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this presentation is consisted of
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construction methods
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of master builders from various
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civilizations lived in anatolia
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it is based on experience made during
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diagnosis phase of
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restoration works and reviewing
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archaeological and history of
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our arctic publication
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for those who don't know the place
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anatolia is far west peninsula of asia
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okay earthquake was
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and still is one of the most threatening
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actions
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to build buildings in anatolia as you
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see here
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vernacular or monumental most of the
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heritage structures
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are earthquake area
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in anatolia main construction technology
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till mid 20th century was timber amazing
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about you see the different types of the
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timber structures and below you see
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different types of mason
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structures
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in most places due to the scarcity of
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wood masonry structures were built
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and most of heritage historical heritage
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survived up today are amazing
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transaction
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is amazing the master builders of the
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past
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designed their when designing their
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building they were responsible for every
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aspect
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they had to assume the roles of
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architect civilian
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structural engineer mechanical engineer
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as well as the city planner and the
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contractor
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today we say a earthquake
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resistant design is necessary in order
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to make the building safe and in
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earthquake distance design it is
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suggested to
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maximize the energy absorption capacity
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of the structure
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and minimize seismic action
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to maximize energy absorption capacity
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of the structure
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energy dissipation has to be provided
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the dominancy has to be provided
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and geometrical irregularities has to be
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avoided
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to minimize seismic action building has
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to be light
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weakening effects on the building has to
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be avoided
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and amplification of ground acceleration
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has to be minimized
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building masters use
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developed from previous cultures their
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own trial and error
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and techniques are transferred from one
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generation to another
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they were able to size and design
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their buildings taking proper account of
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the environmental
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conditions
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let's see how these demands are met by
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our master builders
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to dissipate energy the masonry
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structures with sand lateral loads
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this compresses strength of its material
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friction between the units
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the movement of the units
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the movement of the units is important
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to disperse energy
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in connecting stone units with each
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other
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they placed metal connectors in lead
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which
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is very soft material so that it lets
274
00:10:59,039 --> 00:11:03,838
the units
275
00:11:00,320 --> 00:11:05,278
move under lateral loads to disperse
276
00:11:03,839 --> 00:11:08,800
energy
277
00:11:05,278 --> 00:11:10,000
if they are using a mortar to connect
278
00:11:08,799 --> 00:11:13,838
the units
279
00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:17,600
then they used weak rather than strong
280
00:11:13,839 --> 00:11:20,800
so that it can slide the units can slide
281
00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:21,680
on the lateral loads on the during the
282
00:11:20,799 --> 00:11:24,958
bed joints
283
00:11:21,679 --> 00:11:29,838
and dissipate energy
284
00:11:24,958 --> 00:11:29,838
the repair of the motor is
285
00:11:29,919 --> 00:11:37,519
is not so hard but it keeps the
286
00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:37,519
main structural units
287
00:11:39,919 --> 00:11:44,958
redundancy has to be provided redundancy
288
00:11:43,039 --> 00:11:46,799
of the structure depends on the nature
289
00:11:44,958 --> 00:11:49,838
of the structural system
290
00:11:46,799 --> 00:11:52,000
and detailing of its elements but
291
00:11:49,839 --> 00:11:55,120
masonry structures are inherently
292
00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:55,120
redundant structures
293
00:11:55,360 --> 00:12:00,639
building masters knew the physical
294
00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:03,120
dimensions of height to sickness ratio
295
00:12:00,639 --> 00:12:03,680
and length of thickness ratio of the
296
00:12:03,120 --> 00:12:06,560
wall are
297
00:12:03,679 --> 00:12:08,638
important factors in seismic performance
298
00:12:06,559 --> 00:12:08,638
of
299
00:12:08,839 --> 00:12:12,880
nasals
300
00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:15,278
they provided horizontal lacings that
301
00:12:12,879 --> 00:12:17,838
tied the outer faces of the walls
302
00:12:15,278 --> 00:12:18,480
this prints rolled bulging under gravity
303
00:12:17,839 --> 00:12:20,639
loads
304
00:12:18,480 --> 00:12:21,839
and reduces the slenderness ratio of the
305
00:12:20,639 --> 00:12:25,200
wall
306
00:12:21,839 --> 00:12:29,200
these lacings could be brick and stone
307
00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:39,759
or metal in stone walls timber in greek
308
00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:44,639
stone or other levels
309
00:12:39,759 --> 00:12:47,360
a provided vertical words
310
00:12:44,639 --> 00:12:48,320
at certain in intervals to the long
311
00:12:47,360 --> 00:12:50,159
rules
312
00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:51,360
this could be a cross walls and
313
00:12:50,159 --> 00:12:55,199
intersecting
314
00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:57,839
or vertical ties or of timber or stone
315
00:12:55,200 --> 00:12:57,839
mattresses
316
00:13:00,639 --> 00:13:06,799
to avoid geometrical irregularities as
317
00:13:03,759 --> 00:13:09,919
long projecting and different weighing
318
00:13:06,799 --> 00:13:13,278
components of a building buildings were
319
00:13:09,919 --> 00:13:15,919
separated as specific joints here the
320
00:13:13,278 --> 00:13:17,919
building parts staying side by side
321
00:13:15,919 --> 00:13:19,360
were separated by not joining the maze
322
00:13:17,919 --> 00:13:23,519
limits to each other
323
00:13:19,360 --> 00:13:23,519
the foundations were also separated
324
00:13:25,919 --> 00:13:28,958
to minimize the
325
00:13:29,919 --> 00:13:35,838
earthquake effect
326
00:13:32,958 --> 00:13:36,638
building has to be light but main
327
00:13:35,839 --> 00:13:39,839
reasoning is
328
00:13:36,639 --> 00:13:41,680
heavy the construction
329
00:13:39,839 --> 00:13:43,199
the only way to reduce the weight of the
330
00:13:41,679 --> 00:13:47,039
structure was to make
331
00:13:43,198 --> 00:13:48,000
light roof and floors in places where
332
00:13:47,039 --> 00:13:50,480
there's no wood
333
00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:52,879
masonry walls and domes were built to
334
00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:54,399
span the plan areas
335
00:13:52,879 --> 00:13:56,639
the building masters knowing the
336
00:13:54,399 --> 00:13:57,440
geometry and behavior of the walls and
337
00:13:56,639 --> 00:13:59,519
doors
338
00:13:57,440 --> 00:14:00,639
they used clay pipes in the area of
339
00:13:59,519 --> 00:14:03,839
compression
340
00:14:00,639 --> 00:14:03,839
to reduce the weight
341
00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:11,519
to construct the flat roof over these
342
00:14:07,440 --> 00:14:14,639
nose or balls
343
00:14:11,519 --> 00:14:18,320
uh between the flat roof
344
00:14:14,639 --> 00:14:21,120
or floor and the
345
00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:22,879
walls they empty the space in between or
346
00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:28,078
use clay pipes or amphora
347
00:14:22,879 --> 00:14:28,078
to reduce the weight of the
348
00:14:28,839 --> 00:14:31,839
building
349
00:14:34,240 --> 00:14:39,278
again to make the building lighter in
350
00:14:37,198 --> 00:14:42,319
multi-story buildings
351
00:14:39,278 --> 00:14:43,439
in seismic areas we constructed getting
352
00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:46,959
gradually lighter
353
00:14:43,440 --> 00:14:47,839
and upper floors with walls with
354
00:14:46,958 --> 00:14:51,759
material
355
00:14:47,839 --> 00:14:54,399
and the thickness of the wall this
356
00:14:51,759 --> 00:14:55,198
for example when we look at this the
357
00:14:54,399 --> 00:14:58,399
three floor
358
00:14:55,198 --> 00:14:59,759
building ground floor is masonry second
359
00:14:58,399 --> 00:15:02,799
floor is timber with
360
00:14:59,759 --> 00:15:03,679
brick infield the first floor sorry
361
00:15:02,799 --> 00:15:06,799
second floor
362
00:15:03,679 --> 00:15:07,759
is bad id that means the frame timber
363
00:15:06,799 --> 00:15:10,958
frame
364
00:15:07,759 --> 00:15:10,958
left empty inside
365
00:15:11,198 --> 00:15:15,439
uh in the middle the ground floor is
366
00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:19,680
amazingly
367
00:15:15,440 --> 00:15:22,800
first floor the the
368
00:15:19,679 --> 00:15:23,198
but the inner walls are timber second
369
00:15:22,799 --> 00:15:26,319
floor
370
00:15:23,198 --> 00:15:29,278
is totally timber timber
371
00:15:26,320 --> 00:15:30,959
here is the ground floor is masonry the
372
00:15:29,278 --> 00:15:35,278
first floor
373
00:15:30,958 --> 00:15:35,278
is mainly but inner walls are timber
374
00:15:36,159 --> 00:15:39,759
this way the building gets lighter at
375
00:15:38,720 --> 00:15:41,839
upper floors
376
00:15:39,759 --> 00:15:42,879
and the center of gravity of the entire
377
00:15:41,839 --> 00:15:46,480
structure
378
00:15:42,879 --> 00:15:49,439
is brought closer to grade to meet the
379
00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:49,440
seismic demands
380
00:15:53,519 --> 00:15:57,919
to avoid weakening effects of course
381
00:15:56,799 --> 00:16:00,399
water
382
00:15:57,919 --> 00:16:01,360
is a nonsense mix threat to all kinds of
383
00:16:00,399 --> 00:16:04,958
buildings
384
00:16:01,360 --> 00:16:06,879
timber organizing depending on the
385
00:16:04,958 --> 00:16:09,679
porosity of the foundation construction
386
00:16:06,879 --> 00:16:12,399
material and soil characteristics
387
00:16:09,679 --> 00:16:13,039
it can damage the wall and soil eroding
388
00:16:12,399 --> 00:16:16,240
away
389
00:16:13,039 --> 00:16:18,639
portions and by reducing the strength
390
00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:19,519
and moisture in building causes loss of
391
00:16:18,639 --> 00:16:21,759
material
392
00:16:19,519 --> 00:16:24,480
and weaken the structure in long term so
393
00:16:21,759 --> 00:16:28,399
water drainage was given high priority
394
00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:28,399
during its design and construction
395
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,078
to prevent insulin instability of the
396
00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:36,320
building from undergo
397
00:16:34,078 --> 00:16:38,799
underground water woman seasonally or
398
00:16:36,320 --> 00:16:42,560
daily and to collect the surface water
399
00:16:38,799 --> 00:16:46,559
of rainfall they designed an effective
400
00:16:42,559 --> 00:16:47,838
drainage system the major components of
401
00:16:46,559 --> 00:16:50,799
this drainage system
402
00:16:47,839 --> 00:16:53,360
was wells orchestra in the basement of
403
00:16:50,799 --> 00:16:53,359
the building
404
00:16:53,839 --> 00:16:59,440
a galleries or channels
405
00:16:57,120 --> 00:17:00,240
to discharge the water out of the
406
00:16:59,440 --> 00:17:05,838
building
407
00:17:00,240 --> 00:17:05,838
and gates for ventilation
408
00:17:07,199 --> 00:17:15,759
because this application is forgotten
409
00:17:11,759 --> 00:17:18,160
when a new construction has to be built
410
00:17:15,759 --> 00:17:19,759
beside an old masonry or timber
411
00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:23,839
construction
412
00:17:19,759 --> 00:17:26,160
they it breaks the discharging system
413
00:17:23,838 --> 00:17:27,279
then the water starts to raise to the
414
00:17:26,160 --> 00:17:30,080
building
415
00:17:27,279 --> 00:17:32,079
weakening the material and softening the
416
00:17:30,079 --> 00:17:34,720
soil so that
417
00:17:32,079 --> 00:17:37,279
leads to the foundation settlement of
418
00:17:34,720 --> 00:17:37,279
the building
419
00:17:39,679 --> 00:17:43,360
to minimize amplification of grand
420
00:17:42,079 --> 00:17:45,599
ground acceleration
421
00:17:43,359 --> 00:17:48,079
of course it has to do with the design
422
00:17:45,599 --> 00:17:50,959
of the foundation
423
00:17:48,079 --> 00:17:52,558
usually the soft soil was consolidated
424
00:17:50,960 --> 00:17:54,880
by timber piles
425
00:17:52,558 --> 00:17:55,599
the timber piles were tied by a timber
426
00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:57,840
mesh
427
00:17:55,599 --> 00:18:01,918
embedded in for some water the
428
00:17:57,839 --> 00:18:03,839
foundation walls rested on this platform
429
00:18:01,919 --> 00:18:06,400
the foundations are amazingly your
430
00:18:03,839 --> 00:18:08,798
timber building was amazingly
431
00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:10,880
the sick foundations were generally a
432
00:18:08,798 --> 00:18:13,440
vertical role in the soil
433
00:18:10,880 --> 00:18:14,400
as the both sicknesses became sinners
434
00:18:13,440 --> 00:18:17,600
the foundation
435
00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:19,600
was widened at the foot if the wall was
436
00:18:17,599 --> 00:18:23,839
composed of closest paced
437
00:18:19,599 --> 00:18:25,279
piers then and there is no sufficient
438
00:18:23,839 --> 00:18:28,240
depth to step
439
00:18:25,279 --> 00:18:29,119
the foundation and inverted arch or
440
00:18:28,240 --> 00:18:31,679
walls
441
00:18:29,119 --> 00:18:31,678
were made
442
00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:37,038
master builders knew that the
443
00:18:35,919 --> 00:18:39,600
acceleration
444
00:18:37,038 --> 00:18:40,839
generated by ground displacement is
445
00:18:39,599 --> 00:18:43,839
amplified
446
00:18:40,839 --> 00:18:43,839
or
447
00:18:43,919 --> 00:18:47,919
created by soy structures in high
448
00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:49,440
systemic zones
449
00:18:47,919 --> 00:18:51,120
the building masters interview
450
00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:53,600
introduced special techniques
451
00:18:51,119 --> 00:18:56,479
in foundation construction to provide
452
00:18:53,599 --> 00:18:59,359
natural stability
453
00:18:56,480 --> 00:19:00,558
if the rock back or hard soil was deep
454
00:18:59,359 --> 00:19:04,399
the foundation was
455
00:19:00,558 --> 00:19:07,678
rested on a slow layer of sand gravel
456
00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:10,880
or small stones in a
457
00:19:07,679 --> 00:19:13,038
amazing village houses in anatolia
458
00:19:10,880 --> 00:19:15,280
were constructed over a layer of
459
00:19:13,038 --> 00:19:18,558
approximately 40 centimeter
460
00:19:15,279 --> 00:19:20,720
sand till 1960s that's
461
00:19:18,558 --> 00:19:22,839
where when the rainforest concrete
462
00:19:20,720 --> 00:19:27,519
became popular
463
00:19:22,839 --> 00:19:27,519
in villages also
464
00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:38,319
if the rock bed was close to the surface
465
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:41,038
a flexible base was provided by
466
00:19:38,319 --> 00:19:41,839
placing single or more layers of wood
467
00:19:41,038 --> 00:19:45,519
foundation
468
00:19:41,839 --> 00:19:49,119
at the foundation base in the
469
00:19:45,519 --> 00:19:53,839
foundation most of
470
00:19:49,119 --> 00:19:53,839
the buildings is
471
00:19:58,319 --> 00:20:04,720
guitar you see i uh rest
472
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:06,159
here in the project of inverted world
473
00:20:04,720 --> 00:20:08,980
foundation of edenica
474
00:20:06,159 --> 00:20:10,240
system from 19th century
475
00:20:08,980 --> 00:20:12,880
[Music]
476
00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,440
you can see the timber grillage at the
477
00:20:12,880 --> 00:20:16,480
bottom
478
00:20:13,440 --> 00:20:21,840
so this foundation is resting on
479
00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:21,839
the two layers of timber village
480
00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:28,480
if the rock bed was standard
481
00:20:29,359 --> 00:20:32,558
the rope was carved in the form of
482
00:20:31,679 --> 00:20:34,400
trough
483
00:20:32,558 --> 00:20:36,798
so that each stone on the foundation
484
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:40,480
wall could be placed in the rock
485
00:20:36,798 --> 00:20:43,038
as if resting in a cradle
486
00:20:40,480 --> 00:20:45,120
here the big dress stones of the wall
487
00:20:43,038 --> 00:20:45,919
rested on high edges of the turf not
488
00:20:45,119 --> 00:20:49,199
inside
489
00:20:45,919 --> 00:20:52,799
the space in between was filled with
490
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:56,000
briar pieces of coal or animal skin
491
00:20:52,798 --> 00:20:57,279
to reduce the friction at the bottom you
492
00:20:56,000 --> 00:21:00,400
see malabari bridge
493
00:20:57,279 --> 00:21:02,558
on southeast of turkey
494
00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:02,559
the
495
00:21:12,079 --> 00:21:17,839
a different foundation
496
00:21:19,119 --> 00:21:25,918
system practice was found
497
00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:25,919
during that automaton
498
00:21:26,319 --> 00:21:35,119
around this octopus six meter high
499
00:21:31,119 --> 00:21:39,038
two meter thick wall at a four meter
500
00:21:35,119 --> 00:21:44,239
distance to the uh to the tomb was found
501
00:21:39,038 --> 00:21:46,798
and it was the shape of the octagon
502
00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:49,038
this is as if the octagonal and
503
00:21:46,798 --> 00:21:50,158
hexagonal forms are not adequate forms
504
00:21:49,038 --> 00:21:53,919
for earthquake
505
00:21:50,159 --> 00:21:56,159
areas so this buried wall
506
00:21:53,919 --> 00:21:58,320
acted as a retaining wall to absorb the
507
00:21:56,159 --> 00:22:04,000
first shock of earthquake forces
508
00:21:58,319 --> 00:22:04,000
and there is no damage in this octopus
509
00:22:10,839 --> 00:22:13,839
another
510
00:22:26,640 --> 00:22:31,280
this obelisk experienced many severe
511
00:22:29,599 --> 00:22:36,158
earthquakes in its lifetime
512
00:22:31,279 --> 00:22:36,158
but had no damage when you look at it
513
00:22:38,839 --> 00:22:43,119
closely
514
00:22:40,159 --> 00:22:45,039
the obelisk is placed three centimeters
515
00:22:43,119 --> 00:22:49,199
inside
516
00:22:45,038 --> 00:22:52,480
and this is on a cubic marble
517
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:56,159
three meter each side and this
518
00:22:52,480 --> 00:22:59,440
cubic marble rests on another marble
519
00:22:56,159 --> 00:23:00,640
uh platform uh four to four to three
520
00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:04,000
meter high
521
00:23:00,640 --> 00:23:09,840
and at the corners there are granite is
522
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:09,839
cubic granite stones with rounded edges
523
00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:22,159
could these grannies be seismic
524
00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:24,480
isolators of this antenna
525
00:23:22,159 --> 00:23:24,480
okay
526
00:23:32,159 --> 00:23:38,400
okay to confirm previous cultures
527
00:23:35,279 --> 00:23:40,480
their trial and error and
528
00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:41,600
transfer our knowledge from generation
529
00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:43,599
to generation
530
00:23:41,599 --> 00:23:46,158
were able to size and design their
531
00:23:43,599 --> 00:23:46,158
structures
532
00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:51,839
they connected mesa units properly so
533
00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:51,839
that they dispersed energy
534
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,759
provided seismic joints but not by not
535
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:58,880
connecting the different weighing
536
00:23:55,759 --> 00:24:00,640
components of a building
537
00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:02,840
they had knowledge on geometry and
538
00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:06,400
behavioral structural
539
00:24:02,839 --> 00:24:08,319
elements they used lighter construction
540
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:10,400
material on upper floors to hold the
541
00:24:08,319 --> 00:24:12,879
center of gravity of the building close
542
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:12,880
to gray
543
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:19,278
we designed an effective underground and
544
00:24:15,359 --> 00:24:21,439
surface water drainage system
545
00:24:19,278 --> 00:24:23,038
in earthquake areas change natural
546
00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:27,600
frequency of soil
547
00:24:23,038 --> 00:24:30,558
or provided flexible base flexible base
548
00:24:27,599 --> 00:24:31,199
okay thank you this is my presentation
549
00:24:30,558 --> 00:24:34,399
and i'll
550
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:37,360
give you some reference which i used
551
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:37,919
to interpret what i have seen what i
552
00:24:37,359 --> 00:24:41,678
have met
553
00:24:37,919 --> 00:24:46,000
during the diagnosis phases
554
00:24:41,679 --> 00:24:49,038
to understand why these were
555
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:51,519
constructed that way this this
556
00:24:49,038 --> 00:24:52,158
references really helped me a lot you
557
00:24:51,519 --> 00:24:55,519
see
558
00:24:52,159 --> 00:24:59,278
the this the oldest one is from
559
00:24:55,519 --> 00:25:02,960
1570 and the young ones are
560
00:24:59,278 --> 00:25:02,960
the archaeological
561
00:25:07,038 --> 00:25:10,798
excavations thank you
562
00:25:12,159 --> 00:25:16,159
thank you so much for that wonderful
563
00:25:13,759 --> 00:25:19,599
presentation professor arun
564
00:25:16,159 --> 00:25:20,159
um we will move on um i will also just
565
00:25:19,599 --> 00:25:21,839
repeat
566
00:25:20,159 --> 00:25:23,760
uh for the people who just joined
567
00:25:21,839 --> 00:25:25,599
welcome uh you can ask
568
00:25:23,759 --> 00:25:27,278
questions in the chat if you have
569
00:25:25,599 --> 00:25:29,038
questions for professor arun you can
570
00:25:27,278 --> 00:25:30,720
post them in the chat now we will come
571
00:25:29,038 --> 00:25:32,158
back to them later after all of the
572
00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:34,159
presentations
573
00:25:32,159 --> 00:25:35,679
um right now we will move on to the next
574
00:25:34,159 --> 00:25:39,360
presentation which is by
575
00:25:35,679 --> 00:25:41,360
kai waisa from nepal kai waisa is a
576
00:25:39,359 --> 00:25:42,959
nepali of swiss origin who studied
577
00:25:41,359 --> 00:25:45,359
architecture in zurich
578
00:25:42,960 --> 00:25:46,640
he is presently president of ikemos
579
00:25:45,359 --> 00:25:48,479
nepal and has been involved with
580
00:25:46,640 --> 00:25:50,880
management of world heritage properties
581
00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:53,919
in asia for the past two decades
582
00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:55,919
since 2015 earthquake since the 2015
583
00:25:53,919 --> 00:25:57,440
earthquake in nepal and the 2016
584
00:25:55,919 --> 00:25:59,278
earthquake in myanmar
585
00:25:57,440 --> 00:26:01,440
kai has been involved in post-disaster
586
00:25:59,278 --> 00:26:02,880
rehabilitation including the restoration
587
00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:06,880
and reconstruction of
588
00:26:02,880 --> 00:26:06,880
historical monuments welcome kai
589
00:26:09,278 --> 00:26:14,640
good evening from kathmandu
590
00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:18,558
let me share
591
00:26:21,679 --> 00:26:27,759
uh so good evening uh
592
00:26:24,720 --> 00:26:31,519
in cap from kathmandu my uh
593
00:26:27,759 --> 00:26:33,119
presentation is on uh rebuilding custom
594
00:26:31,519 --> 00:26:35,359
end up the challenge of using
595
00:26:33,119 --> 00:26:39,599
traditional technology
596
00:26:35,359 --> 00:26:40,639
um on the image one sees the actual
597
00:26:39,599 --> 00:26:44,399
protagonists
598
00:26:40,640 --> 00:26:47,759
of uh this project we have the
599
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:48,240
member of parliament uh rajya sakhya who
600
00:26:47,759 --> 00:26:51,440
is
601
00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:53,440
actually sort of the responsible
602
00:26:51,440 --> 00:26:55,038
to deal with the political aspects and
603
00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:59,679
then we have the two
604
00:26:55,038 --> 00:27:02,960
main artisans on the left we have
605
00:26:59,679 --> 00:27:06,000
the main carpenter
606
00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:09,038
and to the right our head mason
607
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:11,440
and here you see uh they're carrying out
608
00:27:09,038 --> 00:27:12,400
one of the the many rituals that is part
609
00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:16,798
of this
610
00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:19,120
reconstruction process um
611
00:27:16,798 --> 00:27:20,398
just a very short introduction of course
612
00:27:19,119 --> 00:27:23,038
to the
613
00:27:20,398 --> 00:27:24,719
to to the earthquakes that take place
614
00:27:23,038 --> 00:27:26,079
along the himalayas and the ones that
615
00:27:24,720 --> 00:27:29,278
have affected
616
00:27:26,079 --> 00:27:31,439
the kathmandu valley uh the most recent
617
00:27:29,278 --> 00:27:32,839
one was of course the 2015 gorka
618
00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:36,679
earthquake which was
619
00:27:32,839 --> 00:27:38,558
7.8 magnitude and previously we had the
620
00:27:36,679 --> 00:27:42,720
1934
621
00:27:38,558 --> 00:27:45,759
nepal bihar earthquake of 8.4 magnitude
622
00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:47,038
so we see that sort of every 80 to 100
623
00:27:45,759 --> 00:27:50,240
years we have
624
00:27:47,038 --> 00:27:52,319
a large earthquake impacting the kappa
625
00:27:50,240 --> 00:27:56,240
new valley
626
00:27:52,319 --> 00:27:59,599
um the case study is this
627
00:27:56,240 --> 00:28:03,440
uh astomandap which you see an image
628
00:27:59,599 --> 00:28:08,158
on the left which did not collapse
629
00:28:03,440 --> 00:28:09,120
during the 8.4 magnitude 1934 great br
630
00:28:08,159 --> 00:28:11,760
nepal
631
00:28:09,119 --> 00:28:15,119
earthquake uh there were major
632
00:28:11,759 --> 00:28:19,759
restorations that took place in 1966
633
00:28:15,119 --> 00:28:22,639
followed by repairs in 1972 and 84
634
00:28:19,759 --> 00:28:24,720
and probably in between several other
635
00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:26,159
sort of repairs and work were carried
636
00:28:24,720 --> 00:28:29,679
out
637
00:28:26,159 --> 00:28:31,360
to this monument and but the custom end
638
00:28:29,679 --> 00:28:34,559
up collapsed during
639
00:28:31,359 --> 00:28:36,558
the the the recent 2015 gorka earthquake
640
00:28:34,558 --> 00:28:38,398
of magnitude 7.8 so
641
00:28:36,558 --> 00:28:40,639
the question is you know why did it
642
00:28:38,398 --> 00:28:43,278
collapse during this earthquake
643
00:28:40,640 --> 00:28:44,720
and why did it actually survive the
644
00:28:43,278 --> 00:28:46,960
previous earthquake
645
00:28:44,720 --> 00:28:48,159
and this was sort of been one of the big
646
00:28:46,960 --> 00:28:50,798
questions that keep
647
00:28:48,159 --> 00:28:52,320
arising and we're still struggling to to
648
00:28:50,798 --> 00:28:55,359
actually understand
649
00:28:52,319 --> 00:28:56,960
uh you know try to dealing try to deal
650
00:28:55,359 --> 00:28:58,879
with this question
651
00:28:56,960 --> 00:29:00,000
the sad situation was that when it
652
00:28:58,880 --> 00:29:02,480
collapsed there was
653
00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,200
a blood donation going on and quite a
654
00:29:02,480 --> 00:29:06,319
lot of people
655
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:09,519
died so it was a very traumatic
656
00:29:06,319 --> 00:29:13,519
experience um the customendap
657
00:29:09,519 --> 00:29:15,918
is a pavilion a timber pavilion but we
658
00:29:13,519 --> 00:29:18,960
also have a bit of
659
00:29:15,919 --> 00:29:21,600
brickwork around the core uh
660
00:29:18,960 --> 00:29:22,640
which sort of complicates the entire
661
00:29:21,599 --> 00:29:26,649
structure
662
00:29:22,640 --> 00:29:28,159
uh trying to understand its structural
663
00:29:26,650 --> 00:29:31,759
[Music]
664
00:29:28,159 --> 00:29:33,760
sort of character
665
00:29:31,759 --> 00:29:36,480
and the importance of the structure is
666
00:29:33,759 --> 00:29:39,519
that it gave kathmandu its name so
667
00:29:36,480 --> 00:29:42,720
mandu is the timber
668
00:29:39,519 --> 00:29:45,200
structure or monument or pavilion and so
669
00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:45,519
kathmandu was named after this monument
670
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:48,798
so
671
00:29:45,519 --> 00:29:51,440
it of course has a major significance
672
00:29:48,798 --> 00:29:52,639
uh and once it collapsed it became quite
673
00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:56,159
uh
674
00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:59,200
sort of a a politicized issue
675
00:29:56,159 --> 00:30:00,559
now the initial uh sort of structural
676
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:02,640
assessment that was done
677
00:30:00,558 --> 00:30:03,759
and the original design that was
678
00:30:02,640 --> 00:30:06,159
prepared
679
00:30:03,759 --> 00:30:08,079
came up with a whole series of
680
00:30:06,159 --> 00:30:11,679
recommendations which are some very
681
00:30:08,079 --> 00:30:13,599
standard recommendations that are made
682
00:30:11,679 --> 00:30:15,759
for all our monuments in the happening
683
00:30:13,599 --> 00:30:18,158
valley the
684
00:30:15,759 --> 00:30:18,798
the roofs have a thick layer of mud
685
00:30:18,159 --> 00:30:21,278
which
686
00:30:18,798 --> 00:30:23,200
the tiles are stuck into so the question
687
00:30:21,278 --> 00:30:26,319
was that it was too heavy and
688
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:29,120
we needed to reduce the load on the roof
689
00:30:26,319 --> 00:30:30,798
another point is that there wasn't
690
00:30:29,119 --> 00:30:32,959
sufficient stiffness and
691
00:30:30,798 --> 00:30:35,038
the traditional monuments don't have any
692
00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:37,360
diagonal bracing
693
00:30:35,038 --> 00:30:38,558
and the floor not even on the floor so
694
00:30:37,359 --> 00:30:41,359
the question was how
695
00:30:38,558 --> 00:30:42,879
you know how to introduce uh this uh
696
00:30:41,359 --> 00:30:45,278
diagonal bracing to
697
00:30:42,880 --> 00:30:46,399
provide a certain stiffness to the
698
00:30:45,278 --> 00:30:49,679
building
699
00:30:46,398 --> 00:30:52,319
the timber joints are inadequate so the
700
00:30:49,679 --> 00:30:55,600
question was how do we strengthen these
701
00:30:52,319 --> 00:30:57,839
joints using various uh
702
00:30:55,599 --> 00:30:58,798
you know like metal brackets and
703
00:30:57,839 --> 00:31:01,839
additional
704
00:30:58,798 --> 00:31:05,278
interventions then the question of
705
00:31:01,839 --> 00:31:07,119
the brickword not being reinforced
706
00:31:05,278 --> 00:31:09,519
so in this monument we actually really
707
00:31:07,119 --> 00:31:12,959
have brick and mud mortar
708
00:31:09,519 --> 00:31:14,960
with no sort of reinforcement
709
00:31:12,960 --> 00:31:16,480
so the question was how to introduce
710
00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:20,079
sort of horizontal vertical
711
00:31:16,480 --> 00:31:22,159
ties then we had sort of the mud mortar
712
00:31:20,079 --> 00:31:24,798
not being strong
713
00:31:22,159 --> 00:31:26,399
so we needed a stronger mortar or the
714
00:31:24,798 --> 00:31:28,720
use of additives
715
00:31:26,398 --> 00:31:29,759
uh the question also rose of having some
716
00:31:28,720 --> 00:31:32,960
kind of a
717
00:31:29,759 --> 00:31:36,000
plinth level thai beam which uh
718
00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:39,278
the the suggestion was
719
00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:40,079
to use concrete and the question of the
720
00:31:39,278 --> 00:31:42,159
the
721
00:31:40,079 --> 00:31:43,839
foundations not being sufficient and
722
00:31:42,159 --> 00:31:46,399
that we needed to have some kind of
723
00:31:43,839 --> 00:31:48,959
micropiling done
724
00:31:46,398 --> 00:31:50,079
however all these suggestions were not
725
00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:52,399
accepted so
726
00:31:50,079 --> 00:31:53,599
this sort of activist led community
727
00:31:52,398 --> 00:31:56,719
protests
728
00:31:53,599 --> 00:31:59,119
uh wanted the monument to be rebuilt
729
00:31:56,720 --> 00:32:00,240
as it was the question of course arises
730
00:31:59,119 --> 00:32:03,359
what that means
731
00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:07,038
but the point was that they did not
732
00:32:03,359 --> 00:32:09,439
want these sort of uh
733
00:32:07,038 --> 00:32:10,558
foreign interventions introduced to this
734
00:32:09,440 --> 00:32:13,038
monument
735
00:32:10,558 --> 00:32:14,000
and this actually led to the
736
00:32:13,038 --> 00:32:17,759
reconstruction
737
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:21,119
being halted for three years and
738
00:32:17,759 --> 00:32:23,359
and you know only in 2018 could we
739
00:32:21,119 --> 00:32:26,239
actually begin the reconstruction
740
00:32:23,359 --> 00:32:29,038
of course taking into account that we
741
00:32:26,240 --> 00:32:31,200
needed to rebuild it as it was
742
00:32:29,038 --> 00:32:32,640
now that was of course brought up a lot
743
00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:36,240
of uh
744
00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:38,799
questions during these three years
745
00:32:36,240 --> 00:32:40,720
uh we were actually able to do a lot of
746
00:32:38,798 --> 00:32:43,839
research which was again
747
00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:46,880
good in a certain sense uh there was
748
00:32:43,839 --> 00:32:47,839
uh archaeologists actually from durham
749
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:51,278
university
750
00:32:47,839 --> 00:32:52,079
excavated into the foundations and we
751
00:32:51,278 --> 00:32:55,599
found
752
00:32:52,079 --> 00:32:58,798
that the foundations were the brick and
753
00:32:55,599 --> 00:32:59,359
mortar were in perfect condition uh
754
00:32:58,798 --> 00:33:02,480
however
755
00:32:59,359 --> 00:33:03,439
a lot of the timber joints and the the
756
00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:06,240
timber had
757
00:33:03,440 --> 00:33:09,120
deteriorated and especially the link
758
00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:12,798
between the main timber posts and here
759
00:33:09,119 --> 00:33:14,639
in this uh uh image one sees the
760
00:33:12,798 --> 00:33:18,079
keystones where the main
761
00:33:14,640 --> 00:33:21,679
four posts were uh supported by
762
00:33:18,079 --> 00:33:24,480
by the keystone and one of the four
763
00:33:21,679 --> 00:33:26,559
uh stones was actually missing so
764
00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:28,880
probably somewhere in between
765
00:33:26,558 --> 00:33:30,158
uh the deteriorated timber was just sort
766
00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,880
of cut at the bottom
767
00:33:30,159 --> 00:33:33,600
and and the flooring was sort of shoved
768
00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:36,720
underneath
769
00:33:33,599 --> 00:33:37,359
one of the four main central posts which
770
00:33:36,720 --> 00:33:39,759
means that
771
00:33:37,359 --> 00:33:40,959
structure was actually standing on three
772
00:33:39,759 --> 00:33:43,839
of its main
773
00:33:40,960 --> 00:33:44,480
uh central posts and sort of these are
774
00:33:43,839 --> 00:33:47,439
the kind of
775
00:33:44,480 --> 00:33:48,079
uh things we we found that it was
776
00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:50,320
actually
777
00:33:48,079 --> 00:33:51,359
these kind of interventions that would
778
00:33:50,319 --> 00:33:53,278
have been
779
00:33:51,359 --> 00:33:55,519
probably one of the main causes for the
780
00:33:53,278 --> 00:33:58,480
collapse of the structure
781
00:33:55,519 --> 00:34:00,159
uh we also found uh through dating that
782
00:33:58,480 --> 00:34:03,519
the brick foundations were
783
00:34:00,159 --> 00:34:05,840
the oldest part from the seventh century
784
00:34:03,519 --> 00:34:06,880
which was actually three four year year
785
00:34:05,839 --> 00:34:09,759
100 years
786
00:34:06,880 --> 00:34:11,919
older than what we thought it was we had
787
00:34:09,760 --> 00:34:13,040
the main timber structure from the 11th
788
00:34:11,918 --> 00:34:16,239
century
789
00:34:13,039 --> 00:34:19,358
and we even found the sort of an old
790
00:34:16,239 --> 00:34:20,638
the oldest timber bracket which was from
791
00:34:19,358 --> 00:34:24,878
the fifth century
792
00:34:20,639 --> 00:34:28,320
that had been reused in in the structure
793
00:34:24,878 --> 00:34:31,199
um so starting with the reconstruction
794
00:34:28,320 --> 00:34:31,679
again the task was to rebuild it as it
795
00:34:31,199 --> 00:34:36,158
was
796
00:34:31,679 --> 00:34:38,800
using traditional technology materials
797
00:34:36,159 --> 00:34:40,000
know-how and of course this also was
798
00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:43,440
linked to
799
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:44,719
traditional sort of rituals and here on
800
00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:48,159
the left one sees
801
00:34:44,719 --> 00:34:49,358
the the vajrayana priest carrying out a
802
00:34:48,159 --> 00:34:52,639
ritual
803
00:34:49,358 --> 00:34:56,078
and also including blessing of uh
804
00:34:52,639 --> 00:34:59,119
of the artisan's tools
805
00:34:56,079 --> 00:35:00,640
with the starting with the foundation
806
00:34:59,119 --> 00:35:03,599
the brickwork we found
807
00:35:00,639 --> 00:35:04,960
that the brick bricks were very
808
00:35:03,599 --> 00:35:08,640
specifically
809
00:35:04,960 --> 00:35:10,720
uh there was a specific scale to the
810
00:35:08,639 --> 00:35:13,679
bricks the size but also that
811
00:35:10,719 --> 00:35:16,239
foundations had smaller foundations
812
00:35:13,679 --> 00:35:19,519
where eight courses in three
813
00:35:16,239 --> 00:35:22,000
levels and the deeper foundations were
814
00:35:19,519 --> 00:35:24,480
12 courses each
815
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:25,119
in three levels which meant that you
816
00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:27,760
know all
817
00:35:25,119 --> 00:35:29,440
the proportions had to also be
818
00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:32,000
considered when we
819
00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:32,720
started reconstruction which meant
820
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:36,719
ordering
821
00:35:32,719 --> 00:35:38,000
bricks off the spec specif specific size
822
00:35:36,719 --> 00:35:41,838
that we required
823
00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:45,119
here we see the the our head mason
824
00:35:41,838 --> 00:35:48,480
uh working on trying to get the right
825
00:35:45,119 --> 00:35:52,000
uh mud mortar consistency
826
00:35:48,480 --> 00:35:55,039
so we actually had to sort of uh develop
827
00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:58,079
uh you know the understanding of of the
828
00:35:55,039 --> 00:35:59,679
the brickwork and the the mortar to use
829
00:35:58,079 --> 00:36:02,400
in this
830
00:35:59,679 --> 00:36:03,118
monument now already in the beginning
831
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:06,880
when we
832
00:36:03,119 --> 00:36:10,079
removed the rubble we saw that the
833
00:36:06,880 --> 00:36:11,358
the plinth was actually uh sort of wavy
834
00:36:10,079 --> 00:36:12,720
which meant there must have been some
835
00:36:11,358 --> 00:36:14,880
kind of settlement but
836
00:36:12,719 --> 00:36:16,879
looking at it more specifically we
837
00:36:14,880 --> 00:36:18,800
realized that of course there wasn't
838
00:36:16,880 --> 00:36:20,160
any settlement foundations were in
839
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:22,240
perfect condition
840
00:36:20,159 --> 00:36:25,118
but actually there was uplift in the
841
00:36:22,239 --> 00:36:27,519
areas where we did not have a structure
842
00:36:25,119 --> 00:36:28,960
sitting on top so wherever we had a wall
843
00:36:27,519 --> 00:36:32,000
or our
844
00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:34,400
post it actually confined the masonry
845
00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:35,358
while the areas in between there was
846
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:38,240
uplift
847
00:36:35,358 --> 00:36:39,440
so this is actually quite a different
848
00:36:38,239 --> 00:36:42,559
sort of a
849
00:36:39,440 --> 00:36:45,679
response or effect on on
850
00:36:42,559 --> 00:36:48,559
the the brickwork uh
851
00:36:45,679 --> 00:36:50,319
which is again we had to remove about
852
00:36:48,559 --> 00:36:53,920
four or five courses
853
00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:54,720
uh and relay uh the the plinth so that
854
00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:59,200
we could
855
00:36:54,719 --> 00:37:01,598
bring it to a a proper level
856
00:36:59,199 --> 00:37:03,039
uh the other big issue was of course
857
00:37:01,599 --> 00:37:05,440
getting the artisans
858
00:37:03,039 --> 00:37:06,480
uh who could work with the timber which
859
00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:09,119
was of course the main
860
00:37:06,480 --> 00:37:11,039
part of this structure and luckily we
861
00:37:09,119 --> 00:37:14,400
have the the artisans
862
00:37:11,039 --> 00:37:16,000
and to some degree we could reuse the
863
00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:19,039
the timber elements but
864
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:21,039
a lot of it we had to replace or use the
865
00:37:19,039 --> 00:37:24,800
old timber and reuse
866
00:37:21,039 --> 00:37:27,920
it but luckily again with
867
00:37:24,800 --> 00:37:30,160
with the knowledge of the artisans it
868
00:37:27,920 --> 00:37:33,119
was possible to carry out this work
869
00:37:30,159 --> 00:37:34,719
on the right we see the bamboo
870
00:37:33,119 --> 00:37:37,440
scaffolding now
871
00:37:34,719 --> 00:37:38,719
it of course looks very uh traditional
872
00:37:37,440 --> 00:37:40,559
and it looked very good but
873
00:37:38,719 --> 00:37:42,799
it was actually also very practical
874
00:37:40,559 --> 00:37:43,440
because it was much more flexible than
875
00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:46,960
the you
876
00:37:43,440 --> 00:37:50,079
using uh pipe trusses and
877
00:37:46,960 --> 00:37:53,440
it was uh to to pull up the the
878
00:37:50,079 --> 00:37:56,800
timber elements it was possible to do it
879
00:37:53,440 --> 00:38:00,159
by hand uh meaning using ropes and
880
00:37:56,800 --> 00:38:03,200
human power and not use
881
00:38:00,159 --> 00:38:05,679
any uh heavy machinery which then also
882
00:38:03,199 --> 00:38:08,239
allowed the sort of communities to
883
00:38:05,679 --> 00:38:09,039
participate in the process and help
884
00:38:08,239 --> 00:38:12,479
carry these
885
00:38:09,039 --> 00:38:15,759
uh these timber elements uh to the
886
00:38:12,480 --> 00:38:19,039
site now with the timber
887
00:38:15,760 --> 00:38:20,800
uh again we have a you know over i i was
888
00:38:19,039 --> 00:38:23,679
told over 150 different
889
00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:24,880
uh joints we still need to do further
890
00:38:23,679 --> 00:38:26,799
research on this
891
00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:28,320
so supposedly a lot of these uh
892
00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:30,880
traditional joints have
893
00:38:28,320 --> 00:38:32,800
already been forgotten we're trying to
894
00:38:30,880 --> 00:38:35,920
we're hoping to actually get the
895
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:38,079
the artisans that are still around uh to
896
00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:40,559
help us document these uh
897
00:38:38,079 --> 00:38:42,640
these uh joints uh the main
898
00:38:40,559 --> 00:38:46,159
characteristics is of course that it's
899
00:38:42,639 --> 00:38:48,400
fully timber joint uh where we have uh
900
00:38:46,159 --> 00:38:49,519
sort of pegs holding the for the
901
00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:52,160
different pieces
902
00:38:49,519 --> 00:38:52,800
together and uh this has been of course
903
00:38:52,159 --> 00:38:57,679
part of
904
00:38:52,800 --> 00:39:00,000
this uh adaptation to uh the seismic uh
905
00:38:57,679 --> 00:39:01,039
requirements of the structure where
906
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:04,800
certain movement
907
00:39:01,039 --> 00:39:08,000
is is allowed and
908
00:39:04,800 --> 00:39:09,920
and it sort of holds the the structure
909
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:13,440
together
910
00:39:09,920 --> 00:39:15,280
uh the problem we actually faced was
911
00:39:13,440 --> 00:39:16,800
was with the brickwork where in the
912
00:39:15,280 --> 00:39:19,839
foundations we of course
913
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:23,280
found the uh the
914
00:39:19,838 --> 00:39:26,239
brickwork in in perfect condition but uh
915
00:39:23,280 --> 00:39:28,160
in the superstructure there was a a lot
916
00:39:26,239 --> 00:39:30,479
of damage which was there uh
917
00:39:28,159 --> 00:39:32,319
possibly even before the earthquake but
918
00:39:30,480 --> 00:39:33,760
then of course after the collapse a
919
00:39:32,320 --> 00:39:36,079
large part of the
920
00:39:33,760 --> 00:39:37,680
there was additional damage to do this
921
00:39:36,079 --> 00:39:39,839
uh to the brickwork
922
00:39:37,679 --> 00:39:41,679
and uh there was a lot of discussions on
923
00:39:39,838 --> 00:39:45,039
how to deal with this and
924
00:39:41,679 --> 00:39:48,960
of course the question was of how
925
00:39:45,039 --> 00:39:51,838
to ensure that the brick
926
00:39:48,960 --> 00:39:53,920
components of the monument were better
927
00:39:51,838 --> 00:39:56,639
reinforced
928
00:39:53,920 --> 00:39:58,079
this is a big discussion and i've
929
00:39:56,639 --> 00:40:01,118
discussed this with
930
00:39:58,079 --> 00:40:04,240
many people including arun menon
931
00:40:01,119 --> 00:40:05,680
and also randolph i spent many hours
932
00:40:04,239 --> 00:40:08,959
discussing with him
933
00:40:05,679 --> 00:40:12,159
hopefully he's also listening in on this
934
00:40:08,960 --> 00:40:17,199
because i've used his images
935
00:40:12,159 --> 00:40:22,000
the traditional monuments in kathmandu
936
00:40:17,199 --> 00:40:25,838
actually have horizontal timber lacing
937
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:28,400
but very often they don't use
938
00:40:25,838 --> 00:40:28,880
uh vertical elements so it's actually
939
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:31,599
really
940
00:40:28,880 --> 00:40:33,920
just a horizontal timber lacing holding
941
00:40:31,599 --> 00:40:37,599
the the structure together
942
00:40:33,920 --> 00:40:39,838
uh on the other hand uh which is again
943
00:40:37,599 --> 00:40:40,800
sort of similar to uh to the
944
00:40:39,838 --> 00:40:44,719
construction
945
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:46,720
in kashmir the the construction
946
00:40:44,719 --> 00:40:47,759
we have of course the other uh
947
00:40:46,719 --> 00:40:50,719
possibility
948
00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:52,240
of timber framing which is found in many
949
00:40:50,719 --> 00:40:55,439
parts of the world
950
00:40:52,239 --> 00:40:58,639
and also the example in in kashmir
951
00:40:55,440 --> 00:41:00,559
but this is not used very often in
952
00:40:58,639 --> 00:41:02,480
kathmandu we have found it in a few
953
00:41:00,559 --> 00:41:05,519
places where either
954
00:41:02,480 --> 00:41:06,880
the the the structure like for example
955
00:41:05,519 --> 00:41:09,759
in the nine story
956
00:41:06,880 --> 00:41:10,559
uh palace where the the structure has
957
00:41:09,760 --> 00:41:15,040
been
958
00:41:10,559 --> 00:41:17,599
much larger than traditionally uh built
959
00:41:15,039 --> 00:41:20,400
where sort of vertical elements have
960
00:41:17,599 --> 00:41:24,160
been introduced into the brickwork but
961
00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:28,240
this is actually not commonly used
962
00:41:24,159 --> 00:41:30,078
what we actually saw also in bagan
963
00:41:28,239 --> 00:41:32,479
was the the whole question of
964
00:41:30,079 --> 00:41:34,880
confinement of brick masonry
965
00:41:32,480 --> 00:41:35,599
and here sort of steel caging around the
966
00:41:34,880 --> 00:41:39,119
brickwork
967
00:41:35,599 --> 00:41:42,400
uh was very uh effective
968
00:41:39,119 --> 00:41:44,400
again the question here is how do we uh
969
00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:46,400
ensure sort of this confinement or
970
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:49,760
reinforcement of
971
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:52,079
of brick masonry in in mud mortar
972
00:41:49,760 --> 00:41:52,880
uh that's again uh i've raised a lot of
973
00:41:52,079 --> 00:41:55,359
questions and
974
00:41:52,880 --> 00:41:57,119
we haven't really come to detailed
975
00:41:55,358 --> 00:41:59,440
conclusions on this i think it still
976
00:41:57,119 --> 00:42:01,838
requires a lot of research
977
00:41:59,440 --> 00:42:02,639
what we ended up doing in the custom end
978
00:42:01,838 --> 00:42:06,159
up was
979
00:42:02,639 --> 00:42:09,199
sort of introducing a very minimum
980
00:42:06,159 --> 00:42:12,559
timber uh sort of reinforcement
981
00:42:09,199 --> 00:42:16,078
into the brickwork uh sort of uh
982
00:42:12,559 --> 00:42:19,119
to to ensure that there is some form
983
00:42:16,079 --> 00:42:21,039
of confinement but
984
00:42:19,119 --> 00:42:22,720
keeping it to a minimum that it doesn't
985
00:42:21,039 --> 00:42:25,519
really take over
986
00:42:22,719 --> 00:42:26,480
uh the function of of sort of a you know
987
00:42:25,519 --> 00:42:30,239
sort of
988
00:42:26,480 --> 00:42:33,440
timber framing with the infill and
989
00:42:30,239 --> 00:42:37,279
this was really to ensure that the
990
00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:38,159
the brickwork does is able to take on a
991
00:42:37,280 --> 00:42:41,440
certain level
992
00:42:38,159 --> 00:42:44,639
of stress
993
00:42:41,440 --> 00:42:47,440
the the this is the present status of
994
00:42:44,639 --> 00:42:47,838
uh the custom end up we're uh just about
995
00:42:47,440 --> 00:42:51,039
uh
996
00:42:47,838 --> 00:42:51,920
completing uh completed the the main
997
00:42:51,039 --> 00:42:54,960
structure
998
00:42:51,920 --> 00:42:57,760
we're still waiting for timber to be uh
999
00:42:54,960 --> 00:42:59,358
provided for uh the remaining roof
1000
00:42:57,760 --> 00:43:01,200
structure
1001
00:42:59,358 --> 00:43:03,679
what we're working on is also a
1002
00:43:01,199 --> 00:43:06,239
continuity plan since we know
1003
00:43:03,679 --> 00:43:07,279
we know that one of the main causes for
1004
00:43:06,239 --> 00:43:10,559
the collapse was
1005
00:43:07,280 --> 00:43:13,680
the lack of maintenance
1006
00:43:10,559 --> 00:43:16,078
and uh sort of the the requirement of
1007
00:43:13,679 --> 00:43:20,799
managing the structure over time
1008
00:43:16,079 --> 00:43:24,880
we are working on uh a continuity plan
1009
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:27,680
which includes uh sort of the the
1010
00:43:24,880 --> 00:43:29,519
maintenance and monitoring of the
1011
00:43:27,679 --> 00:43:31,919
structure we're hoping to put in
1012
00:43:29,519 --> 00:43:33,599
sensors as well and do structural
1013
00:43:31,920 --> 00:43:37,039
monitoring
1014
00:43:33,599 --> 00:43:40,800
but also that we manage the the use
1015
00:43:37,039 --> 00:43:43,519
of the monument and the continuity also
1016
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:45,920
includes uh here on the lower
1017
00:43:43,519 --> 00:43:47,440
uh image we see one of the brackets and
1018
00:43:45,920 --> 00:43:49,760
this is actually from the
1019
00:43:47,440 --> 00:43:51,599
the fifth century so uh there's a
1020
00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:55,520
continuity also
1021
00:43:51,599 --> 00:43:58,000
in respect to material
1022
00:43:55,519 --> 00:43:59,599
as a conclusion uh it's always this
1023
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:02,000
question of how do we
1024
00:43:59,599 --> 00:44:04,800
deal with sort of the traditional
1025
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:07,199
technology materials and
1026
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:09,599
here uh sort of bringing the the
1027
00:44:07,199 --> 00:44:10,879
scientists here is uh professor ian
1028
00:44:09,599 --> 00:44:13,200
simpson from
1029
00:44:10,880 --> 00:44:14,960
sterling university taking a sample of
1030
00:44:13,199 --> 00:44:18,078
the timber while our
1031
00:44:14,960 --> 00:44:20,639
uh head carpenter watches he
1032
00:44:18,079 --> 00:44:22,079
looks very skeptical but on the right
1033
00:44:20,639 --> 00:44:24,318
side we've
1034
00:44:22,079 --> 00:44:25,839
managed to get him to try out the
1035
00:44:24,318 --> 00:44:27,358
resistometer
1036
00:44:25,838 --> 00:44:29,440
traditionally of course you just knock
1037
00:44:27,358 --> 00:44:31,679
on the wood and you know how
1038
00:44:29,440 --> 00:44:33,519
you know whether it's good or not just
1039
00:44:31,679 --> 00:44:36,559
by listening to it
1040
00:44:33,519 --> 00:44:39,358
but again the the question is how do we
1041
00:44:36,559 --> 00:44:40,078
bring this traditional knowledge and
1042
00:44:39,358 --> 00:44:43,920
modern
1043
00:44:40,079 --> 00:44:45,920
technology uh to to actually
1044
00:44:43,920 --> 00:44:47,760
communicate with each other to be able
1045
00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:50,720
to deal with these monuments
1046
00:44:47,760 --> 00:44:53,280
we're actually planning our inauguration
1047
00:44:50,719 --> 00:44:55,439
this on the 25th of april this year
1048
00:44:53,280 --> 00:44:57,119
it would be the six years after the
1049
00:44:55,440 --> 00:44:58,559
earthquake and three years after we
1050
00:44:57,119 --> 00:45:01,519
started construction
1051
00:44:58,559 --> 00:45:04,480
but we're not quite sure whether we'll
1052
00:45:01,519 --> 00:45:08,318
manage to complete it by then
1053
00:45:04,480 --> 00:45:11,358
we're still hoping to do so uh
1054
00:45:08,318 --> 00:45:11,358
thank you very much
1055
00:45:13,280 --> 00:45:17,599
thank you so much for that wonderful
1056
00:45:15,039 --> 00:45:19,440
presentation from nepal kai
1057
00:45:17,599 --> 00:45:21,680
just a reminder to everyone keep the
1058
00:45:19,440 --> 00:45:24,318
questions going in the chat we've gotten
1059
00:45:21,679 --> 00:45:24,719
a great set already and we will discuss
1060
00:45:24,318 --> 00:45:27,920
them
1061
00:45:24,719 --> 00:45:29,679
after the five presentation we will now
1062
00:45:27,920 --> 00:45:31,440
move on to our
1063
00:45:29,679 --> 00:45:33,199
third presentation which will be by
1064
00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:34,800
grieger angeliu
1065
00:45:33,199 --> 00:45:36,480
he is an assistant professor of
1066
00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:38,400
structural mechanics at the department
1067
00:45:36,480 --> 00:45:39,599
of civil and environmental engineering
1068
00:45:38,400 --> 00:45:42,079
at the polytechnic of
1069
00:45:39,599 --> 00:45:44,160
milano his research focuses on the
1070
00:45:42,079 --> 00:45:46,000
application of modern technologies for
1071
00:45:44,159 --> 00:45:48,239
an improved diagnosis of the structural
1072
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:49,119
safety of historic buildings related to
1073
00:45:48,239 --> 00:45:52,639
earthquakes
1074
00:45:49,119 --> 00:45:54,640
aging or soil settlements this includes
1075
00:45:52,639 --> 00:45:56,318
a combined application of fine of the
1076
00:45:54,639 --> 00:45:57,118
finite element method parametric
1077
00:45:56,318 --> 00:45:58,960
modeling
1078
00:45:57,119 --> 00:46:01,440
lidar scanning and structural health
1079
00:45:58,960 --> 00:46:03,519
monitoring welcome grigor the floor is
1080
00:46:01,440 --> 00:46:15,838
yours
1081
00:46:03,519 --> 00:46:15,838
thank you tim
1082
00:46:20,639 --> 00:46:29,838
you can
1083
00:46:30,880 --> 00:46:35,280
um sorry can you see can you see my
1084
00:46:33,039 --> 00:46:35,279
screen
1085
00:46:38,480 --> 00:46:45,440
yes you can okay thank you so
1086
00:46:43,039 --> 00:46:47,199
thank you everybody for attending this
1087
00:46:45,440 --> 00:46:50,000
this seminar
1088
00:46:47,199 --> 00:46:51,439
i will be talking today about the
1089
00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:55,119
earthquake in of
1090
00:46:51,440 --> 00:46:58,318
november the 26th in albania
1091
00:46:55,119 --> 00:47:00,079
so i will be
1092
00:46:58,318 --> 00:47:04,239
talking about the post-disaster damage
1093
00:47:00,079 --> 00:47:04,240
assessment of historical buildings
1094
00:47:05,039 --> 00:47:08,400
about the content of the presentation i
1095
00:47:07,599 --> 00:47:10,480
will
1096
00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:11,680
discuss a bit on the typologies of
1097
00:47:10,480 --> 00:47:16,159
historical building
1098
00:47:11,679 --> 00:47:19,279
in uh in the earthquake region
1099
00:47:16,159 --> 00:47:23,519
just go very briefly on the shape map of
1100
00:47:19,280 --> 00:47:23,519
the november 26 event
1101
00:47:23,599 --> 00:47:26,720
i will present some damage survey
1102
00:47:25,920 --> 00:47:30,559
statistics
1103
00:47:26,719 --> 00:47:33,118
on the earthquake area and then
1104
00:47:30,559 --> 00:47:34,800
i would prefer here to discuss three
1105
00:47:33,119 --> 00:47:37,280
case studies
1106
00:47:34,800 --> 00:47:39,839
which in my opinion are the most
1107
00:47:37,280 --> 00:47:41,440
significant ones
1108
00:47:39,838 --> 00:47:43,920
and then i think that is very
1109
00:47:41,440 --> 00:47:46,800
interesting also for the audience here
1110
00:47:43,920 --> 00:47:48,639
to go um let's say through a detailed
1111
00:47:46,800 --> 00:47:49,200
structure assessment in one of the case
1112
00:47:48,639 --> 00:47:51,358
studies
1113
00:47:49,199 --> 00:47:52,639
the tower c in the castle of doors in
1114
00:47:51,358 --> 00:47:54,239
albania
1115
00:47:52,639 --> 00:47:55,679
and then i would like to draw of course
1116
00:47:54,239 --> 00:47:59,439
some conclusions with
1117
00:47:55,679 --> 00:48:01,759
uh regards to the earthquake
1118
00:47:59,440 --> 00:48:02,480
historic buildings and uh the strategy
1119
00:48:01,760 --> 00:48:07,119
for
1120
00:48:02,480 --> 00:48:09,920
for the reinforcements and the rebuilds
1121
00:48:07,119 --> 00:48:11,519
so because of let's say the big audience
1122
00:48:09,920 --> 00:48:15,119
here
1123
00:48:11,519 --> 00:48:18,559
from all the world albania is located
1124
00:48:15,119 --> 00:48:21,680
in the belkan region just beside
1125
00:48:18,559 --> 00:48:25,359
italy and greece so
1126
00:48:21,679 --> 00:48:28,558
this uh territory characterized by uh
1127
00:48:25,358 --> 00:48:32,400
moderate uh seismic events
1128
00:48:28,559 --> 00:48:35,200
um here i'm just plotting um
1129
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:36,480
a map you know from the u.s geological
1130
00:48:35,199 --> 00:48:40,239
survey and you can see
1131
00:48:36,480 --> 00:48:42,240
here um some of the events with a
1132
00:48:40,239 --> 00:48:46,239
magnitude of
1133
00:48:42,239 --> 00:48:49,358
5.5 now since january 2019
1134
00:48:46,239 --> 00:48:52,959
so i mean there are continuously
1135
00:48:49,358 --> 00:48:56,000
let's say important um important
1136
00:48:52,960 --> 00:48:57,358
earthquakes the majority of
1137
00:48:56,000 --> 00:49:00,318
the earthquakes that we have in the
1138
00:48:57,358 --> 00:49:04,159
country is uh characterized by
1139
00:49:00,318 --> 00:49:07,519
low to moderate intensities usually
1140
00:49:04,159 --> 00:49:10,879
less than seven winter
1141
00:49:07,519 --> 00:49:17,838
and rarely with high intensities event
1142
00:49:10,880 --> 00:49:17,838
with a magnitude more than seven
1143
00:49:18,079 --> 00:49:24,480
um it is important also to
1144
00:49:21,760 --> 00:49:25,680
see what are let's say the the types of
1145
00:49:24,480 --> 00:49:30,000
buildings that we have
1146
00:49:25,679 --> 00:49:32,719
in in the region of the earthquake
1147
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:34,000
now there are different types of
1148
00:49:32,719 --> 00:49:38,558
buildings
1149
00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:38,559
we have cult buildings related to
1150
00:49:39,679 --> 00:49:46,318
to muslim or to christian religion
1151
00:49:43,199 --> 00:49:48,719
here you can see for example uh the
1152
00:49:46,318 --> 00:49:50,239
tequila of dolma which was damaged
1153
00:49:48,719 --> 00:49:52,879
during the earthquakes
1154
00:49:50,239 --> 00:49:56,000
we have a vernacular architecture from
1155
00:49:52,880 --> 00:49:58,318
the 18th or 19th century
1156
00:49:56,000 --> 00:50:00,559
this is an example this is the
1157
00:49:58,318 --> 00:50:02,480
ethnographic museum of korea
1158
00:50:00,559 --> 00:50:03,680
we have um engineering for
1159
00:50:02,480 --> 00:50:07,599
infrastructure as
1160
00:50:03,679 --> 00:50:11,759
bridges aqueducts here for example
1161
00:50:07,599 --> 00:50:12,000
is the where tobacco one of the bridges
1162
00:50:11,760 --> 00:50:16,160
in
1163
00:50:12,000 --> 00:50:18,480
in tirana but we have also castles
1164
00:50:16,159 --> 00:50:20,799
as this is the castle of malaysia for
1165
00:50:18,480 --> 00:50:23,119
example
1166
00:50:20,800 --> 00:50:26,400
there are many fortifications in the
1167
00:50:23,119 --> 00:50:29,599
area but we have also um
1168
00:50:26,400 --> 00:50:32,240
what we call design buildings so
1169
00:50:29,599 --> 00:50:33,280
these are mostly of the 20th century for
1170
00:50:32,239 --> 00:50:36,799
example
1171
00:50:33,280 --> 00:50:40,079
this is a building of the 20s
1172
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:43,519
and 30s um
1173
00:50:40,079 --> 00:50:44,318
here you can see some uh of a number of
1174
00:50:43,519 --> 00:50:46,559
buildings
1175
00:50:44,318 --> 00:50:47,920
i would like to to state here that uh
1176
00:50:46,559 --> 00:50:49,839
when i'm talking about historic
1177
00:50:47,920 --> 00:50:51,920
buildings i am mostly focused here on
1178
00:50:49,838 --> 00:50:54,239
designated historic buildings
1179
00:50:51,920 --> 00:50:55,760
so it means that we could have more
1180
00:50:54,239 --> 00:50:56,558
historic buildings but these are the
1181
00:50:55,760 --> 00:50:59,280
designated
1182
00:50:56,559 --> 00:51:00,480
historic buildings according to the
1183
00:50:59,280 --> 00:51:03,680
albanian law on
1184
00:51:00,480 --> 00:51:07,119
cultural heritage and you can see here
1185
00:51:03,679 --> 00:51:10,318
uh some of the numbers
1186
00:51:07,119 --> 00:51:12,559
um now
1187
00:51:10,318 --> 00:51:13,519
with regards to the earthquake most of
1188
00:51:12,559 --> 00:51:16,400
the buildings
1189
00:51:13,519 --> 00:51:18,318
so the majority of them were located of
1190
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:21,200
course in the region of duras
1191
00:51:18,318 --> 00:51:22,239
the the region of tirana and the region
1192
00:51:21,199 --> 00:51:24,239
of legion
1193
00:51:22,239 --> 00:51:27,358
of course there are also examples of
1194
00:51:24,239 --> 00:51:30,399
damages in the other regions as albasana
1195
00:51:27,358 --> 00:51:32,799
but that is not the majority of the
1196
00:51:30,400 --> 00:51:32,800
cases
1197
00:51:34,318 --> 00:51:40,639
so with regards to uh the earthquake
1198
00:51:37,358 --> 00:51:44,318
which was very very devastating of uh
1199
00:51:40,639 --> 00:51:47,598
november 26 2019 uh here you can see
1200
00:51:44,318 --> 00:51:51,119
um the the stigma where
1201
00:51:47,599 --> 00:51:51,599
um you can see that the the earthquake
1202
00:51:51,119 --> 00:51:54,240
was
1203
00:51:51,599 --> 00:51:55,760
uh pretty pretty severe you know in in
1204
00:51:54,239 --> 00:51:58,799
the region close to
1205
00:51:55,760 --> 00:52:00,559
duras and then uh quite strong you know
1206
00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:02,720
in the other region so for example
1207
00:52:00,559 --> 00:52:04,880
close to the capital in iran where we
1208
00:52:02,719 --> 00:52:08,239
have a very high density of
1209
00:52:04,880 --> 00:52:11,119
buildings in korea or also
1210
00:52:08,239 --> 00:52:12,639
in the asia which is located here so in
1211
00:52:11,119 --> 00:52:15,838
this reason we have
1212
00:52:12,639 --> 00:52:16,799
very devastating effects of course here
1213
00:52:15,838 --> 00:52:19,119
i would
1214
00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:20,960
stop in the case of discard the case of
1215
00:52:19,119 --> 00:52:24,800
history
1216
00:52:20,960 --> 00:52:24,800
now there was also a very
1217
00:52:25,519 --> 00:52:28,880
interesting thing which has to be
1218
00:52:26,719 --> 00:52:31,118
discussed in my opinion that before the
1219
00:52:28,880 --> 00:52:33,358
earthquake of november 26
1220
00:52:31,119 --> 00:52:34,640
we had al also another earthquake in
1221
00:52:33,358 --> 00:52:38,400
september
1222
00:52:34,639 --> 00:52:40,318
21st um so just two months before that
1223
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:43,519
you know with a magnitude
1224
00:52:40,318 --> 00:52:43,920
lower in terms of magnitude but still
1225
00:52:43,519 --> 00:52:46,800
with
1226
00:52:43,920 --> 00:52:47,358
provoked damage in in the buildings of
1227
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:50,640
course
1228
00:52:47,358 --> 00:52:51,759
not so heavy as the last one but i mean
1229
00:52:50,639 --> 00:52:54,719
the world damage and
1230
00:52:51,760 --> 00:52:55,599
uh probably you know just the two months
1231
00:52:54,719 --> 00:52:58,639
period
1232
00:52:55,599 --> 00:53:01,200
did not allow for a proper survey
1233
00:52:58,639 --> 00:53:02,000
and proper repair of this damage in many
1234
00:53:01,199 --> 00:53:05,118
buildings
1235
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:09,199
not only just the historic one so
1236
00:53:05,119 --> 00:53:12,480
this is a very interesting point which
1237
00:53:09,199 --> 00:53:12,480
has to be on the line here
1238
00:53:13,039 --> 00:53:17,920
um here you can note um the three
1239
00:53:16,480 --> 00:53:22,000
regions you know
1240
00:53:17,920 --> 00:53:25,119
of the earthquake this is the epicenter
1241
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:27,358
uh and these are some data uh
1242
00:53:25,119 --> 00:53:29,599
collected by the national institute of
1243
00:53:27,358 --> 00:53:33,119
cultural heritage on a stock of
1244
00:53:29,599 --> 00:53:36,160
110 designated building so on a stock of
1245
00:53:33,119 --> 00:53:40,480
110 designated building
1246
00:53:36,159 --> 00:53:43,920
10 percent was like previously damaged
1247
00:53:40,480 --> 00:53:47,280
and then we had more or less 40 percent
1248
00:53:43,920 --> 00:53:47,280
with negligible damage
1249
00:53:47,719 --> 00:53:54,799
25 26 percent with moderate damage
1250
00:53:51,280 --> 00:53:58,240
and more or less
1251
00:53:54,800 --> 00:54:02,240
25 22 23 with very
1252
00:53:58,239 --> 00:54:05,439
severe damage um so this is on
1253
00:54:02,239 --> 00:54:09,519
um on the stock of um
1254
00:54:05,440 --> 00:54:11,760
110 billion um
1255
00:54:09,519 --> 00:54:14,480
it is very interesting to see because i
1256
00:54:11,760 --> 00:54:17,119
mean from from that point then
1257
00:54:14,480 --> 00:54:19,599
we can also generalize about the damage
1258
00:54:17,119 --> 00:54:25,838
that the earthquake caused in
1259
00:54:19,599 --> 00:54:25,838
buildings in the country
1260
00:54:26,239 --> 00:54:30,318
um so these were some general statistics
1261
00:54:29,679 --> 00:54:33,519
about
1262
00:54:30,318 --> 00:54:36,480
the earthquake um i think it's uh
1263
00:54:33,519 --> 00:54:37,280
it's good for us now to focus on uh on
1264
00:54:36,480 --> 00:54:41,358
some of
1265
00:54:37,280 --> 00:54:44,798
the cases um now i have chosen
1266
00:54:41,358 --> 00:54:48,239
three cases belonging to the same
1267
00:54:44,798 --> 00:54:51,358
let's say structure topology towers
1268
00:54:48,239 --> 00:54:52,318
because i think that these are the three
1269
00:54:51,358 --> 00:54:55,759
most significant
1270
00:54:52,318 --> 00:54:58,318
ones but are also kind of communicative
1271
00:54:55,760 --> 00:55:02,079
so also easily to understand but also to
1272
00:54:58,318 --> 00:55:05,279
make comparison between uh between them
1273
00:55:02,079 --> 00:55:06,880
so i will be discussing the the power of
1274
00:55:05,280 --> 00:55:10,960
kruya
1275
00:55:06,880 --> 00:55:14,000
located here the tower of preza
1276
00:55:10,960 --> 00:55:17,519
and the tower sea indoors of the
1277
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:20,000
duran's fortification um so
1278
00:55:17,519 --> 00:55:21,920
we start from the one let's say it's a
1279
00:55:20,000 --> 00:55:23,358
bit more far from the epicenter and more
1280
00:55:21,920 --> 00:55:26,240
or less we go
1281
00:55:23,358 --> 00:55:26,239
we go closer
1282
00:55:27,119 --> 00:55:30,318
of course each of each of these examples
1283
00:55:29,358 --> 00:55:35,039
has let's say
1284
00:55:30,318 --> 00:55:37,599
its own characteristic and specifics
1285
00:55:35,039 --> 00:55:38,798
this is the tower of brezza you can see
1286
00:55:37,599 --> 00:55:41,920
on the left
1287
00:55:38,798 --> 00:55:42,639
an image of the tower before before the
1288
00:55:41,920 --> 00:55:46,400
damage
1289
00:55:42,639 --> 00:55:49,199
this is an image of 2013
1290
00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:49,680
and you can see on the right and an
1291
00:55:49,199 --> 00:55:53,838
image
1292
00:55:49,679 --> 00:55:57,199
after after the damage of 2019
1293
00:55:53,838 --> 00:56:00,838
um so the complete upper part of
1294
00:55:57,199 --> 00:56:04,558
the tower had collapsed
1295
00:56:00,838 --> 00:56:08,318
um it is very important in this
1296
00:56:04,559 --> 00:56:11,519
in this example to see the presence of
1297
00:56:08,318 --> 00:56:11,519
pre-existing cracks
1298
00:56:11,599 --> 00:56:16,079
so you can see clearly here i i did not
1299
00:56:14,318 --> 00:56:19,358
try to highlight anything
1300
00:56:16,079 --> 00:56:21,200
because in my opinion is pretty evident
1301
00:56:19,358 --> 00:56:22,798
that you can see you know the presence
1302
00:56:21,199 --> 00:56:26,879
of um
1303
00:56:22,798 --> 00:56:29,440
of the cracks you know already in 2013
1304
00:56:26,880 --> 00:56:30,480
and the same one of course after the
1305
00:56:29,440 --> 00:56:33,519
earthquake
1306
00:56:30,480 --> 00:56:34,880
got magnified
1307
00:56:33,519 --> 00:56:37,440
you know but
1308
00:56:34,880 --> 00:56:39,280
[Music]
1309
00:56:37,440 --> 00:56:40,798
it looks like you know the world let's
1310
00:56:39,280 --> 00:56:44,000
say an important factor in
1311
00:56:40,798 --> 00:56:46,318
in the part of the collapse something
1312
00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:47,440
very interesting here was an uh an
1313
00:56:46,318 --> 00:56:50,159
addition you know
1314
00:56:47,440 --> 00:56:52,000
recently but more or less like two years
1315
00:56:50,159 --> 00:56:55,039
before the collapse
1316
00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:58,000
and you can see that the lower part of
1317
00:56:55,039 --> 00:56:58,239
the construction which had the insertion
1318
00:56:58,000 --> 00:57:03,679
of
1319
00:56:58,239 --> 00:57:08,239
some steel ties resisted pretty well
1320
00:57:03,679 --> 00:57:10,399
what is more important here is the
1321
00:57:08,239 --> 00:57:12,959
the other part of the tower so you can
1322
00:57:10,400 --> 00:57:16,079
see again another image
1323
00:57:12,960 --> 00:57:20,079
from before and after
1324
00:57:16,079 --> 00:57:21,599
and again in this in this area here
1325
00:57:20,079 --> 00:57:25,280
you can see already you know the
1326
00:57:21,599 --> 00:57:25,280
presence of of the cracks
1327
00:57:25,440 --> 00:57:32,798
so again um it is
1328
00:57:28,880 --> 00:57:35,280
um shown here how the importance of the
1329
00:57:32,798 --> 00:57:37,119
presence of these pre-existing cracks
1330
00:57:35,280 --> 00:57:38,400
it is very important in the structure
1331
00:57:37,119 --> 00:57:40,960
behavior of
1332
00:57:38,400 --> 00:57:41,599
the earthquake so i would like to
1333
00:57:40,960 --> 00:57:43,920
highlight
1334
00:57:41,599 --> 00:57:44,960
here the importance of the survey you
1335
00:57:43,920 --> 00:57:48,000
know
1336
00:57:44,960 --> 00:57:48,000
already on site
1337
00:57:51,358 --> 00:57:55,920
now i would like to pass to the second
1338
00:57:54,239 --> 00:57:59,199
case study
1339
00:57:55,920 --> 00:58:00,798
this is the tower of kuya of course this
1340
00:57:59,199 --> 00:58:04,719
is a much bigger tower
1341
00:58:00,798 --> 00:58:07,759
compared to the previous one
1342
00:58:04,719 --> 00:58:09,039
but again beside the specifics of each
1343
00:58:07,760 --> 00:58:11,119
case
1344
00:58:09,039 --> 00:58:13,920
i would like to draw here a comparison
1345
00:58:11,119 --> 00:58:16,318
between the first and this one
1346
00:58:13,920 --> 00:58:18,159
in the sense that you know the part of
1347
00:58:16,318 --> 00:58:20,239
the colonnade in the upper part in this
1348
00:58:18,159 --> 00:58:21,920
case did not collapse
1349
00:58:20,239 --> 00:58:24,078
now if you make a comparison between
1350
00:58:21,920 --> 00:58:27,280
this one
1351
00:58:24,079 --> 00:58:30,160
and this other one and um
1352
00:58:27,280 --> 00:58:32,079
the reason it was because you know this
1353
00:58:30,159 --> 00:58:33,519
one here was basically rebuilt in
1354
00:58:32,079 --> 00:58:36,640
concrete
1355
00:58:33,519 --> 00:58:39,838
um during the 70s or the 80s
1356
00:58:36,639 --> 00:58:42,318
more or less uh and in the
1357
00:58:39,838 --> 00:58:42,960
in the zoomed part of this you can see
1358
00:58:42,318 --> 00:58:46,639
here
1359
00:58:42,960 --> 00:58:49,199
uh the reinforced concrete beam
1360
00:58:46,639 --> 00:58:50,239
on the base of it which basically during
1361
00:58:49,199 --> 00:58:53,519
the earthquake
1362
00:58:50,239 --> 00:58:56,078
more or less floated you know in this uh
1363
00:58:53,519 --> 00:58:57,679
soft layer of mortar so it's some kind
1364
00:58:56,079 --> 00:59:01,119
of
1365
00:58:57,679 --> 00:59:01,118
base isolation at the end
1366
00:59:02,400 --> 00:59:10,480
but uh another important aspect here
1367
00:59:07,440 --> 00:59:11,519
is you know to make a comparison between
1368
00:59:10,480 --> 00:59:14,880
this facade
1369
00:59:11,519 --> 00:59:14,880
and this other one here
1370
00:59:14,960 --> 00:59:21,358
so uh this part of the facade
1371
00:59:18,318 --> 00:59:21,358
and this other one
1372
00:59:21,679 --> 00:59:27,519
the the importance is in the fact that
1373
00:59:25,519 --> 00:59:28,639
in this part of the facade you know the
1374
00:59:27,519 --> 00:59:31,679
damage was
1375
00:59:28,639 --> 00:59:35,279
more or less pretty limited
1376
00:59:31,679 --> 00:59:38,399
but on this one you see that
1377
00:59:35,280 --> 00:59:41,599
you know the damages is pretty important
1378
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:45,119
um so if we analyze them
1379
00:59:41,599 --> 00:59:47,200
more in detail um the part of
1380
00:59:45,119 --> 00:59:48,960
the technology of construction you can
1381
00:59:47,199 --> 00:59:51,358
see clearly here
1382
00:59:48,960 --> 00:59:53,920
that we have timber ties more or less
1383
00:59:51,358 --> 00:59:57,759
placed regularly you know one
1384
00:59:53,920 --> 00:59:57,760
every a meter or a meter and a half
1385
00:59:58,000 --> 01:00:01,838
so these are the two edges of the tower
1386
01:00:00,719 --> 01:00:05,199
basically
1387
01:00:01,838 --> 01:00:08,480
and it is demonstrated here quite easily
1388
01:00:05,199 --> 01:00:09,679
that uh this traditional technology of
1389
01:00:08,480 --> 01:00:12,240
timber ties
1390
01:00:09,679 --> 01:00:14,399
you know it's uh it's it's a good one
1391
01:00:12,239 --> 01:00:16,719
you know in helping to prevent
1392
01:00:14,400 --> 01:00:17,680
seismic damage of course there is some
1393
01:00:16,719 --> 01:00:20,318
damage but it's
1394
01:00:17,679 --> 01:00:22,639
much more limited compared to uh the
1395
01:00:20,318 --> 01:00:26,558
other facade
1396
01:00:22,639 --> 01:00:27,759
so this is an example of how you know
1397
01:00:26,559 --> 01:00:31,119
when
1398
01:00:27,760 --> 01:00:33,200
the existing
1399
01:00:31,119 --> 01:00:34,559
seismic anti-seizing system exists in
1400
01:00:33,199 --> 01:00:36,879
the building you know it
1401
01:00:34,559 --> 01:00:36,880
works
1402
01:00:40,559 --> 01:00:47,440
this is another example of
1403
01:00:43,760 --> 01:00:52,400
another tower this is in the city of
1404
01:00:47,440 --> 01:00:54,480
duras um so also here we have a local
1405
01:00:52,400 --> 01:00:58,559
collapse so a big portion
1406
01:00:54,480 --> 01:01:01,519
of one of the towers this is the tower c
1407
01:00:58,559 --> 01:01:01,519
uh collapsed
1408
01:01:02,159 --> 01:01:05,838
what is very interesting in this case is
1409
01:01:04,400 --> 01:01:09,039
that we have
1410
01:01:05,838 --> 01:01:11,759
also um you know
1411
01:01:09,039 --> 01:01:13,279
two other towers with the same geometry
1412
01:01:11,760 --> 01:01:16,640
just let's say like
1413
01:01:13,280 --> 01:01:18,960
uh 20 meters you know uh from this side
1414
01:01:16,639 --> 01:01:20,879
and 20 meters from the other side and
1415
01:01:18,960 --> 01:01:22,639
the two of them did not collapse but
1416
01:01:20,880 --> 01:01:26,160
just this one has these
1417
01:01:22,639 --> 01:01:29,199
local collapse i would now
1418
01:01:26,159 --> 01:01:32,318
show um in detail you know some of
1419
01:01:29,199 --> 01:01:35,118
um the structure assessment procedure
1420
01:01:32,318 --> 01:01:35,679
then we performed in this case in order
1421
01:01:35,119 --> 01:01:37,599
to
1422
01:01:35,679 --> 01:01:38,798
analyze this case study i think that
1423
01:01:37,599 --> 01:01:42,318
that would be also
1424
01:01:38,798 --> 01:01:42,318
interesting for for the audience
1425
01:01:44,159 --> 01:01:48,239
this part is divided mainly in in two in
1426
01:01:47,280 --> 01:01:50,240
two parts
1427
01:01:48,239 --> 01:01:51,598
one is the data collection and analysis
1428
01:01:50,239 --> 01:01:55,519
and then the
1429
01:01:51,599 --> 01:01:55,519
the structure analysis procedure
1430
01:01:56,000 --> 01:02:00,480
the idea behind all of this is to have
1431
01:01:59,199 --> 01:02:03,199
let's say
1432
01:02:00,480 --> 01:02:05,679
certain proof certain scientific proof
1433
01:02:03,199 --> 01:02:09,439
on the causes of the collapse
1434
01:02:05,679 --> 01:02:12,159
and this of course will help in the
1435
01:02:09,440 --> 01:02:12,159
the restoration
1436
01:02:14,880 --> 01:02:20,798
so you can see on my
1437
01:02:18,159 --> 01:02:21,519
on the left side of the screen for the
1438
01:02:20,798 --> 01:02:25,199
grammatic
1439
01:02:21,519 --> 01:02:28,559
survey of the tower the tower was
1440
01:02:25,199 --> 01:02:31,519
built in uh by the amp the byzantine
1441
01:02:28,559 --> 01:02:33,519
emperor anastasia the first in the late
1442
01:02:31,519 --> 01:02:37,119
century
1443
01:02:33,519 --> 01:02:40,239
then it had um
1444
01:02:37,119 --> 01:02:41,440
you know during the earthquake of 2073
1445
01:02:40,239 --> 01:02:43,838
there was
1446
01:02:41,440 --> 01:02:44,720
collapses you know in the whole city
1447
01:02:43,838 --> 01:02:47,519
walls
1448
01:02:44,719 --> 01:02:48,078
and part of the tower was was damaged or
1449
01:02:47,519 --> 01:02:50,798
collapsed
1450
01:02:48,079 --> 01:02:52,480
this one as you can see here and then
1451
01:02:50,798 --> 01:02:55,440
there was let's say a major
1452
01:02:52,480 --> 01:02:59,199
reconstruction process of the city walls
1453
01:02:55,440 --> 01:03:02,000
um and after that
1454
01:02:59,199 --> 01:03:02,719
we have another late phase during the
1455
01:03:02,000 --> 01:03:06,239
ottoman
1456
01:03:02,719 --> 01:03:08,798
empire which is this one signed here
1457
01:03:06,239 --> 01:03:11,439
according this research is according to
1458
01:03:08,798 --> 01:03:13,759
professor jarakarisky who
1459
01:03:11,440 --> 01:03:14,798
is a noted scholar for the analysis of
1460
01:03:13,760 --> 01:03:17,839
the fortification
1461
01:03:14,798 --> 01:03:17,838
in november
1462
01:03:20,480 --> 01:03:27,199
this is the geometry of the tower and
1463
01:03:23,760 --> 01:03:30,000
during the structured survey
1464
01:03:27,199 --> 01:03:32,078
we noted let's say some weaknesses in
1465
01:03:30,000 --> 01:03:34,400
the tower
1466
01:03:32,079 --> 01:03:36,880
the first one you know first of all this
1467
01:03:34,400 --> 01:03:40,798
is the block which collapsed
1468
01:03:36,880 --> 01:03:43,838
this is a huge one actually and we noted
1469
01:03:40,798 --> 01:03:47,280
um let's say uh the first
1470
01:03:43,838 --> 01:03:48,400
weak plane which is this one here was a
1471
01:03:47,280 --> 01:03:50,640
second one
1472
01:03:48,400 --> 01:03:52,480
uh this one here which is also as you
1473
01:03:50,639 --> 01:03:55,358
can see is pretty much flat
1474
01:03:52,480 --> 01:03:57,519
and is uh connected also with one of the
1475
01:03:55,358 --> 01:04:01,119
phases of construction
1476
01:03:57,519 --> 01:04:04,639
but another very interesting
1477
01:04:01,119 --> 01:04:08,960
discovery was this cavity this void at
1478
01:04:04,639 --> 01:04:12,159
the base of more or less at the base of
1479
01:04:08,960 --> 01:04:13,280
this activated block so we had to be
1480
01:04:12,159 --> 01:04:17,519
certain which was
1481
01:04:13,280 --> 01:04:17,519
the main cause of this collapse
1482
01:04:19,599 --> 01:04:24,000
finally we performed also analysis on
1483
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:26,880
materials
1484
01:04:24,000 --> 01:04:28,400
and in conclusion i mean the mechanical
1485
01:04:26,880 --> 01:04:31,838
properties here were
1486
01:04:28,400 --> 01:04:35,280
were pretty good um
1487
01:04:31,838 --> 01:04:36,239
another part is um which we discussed
1488
01:04:35,280 --> 01:04:38,079
was the part of
1489
01:04:36,239 --> 01:04:39,598
the seismication these are some
1490
01:04:38,079 --> 01:04:42,318
accelerograms which we
1491
01:04:39,599 --> 01:04:45,440
recorded in in the city of doors this
1492
01:04:42,318 --> 01:04:49,440
was recorded from the doors
1493
01:04:45,440 --> 01:04:52,559
station but unfortunately we have just
1494
01:04:49,440 --> 01:04:54,880
15 seconds of the registration
1495
01:04:52,559 --> 01:04:56,160
so all the calculations there will uh
1496
01:04:54,880 --> 01:05:00,559
are performed just with
1497
01:04:56,159 --> 01:05:05,038
uh with these numbers finally
1498
01:05:00,559 --> 01:05:05,039
um with regards to uh
1499
01:05:05,280 --> 01:05:09,359
to the spectral uh to the spectral
1500
01:05:07,679 --> 01:05:11,199
acceleration
1501
01:05:09,358 --> 01:05:13,679
it was very interesting in this case to
1502
01:05:11,199 --> 01:05:16,798
make a comparison between
1503
01:05:13,679 --> 01:05:18,639
the the earthquake spectrum and the one
1504
01:05:16,798 --> 01:05:21,599
suggested by the design code
1505
01:05:18,639 --> 01:05:24,159
and it was noted that it was more or
1506
01:05:21,599 --> 01:05:27,920
less you know
1507
01:05:24,159 --> 01:05:29,358
more or less you know the spectral um
1508
01:05:27,920 --> 01:05:31,119
the spectrum of the earthquake more or
1509
01:05:29,358 --> 01:05:32,078
less what was suggested by the design
1510
01:05:31,119 --> 01:05:34,400
code
1511
01:05:32,079 --> 01:05:35,119
so it confirmed let's say on on the
1512
01:05:34,400 --> 01:05:38,880
strongest of
1513
01:05:35,119 --> 01:05:41,119
the earthquake here you can see
1514
01:05:38,880 --> 01:05:43,280
if you would like to go into more detail
1515
01:05:41,119 --> 01:05:43,680
also a comparison between the one in
1516
01:05:43,280 --> 01:05:46,559
blue
1517
01:05:43,679 --> 01:05:48,838
and the one in black between the
1518
01:05:46,559 --> 01:05:51,200
earthquake of
1519
01:05:48,838 --> 01:05:55,358
november 26 and the one of
1520
01:05:51,199 --> 01:05:57,598
september 21st so you know we had
1521
01:05:55,358 --> 01:05:59,119
two quite strong earthquakes although
1522
01:05:57,599 --> 01:06:02,079
you know the first one
1523
01:05:59,119 --> 01:06:03,519
was not felt that much you know did not
1524
01:06:02,079 --> 01:06:06,720
have that much damage you know
1525
01:06:03,519 --> 01:06:08,960
compared to the second um
1526
01:06:06,719 --> 01:06:11,199
here we can see a finite element a model
1527
01:06:08,960 --> 01:06:12,720
of the tower you know in order to study
1528
01:06:11,199 --> 01:06:19,118
much more in details and
1529
01:06:12,719 --> 01:06:21,679
for sure on the causes of the collapse
1530
01:06:19,119 --> 01:06:22,640
this is the model analysis it was
1531
01:06:21,679 --> 01:06:26,000
interesting
1532
01:06:22,639 --> 01:06:29,440
without stopping here in much detail to
1533
01:06:26,000 --> 01:06:32,480
observe you know here some similar
1534
01:06:29,440 --> 01:06:35,760
similarity between the collapse
1535
01:06:32,480 --> 01:06:38,719
and some of the modes in in the
1536
01:06:35,760 --> 01:06:38,720
numerical model
1537
01:06:40,000 --> 01:06:43,519
we analyzed the effect of the soil
1538
01:06:42,400 --> 01:06:46,079
settlements
1539
01:06:43,519 --> 01:06:46,559
and what came out was that you know the
1540
01:06:46,079 --> 01:06:49,680
major
1541
01:06:46,559 --> 01:06:50,079
one of the major cracks this one here or
1542
01:06:49,679 --> 01:06:52,719
the
1543
01:06:50,079 --> 01:06:55,039
one of the let's say important weak
1544
01:06:52,719 --> 01:06:58,078
planes that we we saw there
1545
01:06:55,039 --> 01:06:59,839
could have been related uh very strongly
1546
01:06:58,079 --> 01:07:02,880
to
1547
01:06:59,838 --> 01:07:04,880
settlements so
1548
01:07:02,880 --> 01:07:06,240
in some kind of way this somehow
1549
01:07:04,880 --> 01:07:09,519
excluded you know
1550
01:07:06,239 --> 01:07:12,879
the first weak plane as as one of the
1551
01:07:09,519 --> 01:07:12,880
causes of the collapse
1552
01:07:13,039 --> 01:07:21,599
um in order to have also some um
1553
01:07:17,760 --> 01:07:24,160
you know some more simple
1554
01:07:21,599 --> 01:07:24,720
analysis you know were performed here by
1555
01:07:24,159 --> 01:07:28,159
also
1556
01:07:24,719 --> 01:07:30,399
limit analysis
1557
01:07:28,159 --> 01:07:30,399
um
1558
01:07:31,280 --> 01:07:35,039
the result of of this analysis showed
1559
01:07:33,679 --> 01:07:38,639
that
1560
01:07:35,039 --> 01:07:39,839
um you know these were the the kinematic
1561
01:07:38,639 --> 01:07:44,159
multipliers
1562
01:07:39,838 --> 01:07:46,639
and the results showed here that
1563
01:07:44,159 --> 01:07:47,759
the failure you know in this direction
1564
01:07:46,639 --> 01:07:51,838
would have been
1565
01:07:47,760 --> 01:07:51,839
let's say the first one uh so
1566
01:07:52,239 --> 01:07:58,639
it kind of let's say highlighted that
1567
01:07:55,838 --> 01:07:59,679
you know the the surface here which was
1568
01:07:58,639 --> 01:08:02,078
very flat and
1569
01:07:59,679 --> 01:08:02,719
with did not provide any friction you
1570
01:08:02,079 --> 01:08:05,039
know
1571
01:08:02,719 --> 01:08:06,318
would have been one of the major causes
1572
01:08:05,039 --> 01:08:09,839
of the collapse
1573
01:08:06,318 --> 01:08:11,838
while you know the weak plane one here
1574
01:08:09,838 --> 01:08:13,759
could not have been let's say the major
1575
01:08:11,838 --> 01:08:17,278
one for the collapse because of
1576
01:08:13,760 --> 01:08:19,119
um you know if we calculate here the
1577
01:08:17,279 --> 01:08:19,920
multiplier you know with the friction
1578
01:08:19,119 --> 01:08:24,079
you know
1579
01:08:19,920 --> 01:08:26,640
the safety would have been pretty high
1580
01:08:24,079 --> 01:08:28,158
um in order to give to this you know the
1581
01:08:26,640 --> 01:08:31,119
final
1582
01:08:28,158 --> 01:08:32,479
um final assurance you know on the
1583
01:08:31,119 --> 01:08:34,719
collapse
1584
01:08:32,479 --> 01:08:36,959
we performed some time history time
1585
01:08:34,719 --> 01:08:40,079
history analysis
1586
01:08:36,960 --> 01:08:41,838
um with uh the actual accelerogram
1587
01:08:40,079 --> 01:08:43,119
and you can see here that at the
1588
01:08:41,838 --> 01:08:46,559
simulation time of
1589
01:08:43,119 --> 01:08:49,519
more or less 12 seconds um
1590
01:08:46,560 --> 01:08:50,719
you can see the formulation of damage at
1591
01:08:49,520 --> 01:08:53,600
the beginning
1592
01:08:50,719 --> 01:08:54,000
in in this in this area you know close
1593
01:08:53,600 --> 01:08:56,480
to
1594
01:08:54,000 --> 01:08:57,679
the construction joint where we have a
1595
01:08:56,479 --> 01:09:00,718
very flat
1596
01:08:57,679 --> 01:09:02,399
uh surface you know in the masonry
1597
01:09:00,719 --> 01:09:04,480
so no friction you know to guarantee the
1598
01:09:02,399 --> 01:09:07,679
continuity of the structure
1599
01:09:04,479 --> 01:09:10,238
and then after some time we see also
1600
01:09:07,679 --> 01:09:12,239
you know some development of the damage
1601
01:09:10,238 --> 01:09:15,519
close to where we have actually
1602
01:09:12,238 --> 01:09:17,838
uh the cavity in the model so
1603
01:09:15,520 --> 01:09:19,600
at the end you know this kind of
1604
01:09:17,838 --> 01:09:20,479
confirmed that you know the damage
1605
01:09:19,600 --> 01:09:23,510
arises
1606
01:09:20,479 --> 01:09:24,959
firstly at the point where we have
1607
01:09:23,510 --> 01:09:27,119
[Music]
1608
01:09:24,960 --> 01:09:28,000
this construction joined and then you
1609
01:09:27,119 --> 01:09:31,278
know developed
1610
01:09:28,000 --> 01:09:34,238
through develops through
1611
01:09:31,279 --> 01:09:36,239
the part of the cavity confirming these
1612
01:09:34,238 --> 01:09:39,119
two points you know as
1613
01:09:36,238 --> 01:09:42,318
the most important factors you know to
1614
01:09:39,119 --> 01:09:42,318
cause actually a collapse
1615
01:09:42,960 --> 01:09:49,600
so this is one last
1616
01:09:46,319 --> 01:09:54,400
simulation to show you know how
1617
01:09:49,600 --> 01:09:54,400
the the collapse happened
1618
01:09:59,119 --> 01:10:05,599
and you can make here a comparison be
1619
01:10:02,238 --> 01:10:09,039
with um you know with
1620
01:10:05,600 --> 01:10:12,640
the actual mechanism
1621
01:10:09,039 --> 01:10:14,640
this is also important in order to
1622
01:10:12,640 --> 01:10:18,640
understand you know the kinematics of
1623
01:10:14,640 --> 01:10:18,640
the collapse for later reconstruction
1624
01:10:20,719 --> 01:10:26,239
so uh with this i conclude the the case
1625
01:10:24,000 --> 01:10:28,880
study number three
1626
01:10:26,238 --> 01:10:30,000
and let me draw here conclude here with
1627
01:10:28,880 --> 01:10:35,199
um
1628
01:10:30,000 --> 01:10:35,198
with these conclusions uh regarding
1629
01:10:35,359 --> 01:10:40,158
the seismic events in albania first of
1630
01:10:37,760 --> 01:10:41,440
all it is important to say that we had
1631
01:10:40,158 --> 01:10:44,158
two seismic events
1632
01:10:41,439 --> 01:10:46,000
within a short time frame which did not
1633
01:10:44,158 --> 01:10:48,319
allow for
1634
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:50,719
time for a proper survey and repair the
1635
01:10:48,319 --> 01:10:50,719
business
1636
01:10:50,880 --> 01:10:54,239
regarding the
1637
01:10:51,869 --> 01:10:57,519
[Music]
1638
01:10:54,238 --> 01:10:59,439
the restoration strategy the and the
1639
01:10:57,520 --> 01:11:01,760
original anti-seizing system
1640
01:10:59,439 --> 01:11:03,198
in these buildings is mainly made of uh
1641
01:11:01,760 --> 01:11:06,159
timber tyres you know placed
1642
01:11:03,198 --> 01:11:07,039
every one or one and a half meter most
1643
01:11:06,158 --> 01:11:09,920
of them
1644
01:11:07,039 --> 01:11:12,319
elements are uh partially degraded or
1645
01:11:09,920 --> 01:11:14,719
completely degraded in these buildings
1646
01:11:12,319 --> 01:11:16,960
but since as we see for we saw for
1647
01:11:14,719 --> 01:11:20,399
example in the tower of korea
1648
01:11:16,960 --> 01:11:21,600
it proved successful it is suggested
1649
01:11:20,399 --> 01:11:25,679
that first of all to
1650
01:11:21,600 --> 01:11:27,120
restore the original anti-seizing system
1651
01:11:25,679 --> 01:11:29,039
of course were possible because there
1652
01:11:27,119 --> 01:11:30,640
are also technical difficulties
1653
01:11:29,039 --> 01:11:32,479
and then to propose new strengthening
1654
01:11:30,640 --> 01:11:35,280
strategies
1655
01:11:32,479 --> 01:11:37,759
regarding the existing damage
1656
01:11:35,279 --> 01:11:41,359
pre-existing cracks were present
1657
01:11:37,760 --> 01:11:44,320
in all the case studies which
1658
01:11:41,359 --> 01:11:44,880
i discussed here but also others which i
1659
01:11:44,319 --> 01:11:47,679
did not
1660
01:11:44,880 --> 01:11:48,480
tackle in this in this presentation or
1661
01:11:47,679 --> 01:11:51,679
joints or
1662
01:11:48,479 --> 01:11:54,559
construction phases and this weakness
1663
01:11:51,679 --> 01:11:55,520
has proven to be you know one of the
1664
01:11:54,560 --> 01:11:58,239
main issues
1665
01:11:55,520 --> 01:11:58,719
with related to collapse or failure of
1666
01:11:58,238 --> 01:12:02,399
these
1667
01:11:58,719 --> 01:12:04,239
buildings so they have to be
1668
01:12:02,399 --> 01:12:06,000
let's say obsessed with with care you
1669
01:12:04,238 --> 01:12:08,559
know before
1670
01:12:06,000 --> 01:12:10,079
or when possibly not before the actual
1671
01:12:08,560 --> 01:12:11,840
earthquake
1672
01:12:10,079 --> 01:12:13,439
regards these structural analysis
1673
01:12:11,840 --> 01:12:14,880
application of this functionalities
1674
01:12:13,439 --> 01:12:17,039
method have proven useful
1675
01:12:14,880 --> 01:12:18,880
to understand the structural response
1676
01:12:17,039 --> 01:12:22,158
and prove with
1677
01:12:18,880 --> 01:12:24,960
scientific methods uh the causes of
1678
01:12:22,158 --> 01:12:26,079
failure which is in my opinion very very
1679
01:12:24,960 --> 01:12:28,158
important
1680
01:12:26,079 --> 01:12:30,238
because then not to leave you know space
1681
01:12:28,158 --> 01:12:33,039
to
1682
01:12:30,238 --> 01:12:34,959
you know debate but without some
1683
01:12:33,039 --> 01:12:38,319
scientific proof
1684
01:12:34,960 --> 01:12:40,239
and uh with regards to the adequate and
1685
01:12:38,319 --> 01:12:41,679
minimal strengthening the use of
1686
01:12:40,238 --> 01:12:44,799
structural analysis method
1687
01:12:41,679 --> 01:12:46,158
helps to guarantee the accurate but also
1688
01:12:44,800 --> 01:12:48,880
minimal
1689
01:12:46,158 --> 01:12:50,000
technical intervention which is a very
1690
01:12:48,880 --> 01:12:53,199
important
1691
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:55,679
aspect in the restoration process
1692
01:12:53,198 --> 01:12:56,960
finally let me conclude here with an
1693
01:12:55,679 --> 01:13:00,640
acknowledgment
1694
01:12:56,960 --> 01:13:04,399
um that for cultural heritage
1695
01:13:00,640 --> 01:13:05,280
with our border and team leila nedi
1696
01:13:04,399 --> 01:13:08,559
stavri
1697
01:13:05,279 --> 01:13:12,079
anna anissa and yora who were part of
1698
01:13:08,560 --> 01:13:14,640
this amazing research so thank you for
1699
01:13:12,079 --> 01:13:14,640
your attention
1700
01:13:15,359 --> 01:13:18,960
thank you so much for that wonderful
1701
01:13:16,960 --> 01:13:20,960
presentation grigor and all
1702
01:13:18,960 --> 01:13:22,000
the attention to the technical detail as
1703
01:13:20,960 --> 01:13:25,039
well and the
1704
01:13:22,000 --> 01:13:27,039
analysis techniques um i saw a comment
1705
01:13:25,039 --> 01:13:28,640
as well in the chat about the diversity
1706
01:13:27,039 --> 01:13:30,319
of the presentations and indeed it's
1707
01:13:28,640 --> 01:13:31,199
something today that we really try to
1708
01:13:30,319 --> 01:13:33,119
focus on
1709
01:13:31,198 --> 01:13:35,359
we have presentations from anatolia
1710
01:13:33,119 --> 01:13:37,599
nepal albania india and peru
1711
01:13:35,359 --> 01:13:39,279
but we also wanted to ask you we will
1712
01:13:37,600 --> 01:13:41,440
have a follow-up summer
1713
01:13:39,279 --> 01:13:43,279
webinar on this topic of traditional
1714
01:13:41,439 --> 01:13:45,678
constructions and earthquakes
1715
01:13:43,279 --> 01:13:47,599
and so we wanted to ask you what regions
1716
01:13:45,679 --> 01:13:48,800
would you want to see represented in the
1717
01:13:47,600 --> 01:13:51,280
follow-up seminar
1718
01:13:48,800 --> 01:13:53,199
let us know in the chat even if you can
1719
01:13:51,279 --> 01:13:53,519
present on it send us an abstract we
1720
01:13:53,198 --> 01:13:55,359
will
1721
01:13:53,520 --> 01:13:57,040
send out the call for presentations
1722
01:13:55,359 --> 01:13:59,519
later
1723
01:13:57,039 --> 01:14:00,319
then now we will move from the balkan
1724
01:13:59,520 --> 01:14:03,440
back east
1725
01:14:00,319 --> 01:14:05,759
to india where arun menon will give us
1726
01:14:03,439 --> 01:14:07,599
the next presentation arun menon is an
1727
01:14:05,760 --> 01:14:09,920
associate professor of structural
1728
01:14:07,600 --> 01:14:11,840
engineering at iit madras
1729
01:14:09,920 --> 01:14:13,760
he also degree in architecture as well
1730
01:14:11,840 --> 01:14:16,000
as a phd in earthquake engineering from
1731
01:14:13,760 --> 01:14:17,520
the university of pavia italy
1732
01:14:16,000 --> 01:14:19,039
his research interests are in the
1733
01:14:17,520 --> 01:14:20,000
structural aspects of historical
1734
01:14:19,039 --> 01:14:21,760
constructions
1735
01:14:20,000 --> 01:14:23,679
the earthquake behavior of historical
1736
01:14:21,760 --> 01:14:25,039
masonry structures and the earth
1737
01:14:23,679 --> 01:14:26,880
and the development of earthquake
1738
01:14:25,039 --> 01:14:28,560
resistant structural masonry
1739
01:14:26,880 --> 01:14:31,440
he has been involved in conservation
1740
01:14:28,560 --> 01:14:32,480
projects in india bhutan myanmar and the
1741
01:14:31,439 --> 01:14:35,678
philippines
1742
01:14:32,479 --> 01:14:35,678
welcome arun
1743
01:14:38,399 --> 01:14:45,279
thank you thank you tim good day
1744
01:14:42,158 --> 01:14:47,359
good evening good afternoon to all those
1745
01:14:45,279 --> 01:14:50,238
who have joined into this
1746
01:14:47,359 --> 01:14:51,839
this fantastic ensemble of presentations
1747
01:14:50,238 --> 01:14:54,479
from different parts of the world
1748
01:14:51,840 --> 01:14:56,480
i thank the organizers of viscasa for
1749
01:14:54,479 --> 01:15:00,158
this opportunity
1750
01:14:56,479 --> 01:15:03,599
and i wish to take you through
1751
01:15:00,158 --> 01:15:06,879
some of the learning that
1752
01:15:03,600 --> 01:15:09,199
i've had with my co-workers
1753
01:15:06,880 --> 01:15:10,400
here in india and the neighboring
1754
01:15:09,198 --> 01:15:13,678
countries
1755
01:15:10,399 --> 01:15:14,639
so the title of my presentation this
1756
01:15:13,679 --> 01:15:16,079
evening is
1757
01:15:14,640 --> 01:15:18,239
seismic resistant traditional
1758
01:15:16,079 --> 01:15:21,679
construction features and structural
1759
01:15:18,238 --> 01:15:24,879
systems in the indian subcontinent
1760
01:15:21,679 --> 01:15:27,279
to begin with just to give you
1761
01:15:24,880 --> 01:15:29,600
an overview of seismic resistant
1762
01:15:27,279 --> 01:15:33,119
traditional constructions in india
1763
01:15:29,600 --> 01:15:36,320
it's important to sort of understand
1764
01:15:33,119 --> 01:15:38,880
the the extent of
1765
01:15:36,319 --> 01:15:40,960
seismicity the regions of seismicity
1766
01:15:38,880 --> 01:15:42,239
from the point of view of severity and
1767
01:15:40,960 --> 01:15:44,640
the point of view of
1768
01:15:42,238 --> 01:15:45,759
frequency of of occurrence of
1769
01:15:44,640 --> 01:15:47,520
earthquakes
1770
01:15:45,760 --> 01:15:49,600
and in that context it's important to
1771
01:15:47,520 --> 01:15:52,239
talk of the alpine himalayan
1772
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:53,600
belt which has been a region of the
1773
01:15:52,238 --> 01:15:56,238
development of
1774
01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:58,000
a very large number of local seismic
1775
01:15:56,238 --> 01:16:02,158
cultures lsc's that we
1776
01:15:58,000 --> 01:16:03,119
refer to today this extends all the way
1777
01:16:02,158 --> 01:16:06,479
from
1778
01:16:03,119 --> 01:16:09,920
myanmar to the alps
1779
01:16:06,479 --> 01:16:12,959
um in in southern europe so you have
1780
01:16:09,920 --> 01:16:14,480
different forms of
1781
01:16:12,960 --> 01:16:16,640
earthquake resistant traditional
1782
01:16:14,479 --> 01:16:17,279
constructions uh that have developed
1783
01:16:16,640 --> 01:16:20,800
over time
1784
01:16:17,279 --> 01:16:22,158
well documented well understood
1785
01:16:20,800 --> 01:16:24,320
well researched in different parts of
1786
01:16:22,158 --> 01:16:27,039
the country and i think
1787
01:16:24,319 --> 01:16:28,880
the efforts to protecting them is an
1788
01:16:27,039 --> 01:16:32,800
area which requires
1789
01:16:28,880 --> 01:16:33,440
focus so as far as india is concerned
1790
01:16:32,800 --> 01:16:36,960
you have
1791
01:16:33,439 --> 01:16:38,319
the inter-plate events which is at the
1792
01:16:36,960 --> 01:16:40,399
boundary of
1793
01:16:38,319 --> 01:16:41,759
two of two tectonic plates and that's
1794
01:16:40,399 --> 01:16:43,198
the himalayan region and that's where
1795
01:16:41,760 --> 01:16:45,440
you have the
1796
01:16:43,198 --> 01:16:47,039
large earthquakes and they're not
1797
01:16:45,439 --> 01:16:48,879
they're rather frequent as well in this
1798
01:16:47,039 --> 01:16:50,640
region so
1799
01:16:48,880 --> 01:16:52,480
construction such as the dharjidwari
1800
01:16:50,640 --> 01:16:55,920
construction in kashmir
1801
01:16:52,479 --> 01:16:58,079
the construction in kashmir
1802
01:16:55,920 --> 01:17:00,000
the kathkuni construction himachal which
1803
01:16:58,079 --> 01:17:03,039
are all
1804
01:17:00,000 --> 01:17:05,119
locations sitting along the
1805
01:17:03,039 --> 01:17:06,319
plate boundary and therefore are
1806
01:17:05,119 --> 01:17:09,840
subjected to
1807
01:17:06,319 --> 01:17:12,719
interplayed type of large
1808
01:17:09,840 --> 01:17:13,199
frequent earthquakes but you also have
1809
01:17:12,719 --> 01:17:14,960
the
1810
01:17:13,198 --> 01:17:16,879
sm type of construction which is again
1811
01:17:14,960 --> 01:17:19,198
in the same region closer to
1812
01:17:16,880 --> 01:17:20,480
i mean in assam and regions around islam
1813
01:17:19,198 --> 01:17:22,559
like sikkim
1814
01:17:20,479 --> 01:17:24,479
called the accra construction so these
1815
01:17:22,560 --> 01:17:27,039
are part of the
1816
01:17:24,479 --> 01:17:29,519
local seismic cultures in these regions
1817
01:17:27,039 --> 01:17:33,439
but you also have constructions
1818
01:17:29,520 --> 01:17:34,320
which have shown to perform well during
1819
01:17:33,439 --> 01:17:36,079
earthquakes
1820
01:17:34,319 --> 01:17:37,840
and that's with specific reference to
1821
01:17:36,079 --> 01:17:41,198
what are called the poles
1822
01:17:37,840 --> 01:17:43,119
or constructions in gujarat
1823
01:17:41,198 --> 01:17:44,799
and this is a region which is very
1824
01:17:43,119 --> 01:17:46,319
different in seismicity from the rest of
1825
01:17:44,800 --> 01:17:47,520
the country because it's away from the
1826
01:17:46,319 --> 01:17:51,679
plate boundary and you have
1827
01:17:47,520 --> 01:17:55,040
interplayed intra plate earthquakes here
1828
01:17:51,679 --> 01:17:58,079
these are large earthquakes but not
1829
01:17:55,039 --> 01:18:00,960
so frequent in fact the 1819
1830
01:17:58,079 --> 01:18:02,399
butch earthquake in gujarat was followed
1831
01:18:00,960 --> 01:18:04,319
by the 2001
1832
01:18:02,399 --> 01:18:05,920
butch earthquake two large eight
1833
01:18:04,319 --> 01:18:08,319
magnitude eight earthquakes so
1834
01:18:05,920 --> 01:18:09,359
you have a difference in seismicity and
1835
01:18:08,319 --> 01:18:11,039
therefore
1836
01:18:09,359 --> 01:18:13,839
differences in the local seismic
1837
01:18:11,039 --> 01:18:13,840
cultures as well
1838
01:18:14,000 --> 01:18:18,238
it is therefore interesting to look at
1839
01:18:16,880 --> 01:18:20,719
we always try to
1840
01:18:18,238 --> 01:18:21,759
take lessons learn from regions where
1841
01:18:20,719 --> 01:18:24,640
there has been
1842
01:18:21,760 --> 01:18:26,880
significant earthquake activity let's
1843
01:18:24,640 --> 01:18:28,880
learn lessons from important earthquakes
1844
01:18:26,880 --> 01:18:32,560
large earthquakes every earthquake has
1845
01:18:28,880 --> 01:18:35,039
uh something to offer um in the broad
1846
01:18:32,560 --> 01:18:35,920
canvas of knowledge that develops over
1847
01:18:35,039 --> 01:18:38,479
time
1848
01:18:35,920 --> 01:18:39,920
uh it's interesting to look at regions
1849
01:18:38,479 --> 01:18:41,119
particularly in a country like india
1850
01:18:39,920 --> 01:18:42,960
where you have
1851
01:18:41,119 --> 01:18:45,679
regions of high seismicity and regions
1852
01:18:42,960 --> 01:18:47,039
of uh such low seismicity that
1853
01:18:45,679 --> 01:18:49,520
people have never heard of earthquakes
1854
01:18:47,039 --> 01:18:50,960
in certain zones so looking at and we
1855
01:18:49,520 --> 01:18:53,760
have this opportunity of studying some
1856
01:18:50,960 --> 01:18:55,920
of the stone constructions probate post
1857
01:18:53,760 --> 01:18:57,600
constructions in south india which is
1858
01:18:55,920 --> 01:18:59,119
the peninsula region of india where
1859
01:18:57,600 --> 01:19:02,239
earthquakes are
1860
01:18:59,119 --> 01:19:04,880
almost unheard of and we've never had
1861
01:19:02,238 --> 01:19:06,799
we've not had important earthquake in at
1862
01:19:04,880 --> 01:19:09,679
least 500 years
1863
01:19:06,800 --> 01:19:11,039
it's interesting to look at the um hypo
1864
01:19:09,679 --> 01:19:13,520
style halls
1865
01:19:11,039 --> 01:19:15,039
multi-pillar multi-pillared stone
1866
01:19:13,520 --> 01:19:19,520
constructions
1867
01:19:15,039 --> 01:19:23,359
and understand what's what gives them
1868
01:19:19,520 --> 01:19:26,560
safety against earthquake forces and
1869
01:19:23,359 --> 01:19:29,839
is there how well would they perform
1870
01:19:26,560 --> 01:19:31,600
in a surprise event in a in a maximum
1871
01:19:29,840 --> 01:19:31,920
considered earthquake for example for
1872
01:19:31,600 --> 01:19:35,039
the
1873
01:19:31,920 --> 01:19:35,359
for the region so we were at a point in
1874
01:19:35,039 --> 01:19:37,279
time
1875
01:19:35,359 --> 01:19:39,039
examining the earthquake safety of such
1876
01:19:37,279 --> 01:19:41,439
constructions as you see a four pillared
1877
01:19:39,039 --> 01:19:44,158
construction in a 16 pillar construction
1878
01:19:41,439 --> 01:19:46,319
and examining this considering that this
1879
01:19:44,158 --> 01:19:50,079
is a low seismic zone
1880
01:19:46,319 --> 01:19:52,079
looking at the co-defined levels of
1881
01:19:50,079 --> 01:19:54,719
earthquakes to even understand
1882
01:19:52,079 --> 01:19:55,840
how how would these perform uh compared
1883
01:19:54,719 --> 01:19:59,119
to the
1884
01:19:55,840 --> 01:20:01,360
prescribed levels in the seismic codes
1885
01:19:59,119 --> 01:20:04,479
and uh given that these are stone
1886
01:20:01,359 --> 01:20:06,399
constructions we're really looking at
1887
01:20:04,479 --> 01:20:08,000
monolithic elements beams and columns
1888
01:20:06,399 --> 01:20:10,158
and so limit analysis
1889
01:20:08,000 --> 01:20:11,840
is something that gives us a good
1890
01:20:10,158 --> 01:20:13,439
insight into the performance of these
1891
01:20:11,840 --> 01:20:15,520
rigid blocks
1892
01:20:13,439 --> 01:20:17,279
it's interesting to note that these
1893
01:20:15,520 --> 01:20:19,360
these constructions have
1894
01:20:17,279 --> 01:20:21,359
no interlocking between the monolithic
1895
01:20:19,359 --> 01:20:23,439
elements that is they're devoid of any
1896
01:20:21,359 --> 01:20:26,719
sort of positive connections
1897
01:20:23,439 --> 01:20:30,079
they do have a slight rough
1898
01:20:26,719 --> 01:20:31,600
edge and that is a marking of where they
1899
01:20:30,079 --> 01:20:34,800
should be seated with each other but
1900
01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:37,199
this is more more so for alignment
1901
01:20:34,800 --> 01:20:40,560
purposes during construction and not
1902
01:20:37,198 --> 01:20:43,039
to provide resistance to lateral actions
1903
01:20:40,560 --> 01:20:44,560
so you can assume that the positive
1904
01:20:43,039 --> 01:20:46,800
interconnections are
1905
01:20:44,560 --> 01:20:48,560
absent in these constructions and it's
1906
01:20:46,800 --> 01:20:50,320
it's actually interesting to note that
1907
01:20:48,560 --> 01:20:51,520
some of these constructions can actually
1908
01:20:50,319 --> 01:20:54,639
be vulnerable
1909
01:20:51,520 --> 01:20:57,440
to levels of earthquake shaking which
1910
01:20:54,639 --> 01:20:59,039
um south india has not experienced as i
1911
01:20:57,439 --> 01:21:00,399
said for at least 500 years from the
1912
01:20:59,039 --> 01:21:02,639
recorded history of
1913
01:21:00,399 --> 01:21:04,399
earthquakes so no positive connections
1914
01:21:02,639 --> 01:21:05,359
between these posts and lintels and
1915
01:21:04,399 --> 01:21:07,759
these appear
1916
01:21:05,359 --> 01:21:09,119
from limit analysis to be vulnerable to
1917
01:21:07,760 --> 01:21:11,280
overturning effects
1918
01:21:09,119 --> 01:21:12,639
of course there is a certain role
1919
01:21:11,279 --> 01:21:14,158
because of the frictional resistance
1920
01:21:12,639 --> 01:21:16,319
that it depends on
1921
01:21:14,158 --> 01:21:18,638
there is a role of pre-compression which
1922
01:21:16,319 --> 01:21:20,158
is which is extremely critical
1923
01:21:18,639 --> 01:21:22,159
and that's the sort of understanding we
1924
01:21:20,158 --> 01:21:25,519
would have but then
1925
01:21:22,158 --> 01:21:26,879
uh moving on to regions within india
1926
01:21:25,520 --> 01:21:28,880
where there is
1927
01:21:26,880 --> 01:21:30,480
significant earthquake activity it's
1928
01:21:28,880 --> 01:21:32,079
interesting to see the articulation of
1929
01:21:30,479 --> 01:21:33,119
joints and therefore one starts
1930
01:21:32,079 --> 01:21:36,800
understanding
1931
01:21:33,119 --> 01:21:40,238
the the necessity of those features
1932
01:21:36,800 --> 01:21:41,360
in the construction and the importance
1933
01:21:40,238 --> 01:21:42,718
of retaining them
1934
01:21:41,359 --> 01:21:44,639
in the construction in any
1935
01:21:42,719 --> 01:21:45,520
reconstruction or any rehabilitation
1936
01:21:44,639 --> 01:21:46,719
effort
1937
01:21:45,520 --> 01:21:48,320
the focus is particularly on
1938
01:21:46,719 --> 01:21:51,039
articulation of joints as i said the
1939
01:21:48,319 --> 01:21:54,079
absence of seismic resistant features
1940
01:21:51,039 --> 01:21:57,119
is what made us look at
1941
01:21:54,079 --> 01:21:58,880
the south indian constructions in
1942
01:21:57,119 --> 01:22:00,238
regions of low seismicity what is
1943
01:21:58,880 --> 01:22:03,679
expected to happen
1944
01:22:00,238 --> 01:22:05,759
however you should also understand that
1945
01:22:03,679 --> 01:22:07,520
the absence of seismic resistance
1946
01:22:05,760 --> 01:22:09,600
features in constructions
1947
01:22:07,520 --> 01:22:12,000
can be considered as an evidence of a
1948
01:22:09,600 --> 01:22:13,120
region's uh seismicity level and that is
1949
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:15,520
a sort of a
1950
01:22:13,119 --> 01:22:16,719
confirmation of historical earthquake
1951
01:22:15,520 --> 01:22:19,600
catalogues if you
1952
01:22:16,719 --> 01:22:20,719
if you want but if you then look at
1953
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:23,039
regions of
1954
01:22:20,719 --> 01:22:24,239
significant earthquake activity parts of
1955
01:22:23,039 --> 01:22:26,238
india and
1956
01:22:24,238 --> 01:22:27,678
particularly looking at nepal and you
1957
01:22:26,238 --> 01:22:30,238
see the
1958
01:22:27,679 --> 01:22:32,399
incorporation of specific features such
1959
01:22:30,238 --> 01:22:35,279
as tenant and motors joins
1960
01:22:32,399 --> 01:22:37,198
and sheer interlocking which is rather
1961
01:22:35,279 --> 01:22:38,158
significant these keys share keys that
1962
01:22:37,198 --> 01:22:41,439
are rather significant
1963
01:22:38,158 --> 01:22:43,119
in dimension gives you
1964
01:22:41,439 --> 01:22:45,519
an understanding of the role these play
1965
01:22:43,119 --> 01:22:48,158
the critical role that these play
1966
01:22:45,520 --> 01:22:48,800
in protecting the construction however
1967
01:22:48,158 --> 01:22:51,920
in this
1968
01:22:48,800 --> 01:22:53,119
particular case you do see collapse of
1969
01:22:51,920 --> 01:22:56,239
structures
1970
01:22:53,119 --> 01:22:58,479
despite having such features
1971
01:22:56,238 --> 01:22:59,678
and that is possibly due to two reasons
1972
01:22:58,479 --> 01:23:03,279
one that the
1973
01:22:59,679 --> 01:23:06,399
large amplitude of displacement
1974
01:23:03,279 --> 01:23:07,439
is is what is causing shearing of uh
1975
01:23:06,399 --> 01:23:10,638
damage to
1976
01:23:07,439 --> 01:23:12,960
stone shirkies or
1977
01:23:10,639 --> 01:23:14,560
in case of timber deterioration of the
1978
01:23:12,960 --> 01:23:15,119
timber would mean that it really does
1979
01:23:14,560 --> 01:23:18,320
not have
1980
01:23:15,119 --> 01:23:20,319
adequate interlocking in the event of of
1981
01:23:18,319 --> 01:23:23,679
an earthquake
1982
01:23:20,319 --> 01:23:26,479
um looking again at certain regions
1983
01:23:23,679 --> 01:23:26,960
where earthquake activity is significant
1984
01:23:26,479 --> 01:23:29,439
um
1985
01:23:26,960 --> 01:23:30,480
in in india looking at gujarat which
1986
01:23:29,439 --> 01:23:33,039
which i was mentioning
1987
01:23:30,479 --> 01:23:34,559
a while ago as regards the budge
1988
01:23:33,039 --> 01:23:37,840
earthquake
1989
01:23:34,560 --> 01:23:41,120
we do see evidence of use of uh devils
1990
01:23:37,840 --> 01:23:44,000
doubles in iron and devils in wood
1991
01:23:41,119 --> 01:23:45,359
this is a picture of an archaeological
1992
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:46,960
monument a part of an archaeological
1993
01:23:45,359 --> 01:23:49,198
monument which
1994
01:23:46,960 --> 01:23:50,880
underwent partial collapse in the 2001
1995
01:23:49,198 --> 01:23:52,479
budge earthquake
1996
01:23:50,880 --> 01:23:54,319
but if one were to look at the
1997
01:23:52,479 --> 01:23:57,359
construction of the
1998
01:23:54,319 --> 01:24:00,479
um the walls of this minaret
1999
01:23:57,359 --> 01:24:04,399
you would see details of this nature
2000
01:24:00,479 --> 01:24:06,638
where two blocks of the stone masonry
2001
01:24:04,399 --> 01:24:09,599
adjacent blocks of the stone masonry
2002
01:24:06,639 --> 01:24:11,840
are provided with interconnection with
2003
01:24:09,600 --> 01:24:11,840
such
2004
01:24:12,079 --> 01:24:17,198
depressions into which stone and sorry
2005
01:24:15,439 --> 01:24:18,399
timber levels could be wood doubles
2006
01:24:17,198 --> 01:24:21,198
could be embedded
2007
01:24:18,399 --> 01:24:22,799
but they sit embedded in lime however
2008
01:24:21,198 --> 01:24:25,359
what happens over time
2009
01:24:22,800 --> 01:24:28,159
is that there is deterioration of the
2010
01:24:25,359 --> 01:24:31,198
lime because of action of
2011
01:24:28,158 --> 01:24:34,399
water moisture and once the lime
2012
01:24:31,198 --> 01:24:36,399
is uh is lost you have the bare
2013
01:24:34,399 --> 01:24:38,158
uh wooden devil that is exposed to the
2014
01:24:36,399 --> 01:24:40,559
elements and over time
2015
01:24:38,158 --> 01:24:42,319
the the wooden double completely
2016
01:24:40,560 --> 01:24:43,440
disappears and then you have just a pack
2017
01:24:42,319 --> 01:24:45,519
of stones
2018
01:24:43,439 --> 01:24:48,000
which are seated together without the
2019
01:24:45,520 --> 01:24:51,040
deformation capacity that this sort of
2020
01:24:48,000 --> 01:24:52,399
a detail was providing so
2021
01:24:51,039 --> 01:24:54,238
in the reconstruction efforts
2022
01:24:52,399 --> 01:24:55,679
particularly after an earthquake in
2023
01:24:54,238 --> 01:24:57,519
historical monuments of this nature and
2024
01:24:55,679 --> 01:24:59,199
the reconstruction efforts it's very
2025
01:24:57,520 --> 01:25:00,800
important to be able to identify the
2026
01:24:59,198 --> 01:25:03,839
role of such interventions
2027
01:25:00,800 --> 01:25:05,520
and replicate them or see if they're
2028
01:25:03,840 --> 01:25:07,840
being replaced with something
2029
01:25:05,520 --> 01:25:09,920
that it's conducive to the overall
2030
01:25:07,840 --> 01:25:12,639
characteristic of the construction
2031
01:25:09,920 --> 01:25:13,359
if we were to examine higher seismic
2032
01:25:12,639 --> 01:25:16,400
regions
2033
01:25:13,359 --> 01:25:18,319
like himachal pradesh which is again in
2034
01:25:16,399 --> 01:25:20,719
the himalayan range
2035
01:25:18,319 --> 01:25:21,920
kangra a region of a massive earthquake
2036
01:25:20,719 --> 01:25:24,639
in 1905
2037
01:25:21,920 --> 01:25:26,800
you can see constructions make use of
2038
01:25:24,639 --> 01:25:29,199
iron doubling of course this is again
2039
01:25:26,800 --> 01:25:30,719
uh from the point of view of providing
2040
01:25:29,198 --> 01:25:33,279
deformation capacity
2041
01:25:30,719 --> 01:25:34,158
but corrosion in metal unless it is
2042
01:25:33,279 --> 01:25:36,079
protected in
2043
01:25:34,158 --> 01:25:37,198
certain cases embedded in lead but not
2044
01:25:36,079 --> 01:25:39,519
in all cases
2045
01:25:37,198 --> 01:25:41,198
would then lead to damage in the stone
2046
01:25:39,520 --> 01:25:44,639
itself
2047
01:25:41,198 --> 01:25:46,479
moving on to the specific examples of
2048
01:25:44,639 --> 01:25:48,079
the traditional constructions in the
2049
01:25:46,479 --> 01:25:51,439
high seismic zones
2050
01:25:48,079 --> 01:25:55,359
the timber-laced masonry construction of
2051
01:25:51,439 --> 01:25:57,919
the thak in kashmir is one of the most
2052
01:25:55,359 --> 01:26:00,000
important and it's categorized as timber
2053
01:25:57,920 --> 01:26:01,279
laced masonry and you'll appreciate in a
2054
01:26:00,000 --> 01:26:03,279
moment why
2055
01:26:01,279 --> 01:26:04,559
it it is a timber-laced construction
2056
01:26:03,279 --> 01:26:07,599
system
2057
01:26:04,560 --> 01:26:09,280
if one way to examine the
2058
01:26:07,600 --> 01:26:10,639
architectural typology in the
2059
01:26:09,279 --> 01:26:13,198
construction
2060
01:26:10,639 --> 01:26:15,279
you would tend to think that this is a
2061
01:26:13,198 --> 01:26:17,359
sort of a multi-story isolation system
2062
01:26:15,279 --> 01:26:21,519
because the top constructions of kashmir
2063
01:26:17,359 --> 01:26:22,000
are really constructions that are about
2064
01:26:21,520 --> 01:26:24,400
uh
2065
01:26:22,000 --> 01:26:25,279
three stories and four stories um in
2066
01:26:24,399 --> 01:26:27,599
height
2067
01:26:25,279 --> 01:26:29,759
so the top constructions would actually
2068
01:26:27,600 --> 01:26:33,039
have a random rubble masonry
2069
01:26:29,760 --> 01:26:35,920
foundation over which you would have
2070
01:26:33,039 --> 01:26:38,319
a wooden blind band and this is a sort
2071
01:26:35,920 --> 01:26:40,719
of a runner that will go all around
2072
01:26:38,319 --> 01:26:41,519
sitting at the two at the two edges of
2073
01:26:40,719 --> 01:26:43,920
the
2074
01:26:41,520 --> 01:26:45,520
masonry wall the stone masonry random
2075
01:26:43,920 --> 01:26:47,840
rubble masonry plinth
2076
01:26:45,520 --> 01:26:49,440
and then the brick construction
2077
01:26:47,840 --> 01:26:53,279
commences
2078
01:26:49,439 --> 01:26:55,198
atop these these timber bands
2079
01:26:53,279 --> 01:26:56,639
now what is interesting is the
2080
01:26:55,198 --> 01:27:00,000
construction
2081
01:26:56,639 --> 01:27:02,639
makes use of a floor band
2082
01:27:00,000 --> 01:27:03,359
and the ceiling band and has the floor
2083
01:27:02,639 --> 01:27:05,279
joist
2084
01:27:03,359 --> 01:27:06,960
actually supported between these two
2085
01:27:05,279 --> 01:27:09,920
bands so as you can see
2086
01:27:06,960 --> 01:27:11,119
you have a floor band you have a seal
2087
01:27:09,920 --> 01:27:12,880
you have ceiling band and you have a
2088
01:27:11,119 --> 01:27:14,479
floor band and the timber joist which is
2089
01:27:12,880 --> 01:27:16,480
actually supporting the flow
2090
01:27:14,479 --> 01:27:18,079
is constructed on the joist but the
2091
01:27:16,479 --> 01:27:21,439
joist is embedded between
2092
01:27:18,079 --> 01:27:23,840
the um the ceiling band and the
2093
01:27:21,439 --> 01:27:25,439
floor band so you can see how the load
2094
01:27:23,840 --> 01:27:27,840
transfer is actually happening
2095
01:27:25,439 --> 01:27:28,559
directly to the timber system in the
2096
01:27:27,840 --> 01:27:31,760
floor
2097
01:27:28,560 --> 01:27:35,280
and the walls are interrupted
2098
01:27:31,760 --> 01:27:37,679
by these by the lacing in timber
2099
01:27:35,279 --> 01:27:39,359
so this this goes on for several floors
2100
01:27:37,679 --> 01:27:40,480
and then you have a roof system which is
2101
01:27:39,359 --> 01:27:42,399
again in timber
2102
01:27:40,479 --> 01:27:43,839
supported on the load bearing masonry
2103
01:27:42,399 --> 01:27:45,439
walls in a similar manner so you can
2104
01:27:43,840 --> 01:27:47,679
actually look at this as
2105
01:27:45,439 --> 01:27:49,519
a sort of a multi-story isolation system
2106
01:27:47,679 --> 01:27:50,319
but one has to remember that with the
2107
01:27:49,520 --> 01:27:51,600
timber
2108
01:27:50,319 --> 01:27:54,639
and the load-bearing masonry
2109
01:27:51,600 --> 01:27:56,639
construction deformation under gravity
2110
01:27:54,639 --> 01:27:57,679
of the timber occurs so sliding is not
2111
01:27:56,639 --> 01:27:59,679
something that is
2112
01:27:57,679 --> 01:28:02,079
permissible that doesn't really happen
2113
01:27:59,679 --> 01:28:04,880
but still you have a deformable
2114
01:28:02,079 --> 01:28:06,158
timber layer which is sandwiched between
2115
01:28:04,880 --> 01:28:08,480
masonry layers and
2116
01:28:06,158 --> 01:28:10,079
sort of the sub paneling that is
2117
01:28:08,479 --> 01:28:13,599
allowing for
2118
01:28:10,079 --> 01:28:14,319
reducing the brittle behavior of masonry
2119
01:28:13,600 --> 01:28:17,920
stories
2120
01:28:14,319 --> 01:28:20,559
so that's the uh the elevation of uh
2121
01:28:17,920 --> 01:28:23,840
construction an example from srinagar
2122
01:28:20,560 --> 01:28:23,840
called the fatehdel school
2123
01:28:24,000 --> 01:28:27,679
coming to the akra construction you can
2124
01:28:25,600 --> 01:28:31,360
actually see this sort of
2125
01:28:27,679 --> 01:28:33,520
the sort of lightweight timber framed
2126
01:28:31,359 --> 01:28:34,639
sub-panel construction system called the
2127
01:28:33,520 --> 01:28:38,400
acra acra
2128
01:28:34,639 --> 01:28:40,079
is akra really comes from
2129
01:28:38,399 --> 01:28:41,519
it's the name of the grass the ravenna
2130
01:28:40,079 --> 01:28:43,198
grass or the elephant grass which is
2131
01:28:41,520 --> 01:28:46,000
actually used to create
2132
01:28:43,198 --> 01:28:47,439
panels and these panels are at times
2133
01:28:46,000 --> 01:28:49,600
packed with
2134
01:28:47,439 --> 01:28:52,479
externally packed with mud or with lime
2135
01:28:49,600 --> 01:28:55,280
to pro to make it
2136
01:28:52,479 --> 01:28:56,879
durable and to also provide
2137
01:28:55,279 --> 01:28:58,000
environmental protection from the cold
2138
01:28:56,880 --> 01:28:59,920
weather
2139
01:28:58,000 --> 01:29:02,399
this is found in areas of sm high
2140
01:28:59,920 --> 01:29:03,760
seismic zone sikkim a high seismic zone
2141
01:29:02,399 --> 01:29:06,238
and so you have a lightweight
2142
01:29:03,760 --> 01:29:07,280
construction and you have sub paneling
2143
01:29:06,238 --> 01:29:08,799
with the timber
2144
01:29:07,279 --> 01:29:11,599
and you have a lightweight roof so you
2145
01:29:08,800 --> 01:29:13,920
have a very interesting system that is
2146
01:29:11,600 --> 01:29:17,120
highly resilient to earthquake action
2147
01:29:13,920 --> 01:29:18,480
problems with such constructions the
2148
01:29:17,119 --> 01:29:20,960
[Music]
2149
01:29:18,479 --> 01:29:21,759
foundation systems typically sitting on
2150
01:29:20,960 --> 01:29:25,039
hilly
2151
01:29:21,760 --> 01:29:27,840
slopes sitting on slopes you have the
2152
01:29:25,039 --> 01:29:28,960
random rubble foundation or the random
2153
01:29:27,840 --> 01:29:32,000
double plinth
2154
01:29:28,960 --> 01:29:32,639
and this is an area which often gets
2155
01:29:32,000 --> 01:29:36,399
damaged
2156
01:29:32,639 --> 01:29:37,840
and resetting of the entire construction
2157
01:29:36,399 --> 01:29:39,198
is possible because the superstructure
2158
01:29:37,840 --> 01:29:40,159
almost completely survives the
2159
01:29:39,198 --> 01:29:42,479
earthquake
2160
01:29:40,158 --> 01:29:44,479
the plinth needs to be reconstructed and
2161
01:29:42,479 --> 01:29:46,158
the superstructure can actually be reset
2162
01:29:44,479 --> 01:29:48,079
so you see examples here where
2163
01:29:46,158 --> 01:29:49,599
the damage is limited to the random
2164
01:29:48,079 --> 01:29:51,198
rubble plinth or the
2165
01:29:49,600 --> 01:29:52,400
random rubble foundation and the
2166
01:29:51,198 --> 01:29:53,839
structure sort of survives this is
2167
01:29:52,399 --> 01:29:55,519
another example of a school building
2168
01:29:53,840 --> 01:29:58,159
with this sort of a construction
2169
01:29:55,520 --> 01:29:58,960
uh lightweight sub panel timber framed
2170
01:29:58,158 --> 01:30:00,799
uh
2171
01:29:58,960 --> 01:30:02,158
excellent in its performance under the
2172
01:30:00,800 --> 01:30:04,000
earthquake but then you
2173
01:30:02,158 --> 01:30:06,079
as i said you might have because of the
2174
01:30:04,000 --> 01:30:08,079
damage to the foundation
2175
01:30:06,079 --> 01:30:09,679
movement of the structure and this
2176
01:30:08,079 --> 01:30:11,439
movement of the structure
2177
01:30:09,679 --> 01:30:13,119
you see the tilting of the building here
2178
01:30:11,439 --> 01:30:14,079
without even dismantling the entire
2179
01:30:13,119 --> 01:30:16,639
building
2180
01:30:14,079 --> 01:30:19,359
masons put the building back into a
2181
01:30:16,639 --> 01:30:22,560
vertical position
2182
01:30:19,359 --> 01:30:24,238
coming on to a region again uh which i
2183
01:30:22,560 --> 01:30:27,360
mentioned earlier gujarat
2184
01:30:24,238 --> 01:30:29,439
where uh the frequency of earthquakes is
2185
01:30:27,359 --> 01:30:31,519
frequency of big earthquakes is close to
2186
01:30:29,439 --> 01:30:34,238
180 to 200 years
2187
01:30:31,520 --> 01:30:36,080
and therefore there's always a question
2188
01:30:34,238 --> 01:30:37,279
whether the traditional constructions
2189
01:30:36,079 --> 01:30:40,479
there
2190
01:30:37,279 --> 01:30:42,000
really are designed or deemed to be
2191
01:30:40,479 --> 01:30:44,718
earthquake resistance because
2192
01:30:42,000 --> 01:30:46,158
of the observations of good performance
2193
01:30:44,719 --> 01:30:49,439
in the recent earthquakes
2194
01:30:46,158 --> 01:30:52,319
so we're looking at the poles of uh
2195
01:30:49,439 --> 01:30:53,759
of gujarat ahmedabad has a large number
2196
01:30:52,319 --> 01:30:55,359
of them and ahmedabad has been declared
2197
01:30:53,760 --> 01:30:58,960
as a world heritage city now
2198
01:30:55,359 --> 01:31:00,960
so you have as i said the difference
2199
01:30:58,960 --> 01:31:02,719
between the type of earthquakes in
2200
01:31:00,960 --> 01:31:04,480
the region of gujarat versus those of
2201
01:31:02,719 --> 01:31:08,158
the himalayan
2202
01:31:04,479 --> 01:31:09,678
area the in the intraplayed
2203
01:31:08,158 --> 01:31:11,519
earthquakes in gujarat versus the
2204
01:31:09,679 --> 01:31:14,880
interplayed earthquakes of
2205
01:31:11,520 --> 01:31:17,920
higher frequency in the himalayas
2206
01:31:14,880 --> 01:31:20,960
so this typology has
2207
01:31:17,920 --> 01:31:21,840
received certain um attention in the
2208
01:31:20,960 --> 01:31:24,560
recent years
2209
01:31:21,840 --> 01:31:25,679
on the good performance in the 2001
2210
01:31:24,560 --> 01:31:28,239
butch earthquake
2211
01:31:25,679 --> 01:31:30,079
and making particular reference to two
2212
01:31:28,238 --> 01:31:34,000
studies here one in 2006
2213
01:31:30,079 --> 01:31:36,719
and one much more recent in 2020 by
2214
01:31:34,000 --> 01:31:38,960
safika pancholi from sept university and
2215
01:31:36,719 --> 01:31:42,158
the intent was to understand
2216
01:31:38,960 --> 01:31:44,639
when you don't have a very formal system
2217
01:31:42,158 --> 01:31:45,920
following a local seismic culture local
2218
01:31:44,639 --> 01:31:48,079
seismic culture which is not very
2219
01:31:45,920 --> 01:31:51,679
evident in the construction
2220
01:31:48,079 --> 01:31:53,119
what is that is leading to good
2221
01:31:51,679 --> 01:31:56,239
earthquake performance
2222
01:31:53,119 --> 01:32:00,000
and in that context her study identified
2223
01:31:56,238 --> 01:32:01,839
that it is really the sheer wall
2224
01:32:00,000 --> 01:32:04,158
area the shear walls and the area of the
2225
01:32:01,840 --> 01:32:05,920
shear walls in the orthogonal directions
2226
01:32:04,158 --> 01:32:07,279
the orthogonal connections that are
2227
01:32:05,920 --> 01:32:08,239
introduced though not very
2228
01:32:07,279 --> 01:32:11,279
systematically
2229
01:32:08,238 --> 01:32:12,238
but they are present the regularity in
2230
01:32:11,279 --> 01:32:13,198
height again we're talking about
2231
01:32:12,238 --> 01:32:14,799
multi-story
2232
01:32:13,198 --> 01:32:16,238
constructions and the state of
2233
01:32:14,800 --> 01:32:18,960
conservation the state of conservation
2234
01:32:16,238 --> 01:32:20,479
plays a a very significant role
2235
01:32:18,960 --> 01:32:22,000
in today's context this being a world
2236
01:32:20,479 --> 01:32:22,799
heritage site with a number of these
2237
01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:26,479
structures
2238
01:32:22,800 --> 01:32:29,760
within the historic city the question is
2239
01:32:26,479 --> 01:32:32,399
these are residences and and how
2240
01:32:29,760 --> 01:32:33,679
is it that how are the um how is the
2241
01:32:32,399 --> 01:32:36,960
local population
2242
01:32:33,679 --> 01:32:40,560
able to retain these structures and um
2243
01:32:36,960 --> 01:32:42,880
despite an urge to make modifications or
2244
01:32:40,560 --> 01:32:44,880
convert them into newer facilities
2245
01:32:42,880 --> 01:32:47,039
this example here itself you could see
2246
01:32:44,880 --> 01:32:49,760
that there's a floor and reinforced con
2247
01:32:47,039 --> 01:32:51,359
reinforced concrete added above the
2248
01:32:49,760 --> 01:32:52,880
original structure it might have been a
2249
01:32:51,359 --> 01:32:54,319
replacement of a portion of the
2250
01:32:52,880 --> 01:32:57,679
structure with a new
2251
01:32:54,319 --> 01:32:58,399
the new construction so um here is a
2252
01:32:57,679 --> 01:33:00,880
category
2253
01:32:58,399 --> 01:33:02,559
which performs well under certain
2254
01:33:00,880 --> 01:33:03,840
conditions under earthquakes
2255
01:33:02,560 --> 01:33:06,159
because you don't see a formal
2256
01:33:03,840 --> 01:33:07,760
earthquake resisting system
2257
01:33:06,158 --> 01:33:10,000
systematically present in all the
2258
01:33:07,760 --> 01:33:13,520
examples that are remaining
2259
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:15,920
but their good behavior in the
2260
01:33:13,520 --> 01:33:18,159
earthquake can actually be attributed to
2261
01:33:15,920 --> 01:33:20,560
a few geometrical and material related
2262
01:33:18,158 --> 01:33:24,000
features and therefore they need to be
2263
01:33:20,560 --> 01:33:26,960
addressed in any rehabilitation or
2264
01:33:24,000 --> 01:33:27,760
renovation effort so that this brings me
2265
01:33:26,960 --> 01:33:29,679
to
2266
01:33:27,760 --> 01:33:31,280
my concluding slide and and sort of
2267
01:33:29,679 --> 01:33:34,079
piecing together all that
2268
01:33:31,279 --> 01:33:37,759
i've been talking about while we are
2269
01:33:34,079 --> 01:33:39,600
talking of the earthquake
2270
01:33:37,760 --> 01:33:41,119
the earthquake effects on such buildings
2271
01:33:39,600 --> 01:33:42,719
and their resilience to earthquakes we
2272
01:33:41,119 --> 01:33:44,479
must also remember that
2273
01:33:42,719 --> 01:33:46,399
you're sitting in multi-hazard scenarios
2274
01:33:44,479 --> 01:33:48,319
in many cases the example that i'm
2275
01:33:46,399 --> 01:33:49,439
showing you here is of the wangdi for
2276
01:33:48,319 --> 01:33:52,319
throngs long in
2277
01:33:49,439 --> 01:33:54,479
bhutan which is of course affected by
2278
01:33:52,319 --> 01:33:56,880
earthquakes is also affected by
2279
01:33:54,479 --> 01:33:57,759
landslides because of the setting of the
2280
01:33:56,880 --> 01:34:00,560
structure
2281
01:33:57,760 --> 01:34:01,440
but was severely damaged and partially
2282
01:34:00,560 --> 01:34:03,679
collapsed because
2283
01:34:01,439 --> 01:34:05,519
of a fire so this sensitivity to
2284
01:34:03,679 --> 01:34:06,880
multiple hazards is important what may
2285
01:34:05,520 --> 01:34:09,040
be good for one may actually be
2286
01:34:06,880 --> 01:34:10,960
counterproductive for another hazard and
2287
01:34:09,039 --> 01:34:12,238
timber framing or timber elements in
2288
01:34:10,960 --> 01:34:14,960
masonry
2289
01:34:12,238 --> 01:34:15,678
is a challenge from this perspective but
2290
01:34:14,960 --> 01:34:17,520
one must
2291
01:34:15,679 --> 01:34:20,880
also appreciate the fact that it is not
2292
01:34:17,520 --> 01:34:22,880
heritage professionals or
2293
01:34:20,880 --> 01:34:24,719
people working on the preservation of
2294
01:34:22,880 --> 01:34:27,520
monuments who mostly live
2295
01:34:24,719 --> 01:34:30,079
in in these constructions and therefore
2296
01:34:27,520 --> 01:34:33,600
incorporation of new facilities
2297
01:34:30,079 --> 01:34:35,840
providing new services new aspirations
2298
01:34:33,600 --> 01:34:37,440
change lifestyles are aspects that we
2299
01:34:35,840 --> 01:34:39,199
really have to address of course if it
2300
01:34:37,439 --> 01:34:40,638
is a historical monument and a protected
2301
01:34:39,198 --> 01:34:41,839
monument it's a different matter
2302
01:34:40,639 --> 01:34:45,039
but when you're talking heritage
2303
01:34:41,840 --> 01:34:46,880
structures widespread
2304
01:34:45,039 --> 01:34:48,079
examples of heritage structures you
2305
01:34:46,880 --> 01:34:51,679
really must be
2306
01:34:48,079 --> 01:34:55,118
attentive to the fact that new uh
2307
01:34:51,679 --> 01:34:58,480
new directions in terms of the facility
2308
01:34:55,118 --> 01:34:59,679
with services is a reality and how how
2309
01:34:58,479 --> 01:35:01,519
does one address that
2310
01:34:59,679 --> 01:35:03,199
it is in this context that one needs to
2311
01:35:01,520 --> 01:35:04,159
identify critical parameters that
2312
01:35:03,198 --> 01:35:06,399
guarantee
2313
01:35:04,158 --> 01:35:07,839
inherent earthquake resistance as we saw
2314
01:35:06,399 --> 01:35:08,638
in the previous case of the pole
2315
01:35:07,840 --> 01:35:11,279
constructions
2316
01:35:08,639 --> 01:35:12,800
you also in certain cases might have to
2317
01:35:11,279 --> 01:35:13,679
incorporate earthquake resistant
2318
01:35:12,800 --> 01:35:17,199
measures
2319
01:35:13,679 --> 01:35:19,118
where being necessary timber for example
2320
01:35:17,198 --> 01:35:20,719
availability of timber is a problem in
2321
01:35:19,118 --> 01:35:22,399
many places today and there's also
2322
01:35:20,719 --> 01:35:24,399
legislation hilly areas that you cannot
2323
01:35:22,399 --> 01:35:26,799
use timber but one can
2324
01:35:24,399 --> 01:35:28,319
one has to really look at the fact that
2325
01:35:26,800 --> 01:35:31,520
timber is a renewable resource
2326
01:35:28,319 --> 01:35:32,399
and this is feasible so again looking at
2327
01:35:31,520 --> 01:35:34,560
the construction
2328
01:35:32,399 --> 01:35:37,679
reconstruction happening at vangdy for
2329
01:35:34,560 --> 01:35:40,480
throngsong and incorporation of certain
2330
01:35:37,679 --> 01:35:41,760
seismic improvement measures with
2331
01:35:40,479 --> 01:35:44,799
reinforced concrete
2332
01:35:41,760 --> 01:35:48,719
through stones is a fantastic example of
2333
01:35:44,800 --> 01:35:50,480
uh of trying to improve um
2334
01:35:48,719 --> 01:35:52,800
aspects of the structure which might
2335
01:35:50,479 --> 01:35:54,718
have a poor seismic performance
2336
01:35:52,800 --> 01:35:56,239
the same with the chassilin mandub in
2337
01:35:54,719 --> 01:35:58,079
bhaktapur which
2338
01:35:56,238 --> 01:35:59,359
collapsed in the 1934 earthquake was
2339
01:35:58,079 --> 01:36:00,800
reconstructed with certain
2340
01:35:59,359 --> 01:36:03,118
incorporated certain features
2341
01:36:00,800 --> 01:36:04,000
incorporated and survived the 2015
2342
01:36:03,118 --> 01:36:07,439
earthquake
2343
01:36:04,000 --> 01:36:09,198
i i leave it here thank you thank you so
2344
01:36:07,439 --> 01:36:10,879
much for that wonderful presentation
2345
01:36:09,198 --> 01:36:13,439
arun
2346
01:36:10,880 --> 01:36:14,639
from india we will move back west all
2347
01:36:13,439 --> 01:36:18,238
the way to peru
2348
01:36:14,639 --> 01:36:20,000
it is for our last presenter it's a
2349
01:36:18,238 --> 01:36:20,879
great pleasure to welcome claudia
2350
01:36:20,000 --> 01:36:22,800
cansino
2351
01:36:20,880 --> 01:36:25,279
claudia works at the getty conservation
2352
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:27,279
institute as a senior project specialist
2353
01:36:25,279 --> 01:36:29,039
she graduated in architecture and urban
2354
01:36:27,279 --> 01:36:31,439
planning from the university of ricardo
2355
01:36:29,039 --> 01:36:33,840
palma in lima peru and early certificate
2356
01:36:31,439 --> 01:36:35,359
in conservation at ichrome in rome
2357
01:36:33,840 --> 01:36:37,440
she also holds a degree in business
2358
01:36:35,359 --> 01:36:39,359
administration from asan in lima and
2359
01:36:37,439 --> 01:36:40,719
received a master of science in historic
2360
01:36:39,359 --> 01:36:41,359
preservation with an advanced
2361
01:36:40,719 --> 01:36:43,600
certificate
2362
01:36:41,359 --> 01:36:44,799
in conservation from the university of
2363
01:36:43,600 --> 01:36:46,800
pennsylvania
2364
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:48,800
currently she manages the urban
2365
01:36:46,800 --> 01:36:49,119
architecture initiative which includes
2366
01:36:48,800 --> 01:36:52,159
the
2367
01:36:49,118 --> 01:36:54,799
seismic retrofitting project the urban
2368
01:36:52,158 --> 01:36:57,679
architecture course in alain abu dhabi
2369
01:36:54,800 --> 01:36:58,800
and the terra 2022 congress in santa fe
2370
01:36:57,679 --> 01:37:01,199
new mexico
2371
01:36:58,800 --> 01:37:02,000
she also manages the retrofitting
2372
01:37:01,198 --> 01:37:05,039
component of
2373
01:37:02,000 --> 01:37:07,520
gci projects in
2374
01:37:05,039 --> 01:37:08,238
bagan that focuses on the conservation
2375
01:37:07,520 --> 01:37:11,280
there
2376
01:37:08,238 --> 01:37:11,279
welcome claudia
2377
01:37:16,000 --> 01:37:21,520
thank you team um good morning good
2378
01:37:20,800 --> 01:37:25,600
afternoon
2379
01:37:21,520 --> 01:37:27,920
and good night to everybody um
2380
01:37:25,600 --> 01:37:29,199
my presentation is going to try to
2381
01:37:27,920 --> 01:37:32,480
shortly describe
2382
01:37:29,198 --> 01:37:33,439
hopefully in 15 minutes how local
2383
01:37:32,479 --> 01:37:36,238
knowledge
2384
01:37:33,439 --> 01:37:38,319
over centuries has helped the design of
2385
01:37:36,238 --> 01:37:39,519
traditional retrofitting techniques for
2386
01:37:38,319 --> 01:37:42,719
urban buildings
2387
01:37:39,520 --> 01:37:46,080
in the peruvian andes i will use
2388
01:37:42,719 --> 01:37:46,719
at some points some of the research
2389
01:37:46,079 --> 01:37:48,639
testing
2390
01:37:46,719 --> 01:37:50,480
and implementation project develop as
2391
01:37:48,639 --> 01:37:52,319
part of the seismic
2392
01:37:50,479 --> 01:37:53,678
retrofitting project to explain the
2393
01:37:52,319 --> 01:37:56,719
efficacy of these
2394
01:37:53,679 --> 01:37:56,719
ancient techniques
2395
01:37:57,679 --> 01:38:02,000
earth construction is based on the use
2396
01:37:59,920 --> 01:38:03,920
of a very basic material
2397
01:38:02,000 --> 01:38:05,920
the soil which combined with the right
2398
01:38:03,920 --> 01:38:08,960
amount of water and compressed
2399
01:38:05,920 --> 01:38:10,960
air from the material base to produce
2400
01:38:08,960 --> 01:38:12,880
a variety of techniques that were
2401
01:38:10,960 --> 01:38:16,000
developed by humans
2402
01:38:12,880 --> 01:38:17,600
through time these techniques pictured
2403
01:38:16,000 --> 01:38:20,158
here from left to right
2404
01:38:17,600 --> 01:38:21,920
ram earth mad bricks or adobe in the
2405
01:38:20,158 --> 01:38:25,198
middle east and south america
2406
01:38:21,920 --> 01:38:27,279
cough water and dog among others
2407
01:38:25,198 --> 01:38:29,359
where the results of our ancestors
2408
01:38:27,279 --> 01:38:31,439
numerals tries and errors
2409
01:38:29,359 --> 01:38:34,158
making great use of their natural
2410
01:38:31,439 --> 01:38:34,158
resources
2411
01:38:39,359 --> 01:38:47,920
i don't know why it's not okay um
2412
01:38:45,359 --> 01:38:50,079
being the soil such an important element
2413
01:38:47,920 --> 01:38:52,639
for air construction i have placed here
2414
01:38:50,079 --> 01:38:56,399
a definition given by germany deltonico
2415
01:38:52,639 --> 01:38:58,719
in 1988 i would like us to concentrate
2416
01:38:56,399 --> 01:39:00,719
on the fact that the types the relative
2417
01:38:58,719 --> 01:39:02,399
proportion of these particles and the
2418
01:39:00,719 --> 01:39:05,118
forces between them
2419
01:39:02,399 --> 01:39:07,759
give the soil a particular character and
2420
01:39:05,118 --> 01:39:07,759
behavior
2421
01:39:08,800 --> 01:39:16,960
uben and your in 1994 disgrace schematic
2422
01:39:13,840 --> 01:39:19,360
structure and identify also three main
2423
01:39:16,960 --> 01:39:20,639
clay minerals that define the behavior
2424
01:39:19,359 --> 01:39:23,279
of a soil
2425
01:39:20,639 --> 01:39:23,920
these clay minerals are from the most
2426
01:39:23,279 --> 01:39:27,039
stable
2427
01:39:23,920 --> 01:39:29,679
to the most unstable one kylonian
2428
01:39:27,039 --> 01:39:30,560
allied and monorail light their
2429
01:39:29,679 --> 01:39:33,520
stability
2430
01:39:30,560 --> 01:39:34,800
in contact with water and air depends on
2431
01:39:33,520 --> 01:39:37,440
the strength between
2432
01:39:34,800 --> 01:39:39,279
internal air iconic or covalent bonds
2433
01:39:37,439 --> 01:39:42,238
which varies depending
2434
01:39:39,279 --> 01:39:42,238
of each type
2435
01:39:44,719 --> 01:39:49,279
these clay materials that are part of
2436
01:39:47,039 --> 01:39:51,198
the clay particles
2437
01:39:49,279 --> 01:39:53,439
interact with water at the molecular
2438
01:39:51,198 --> 01:39:55,678
level in many different ways
2439
01:39:53,439 --> 01:39:57,519
in molecular physics the van der waals
2440
01:39:55,679 --> 01:40:00,480
forces are distant dependent
2441
01:39:57,520 --> 01:40:02,239
interactions between atoms and molecules
2442
01:40:00,479 --> 01:40:04,638
these forces are present for example
2443
01:40:02,238 --> 01:40:07,279
between molecules of water
2444
01:40:04,639 --> 01:40:08,079
unlike ionic or covalent bonds between
2445
01:40:07,279 --> 01:40:10,399
for example
2446
01:40:08,079 --> 01:40:12,719
aluminium and silica layers seen in the
2447
01:40:10,399 --> 01:40:13,519
previous slides these forces are not a
2448
01:40:12,719 --> 01:40:16,719
result of
2449
01:40:13,520 --> 01:40:18,000
any chemical electronic bond and they
2450
01:40:16,719 --> 01:40:20,079
are comparatively
2451
01:40:18,000 --> 01:40:21,600
weaker and more susceptible to being
2452
01:40:20,079 --> 01:40:24,158
disturbed
2453
01:40:21,600 --> 01:40:26,480
the van der waals forces that attracts
2454
01:40:24,158 --> 01:40:28,399
water molecules among themselves are the
2455
01:40:26,479 --> 01:40:30,399
same forces that allow the different
2456
01:40:28,399 --> 01:40:32,638
clay materials to break
2457
01:40:30,399 --> 01:40:34,158
separate stay in dispersion and
2458
01:40:32,639 --> 01:40:36,880
reconnect
2459
01:40:34,158 --> 01:40:37,839
these forces therefore also allow to
2460
01:40:36,880 --> 01:40:39,920
create different
2461
01:40:37,840 --> 01:40:41,679
states of soil suitable for different
2462
01:40:39,920 --> 01:40:44,639
construction techniques
2463
01:40:41,679 --> 01:40:46,719
water despite being portrayed as the
2464
01:40:44,639 --> 01:40:50,960
enemy of earth construction it actually
2465
01:40:46,719 --> 01:40:53,760
contributed enormously to its creation
2466
01:40:50,960 --> 01:40:55,520
for me it is amazing that human beings
2467
01:40:53,760 --> 01:40:57,440
went from playing around
2468
01:40:55,520 --> 01:40:59,760
with these scientific principles to
2469
01:40:57,439 --> 01:41:02,638
create a series of techniques that
2470
01:40:59,760 --> 01:41:04,400
build impressive dwellings that are now
2471
01:41:02,639 --> 01:41:06,400
war heritage sites
2472
01:41:04,399 --> 01:41:07,759
and have survived over thousands of
2473
01:41:06,399 --> 01:41:10,158
years
2474
01:41:07,760 --> 01:41:12,480
there are for me also a testament of how
2475
01:41:10,158 --> 01:41:14,079
ingenious human beings are
2476
01:41:12,479 --> 01:41:16,158
the development of different urban
2477
01:41:14,079 --> 01:41:17,198
construction techniques around the world
2478
01:41:16,158 --> 01:41:21,519
are basically
2479
01:41:17,198 --> 01:41:21,519
based on the principles explained before
2480
01:41:21,920 --> 01:41:26,319
as you are recognized this is a map that
2481
01:41:24,158 --> 01:41:26,799
shows the seismic castles around the
2482
01:41:26,319 --> 01:41:28,880
world
2483
01:41:26,800 --> 01:41:31,520
and i have overlapped the regions
2484
01:41:28,880 --> 01:41:34,480
populated with urban sites
2485
01:41:31,520 --> 01:41:34,880
peru is located in a seismic area and
2486
01:41:34,479 --> 01:41:37,359
has
2487
01:41:34,880 --> 01:41:38,960
suffered earthquakes since the
2488
01:41:37,359 --> 01:41:40,880
prehispanic period
2489
01:41:38,960 --> 01:41:43,279
however this situation has also
2490
01:41:40,880 --> 01:41:44,560
supported the improvement of the local
2491
01:41:43,279 --> 01:41:47,198
building culture
2492
01:41:44,560 --> 01:41:49,199
to adapt to its environment and create
2493
01:41:47,198 --> 01:41:53,039
original retrofitting techniques
2494
01:41:49,198 --> 01:41:55,839
that are still in use in peru
2495
01:41:53,039 --> 01:41:57,679
peru has a variety of buildings made
2496
01:41:55,840 --> 01:41:59,279
with a series of present techniques that
2497
01:41:57,679 --> 01:42:01,359
has evolved through time
2498
01:41:59,279 --> 01:42:02,559
with the intention of the study of
2499
01:42:01,359 --> 01:42:05,679
standing against
2500
01:42:02,560 --> 01:42:05,679
seismic forces
2501
01:42:06,000 --> 01:42:09,118
there is evidence of potential seismic
2502
01:42:08,319 --> 01:42:11,039
isolation
2503
01:42:09,118 --> 01:42:12,319
at the archaeological site of canal
2504
01:42:11,039 --> 01:42:15,359
constructed around
2505
01:42:12,319 --> 01:42:17,198
3 100 before our era kerala is
2506
01:42:15,359 --> 01:42:18,880
considered one of the earliest urban
2507
01:42:17,198 --> 01:42:22,158
settlements in the americas and
2508
01:42:18,880 --> 01:42:23,600
was built in stone and earth recently
2509
01:42:22,158 --> 01:42:25,439
engineers from the pontificia
2510
01:42:23,600 --> 01:42:27,920
universidad catholica del penus has
2511
01:42:25,439 --> 01:42:29,599
researched a base simulation technique
2512
01:42:27,920 --> 01:42:30,319
found in this asian site which
2513
01:42:29,600 --> 01:42:32,800
apparently
2514
01:42:30,319 --> 01:42:34,960
stopped the out-of-plane collapse of
2515
01:42:32,800 --> 01:42:37,440
exteriors adobe walls
2516
01:42:34,960 --> 01:42:38,639
the use of the chikras a vegetable
2517
01:42:37,439 --> 01:42:40,960
fabric bag
2518
01:42:38,639 --> 01:42:43,920
with gravel stones inside apparently
2519
01:42:40,960 --> 01:42:46,079
dissipate the energy of seismic events
2520
01:42:43,920 --> 01:42:47,279
this is an earthly demonstration of how
2521
01:42:46,079 --> 01:42:50,000
ancient peruvians
2522
01:42:47,279 --> 01:42:52,639
made good use of available materials to
2523
01:42:50,000 --> 01:42:55,039
adapt to earthquake for centuries
2524
01:42:52,639 --> 01:42:56,319
you can find further results of the test
2525
01:42:55,039 --> 01:42:58,238
run and pucp
2526
01:42:56,319 --> 01:42:59,519
in several international publications
2527
01:42:58,238 --> 01:43:01,759
but in generally
2528
01:42:59,520 --> 01:43:03,920
it has been proved that the chakras
2529
01:43:01,760 --> 01:43:04,639
actually help to dissipate the seismic
2530
01:43:03,920 --> 01:43:08,560
energy
2531
01:43:04,639 --> 01:43:08,560
and preserve these ancient sites
2532
01:43:08,639 --> 01:43:13,600
archaeologists have also discovered some
2533
01:43:11,279 --> 01:43:16,158
early evidence of water and dog
2534
01:43:13,600 --> 01:43:18,159
panels in coral as seen in the images on
2535
01:43:16,158 --> 01:43:20,559
the left original slide
2536
01:43:18,158 --> 01:43:21,198
this technique that we call kincha in
2537
01:43:20,560 --> 01:43:23,360
peru
2538
01:43:21,198 --> 01:43:24,799
was apparently later used to build
2539
01:43:23,359 --> 01:43:26,799
residential dwellings
2540
01:43:24,800 --> 01:43:28,159
in northern peru as shown by the
2541
01:43:26,800 --> 01:43:30,800
political drawing
2542
01:43:28,158 --> 01:43:33,679
of the house of the lamborghini culture
2543
01:43:30,800 --> 01:43:33,679
on your right
2544
01:43:33,920 --> 01:43:38,319
i am not sure if the use of different
2545
01:43:36,158 --> 01:43:38,960
materials as part of an isolation
2546
01:43:38,319 --> 01:43:41,039
techniques
2547
01:43:38,960 --> 01:43:42,319
was also applicable for the construction
2548
01:43:41,039 --> 01:43:44,158
of the famous peruvian
2549
01:43:42,319 --> 01:43:47,118
andes which flourished during the inca
2550
01:43:44,158 --> 01:43:50,799
period from the 12th to the 15th century
2551
01:43:47,118 --> 01:43:53,839
of our era i guess further investigation
2552
01:43:50,800 --> 01:43:55,600
should be done particularly if you
2553
01:43:53,840 --> 01:43:57,920
consider that one of the most
2554
01:43:55,600 --> 01:44:00,159
significant sites in this seismic region
2555
01:43:57,920 --> 01:44:01,440
was from constructed with unreinforced
2556
01:44:00,158 --> 01:44:04,399
stone masonry
2557
01:44:01,439 --> 01:44:07,678
over a series of man-made antennas and
2558
01:44:04,399 --> 01:44:10,079
is still in place
2559
01:44:07,679 --> 01:44:12,158
several archaeologists have also noticed
2560
01:44:10,079 --> 01:44:13,920
the use of reinforcements
2561
01:44:12,158 --> 01:44:16,079
at the end of the wooden elements of
2562
01:44:13,920 --> 01:44:17,520
hypothetical groups at the williams at
2563
01:44:16,079 --> 01:44:19,840
machu picchu
2564
01:44:17,520 --> 01:44:22,000
this tradition of tying the ends of the
2565
01:44:19,840 --> 01:44:24,159
wooden beans to the masonry walls
2566
01:44:22,000 --> 01:44:25,840
was later used for the construction of
2567
01:44:24,158 --> 01:44:29,519
roofs during the spanish
2568
01:44:25,840 --> 01:44:31,440
visa royalty however
2569
01:44:29,520 --> 01:44:33,760
many centuries before the construction
2570
01:44:31,439 --> 01:44:35,759
of machu picchu the coast of peru was
2571
01:44:33,760 --> 01:44:36,719
full of a series of large earthen
2572
01:44:35,760 --> 01:44:39,960
complexes
2573
01:44:36,719 --> 01:44:41,279
built either in adobe like um the
2574
01:44:39,960 --> 01:44:44,158
guacaventille
2575
01:44:41,279 --> 01:44:44,800
ilima or ram earth or tapialas we call
2576
01:44:44,158 --> 01:44:49,679
it
2577
01:44:44,800 --> 01:44:54,400
like the site of kahamakia
2578
01:44:49,679 --> 01:44:56,239
the spanish arrived in 1532 and in 1536
2579
01:44:54,399 --> 01:44:58,079
uh there was a document called the real
2580
01:44:56,238 --> 01:45:00,000
prohibition that ordered the
2581
01:44:58,079 --> 01:45:02,158
construction of good houses for the
2582
01:45:00,000 --> 01:45:03,118
indian population of the viscerality of
2583
01:45:02,158 --> 01:45:05,799
peru
2584
01:45:03,118 --> 01:45:07,118
the regulation of madrid published in
2585
01:45:05,800 --> 01:45:09,360
1565
2586
01:45:07,118 --> 01:45:10,238
stipulated a restructuring world in
2587
01:45:09,359 --> 01:45:13,039
houses
2588
01:45:10,238 --> 01:45:15,198
had to be built in ram earth or dapial a
2589
01:45:13,039 --> 01:45:16,719
construction already used in the iberian
2590
01:45:15,198 --> 01:45:18,799
peninsula
2591
01:45:16,719 --> 01:45:19,920
harter red a well-known architectural
2592
01:45:18,800 --> 01:45:21,840
historian
2593
01:45:19,920 --> 01:45:23,679
has documented the construction of some
2594
01:45:21,840 --> 01:45:26,719
houses with tapial
2595
01:45:23,679 --> 01:45:28,880
in the 16th century in lima however the
2596
01:45:26,719 --> 01:45:30,000
majority of buildings and churches were
2597
01:45:28,880 --> 01:45:32,960
constructed in brink
2598
01:45:30,000 --> 01:45:34,960
and stone during that petrillius period
2599
01:45:32,960 --> 01:45:37,198
several documented earthquakes
2600
01:45:34,960 --> 01:45:39,439
as the one that you see here in the
2601
01:45:37,198 --> 01:45:39,919
paintings during the visa royalty period
2602
01:45:39,439 --> 01:45:41,839
shape
2603
01:45:39,920 --> 01:45:43,679
and modified these construction
2604
01:45:41,840 --> 01:45:45,679
techniques to make them more
2605
01:45:43,679 --> 01:45:48,319
specifically resistant
2606
01:45:45,679 --> 01:45:49,679
the first documented earthquake happened
2607
01:45:48,319 --> 01:45:53,118
in october
2608
01:45:49,679 --> 01:45:55,199
of 1606 and it apparently damaged
2609
01:45:53,118 --> 01:45:59,279
several buildings in lima
2610
01:45:55,198 --> 01:46:02,879
a second earthquake later in 1609
2611
01:45:59,279 --> 01:46:05,599
made the municipality of lima at the
2612
01:46:02,880 --> 01:46:07,679
time kabildo of lima
2613
01:46:05,600 --> 01:46:09,119
made it suggest to reduce the height of
2614
01:46:07,679 --> 01:46:11,679
the buildings
2615
01:46:09,118 --> 01:46:12,319
and to study traditional construction
2616
01:46:11,679 --> 01:46:14,639
techniques
2617
01:46:12,319 --> 01:46:16,799
already developed by the indians like
2618
01:46:14,639 --> 01:46:19,600
the kincha and the adobe
2619
01:46:16,800 --> 01:46:21,279
in 1681 there were several earthquakes
2620
01:46:19,600 --> 01:46:22,880
and particularly the one that happened
2621
01:46:21,279 --> 01:46:25,439
in october 20
2622
01:46:22,880 --> 01:46:26,159
which the archbishop of lima took right
2623
01:46:25,439 --> 01:46:28,399
to the king of
2624
01:46:26,158 --> 01:46:29,439
spain suggesting the construction of
2625
01:46:28,399 --> 01:46:32,559
only one
2626
01:46:29,439 --> 01:46:35,678
story buildings avoiding second history
2627
01:46:32,560 --> 01:46:35,679
houses in lima
2628
01:46:36,319 --> 01:46:40,079
the pisa roy conde de la moncloa end up
2629
01:46:39,198 --> 01:46:41,279
being
2630
01:46:40,079 --> 01:46:43,198
the person in church of the
2631
01:46:41,279 --> 01:46:46,079
reconstruction of the city of lima
2632
01:46:43,198 --> 01:46:47,198
after this earthquake and finally he
2633
01:46:46,079 --> 01:46:49,760
disposed
2634
01:46:47,198 --> 01:46:50,719
that if opera stories were needed to be
2635
01:46:49,760 --> 01:46:54,960
constructed
2636
01:46:50,719 --> 01:46:57,118
they should be built with kimchi
2637
01:46:54,960 --> 01:46:59,520
so as the drawing on your left shows
2638
01:46:57,118 --> 01:47:01,039
typically well in silima were built with
2639
01:46:59,520 --> 01:47:03,639
adobe in the first floor
2640
01:47:01,039 --> 01:47:04,800
and kincha in the second floor after the
2641
01:47:03,639 --> 01:47:08,239
1681
2642
01:47:04,800 --> 01:47:10,480
earthquake later the technique were
2643
01:47:08,238 --> 01:47:12,000
modified and i want to mention here that
2644
01:47:10,479 --> 01:47:15,039
this technique is very
2645
01:47:12,000 --> 01:47:17,920
is very similar to some techniques that
2646
01:47:15,039 --> 01:47:19,679
goron has shown you as in anatolia as
2647
01:47:17,920 --> 01:47:22,319
well as i don't have show us the
2648
01:47:19,679 --> 01:47:23,920
ecosystem in india so for me it's still
2649
01:47:22,319 --> 01:47:25,359
impressive that in different parts of
2650
01:47:23,920 --> 01:47:28,319
the world you can find similar
2651
01:47:25,359 --> 01:47:30,479
construction techniques
2652
01:47:28,319 --> 01:47:32,399
they will change over time as i said for
2653
01:47:30,479 --> 01:47:33,519
example at the panels in the second
2654
01:47:32,399 --> 01:47:36,559
floor
2655
01:47:33,520 --> 01:47:39,280
and had
2656
01:47:36,560 --> 01:47:40,000
adobe feelings in the lower part of the
2657
01:47:39,279 --> 01:47:42,880
panel
2658
01:47:40,000 --> 01:47:43,520
and we called this section sitaras and
2659
01:47:42,880 --> 01:47:46,719
they did
2660
01:47:43,520 --> 01:47:49,679
this probably to better connect uh
2661
01:47:46,719 --> 01:47:50,239
the panels with the wall below while the
2662
01:47:49,679 --> 01:47:52,960
third
2663
01:47:50,238 --> 01:47:53,439
floor in some cases had wooden diagonal
2664
01:47:52,960 --> 01:47:56,800
posts
2665
01:47:53,439 --> 01:47:59,439
at the corners to probably avoid
2666
01:47:56,800 --> 01:47:59,440
overturning
2667
01:48:00,000 --> 01:48:03,198
as part of the getty seismic
2668
01:48:01,439 --> 01:48:05,359
retrofitting project in peru
2669
01:48:03,198 --> 01:48:07,919
the pontificia universidad catolica
2670
01:48:05,359 --> 01:48:08,399
tested a replica of both type of king
2671
01:48:07,920 --> 01:48:10,639
child
2672
01:48:08,399 --> 01:48:12,799
for the first and second floor and an
2673
01:48:10,639 --> 01:48:14,480
additional historic panel demonstrating
2674
01:48:12,800 --> 01:48:16,239
their flexibility
2675
01:48:14,479 --> 01:48:18,158
their results were published and can be
2676
01:48:16,238 --> 01:48:19,039
downloaded as part of the provocation
2677
01:48:18,158 --> 01:48:21,759
that you can see
2678
01:48:19,039 --> 01:48:21,760
on the right
2679
01:48:22,319 --> 01:48:26,158
probably after the dome of the church of
2680
01:48:24,719 --> 01:48:29,600
santo domingo
2681
01:48:26,158 --> 01:48:31,519
in lima said that you can see here on
2682
01:48:29,600 --> 01:48:33,600
the right side of your slide
2683
01:48:31,520 --> 01:48:35,040
and was originally built by fred diego
2684
01:48:33,600 --> 01:48:38,159
matamoros in wood
2685
01:48:35,039 --> 01:48:38,719
cane and lime a few years before the
2686
01:48:38,158 --> 01:48:42,158
earthquake
2687
01:48:38,719 --> 01:48:44,000
survived the 1681 earthquake
2688
01:48:42,158 --> 01:48:45,839
it was probably because of these that
2689
01:48:44,000 --> 01:48:47,198
the recommendations that cuando de la
2690
01:48:45,840 --> 01:48:49,440
moncloa gave
2691
01:48:47,198 --> 01:48:51,439
the churches had to be built with
2692
01:48:49,439 --> 01:48:54,479
lighter domes and vaults
2693
01:48:51,439 --> 01:48:56,319
there is a theory that europeans borrow
2694
01:48:54,479 --> 01:48:57,519
the wooden construction techniques used
2695
01:48:56,319 --> 01:49:00,719
for ships
2696
01:48:57,520 --> 01:49:04,159
as you can see on the upper part of
2697
01:49:00,719 --> 01:49:07,679
the left images of the slide to design
2698
01:49:04,158 --> 01:49:10,000
lighter bones and domes so it is unclear
2699
01:49:07,679 --> 01:49:11,600
if the techniques used to build them to
2700
01:49:10,000 --> 01:49:14,158
build these bolts and
2701
01:49:11,600 --> 01:49:14,719
domes in a lighter way was brought from
2702
01:49:14,158 --> 01:49:17,439
the
2703
01:49:14,719 --> 01:49:21,198
iberian peninsula was designed in peru
2704
01:49:17,439 --> 01:49:21,198
or it was a combination of both
2705
01:49:21,760 --> 01:49:26,719
it seems it was after the dome of
2706
01:49:24,639 --> 01:49:28,000
september bingo was constructed and
2707
01:49:26,719 --> 01:49:31,439
survived an earthquake
2708
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:34,079
that the famous uh groups of the francis
2709
01:49:31,439 --> 01:49:35,439
san francisco convent in lima were
2710
01:49:34,079 --> 01:49:38,238
constructed
2711
01:49:35,439 --> 01:49:40,158
nowadays all the visa royalty churches
2712
01:49:38,238 --> 01:49:41,118
of the course of peru are built with
2713
01:49:40,158 --> 01:49:43,359
this system
2714
01:49:41,118 --> 01:49:45,598
including the construction of wooden
2715
01:49:43,359 --> 01:49:47,598
also wooden columns and pillars like the
2716
01:49:45,599 --> 01:49:51,599
ones found in ika cathedral
2717
01:49:47,599 --> 01:49:54,960
as well as the cathedral of lima
2718
01:49:51,599 --> 01:49:57,840
in 1746 there was another earthquake
2719
01:49:54,960 --> 01:49:58,319
with its epicenter in lima around 3 000
2720
01:49:57,840 --> 01:50:00,719
and
2721
01:49:58,319 --> 01:50:02,000
around 3 000 churches and houses
2722
01:50:00,719 --> 01:50:05,039
collapsed
2723
01:50:02,000 --> 01:50:08,079
after the earthquakes the bise roy jose
2724
01:50:05,039 --> 01:50:10,319
manso de la mancha better known as
2725
01:50:08,079 --> 01:50:11,679
you can see here in this in the picture
2726
01:50:10,319 --> 01:50:14,479
ask a mathematician
2727
01:50:11,679 --> 01:50:16,000
luis godan to carry out a damage
2728
01:50:14,479 --> 01:50:17,439
assessment and provide technical
2729
01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:18,719
recommendations to improve the
2730
01:50:17,439 --> 01:50:21,759
structural behavior
2731
01:50:18,719 --> 01:50:24,319
of the existing structures so godan
2732
01:50:21,760 --> 01:50:25,440
in an official document suggested to the
2733
01:50:24,319 --> 01:50:27,519
copindo
2734
01:50:25,439 --> 01:50:28,960
the mandatory use of earthquake and
2735
01:50:27,520 --> 01:50:30,480
adobe instead of lime
2736
01:50:28,960 --> 01:50:32,239
brick and stone as construction
2737
01:50:30,479 --> 01:50:34,479
materials the use of kimchi
2738
01:50:32,238 --> 01:50:36,079
for wall partitions and the use of
2739
01:50:34,479 --> 01:50:37,839
kincha for
2740
01:50:36,079 --> 01:50:40,319
pinch award for the constructions of the
2741
01:50:37,840 --> 01:50:41,190
second and third studies of residential
2742
01:50:40,319 --> 01:50:44,449
buildings
2743
01:50:41,189 --> 01:50:44,449
[Music]
2744
01:50:45,279 --> 01:50:49,118
godan also suggested the increase of the
2745
01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:51,439
wheels
2746
01:50:49,118 --> 01:50:53,118
of adobe walls and finally the
2747
01:50:51,439 --> 01:50:54,000
construction of mattresses against
2748
01:50:53,118 --> 01:50:56,399
church
2749
01:50:54,000 --> 01:50:58,079
adobe walls the buttresses have proved
2750
01:50:56,399 --> 01:50:58,879
to be a very efficient retrofitting
2751
01:50:58,079 --> 01:51:01,519
solution
2752
01:50:58,880 --> 01:51:02,239
stopping particularly the overturning of
2753
01:51:01,520 --> 01:51:04,320
walls
2754
01:51:02,238 --> 01:51:06,959
and can be seen in most of the earthen
2755
01:51:04,319 --> 01:51:08,960
churches in the andes but also in some
2756
01:51:06,960 --> 01:51:11,599
of the rural churches of the coast
2757
01:51:08,960 --> 01:51:11,599
of peru
2758
01:51:12,319 --> 01:51:16,719
at some point the arch that normally
2759
01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:19,039
divides the nave
2760
01:51:16,719 --> 01:51:20,000
from the altar of these churches was
2761
01:51:19,039 --> 01:51:23,439
changed from
2762
01:51:20,000 --> 01:51:25,520
stone to kincha as well however i have
2763
01:51:23,439 --> 01:51:27,439
not been able to find exactly after
2764
01:51:25,520 --> 01:51:29,840
which earthquake this tradition was
2765
01:51:27,439 --> 01:51:29,839
changed
2766
01:51:30,238 --> 01:51:34,000
as you can see the tradition of building
2767
01:51:32,960 --> 01:51:37,599
with earth
2768
01:51:34,000 --> 01:51:40,479
have continued over centuries in peru
2769
01:51:37,599 --> 01:51:43,039
it's still very much in use and now not
2770
01:51:40,479 --> 01:51:45,519
only masons are training the job
2771
01:51:43,039 --> 01:51:47,920
but also the teaching of urban
2772
01:51:45,520 --> 01:51:48,960
construction and conservation is part of
2773
01:51:47,920 --> 01:51:51,599
the
2774
01:51:48,960 --> 01:51:53,198
curricula of architecture and
2775
01:51:51,599 --> 01:51:55,039
engineering schools
2776
01:51:53,198 --> 01:51:58,719
this has been of course an advantage for
2777
01:51:55,039 --> 01:52:00,238
the conservation of urban sites
2778
01:51:58,719 --> 01:52:02,158
there is a lot of experience
2779
01:52:00,238 --> 01:52:02,638
implementing conservation projects in
2780
01:52:02,158 --> 01:52:04,479
peru
2781
01:52:02,639 --> 01:52:06,319
taking into consideration the
2782
01:52:04,479 --> 01:52:08,399
seismically resistant
2783
01:52:06,319 --> 01:52:10,880
and or retrofitting techniques developed
2784
01:52:08,399 --> 01:52:13,039
through time
2785
01:52:10,880 --> 01:52:14,560
you can see in the video the
2786
01:52:13,039 --> 01:52:16,319
reconstruction of the kincha
2787
01:52:14,560 --> 01:52:19,119
arch for example at the church of
2788
01:52:16,319 --> 01:52:20,079
kunyutambo an srp implementation project
2789
01:52:19,118 --> 01:52:22,319
in cusco
2790
01:52:20,079 --> 01:52:25,198
as well as the installation of the
2791
01:52:22,319 --> 01:52:27,039
traditional wooden thai beans
2792
01:52:25,198 --> 01:52:28,879
nevertheless it will be important to
2793
01:52:27,039 --> 01:52:31,118
mention that the use of key thai
2794
01:52:28,880 --> 01:52:32,960
connections from outside
2795
01:52:31,118 --> 01:52:34,880
found in the inca developments in machu
2796
01:52:32,960 --> 01:52:35,679
picchu have always been used but the
2797
01:52:34,880 --> 01:52:41,118
quality
2798
01:52:35,679 --> 01:52:41,118
of the techniques have changed over time
2799
01:52:41,760 --> 01:52:45,840
a very detailed design of the kitai
2800
01:52:44,560 --> 01:52:47,039
connections
2801
01:52:45,840 --> 01:52:49,840
was developed as part of the
2802
01:52:47,039 --> 01:52:52,079
implementation project at kunyo tambo
2803
01:52:49,840 --> 01:52:54,000
the politician universia catholica also
2804
01:52:52,079 --> 01:52:56,319
ran a series of tests to understand the
2805
01:52:54,000 --> 01:52:58,639
performance of type beings on this type
2806
01:52:56,319 --> 01:53:01,439
of churches
2807
01:52:58,639 --> 01:53:02,400
the installation of wooden corner kits
2808
01:53:01,439 --> 01:53:04,879
to avoid
2809
01:53:02,399 --> 01:53:06,319
seismic damage at wall intersections
2810
01:53:04,880 --> 01:53:08,159
appear at some point during the
2811
01:53:06,319 --> 01:53:10,719
republican period
2812
01:53:08,158 --> 01:53:12,479
the use of these retrofitting techniques
2813
01:53:10,719 --> 01:53:15,679
within a conservation project
2814
01:53:12,479 --> 01:53:17,919
start formally probably during the 70s
2815
01:53:15,679 --> 01:53:19,440
and i was also surprised that this type
2816
01:53:17,920 --> 01:53:22,480
of corner keys
2817
01:53:19,439 --> 01:53:26,719
were also presented by a
2818
01:53:22,479 --> 01:53:28,959
grigor in previous presentations
2819
01:53:26,719 --> 01:53:31,439
for the church of kuno tambo a series of
2820
01:53:28,960 --> 01:53:34,158
wooden corner keys and collar beans
2821
01:53:31,439 --> 01:53:35,279
were designed modeled and implemented
2822
01:53:34,158 --> 01:53:37,598
based
2823
01:53:35,279 --> 01:53:40,319
on the construction expertise of our
2824
01:53:37,599 --> 01:53:42,319
peruvian colleagues
2825
01:53:40,319 --> 01:53:43,519
the study of the material in structural
2826
01:53:42,319 --> 01:53:45,118
characterization
2827
01:53:43,520 --> 01:53:46,880
as well as the modeling of these
2828
01:53:45,118 --> 01:53:47,839
techniques have been published as part
2829
01:53:46,880 --> 01:53:49,599
of the srp
2830
01:53:47,840 --> 01:53:52,239
and can be downloaded from the getting
2831
01:53:49,599 --> 01:53:54,800
website similarly the retrofitting
2832
01:53:52,238 --> 01:53:58,000
proposal for two historic earthen sites
2833
01:53:54,800 --> 01:54:00,159
in peru are presented there so you can
2834
01:53:58,000 --> 01:54:01,520
see more detail the development of the
2835
01:54:00,158 --> 01:54:03,198
conservation project
2836
01:54:01,520 --> 01:54:04,960
i have mentioned that the pontificial
2837
01:54:03,198 --> 01:54:06,879
diversity of catholica del peru has
2838
01:54:04,960 --> 01:54:09,520
worked with us as part of this project
2839
01:54:06,880 --> 01:54:12,079
but i would also like to mention that
2840
01:54:09,520 --> 01:54:13,360
the university of neo in portugal have
2841
01:54:12,079 --> 01:54:16,399
developed
2842
01:54:13,359 --> 01:54:17,920
the modeling and we have
2843
01:54:16,399 --> 01:54:22,000
work in close collaboration with the
2844
01:54:17,920 --> 01:54:24,800
ministry of culture in peru
2845
01:54:22,000 --> 01:54:25,599
it is very difficult to tell a linear
2846
01:54:24,800 --> 01:54:27,039
story
2847
01:54:25,599 --> 01:54:28,800
that explained the development of
2848
01:54:27,039 --> 01:54:30,399
seismically resistant construction
2849
01:54:28,800 --> 01:54:32,480
techniques in peru
2850
01:54:30,399 --> 01:54:34,479
i will say it has always been a
2851
01:54:32,479 --> 01:54:36,559
combination of local knowledge
2852
01:54:34,479 --> 01:54:38,718
professional expertise and trial and
2853
01:54:36,560 --> 01:54:40,880
errors after earthquakes
2854
01:54:38,719 --> 01:54:41,920
nowadays peruvian colleagues keep
2855
01:54:40,880 --> 01:54:43,599
working in
2856
01:54:41,920 --> 01:54:45,599
the further development of building
2857
01:54:43,599 --> 01:54:48,639
norms and codes to better preserve
2858
01:54:45,599 --> 01:54:50,319
these magnificent urban sites
2859
01:54:48,639 --> 01:54:52,319
so thank you so much for all your
2860
01:54:50,319 --> 01:54:55,359
attention and i hope you find
2861
01:54:52,319 --> 01:54:57,599
this uh presentation interested thank
2862
01:54:55,359 --> 01:54:57,598
you
2863
01:54:58,079 --> 01:55:01,439
thank you so much for that wonderful
2864
01:54:59,840 --> 01:55:05,119
presentation claudia
2865
01:55:01,439 --> 01:55:06,879
um as we've had our webinar for already
2866
01:55:05,118 --> 01:55:08,960
two hours i think we will
2867
01:55:06,880 --> 01:55:11,039
take a few of the questions that were
2868
01:55:08,960 --> 01:55:12,639
submitted unfortunately we will not have
2869
01:55:11,039 --> 01:55:15,198
time to answer all of them
2870
01:55:12,639 --> 01:55:17,359
i suggest we continue the discussion for
2871
01:55:15,198 --> 01:55:18,559
about another 20 minutes for the people
2872
01:55:17,359 --> 01:55:21,839
who can stay
2873
01:55:18,560 --> 01:55:23,760
so i am hoping that all the
2874
01:55:21,840 --> 01:55:25,279
panelists and presenters could turn on
2875
01:55:23,760 --> 01:55:27,039
their video
2876
01:55:25,279 --> 01:55:28,960
and then i will cycle through a set of
2877
01:55:27,039 --> 01:55:31,519
questions and this first one i would
2878
01:55:28,960 --> 01:55:32,239
like to throw to all panelists because i
2879
01:55:31,520 --> 01:55:33,840
think
2880
01:55:32,238 --> 01:55:35,678
it concerns a problem that all of us
2881
01:55:33,840 --> 01:55:37,760
deal with and it was raised by
2882
01:55:35,679 --> 01:55:38,960
pierre smarts from taiwan well
2883
01:55:37,760 --> 01:55:42,239
originally from belgium
2884
01:55:38,960 --> 01:55:44,639
just like me um so pierre says
2885
01:55:42,238 --> 01:55:46,079
related to kathmandu the temple but i
2886
01:55:44,639 --> 01:55:48,400
think we can relate it to other
2887
01:55:46,079 --> 01:55:49,198
places as well was not maintenance the
2888
01:55:48,399 --> 01:55:50,799
main problem
2889
01:55:49,198 --> 01:55:52,399
i imagine that there were quite a few
2890
01:55:50,800 --> 01:55:54,480
strong earthquakes before
2891
01:55:52,399 --> 01:55:56,719
ancient technology may not be perfect
2892
01:55:54,479 --> 01:55:58,158
but if it resisted a few earthquakes it
2893
01:55:56,719 --> 01:56:00,399
may not be that bad
2894
01:55:58,158 --> 01:56:02,638
i think pierre makes a very valid point
2895
01:56:00,399 --> 01:56:04,638
here that maintenance is important
2896
01:56:02,639 --> 01:56:06,960
and in a way we can think of buildings
2897
01:56:04,639 --> 01:56:09,118
in an analogy with with patients
2898
01:56:06,960 --> 01:56:10,960
seeing a doctor and so we could think of
2899
01:56:09,118 --> 01:56:12,000
an earthquake as a heart attack and so
2900
01:56:10,960 --> 01:56:14,079
the patients come
2901
01:56:12,000 --> 01:56:16,399
a patient comes to see his doctor and
2902
01:56:14,079 --> 01:56:18,158
says hey i've had five heart attacks
2903
01:56:16,399 --> 01:56:20,079
the first thing we don't say is ah okay
2904
01:56:18,158 --> 01:56:22,638
you've survived five you're fine
2905
01:56:20,079 --> 01:56:23,198
we wonder like will the next earthquake
2906
01:56:22,639 --> 01:56:25,840
kill him
2907
01:56:23,198 --> 01:56:26,399
will the next heart attack kill him so
2908
01:56:25,840 --> 01:56:29,039
what do you
2909
01:56:26,399 --> 01:56:30,000
what do you think about this um this
2910
01:56:29,039 --> 01:56:31,840
aspect of
2911
01:56:30,000 --> 01:56:33,198
of traditional construction haven't
2912
01:56:31,840 --> 01:56:34,880
proven itself
2913
01:56:33,198 --> 01:56:36,960
on the one hand but on the other hand
2914
01:56:34,880 --> 01:56:39,840
having these maintenance issues and this
2915
01:56:36,960 --> 01:56:41,359
constant traff threat due to earthquakes
2916
01:56:39,840 --> 01:56:45,199
who wants to
2917
01:56:41,359 --> 01:56:45,198
take a stab at that of our panelists
2918
01:56:52,079 --> 01:56:54,719
well i can
2919
01:56:55,359 --> 01:57:01,920
start if since it's
2920
01:56:58,479 --> 01:57:04,158
uh was uh
2921
01:57:01,920 --> 01:57:05,599
sort of uh in connection with uh the
2922
01:57:04,158 --> 01:57:10,079
customer
2923
01:57:05,599 --> 01:57:12,800
um our of course our uh
2924
01:57:10,079 --> 01:57:15,118
big question was that the custom under
2925
01:57:12,800 --> 01:57:16,079
didn't collapse during the 1934
2926
01:57:15,118 --> 01:57:18,880
earthquake and
2927
01:57:16,079 --> 01:57:20,000
sort of why didn't it collapse did we
2928
01:57:18,880 --> 01:57:23,359
really understand
2929
01:57:20,000 --> 01:57:26,639
uh the structure properly and i think
2930
01:57:23,359 --> 01:57:27,839
that really trying to understand the the
2931
01:57:26,639 --> 01:57:29,840
traditional
2932
01:57:27,840 --> 01:57:32,719
structures and technology is something
2933
01:57:29,840 --> 01:57:34,560
that we really need to work on
2934
01:57:32,719 --> 01:57:35,760
and i think it's also a question of
2935
01:57:34,560 --> 01:57:37,920
language
2936
01:57:35,760 --> 01:57:38,880
we had you know the artisans on the one
2937
01:57:37,920 --> 01:57:41,199
side and
2938
01:57:38,880 --> 01:57:42,319
sort of the experts and engineers on the
2939
01:57:41,198 --> 01:57:45,359
other side
2940
01:57:42,319 --> 01:57:48,799
and uh trying to
2941
01:57:45,359 --> 01:57:50,000
come to a a sort of a language that both
2942
01:57:48,800 --> 01:57:53,279
of them could
2943
01:57:50,000 --> 01:57:55,439
discuss in was not very easy
2944
01:57:53,279 --> 01:57:57,198
so i think it is uh you know sort of
2945
01:57:55,439 --> 01:57:59,439
still a lack of
2946
01:57:57,198 --> 01:58:01,279
sufficient understanding as on the one
2947
01:57:59,439 --> 01:58:04,079
side the other is we
2948
01:58:01,279 --> 01:58:04,840
saw that clearly that there was a lack
2949
01:58:04,079 --> 01:58:08,399
of
2950
01:58:04,840 --> 01:58:12,719
maintenance especially after
2951
01:58:08,399 --> 01:58:14,879
it became a monument which means before
2952
01:58:12,719 --> 01:58:16,480
there were people living in there people
2953
01:58:14,880 --> 01:58:19,440
using the monument
2954
01:58:16,479 --> 01:58:21,118
and in 1966 when the monument was sort
2955
01:58:19,439 --> 01:58:24,319
of restored and
2956
01:58:21,118 --> 01:58:27,359
uh looked at as a national monument
2957
01:58:24,319 --> 01:58:28,399
the people were kicked out and so you
2958
01:58:27,359 --> 01:58:32,479
can see that
2959
01:58:28,399 --> 01:58:35,039
you know sort of that lack of
2960
01:58:32,479 --> 01:58:36,799
sort of daily use of a monument uh it
2961
01:58:35,039 --> 01:58:40,000
was also probably
2962
01:58:36,800 --> 01:58:41,679
uh one of the reasons why uh you know
2963
01:58:40,000 --> 01:58:43,279
there was less maintenance
2964
01:58:41,679 --> 01:58:44,960
and monitoring sort of this daily
2965
01:58:43,279 --> 01:58:47,840
monitoring i think it all
2966
01:58:44,960 --> 01:58:48,639
comes together and now the the third
2967
01:58:47,840 --> 01:58:52,880
component
2968
01:58:48,639 --> 01:58:55,840
is we'd love to make it stronger and
2969
01:58:52,880 --> 01:58:56,560
better uh the question is what does that
2970
01:58:55,840 --> 01:58:59,440
mean
2971
01:58:56,560 --> 01:59:01,760
and there's uh you know we saw that
2972
01:58:59,439 --> 01:59:04,319
after the the the gurkha earthquake
2973
01:59:01,760 --> 01:59:05,119
that a lot of monuments that collapsed
2974
01:59:04,319 --> 01:59:09,359
were due
2975
01:59:05,118 --> 01:59:09,759
to a sort of inappropriate intervention
2976
01:59:09,359 --> 01:59:11,679
so
2977
01:59:09,760 --> 01:59:13,840
if we're going to introduce something
2978
01:59:11,679 --> 01:59:16,719
new into this old system
2979
01:59:13,840 --> 01:59:17,920
we better really understand its impact
2980
01:59:16,719 --> 01:59:20,158
and i think that is again
2981
01:59:17,920 --> 01:59:22,480
something that we really need to work on
2982
01:59:20,158 --> 01:59:24,879
we didn't do a good job in the past
2983
01:59:22,479 --> 01:59:26,000
and we really have to do more research
2984
01:59:24,880 --> 01:59:30,079
on that
2985
01:59:26,000 --> 01:59:33,118
thank you tim um i would like to add
2986
01:59:30,079 --> 01:59:35,760
uh to what i was saying that um
2987
01:59:33,118 --> 01:59:36,399
you know the the project at getty start
2988
01:59:35,760 --> 01:59:39,599
really
2989
01:59:36,399 --> 01:59:40,879
after the 2007 earthquake in peru and we
2990
01:59:39,599 --> 01:59:45,199
did a preliminary
2991
01:59:40,880 --> 01:59:47,279
study of the damage that some of these
2992
01:59:45,198 --> 01:59:48,319
historic sites suffer after this
2993
01:59:47,279 --> 01:59:50,079
earthquake
2994
01:59:48,319 --> 01:59:52,158
and i should say that the general
2995
01:59:50,079 --> 01:59:55,039
conclusion was
2996
01:59:52,158 --> 01:59:55,519
that really lack of maintenance was a
2997
01:59:55,039 --> 01:59:58,880
big
2998
01:59:55,520 --> 02:00:01,920
uh detriment on the you know
2999
01:59:58,880 --> 02:00:05,359
um poppy i mean
3000
02:00:01,920 --> 02:00:06,880
damage uh of the sites during the
3001
02:00:05,359 --> 02:00:09,519
earthquake either
3002
02:00:06,880 --> 02:00:10,239
interventions with new materials uh
3003
02:00:09,520 --> 02:00:13,360
without
3004
02:00:10,238 --> 02:00:17,839
you know any previous research uh
3005
02:00:13,359 --> 02:00:19,279
like cement um renderings over the bowls
3006
02:00:17,840 --> 02:00:23,039
and domes of these
3007
02:00:19,279 --> 02:00:25,519
uh kincha roofs at the churches
3008
02:00:23,039 --> 02:00:26,639
or you know the decay of the wooden
3009
02:00:25,520 --> 02:00:30,080
elements
3010
02:00:26,639 --> 02:00:32,960
uh that weren't working anymore um
3011
02:00:30,079 --> 02:00:33,840
so i think maintenance plays a really
3012
02:00:32,960 --> 02:00:37,520
big part
3013
02:00:33,840 --> 02:00:41,760
on the efficient efficacy of these
3014
02:00:37,520 --> 02:00:44,800
traditional retrofitting techniques
3015
02:00:41,760 --> 02:00:47,440
thank you both kai and claudia for those
3016
02:00:44,800 --> 02:00:50,000
insightful answers um i would like to
3017
02:00:47,439 --> 02:00:53,519
take this next question from
3018
02:00:50,000 --> 02:00:54,079
poonam mascarejas and she directs it to
3019
02:00:53,520 --> 02:00:57,280
um
3020
02:00:54,079 --> 02:00:59,039
kai and professor arun so we'll give it
3021
02:00:57,279 --> 02:01:00,479
to our goron arun and so
3022
02:00:59,039 --> 02:01:02,479
the question is can there is
3023
02:01:00,479 --> 02:01:04,638
reconstruction like in kathmandu be
3024
02:01:02,479 --> 02:01:07,359
informed of traditional sound practices
3025
02:01:04,639 --> 02:01:09,440
such as those from anatolia what would
3026
02:01:07,359 --> 02:01:11,920
be the cultural implications for
3027
02:01:09,439 --> 02:01:12,479
for the resident community can escarsa
3028
02:01:11,920 --> 02:01:15,520
promote
3029
02:01:12,479 --> 02:01:16,319
a built back better using traditional
3030
02:01:15,520 --> 02:01:20,000
systems
3031
02:01:16,319 --> 02:01:21,679
but not necessarily from the region
3032
02:01:20,000 --> 02:01:23,359
itself but from the international
3033
02:01:21,679 --> 02:01:26,158
repertoire within the material
3034
02:01:23,359 --> 02:01:26,158
typologies
3035
02:01:28,079 --> 02:01:32,559
you are muted gorin i didn't understand
3036
02:01:31,760 --> 02:01:35,280
the question
3037
02:01:32,560 --> 02:01:36,000
really so the question is whether we
3038
02:01:35,279 --> 02:01:38,238
should be
3039
02:01:36,000 --> 02:01:39,520
taking for example reinforcing
3040
02:01:38,238 --> 02:01:42,559
techniques that
3041
02:01:39,520 --> 02:01:44,880
have been tested and proven in anatolia
3042
02:01:42,560 --> 02:01:45,679
but might not be part of the traditional
3043
02:01:44,880 --> 02:01:48,159
repertoire
3044
02:01:45,679 --> 02:01:48,880
somewhere else like in peru or kathmandu
3045
02:01:48,158 --> 02:01:52,479
and whether
3046
02:01:48,880 --> 02:01:55,520
um iskarsa would promote
3047
02:01:52,479 --> 02:01:58,638
um a buildback better based on
3048
02:01:55,520 --> 02:01:59,360
techniques from another place that are
3049
02:01:58,639 --> 02:02:02,239
traditional
3050
02:01:59,359 --> 02:02:04,880
introducing them to um another area in
3051
02:02:02,238 --> 02:02:07,198
the world
3052
02:02:04,880 --> 02:02:09,199
i'm not sure if it is necessary because
3053
02:02:07,198 --> 02:02:12,319
each culture have its own
3054
02:02:09,198 --> 02:02:16,000
traditional methods maybe it's not
3055
02:02:12,319 --> 02:02:16,000
is searched very nicely
3056
02:02:16,560 --> 02:02:23,039
but but i'm sure
3057
02:02:19,760 --> 02:02:26,880
each country have their own
3058
02:02:23,039 --> 02:02:31,118
special traditional techniques
3059
02:02:26,880 --> 02:02:32,159
thank you um the next question is again
3060
02:02:31,118 --> 02:02:35,920
for
3061
02:02:32,158 --> 02:02:39,598
kai and it was from eugenie crete
3062
02:02:35,920 --> 02:02:40,000
she was saying if i understood well you
3063
02:02:39,599 --> 02:02:42,719
did
3064
02:02:40,000 --> 02:02:44,719
not follow the outcomes of the initial
3065
02:02:42,719 --> 02:02:46,560
structural assessment because of local
3066
02:02:44,719 --> 02:02:49,679
actors being attached to
3067
02:02:46,560 --> 02:02:51,440
rebuilt the same way wasn't it a very
3068
02:02:49,679 --> 02:02:53,039
good opportunity to understand deeper
3069
02:02:51,439 --> 02:02:54,799
the original seismic design
3070
02:02:53,039 --> 02:02:56,719
and not implement these quote
3071
02:02:54,800 --> 02:02:58,960
reinforcement strategies
3072
02:02:56,719 --> 02:03:00,480
there are a lot of examples of this kind
3073
02:02:58,960 --> 02:03:02,480
of reinforcement that turned out
3074
02:03:00,479 --> 02:03:03,839
counterproductive
3075
02:03:02,479 --> 02:03:05,759
so what is your opinion about the
3076
02:03:03,840 --> 02:03:06,880
initial structure assessment outcomes
3077
02:03:05,760 --> 02:03:09,599
compared to what was
3078
02:03:06,880 --> 02:03:09,599
actually done
3079
02:03:09,920 --> 02:03:13,199
and do you have more info to share about
3080
02:03:11,920 --> 02:03:17,199
the works that were done in
3081
02:03:13,198 --> 02:03:19,118
1966 1972 and 1984 so kai could you
3082
02:03:17,198 --> 02:03:22,319
comment a little bit more about
3083
02:03:19,118 --> 02:03:24,000
that initial assessment and then what
3084
02:03:22,319 --> 02:03:28,880
was done and what was not done
3085
02:03:24,000 --> 02:03:32,238
and why um
3086
02:03:28,880 --> 02:03:34,400
yeah uh of course the the
3087
02:03:32,238 --> 02:03:36,399
initial assessment was sort of a
3088
02:03:34,399 --> 02:03:40,079
standard procedure
3089
02:03:36,399 --> 02:03:43,279
which then was not accepted by
3090
02:03:40,079 --> 02:03:44,000
well uh quite a lot of uh people who
3091
02:03:43,279 --> 02:03:46,158
were
3092
02:03:44,000 --> 02:03:47,439
uh you know trying to get the monument
3093
02:03:46,158 --> 02:03:50,399
rebuilt uh
3094
02:03:47,439 --> 02:03:51,118
in a more traditional manner uh so again
3095
02:03:50,399 --> 02:03:54,319
it's a sort of
3096
02:03:51,118 --> 02:03:56,719
this dialogue between uh do we introduce
3097
02:03:54,319 --> 02:03:57,359
uh sort of so to say foreign materials
3098
02:03:56,719 --> 02:03:59,599
and
3099
02:03:57,359 --> 02:04:01,359
technology knowledge into these
3100
02:03:59,599 --> 02:04:03,679
traditional structures or not
3101
02:04:01,359 --> 02:04:04,719
i think that's an ongoing discussion but
3102
02:04:03,679 --> 02:04:07,118
in this case
3103
02:04:04,719 --> 02:04:08,319
uh there was uh really uh you know the
3104
02:04:07,118 --> 02:04:11,920
community
3105
02:04:08,319 --> 02:04:14,319
got together and said no we
3106
02:04:11,920 --> 02:04:15,279
want it rebuilt as it was now the
3107
02:04:14,319 --> 02:04:18,078
problem is
3108
02:04:15,279 --> 02:04:20,238
uh what does that mean as it was because
3109
02:04:18,078 --> 02:04:22,960
once it's collapsed we needed to sort of
3110
02:04:20,238 --> 02:04:23,279
look at you know the different elements
3111
02:04:22,960 --> 02:04:26,880
and
3112
02:04:23,279 --> 02:04:30,000
sort of reconstruct or redesign
3113
02:04:26,880 --> 02:04:33,199
the the the monument we had some
3114
02:04:30,000 --> 02:04:34,319
rough overall plans that were sort of
3115
02:04:33,198 --> 02:04:37,198
measured drawn
3116
02:04:34,319 --> 02:04:38,719
but not all the details so whatever uh
3117
02:04:37,198 --> 02:04:40,118
elements were found
3118
02:04:38,719 --> 02:04:42,239
uh you know it had to be sort of
3119
02:04:40,118 --> 02:04:45,519
reinterpreted based on
3120
02:04:42,238 --> 02:04:46,718
traditional knowledge and uh sort of
3121
02:04:45,520 --> 02:04:49,360
methods
3122
02:04:46,719 --> 02:04:50,078
and uh really the one of the only things
3123
02:04:49,359 --> 02:04:52,598
that
3124
02:04:50,078 --> 02:04:54,000
we you know well with the
3125
02:04:52,599 --> 02:04:57,039
reinterpretation
3126
02:04:54,000 --> 02:04:57,439
uh that was a process uh in itself but
3127
02:04:57,039 --> 02:05:00,479
then
3128
02:04:57,439 --> 02:05:03,279
uh the part that uh really uh was
3129
02:05:00,479 --> 02:05:04,479
uh discussed especially together with
3130
02:05:03,279 --> 02:05:06,639
the structural engineers was in
3131
02:05:04,479 --> 02:05:09,279
connection with the brick masonry
3132
02:05:06,639 --> 02:05:11,199
because this was one of the earliest
3133
02:05:09,279 --> 02:05:13,599
structures so it didn't even have the
3134
02:05:11,198 --> 02:05:17,198
the timber lacing which
3135
02:05:13,599 --> 02:05:18,639
later construction this timber lacing
3136
02:05:17,198 --> 02:05:21,919
was introduced all over
3137
02:05:18,639 --> 02:05:25,520
kathmandu now the point was you know
3138
02:05:21,920 --> 02:05:28,480
do we use this later introduced
3139
02:05:25,520 --> 02:05:29,679
technology which is local in the
3140
02:05:28,479 --> 02:05:33,039
structure
3141
02:05:29,679 --> 02:05:35,039
which uh which would have you know
3142
02:05:33,039 --> 02:05:36,238
not had it or for some reason it hadn't
3143
02:05:35,039 --> 02:05:39,840
been introduced
3144
02:05:36,238 --> 02:05:42,319
now uh yeah we there's a lot of
3145
02:05:39,840 --> 02:05:43,599
questions that arose we tried to
3146
02:05:42,319 --> 02:05:46,880
reinterpret it
3147
02:05:43,599 --> 02:05:48,159
in a manner that was sort of acceptable
3148
02:05:46,880 --> 02:05:50,960
to everyone
3149
02:05:48,158 --> 02:05:53,039
uh and and also of course working very
3150
02:05:50,960 --> 02:05:54,480
closely with the local artisans i mean i
3151
02:05:53,039 --> 02:05:56,560
think they were
3152
02:05:54,479 --> 02:05:57,919
very much involved in the decision
3153
02:05:56,560 --> 02:06:01,520
making process
3154
02:05:57,920 --> 02:06:04,239
so yes uh you know not everything is
3155
02:06:01,520 --> 02:06:06,480
is perfect uh you cannot you know there
3156
02:06:04,238 --> 02:06:09,759
are many questions that arose
3157
02:06:06,479 --> 02:06:12,879
uh and uh but i think uh you know uh
3158
02:06:09,760 --> 02:06:15,599
it sort of sets uh the the stage for
3159
02:06:12,880 --> 02:06:16,719
further research and yes i have much
3160
02:06:15,599 --> 02:06:19,279
more information
3161
02:06:16,719 --> 02:06:20,239
we're putting together a publication and
3162
02:06:19,279 --> 02:06:22,158
hopefully by
3163
02:06:20,238 --> 02:06:23,759
you know within the next few months uh
3164
02:06:22,158 --> 02:06:26,799
there'll be something uh
3165
02:06:23,760 --> 02:06:28,840
specific on this great thank you so much
3166
02:06:26,800 --> 02:06:30,960
kai uh we look forward to that
3167
02:06:28,840 --> 02:06:33,440
presentation uh
3168
02:06:30,960 --> 02:06:35,279
so tim i will i don't i hope you don't
3169
02:06:33,439 --> 02:06:38,799
mind but i would like to add
3170
02:06:35,279 --> 02:06:41,439
um like just to reinforce
3171
02:06:38,800 --> 02:06:44,079
what kai is saying regarding how
3172
02:06:41,439 --> 02:06:45,678
important is the interaction between the
3173
02:06:44,078 --> 02:06:49,359
academia
3174
02:06:45,679 --> 02:06:52,239
and the traditional craftsmen
3175
02:06:49,359 --> 02:06:52,880
and traditional knowledge you know after
3176
02:06:52,238 --> 02:06:55,678
the
3177
02:06:52,880 --> 02:06:56,719
1940 earthquake in peru there was a
3178
02:06:55,679 --> 02:06:59,760
strong
3179
02:06:56,719 --> 02:07:01,679
uh sort of push to stop earthen
3180
02:06:59,760 --> 02:07:04,320
construction in peru
3181
02:07:01,679 --> 02:07:06,000
they uh the the interventions on
3182
02:07:04,319 --> 02:07:09,279
historic buildings were
3183
02:07:06,000 --> 02:07:11,679
basically made in concrete but then it
3184
02:07:09,279 --> 02:07:13,359
was the academia the engineers
3185
02:07:11,679 --> 02:07:15,118
at that time from the pontificial
3186
02:07:13,359 --> 02:07:19,198
university in peru
3187
02:07:15,118 --> 02:07:22,719
and another university in louisiana
3188
02:07:19,198 --> 02:07:26,238
that actually got into this
3189
02:07:22,719 --> 02:07:29,439
and tried to develop some research
3190
02:07:26,238 --> 02:07:32,799
in collaboration with traditional uh
3191
02:07:29,439 --> 02:07:36,559
mason so it's it's always good to have
3192
02:07:32,800 --> 02:07:38,880
both uh you know both sectors
3193
02:07:36,560 --> 02:07:40,079
working uh together because you have the
3194
02:07:38,880 --> 02:07:42,239
local knowledge
3195
02:07:40,078 --> 02:07:43,279
but also you can support that local
3196
02:07:42,238 --> 02:07:46,479
knowledge with
3197
02:07:43,279 --> 02:07:48,559
scientific research thank you claudia i
3198
02:07:46,479 --> 02:07:52,000
think that's a very very valid
3199
02:07:48,560 --> 02:07:53,119
point um i'd like to give the next
3200
02:07:52,000 --> 02:07:55,439
question to um
3201
02:07:53,118 --> 02:07:56,639
grigor the question is from rafael di
3202
02:07:55,439 --> 02:07:59,039
cipoulo
3203
02:07:56,639 --> 02:08:00,560
and he's asking whether during the last
3204
02:07:59,039 --> 02:08:03,519
tower c restoration
3205
02:08:00,560 --> 02:08:04,480
if you considered insert um inserting
3206
02:08:03,520 --> 02:08:06,480
tension ties
3207
02:08:04,479 --> 02:08:09,519
and i also wanted to add immediately a
3208
02:08:06,479 --> 02:08:12,319
second question from arcadius
3209
02:08:09,520 --> 02:08:12,320
who asks
3210
02:08:12,719 --> 02:08:16,480
whether effective repair protection
3211
02:08:14,719 --> 02:08:17,920
solutions for the massive correct
3212
02:08:16,479 --> 02:08:19,678
structures
3213
02:08:17,920 --> 02:08:21,359
against earthquakes and aftershocks have
3214
02:08:19,679 --> 02:08:22,239
been considered so i think those two are
3215
02:08:21,359 --> 02:08:23,759
kind of linked
3216
02:08:22,238 --> 02:08:25,439
i was wondering if you comment could
3217
02:08:23,760 --> 02:08:28,719
comment um on that
3218
02:08:25,439 --> 02:08:31,519
please yes uh thanks for the question um
3219
02:08:28,719 --> 02:08:32,078
well i think that um you know in the
3220
02:08:31,520 --> 02:08:34,400
case of
3221
02:08:32,078 --> 02:08:35,279
of the towers you know there has been in
3222
02:08:34,399 --> 02:08:38,399
in some in
3223
02:08:35,279 --> 02:08:40,800
one part of the tower in the later
3224
02:08:38,399 --> 02:08:42,158
stages there has been the presence of
3225
02:08:40,800 --> 02:08:45,599
timber ties
3226
02:08:42,158 --> 02:08:46,158
now um the project will be finalized now
3227
02:08:45,599 --> 02:08:48,078
shortly
3228
02:08:46,158 --> 02:08:49,519
but we are considering inserting these
3229
02:08:48,078 --> 02:08:52,719
timber ties
3230
02:08:49,520 --> 02:08:55,040
in um in the structure
3231
02:08:52,719 --> 02:08:57,198
it is difficult but at least we would
3232
02:08:55,039 --> 02:08:58,158
like to insert at least the extremely
3233
02:08:57,198 --> 02:09:01,198
long
3234
02:08:58,158 --> 02:09:02,719
you know because we have like you know
3235
02:09:01,198 --> 02:09:05,359
in each level you have
3236
02:09:02,719 --> 02:09:05,760
usually three to four timber ties but at
3237
02:09:05,359 --> 02:09:08,719
least
3238
02:09:05,760 --> 02:09:09,360
the two external ones probably could be
3239
02:09:08,719 --> 02:09:12,800
could be
3240
02:09:09,359 --> 02:09:15,039
so we are um looking at this at this
3241
02:09:12,800 --> 02:09:17,039
possibility
3242
02:09:15,039 --> 02:09:18,319
and i think it's it's useless it is it's
3243
02:09:17,039 --> 02:09:22,238
useful sorry because
3244
02:09:18,319 --> 02:09:25,039
um you know it restores the original
3245
02:09:22,238 --> 02:09:26,158
type of factor now we do not have the
3246
02:09:25,039 --> 02:09:28,800
timber type because
3247
02:09:26,158 --> 02:09:31,118
we just see the voids because they are
3248
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:34,000
degraded
3249
02:09:31,118 --> 02:09:36,479
well then with the regards to the
3250
02:09:34,000 --> 02:09:38,719
effective repair techniques
3251
02:09:36,479 --> 02:09:40,718
the solution on such a massive
3252
02:09:38,719 --> 02:09:44,480
structures
3253
02:09:40,719 --> 02:09:46,078
um you know i think that the application
3254
02:09:44,479 --> 02:09:50,559
of modern methods
3255
02:09:46,078 --> 02:09:53,679
you know gives us the possibility um
3256
02:09:50,560 --> 02:09:56,880
to see let's say the weakness of
3257
02:09:53,679 --> 02:09:57,840
the with of the original construction
3258
02:09:56,880 --> 02:10:00,319
technique you know
3259
02:09:57,840 --> 02:10:01,199
how it actually performed and make a
3260
02:10:00,319 --> 02:10:04,399
comparison with
3261
02:10:01,198 --> 02:10:06,799
what we saw on site and
3262
02:10:04,399 --> 02:10:08,158
try to make let's see the improvement
3263
02:10:06,800 --> 02:10:10,719
and actually test these
3264
02:10:08,158 --> 02:10:12,559
improvements virtually before we can
3265
02:10:10,719 --> 02:10:14,078
actually apply them inside
3266
02:10:12,560 --> 02:10:16,000
so i think i see that there is a
3267
02:10:14,078 --> 02:10:19,599
possibility here
3268
02:10:16,000 --> 02:10:24,719
using simulation models to actually have
3269
02:10:19,599 --> 02:10:27,440
effective repair solution for for this
3270
02:10:24,719 --> 02:10:28,560
there is an advantage for technology and
3271
02:10:27,439 --> 02:10:31,279
we should use it
3272
02:10:28,560 --> 02:10:32,719
that's my conclusion thank you grigor
3273
02:10:31,279 --> 02:10:33,840
and i think that's a great point and i
3274
02:10:32,719 --> 02:10:35,920
think also when
3275
02:10:33,840 --> 02:10:37,599
we saw claudia's presentation we saw
3276
02:10:35,920 --> 02:10:39,840
clearly how
3277
02:10:37,599 --> 02:10:40,800
you know traditional techniques were
3278
02:10:39,840 --> 02:10:43,119
studied first
3279
02:10:40,800 --> 02:10:45,039
and then extensive modeling and research
3280
02:10:43,118 --> 02:10:46,399
was done to actually virtually test if
3281
02:10:45,039 --> 02:10:48,560
they work and
3282
02:10:46,399 --> 02:10:50,399
i even believe that claudia in this
3283
02:10:48,560 --> 02:10:52,800
project the plan is also to monitor
3284
02:10:50,399 --> 02:10:53,679
even after implementation that the
3285
02:10:52,800 --> 02:10:56,719
techniques
3286
02:10:53,679 --> 02:10:58,880
work as expected and as models could you
3287
02:10:56,719 --> 02:11:02,319
comment a little bit on that please
3288
02:10:58,880 --> 02:11:03,760
uh yes uh i mean we're really happy
3289
02:11:02,319 --> 02:11:07,279
about this because
3290
02:11:03,760 --> 02:11:09,440
first of all we were the engineers from
3291
02:11:07,279 --> 02:11:10,639
the university of mino were able to go
3292
02:11:09,439 --> 02:11:14,000
back to the church
3293
02:11:10,639 --> 02:11:17,118
once the church was uh finished
3294
02:11:14,000 --> 02:11:20,800
and all was implemented and they
3295
02:11:17,118 --> 02:11:23,598
actually you know did some
3296
02:11:20,800 --> 02:11:24,239
sonic and dynamic testing to recreate
3297
02:11:23,599 --> 02:11:25,920
the model
3298
02:11:24,238 --> 02:11:28,319
once the techniques have been
3299
02:11:25,920 --> 02:11:30,560
implemented and it you know the results
3300
02:11:28,319 --> 02:11:33,920
were that the techniques were actually
3301
02:11:30,560 --> 02:11:37,119
working as originally
3302
02:11:33,920 --> 02:11:37,599
planned and then what we are going to be
3303
02:11:37,118 --> 02:11:40,719
doing
3304
02:11:37,599 --> 02:11:44,239
in the next uh couple of years
3305
02:11:40,719 --> 02:11:45,840
um you know after this pandemic is we're
3306
02:11:44,238 --> 02:11:49,039
gonna install some
3307
02:11:45,840 --> 02:11:49,679
uh monetary equipment that's gonna allow
3308
02:11:49,039 --> 02:11:51,439
us to
3309
02:11:49,679 --> 02:11:52,880
give us a better idea of how the
3310
02:11:51,439 --> 02:11:56,158
building performed
3311
02:11:52,880 --> 02:11:58,960
on the next five years i mean it's a
3312
02:11:56,158 --> 02:12:01,598
big investment for this church but i
3313
02:11:58,960 --> 02:12:02,000
think we can also use the equipment also
3314
02:12:01,599 --> 02:12:05,520
to
3315
02:12:02,000 --> 02:12:06,800
monitor other buildings that we plan to
3316
02:12:05,520 --> 02:12:10,320
implement
3317
02:12:06,800 --> 02:12:11,840
but the results i think of this uh
3318
02:12:10,319 --> 02:12:14,799
you know immediately after
3319
02:12:11,840 --> 02:12:17,599
implementation uh
3320
02:12:14,800 --> 02:12:19,440
modeling as well as you know the more
3321
02:12:17,599 --> 02:12:20,239
the structural monitoring over a period
3322
02:12:19,439 --> 02:12:23,359
of at least
3323
02:12:20,238 --> 02:12:27,118
five years is gonna be
3324
02:12:23,359 --> 02:12:28,639
published as well so yeah i think we're
3325
02:12:27,118 --> 02:12:30,078
very happy that we're gonna be able to
3326
02:12:28,639 --> 02:12:33,039
do that
3327
02:12:30,078 --> 02:12:35,118
thank you claudia um being mindful of
3328
02:12:33,039 --> 02:12:38,479
the time here that we're already going
3329
02:12:35,118 --> 02:12:42,000
20 minutes um over our scheduled
3330
02:12:38,479 --> 02:12:44,319
uh time frame i would like to invite
3331
02:12:42,000 --> 02:12:46,319
the panelists to make final comments if
3332
02:12:44,319 --> 02:12:48,719
they have any if they've seen a question
3333
02:12:46,319 --> 02:12:50,399
or have seen similarities that they
3334
02:12:48,719 --> 02:12:54,480
would like to address
3335
02:12:50,399 --> 02:12:57,920
um to finish up so any general
3336
02:12:54,479 --> 02:13:00,319
last remarks may i
3337
02:12:57,920 --> 02:13:02,560
uh of course tim arun here very quick
3338
02:13:00,319 --> 02:13:05,599
comment to just wrap up uh
3339
02:13:02,560 --> 02:13:09,360
that interesting discussion on whether
3340
02:13:05,599 --> 02:13:11,440
a technique for retrofitting adopted
3341
02:13:09,359 --> 02:13:13,039
adopted in in a certain region is
3342
02:13:11,439 --> 02:13:15,359
applicable in another
3343
02:13:13,039 --> 02:13:16,880
i think that that requires a certain
3344
02:13:15,359 --> 02:13:20,238
amount of application
3345
02:13:16,880 --> 02:13:22,319
because the laws of physics
3346
02:13:20,238 --> 02:13:23,279
do not change from place to place i
3347
02:13:22,319 --> 02:13:26,399
think once we
3348
02:13:23,279 --> 02:13:28,399
once we understand the materials
3349
02:13:26,399 --> 02:13:30,158
may differ the climatic conditions may
3350
02:13:28,399 --> 02:13:32,799
differ the construction
3351
02:13:30,158 --> 02:13:34,399
systems may differ but once we are able
3352
02:13:32,800 --> 02:13:35,840
to characterize that
3353
02:13:34,399 --> 02:13:37,439
laws of physics are the same everywhere
3354
02:13:35,840 --> 02:13:39,119
so i think there's a lot of inspiration
3355
02:13:37,439 --> 02:13:41,439
that we can draw from an understanding
3356
02:13:39,118 --> 02:13:43,359
and incorporation of a certain technique
3357
02:13:41,439 --> 02:13:45,279
in another place i think there's
3358
02:13:43,359 --> 02:13:47,679
abundance of knowledge that we can all
3359
02:13:45,279 --> 02:13:52,639
feed into
3360
02:13:47,679 --> 02:13:52,639
and learn from as examples thanks
3361
02:13:54,479 --> 02:14:02,238
thank you just a very short comment
3362
02:13:58,639 --> 02:14:03,679
uh i think we need much more research to
3363
02:14:02,238 --> 02:14:04,799
really understand these traditional
3364
02:14:03,679 --> 02:14:08,239
structures and
3365
02:14:04,800 --> 02:14:09,440
we should uh not jump to uh you know
3366
02:14:08,238 --> 02:14:12,559
introducing
3367
02:14:09,439 --> 02:14:16,238
uh a sort of other
3368
02:14:12,560 --> 02:14:19,039
uh technology
3369
02:14:16,238 --> 02:14:19,759
into these uh structures uh and uh just
3370
02:14:19,039 --> 02:14:22,158
looking at
3371
02:14:19,760 --> 02:14:24,320
the situation in kathmandu uh even
3372
02:14:22,158 --> 02:14:26,319
before the earthquake but uh also
3373
02:14:24,319 --> 02:14:27,840
with the work going on afterwards i
3374
02:14:26,319 --> 02:14:28,880
think there was really a lack of
3375
02:14:27,840 --> 02:14:31,760
research
3376
02:14:28,880 --> 02:14:33,440
uh the you know the reconstruction well
3377
02:14:31,760 --> 02:14:36,480
you know they jumped into it
3378
02:14:33,439 --> 02:14:37,598
with some changes interventions and it's
3379
02:14:36,479 --> 02:14:40,479
always the
3380
02:14:37,599 --> 02:14:41,520
built back better means you you know
3381
02:14:40,479 --> 02:14:43,118
introduce
3382
02:14:41,520 --> 02:14:44,960
new technology and i don't think
3383
02:14:43,118 --> 02:14:47,118
buildback better should mean
3384
02:14:44,960 --> 02:14:48,880
uh that i think we really need to work
3385
02:14:47,118 --> 02:14:49,519
on uh understanding the traditional
3386
02:14:48,880 --> 02:14:51,440
technology
3387
02:14:49,520 --> 02:14:54,079
and yes we might need to improve things
3388
02:14:51,439 --> 02:14:56,960
you know that's but then
3389
02:14:54,078 --> 02:14:58,960
with the detailed understanding of the
3390
02:14:56,960 --> 02:15:01,198
traditional structure and not just
3391
02:14:58,960 --> 02:15:03,679
you know putting in new things and i
3392
02:15:01,198 --> 02:15:08,078
think you know the the research is still
3393
02:15:03,679 --> 02:15:11,359
lacking we need to work on that thanks
3394
02:15:08,078 --> 02:15:14,559
i'd also like to add and i joined kai
3395
02:15:11,359 --> 02:15:17,359
in this respect and i always
3396
02:15:14,560 --> 02:15:19,360
advise to work with a history of
3397
02:15:17,359 --> 02:15:22,559
architects
3398
02:15:19,359 --> 02:15:26,078
because they study such
3399
02:15:22,560 --> 02:15:27,599
traditional techniques but they they
3400
02:15:26,078 --> 02:15:29,359
they don't know much about this
3401
02:15:27,599 --> 02:15:32,159
structure if you were
3402
02:15:29,359 --> 02:15:33,279
together then you can interpret what
3403
02:15:32,158 --> 02:15:35,519
they get
3404
02:15:33,279 --> 02:15:37,599
also with the archaeologists it's very
3405
02:15:35,520 --> 02:15:41,040
hard to work with archaeologists
3406
02:15:37,599 --> 02:15:44,319
because they don't like to share
3407
02:15:41,039 --> 02:15:46,639
but you can you can get
3408
02:15:44,319 --> 02:15:48,840
if you insist so much if you say that
3409
02:15:46,639 --> 02:15:52,319
your perspective is different
3410
02:15:48,840 --> 02:15:55,760
but working with different
3411
02:15:52,319 --> 02:15:57,799
disciplines is very important
3412
02:15:55,760 --> 02:16:00,560
thank you and with that call for a
3413
02:15:57,800 --> 02:16:04,239
multidisciplinary
3414
02:16:00,560 --> 02:16:05,920
study of more traditional construction i
3415
02:16:04,238 --> 02:16:08,078
think we can end this seminar
3416
02:16:05,920 --> 02:16:09,440
thank you all for all participants for
3417
02:16:08,078 --> 02:16:11,599
attending for asking
3418
02:16:09,439 --> 02:16:13,519
insightful questions and actively
3419
02:16:11,599 --> 02:16:16,159
participating in
3420
02:16:13,520 --> 02:16:16,719
the chat we look forward to seeing all
3421
02:16:16,158 --> 02:16:20,399
of you
3422
02:16:16,719 --> 02:16:22,560
in the follow-up webinar we will send
3423
02:16:20,399 --> 02:16:25,198
out a call for presentations
3424
02:16:22,560 --> 02:16:27,440
i saw a long list of interesting places
3425
02:16:25,198 --> 02:16:30,879
that we would want to hear from next
3426
02:16:27,439 --> 02:16:31,359
um so with that thank you thanks to all
3427
02:16:30,880 --> 02:16:33,920
of you
3428
02:16:31,359 --> 02:16:36,000
once more thank you to all the speakers
3429
02:16:33,920 --> 02:16:39,040
and hope to see you
3430
02:16:36,000 --> 02:16:44,079
um in our next webinar
3431
02:16:39,040 --> 02:16:44,080
thank you thank you very much thank
3432
02:16:45,679 --> 02:16:49,599
so you to you tim for the moderation
236519
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