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(slow dramatic music)
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(birds chirping)
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Imagine a secret and secluded land.
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Head hunting tribes,
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(tribesman vocalizing)
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tiger-infested forests,
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(dramatic music)
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uncharted mountains, shrouded in mist,
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and raging waterfalls.
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(water roaring)
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The seven states of Northeast India
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are among the least explored places on Earth.
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We reveal a world of dramatic landscapes
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and magnificent wildlife.
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Welcome to "India's Lost World".
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(dramatic music continues)
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(birds chirping)
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(gentle upbeat music)
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(slow dramatic music)
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(dramatic music)
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The Northeast of India is hard to reach
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and has a turbulent history.
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It's been closed to foreigners for many years.
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Known as The Seven Sisters of India,
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it comprises seven relatively unexplored
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and isolated states.
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They're bordered by the Himalayas to the north,
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and spread south towards the Indian Ocean.
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Jungle-clad mountains create their own weather systems.
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Rain falls almost continually
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on some of the world's wettest habitats.
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(rain pattering)
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As a result, life flourishes.
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Plants grow at an astonishing rate,
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providing homes for many rare insects and animals,
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and several mysterious tribes.
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(monkeys chattering)
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This is one of the most beautiful, pristine,
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and unexplored places on Earth.
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(birds chirping)
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Nestling in the foothills of the Himalayas is a lush,
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green, and mountainous world.
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(rain pattering)
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Forests and valleys teem with life.
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(gentle music)
(birds chirping)
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And they're home to a quarter
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of the world's Asian elephants.
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Once, they migrated freely across India
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on an epic 1,300-kilometer journey.
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Today, their age-old paths are punctuated
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with obstacles and danger.
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But herds continue their quest to find better grazing
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and ample water by following the monsoon north.
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(gentle upbeat music)
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Their annual trek takes them through jungles,
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across plains, and up mountains over 3,000 meters high.
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(gentle music)
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The herd is led by the oldest female, the matriarch.
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It's her responsibility to remember the ancient routes.
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Elephants need a huge amount of food to sustain them.
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(grasses rustling)
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Adults need to eat nearly 200 kilograms of vegetation a day.
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That's the same weight as 2 1/2 fully grown men.
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And they need over 100 liters of water a day
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to wash it down.
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(water splashing)
(elephants groaning)
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The prehensile trunk contains over 100,000 muscles.
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It's an amazing, multi-purpose tool,
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used for breathing, smelling, and communicating,
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and can be a dangerous weapon.
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It also makes an excellent shower.
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(playful music)
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(water splashing)
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Elephants love water.
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But the bathers can't linger.
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The matriarch must get her herd back on track
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and continue to follow the path of the monsoon.
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(elephant trumpets)
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Adult elephants are too large to be threatened by predators,
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but for a young elephant, India's forests can be deadly.
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(slow dramatic music)
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Tigers sometimes kill calves.
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With adults close, the youngster is safe for now.
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The forests harbor a wealth of creatures.
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(birds chirping)
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Big cats patrol the undergrowth.
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And as night falls, a shaggy recluse comes out of hiding.
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The sloth bear lives deep in the forest.
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And it makes a lot of noise as it wanders alone
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in search of food.
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Sloth bears mainly feed on termites and ants,
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and they've evolved an expert way to dig them out and feed.
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Long, curved claws break into nest mounds with ease.
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(insects chittering)
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Once they've opened a hole, they blow away loose dirt
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and suck up insects through a gap
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in their front teeth, like a vacuum.
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(sloth bear sucking)
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(slow dramatic music)
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As the sun rises over India's lost world,
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an orchestra of natural sounds fills the air.
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(birds chirping)
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(singer vocalizing)
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The tropical mountain forests of Northern India
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are rich in flora and fauna, and there is a good reason why.
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(thunder rumbling)
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The almost constant rainfall.
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India's northeastern state, Meghalaya,
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is the wettest place of all.
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Meghalaya means abode of clouds.
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(slow dramatic music)
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On average, 1,200 centimeters of rain falls here every year.
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This fuels rapid and remarkable plant growth.
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Plants and insects have evolved
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into many weird and wonderful forms.
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(slow dramatic music continues)
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An enormous moon moth mimics a quivering leaf.
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It's huge size is made possible by this humid environment.
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(birds chirping)
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(wings flapping)
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(water splashing)
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Local people are never short of water.
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They embrace nature in all its forms,
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and utilize the rapid rate of plant growth
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in the most ingenious way.
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(children chattering)
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(water splashing)
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The roots of Indian rubber trees are trained
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across the river and embedded on the other side.
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This creates a living, root bridge,
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which will carry on growing for decades.
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This bridge has taken over 30 years to reach this size.
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(wind whooshing)
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Meghalaya's hills and mountains reach
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over 2,000 meters high, and shadow a vast plateau.
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On its southern edge, the Meghalayan hills fall away
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to Bangladesh's flood plains.
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The steep hills are littered with waterfalls,
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which spring to life after every downpour.
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(water splashing)
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Nohkalikai Falls drop over 300 meters.
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They're the fourth tallest waterfall in the world.
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Cascading falls have immense power.
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(water pattering)
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Over millennia, they've carved an incredible maze
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of caverns and caves, deep within the hills.
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Jaintia Hills hide the longest cave system in India.
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They spread out over 20 kilometers.
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Huge stalactites, thousands of years in the making,
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decorate the walls.
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(water dripping)
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Water drips, trickles, and pours everywhere.
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(wind whooshing)
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Untold water gives rise to steamy rain forests
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across the whole of Northeast India.
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(birds chirping)
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The rich plant growth provides a home
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for a mass of birds and insects,
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(birds chirping)
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and many rare primates.
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Spectacled monkeys live high in the canopy,
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in troops up to 35 strong.
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They spend around four hours a day feeding
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on leaves, fruit, and the occasional flower.
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Their stomachs are specially adapted with extra bacteria
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to help them digest tough leaves and unripe fruits.
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(leaves rustling)
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Spectacled monkeys are most active
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in the early morning and late afternoon.
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All four limbs come into play to help them leap
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and scamper through the trees.
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Females give birth to one baby at a time.
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This youngster will stay with her mother
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for about 3 1/2 months.
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(birds chirping)
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Play is an important part of growing up for all primates.
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(playful music)
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Branches bend under the weight of boisterous youngsters.
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Adults stay on the lookout for danger.
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One of their deadliest threats
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is also one of the stealthiest.
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(slow dramatic music)
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An Indian python is on the lookout for an easy meal.
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It's huge, camouflaged body disappears
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among the leaf litter.
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Pits on the snake's face sense warm-blooded prey.
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(slow dramatic music continues)
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Indian pythons can grow to over six meters,
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and can easily swallow a monkey whole.
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(slow dramatic music continues)
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The highly sensitive, forked tongue
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tastes the air, creating a picture of the world around it.
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The python knows food is close.
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It bides its time until the moment is right to strike.
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(dramatic music)
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(monkey shrieks)
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The snake coils its muscular body around its victim
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and squeezes tight, until its prey suffocates.
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It then swallows its meal whole.
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By unhinging three parts of its jaw,
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its mouth opens 180 degrees.
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The python's skin is also extremely elastic.
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It can swallow prey five times the size of its head.
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It's the human equivalent of swallowing a whole watermelon.
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It gulps down the monkey head first,
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so its limbs don't get stuck.
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Muscular contractions help to push it down
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into its stomach.
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Snake saliva eases swallowing by lubrication,
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and contains powerful enzymes
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that break down the monkey's body.
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But pythons aren't the primates' only threat.
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(slow dramatic music)
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Local people often hunt and eat monkeys too.
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Northeast India is home to more tribes
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than anywhere else on Earth.
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(slow dramatic music continues)
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The isolated state of Arunachal Pradesh is especially rich
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in indigenous people and culture.
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Meaning Land of the Dawn-lit Mountains,
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Arunachal Pradesh is India's easternmost state.
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One of the groups of people who live here
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are the Apatani.
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Their lives are dictated by the ebb and flow of the rain
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and the forest's seasonal fruits.
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(birds chirping)
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The Apatani have no written record of their history.
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Local traditions are passed down
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from generation to generation.
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(people chattering)
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One practice, fast-disappearing,
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is the traditional Apatani nose plugs,
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worn by most of the tribe's elder women.
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(woman speaking in foreign language)
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There was a time when every woman wore
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these unusual accessories.
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(gentle music)
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The nose plug is said to have been adopted
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as a way of protecting the women of the tribe.
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Local legend says the Apatani women
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were considered the most beautiful
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among all the Arunachal tribes.
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Their villages were constantly raided by neighbors,
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and the women kidnapped.
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So, to make themselves less attractive,
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Apatani women began wearing nose plugs
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and tattooing their faces.
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(women chattering in foreign language)
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But the custom hasn't been practiced
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by any woman born after 1970.
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As time passes, it may be forgotten.
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But other ancient practices are still carried out
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in isolated pockets of this mysterious region.
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The village elder performs a ritual chicken sacrifice
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to encourage rainfall.
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He's alleged to be 133 years old.
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(village elder speaking in foreign language)
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(gentle music continues)
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These Apatani women have come together
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to initiate a wedding ritual at the bride's home.
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Over 100 women from neighboring villages
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take part in a long march.
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They pass through farms and fields,
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carrying baskets full of rice, topped with bamboo shoots
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and a pair of eggs.
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It's part of a fertility ritual
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dating back thousands of years.
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The bride's mother brings up the rear
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as the bride leads the way to her future husband's home.
270
00:20:36,260 --> 00:20:38,480
When they arrive at the groom's house,
271
00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:40,603
the rice is taken to the family granary.
272
00:20:46,340 --> 00:20:48,540
The women are given a token of appreciation.
273
00:20:49,460 --> 00:20:52,253
They're fed and rest after their exhausting trek.
274
00:20:53,104 --> 00:20:56,021
(women chattering)
275
00:21:02,220 --> 00:21:04,460
The next day, the bride brings rice powder
276
00:21:04,460 --> 00:21:07,470
and holy water, the essential ingredients
277
00:21:07,470 --> 00:21:08,720
for the wedding ceremony.
278
00:21:12,510 --> 00:21:15,490
The village elder overseeing the ceremony brings chickens,
279
00:21:15,490 --> 00:21:17,002
which are ritually sacrificed.
280
00:21:17,002 --> 00:21:19,340
(wings flapping)
281
00:21:19,340 --> 00:21:21,020
During an Apatani wedding,
282
00:21:21,020 --> 00:21:23,183
over 70 chickens are usually killed.
283
00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:26,750
Their blood is sprinkled in the granary doorway,
284
00:21:26,750 --> 00:21:29,300
which is believed to bring the newlyweds good luck.
285
00:21:32,260 --> 00:21:34,760
Special ornaments are made out of bamboo,
286
00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:36,513
eggshells, and chicken feathers.
287
00:21:41,330 --> 00:21:43,010
They're hung in front of houses
288
00:21:43,010 --> 00:21:45,540
and along village paths to bring fortune
289
00:21:45,540 --> 00:21:47,590
to the married couple and their families.
290
00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:57,060
The wedding feast also includes
291
00:21:57,060 --> 00:21:58,923
the ritual sacrifice of a pig.
292
00:22:01,540 --> 00:22:03,860
Chunks of pork are laid out to dry,
293
00:22:03,860 --> 00:22:06,543
then carved and roasted over an open fire.
294
00:22:11,197 --> 00:22:14,180
(guests chattering)
295
00:22:14,180 --> 00:22:16,563
Guests wash down their meal with rice beer.
296
00:22:17,910 --> 00:22:19,860
The feast marks the end of the wedding.
297
00:22:22,650 --> 00:22:25,650
The Apatani rely on agriculture for survival,
298
00:22:25,650 --> 00:22:27,720
and mainly eat rice,
299
00:22:27,720 --> 00:22:29,920
but meat is an important part of their diet.
300
00:22:33,634 --> 00:22:36,505
And they find it in the most unusual places.
301
00:22:36,505 --> 00:22:39,672
(slow dramatic music)
302
00:22:41,690 --> 00:22:44,173
The village rat hunt is a community affair.
303
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:46,553
All the young men join in.
304
00:22:48,048 --> 00:22:50,798
(dramatic music)
305
00:23:00,990 --> 00:23:03,260
Rats are smoked out of their nests,
306
00:23:03,260 --> 00:23:05,404
captured, and killed.
307
00:23:05,404 --> 00:23:08,571
(slow dramatic music)
308
00:23:21,879 --> 00:23:23,962
Hunts can last for hours.
309
00:23:26,749 --> 00:23:29,383
(rat squeaks)
310
00:23:29,383 --> 00:23:32,133
(men chattering)
311
00:23:38,311 --> 00:23:40,978
(rooster crows)
312
00:23:41,980 --> 00:23:44,363
The day's catch is laid out on display.
313
00:23:45,719 --> 00:23:48,886
(slow dramatic music)
314
00:23:53,090 --> 00:23:55,650
Later, the rats are skewered and barbecued
315
00:23:55,650 --> 00:23:56,763
over a small fire.
316
00:24:15,820 --> 00:24:16,930
Although the Apatani thrive
317
00:24:16,930 --> 00:24:19,240
among the rich, forested mountains,
318
00:24:19,240 --> 00:24:21,510
they aren't immune to attacks from the animals
319
00:24:21,510 --> 00:24:22,910
they share their home with.
320
00:24:31,041 --> 00:24:33,280
And when these neighbors fall out,
321
00:24:33,280 --> 00:24:35,293
the results can be devastating.
322
00:24:40,070 --> 00:24:42,960
The Indian elephants migratory routes extend
323
00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:44,563
throughout Arunachal Pradesh.
324
00:24:50,270 --> 00:24:53,270
But their ancient paths have been seriously interrupted
325
00:24:53,270 --> 00:24:54,313
by local people.
326
00:24:55,330 --> 00:24:57,780
They've been crisscrossed with tea plantations,
327
00:24:57,780 --> 00:24:59,143
crops, and houses.
328
00:25:02,860 --> 00:25:05,763
To hungry elephants, this isn't always a problem.
329
00:25:06,840 --> 00:25:09,120
Human habitats can be a convenient place
330
00:25:09,120 --> 00:25:10,919
for a fast food fix.
331
00:25:10,919 --> 00:25:13,586
(playful music)
332
00:25:18,224 --> 00:25:21,057
(elephant growls)
333
00:25:29,907 --> 00:25:32,407
(tree creaks)
334
00:25:38,889 --> 00:25:41,722
(elephant growls)
335
00:25:54,444 --> 00:25:57,611
(slow dramatic music)
336
00:26:04,410 --> 00:26:07,100
As homes and crops are devastated,
337
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:09,673
tensions between humans and elephants escalate.
338
00:26:11,970 --> 00:26:14,883
Conflicts sometimes lead to fatalities on both sides.
339
00:26:15,740 --> 00:26:18,460
As crops spread and villages grow,
340
00:26:18,460 --> 00:26:20,287
further clashes seem inevitable.
341
00:26:20,287 --> 00:26:23,839
(slow dramatic music continues)
342
00:26:23,839 --> 00:26:26,810
(elephant trumpets)
343
00:26:26,810 --> 00:26:28,400
The population of Asian elephants
344
00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:30,683
has halved in the past 75 years.
345
00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:34,253
They're now listed as an endangered species.
346
00:26:35,950 --> 00:26:38,480
The destruction of their habitat will likely lead
347
00:26:38,480 --> 00:26:40,516
to further falling numbers.
348
00:26:40,516 --> 00:26:43,652
(elephant growls)
349
00:26:43,652 --> 00:26:45,520
(gentle music)
350
00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:48,573
The herd move away quickly and continue their trek.
351
00:26:49,850 --> 00:26:53,000
For the time being, despite the tension,
352
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,583
this lost world remains their last stronghold.
353
00:26:59,550 --> 00:27:01,530
These northeastern forests are also home
354
00:27:01,530 --> 00:27:02,993
to India's only wild ape,
355
00:27:03,862 --> 00:27:04,959
the hoolock gibbon.
356
00:27:04,959 --> 00:27:08,042
(gibbons chattering)
357
00:27:09,708 --> 00:27:13,125
(gentle music continues)
358
00:27:42,620 --> 00:27:45,630
Many people mistake the hoolock gibbon for a monkey
359
00:27:45,630 --> 00:27:48,723
because of its small size and mischievous appearance.
360
00:27:52,166 --> 00:27:55,030
(gibbon hooting)
361
00:27:55,030 --> 00:27:58,550
But like other apes, such as chimps and gorillas,
362
00:27:58,550 --> 00:28:00,620
the gibbon doesn't have a tail,
363
00:28:00,620 --> 00:28:03,213
and its hands have opposable thumbs like humans.
364
00:28:05,770 --> 00:28:07,352
The arms of these unusual apes are longer
365
00:28:07,352 --> 00:28:08,853
than their legs, too.
366
00:28:09,770 --> 00:28:12,220
It helps them travel through the trees with ease.
367
00:28:13,737 --> 00:28:16,080
(gentle upbeat music)
368
00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:19,543
These nimble gymnasts have few equals in the forest.
369
00:28:21,833 --> 00:28:24,220
Hoolock gibbons are the fastest and most agile
370
00:28:24,220 --> 00:28:26,800
of the primates.
371
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,453
They mainly use their arms to move between branches,
372
00:28:30,390 --> 00:28:33,304
but they can jump over 10 meters too.
373
00:28:33,304 --> 00:28:37,304
(gentle upbeat music continues)
374
00:29:02,780 --> 00:29:05,143
Males have a black coat and white eyebrows.
375
00:29:06,170 --> 00:29:07,913
Females are much lighter in color.
376
00:29:14,060 --> 00:29:17,210
Babies are born with white fur, which gradually darkens
377
00:29:17,210 --> 00:29:18,160
as they grow older.
378
00:29:24,130 --> 00:29:25,970
They mainly eat fruit,
379
00:29:25,970 --> 00:29:28,833
but also like leaves, insects and flowers.
380
00:29:41,070 --> 00:29:45,133
But these acrobatic apes are most famous for their singing.
381
00:29:46,372 --> 00:29:49,205
(gibbons hooting)
382
00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:08,087
Complex calls proclaim territories,
383
00:30:08,087 --> 00:30:11,743
reinforce pair bonds, and attract potential mates.
384
00:30:16,160 --> 00:30:19,160
Their haunting cries echo throughout the jungles
385
00:30:19,160 --> 00:30:20,163
of Northeast India.
386
00:30:21,132 --> 00:30:24,440
(gibbons hooting)
387
00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:27,440
They're so distinctive, they've been adopted
388
00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:28,743
by a surprising mimic.
389
00:30:29,830 --> 00:30:32,830
(tribesmen hooting)
390
00:30:37,210 --> 00:30:39,793
These are the hunting cries of a remote tribe.
391
00:30:43,629 --> 00:30:46,629
(tribesmen hooting)
392
00:30:56,788 --> 00:30:59,955
(slow dramatic music)
393
00:31:09,126 --> 00:31:11,876
(dramatic music)
394
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:16,190
The head hunters of Nagaland
395
00:31:16,190 --> 00:31:18,693
live in one of India's most secretive regions.
396
00:31:23,350 --> 00:31:26,377
It's been closed to foreigners for many years.
397
00:31:26,377 --> 00:31:29,544
(slow dramatic music)
398
00:31:31,850 --> 00:31:34,623
In this largely unexplored, isolated area,
399
00:31:35,470 --> 00:31:37,910
people scarcely known to the western world
400
00:31:37,910 --> 00:31:41,003
continue a way of life steeped in ancient ritual.
401
00:31:48,270 --> 00:31:51,890
This time-lost region is bordered by India,
402
00:31:51,890 --> 00:31:53,143
Burma, and China.
403
00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:00,330
The Naga are a group of tribes
404
00:32:00,330 --> 00:32:04,483
for whom headhunting and mystical healing still hold sway.
405
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:10,120
They're so cut off from the modern world,
406
00:32:10,120 --> 00:32:12,620
their traditions have continued without influence.
407
00:32:17,890 --> 00:32:20,880
Reaching them involves a journey more treacherous
408
00:32:20,880 --> 00:32:23,281
than crossing the highest Himalayan passes.
409
00:32:23,281 --> 00:32:25,787
(rain pattering)
410
00:32:25,787 --> 00:32:28,537
(birds chirping)
411
00:32:29,700 --> 00:32:32,140
The Naga are a proud people,
412
00:32:32,140 --> 00:32:35,173
proud of their customs and their history of headhunting.
413
00:32:36,020 --> 00:32:38,650
(headhunter speaking in foreign language)
414
00:32:38,650 --> 00:32:41,290
A headhunter describes how their infamous practice
415
00:32:41,290 --> 00:32:43,163
was a traditional rite of passage.
416
00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:48,580
It proved a young man was ready for marriage,
417
00:32:48,580 --> 00:32:50,923
and also helped decide territory.
418
00:32:52,990 --> 00:32:55,300
He describes how, as a young man,
419
00:32:55,300 --> 00:32:58,363
he was encouraged to hunt young men from neighboring tribes.
420
00:33:01,460 --> 00:33:04,520
A small group of warriors would stealthily creep up
421
00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:08,339
on lone people and kill them quickly with a knife.
422
00:33:08,339 --> 00:33:11,050
(headhunter speaking in foreign language)
423
00:33:11,050 --> 00:33:14,220
He explains how each body part seized allowed one
424
00:33:14,220 --> 00:33:16,173
to display decoration on his clothes.
425
00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:21,663
Hands, feet, but most prized of all, heads.
426
00:33:24,910 --> 00:33:26,990
He explains how the body parts were then given
427
00:33:26,990 --> 00:33:29,480
a proper burial in a sacred place,
428
00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:32,413
to thank the gods for his tribe's success and power.
429
00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:37,190
A successful headhunter was allowed to wear
430
00:33:37,190 --> 00:33:40,093
the most ornate and revered adornments during festivals.
431
00:33:44,860 --> 00:33:49,108
These days, manhood is proved in wrestling matches instead.
432
00:33:49,108 --> 00:33:53,040
(slow dramatic music)
433
00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:55,360
It's a good way to diffuse tension,
434
00:33:55,360 --> 00:33:57,403
both within and between local villages.
435
00:34:00,856 --> 00:34:04,856
(slow dramatic music continues)
436
00:34:22,128 --> 00:34:24,560
The women are left with the hard work,
437
00:34:24,560 --> 00:34:26,770
like collecting food and medicinal plants
438
00:34:26,770 --> 00:34:28,564
from deep in the forest.
439
00:34:28,564 --> 00:34:31,314
(birds chirping)
440
00:34:35,688 --> 00:34:40,021
(women singing in foreign language)
441
00:34:45,811 --> 00:34:50,500
(man singing in foreign language)
442
00:34:50,500 --> 00:34:53,350
Young men can choose to sleep in men's quarters,
443
00:34:53,350 --> 00:34:55,763
called the Morang, until they're married.
444
00:34:59,720 --> 00:35:04,190
They often stay up late, singing of legends and past battles
445
00:35:04,190 --> 00:35:07,510
and passing knowledge onto the next generation.
446
00:35:07,510 --> 00:35:11,677
(men singing in foreign language)
447
00:35:22,013 --> 00:35:24,530
The young women live in their own dormitories,
448
00:35:24,530 --> 00:35:27,040
where they spend evenings brewing rice beer
449
00:35:27,040 --> 00:35:30,193
and waiting for the men to come and court them.
450
00:35:30,193 --> 00:35:33,919
(women chattering)
451
00:35:33,919 --> 00:35:38,919
(tribe members speaking in foreign language)
452
00:35:44,165 --> 00:35:45,340
(rooster squawking)
453
00:35:45,340 --> 00:35:48,120
Faith and fortune are closely aligned
454
00:35:48,120 --> 00:35:49,393
with the natural world.
455
00:35:54,320 --> 00:35:57,110
A shaman sacrifices a chicken to predict
456
00:35:57,110 --> 00:36:00,183
whether a hunt planned for the afternoon will be successful.
457
00:36:04,903 --> 00:36:07,653
(wings flapping)
458
00:36:27,290 --> 00:36:31,040
How the bird's intestines fall is portentous.
459
00:36:37,320 --> 00:36:38,970
The omens are good.
460
00:36:38,970 --> 00:36:40,717
The hunt will take place.
461
00:36:40,717 --> 00:36:43,884
(soft dramatic music)
462
00:36:47,260 --> 00:36:50,583
As the hunting party begins, spirits are high.
463
00:36:56,240 --> 00:37:00,210
The Naga use gibbon-like war cries to flush out their prey.
464
00:37:00,210 --> 00:37:03,210
(tribesmen hooting)
465
00:37:05,230 --> 00:37:07,901
Hunters pick up the trail of a forest hog.
466
00:37:07,901 --> 00:37:11,901
(slow dramatic music continues)
467
00:37:19,640 --> 00:37:22,530
Their aim is to startle their quarry,
468
00:37:22,530 --> 00:37:24,121
rather than creep up on it.
469
00:37:24,121 --> 00:37:26,421
(dramatic music)
470
00:37:26,421 --> 00:37:29,421
(tribesmen hooting)
471
00:37:57,292 --> 00:37:58,970
(gun bangs)
472
00:37:58,970 --> 00:38:02,302
The kill, when it comes, is quick.
473
00:38:02,302 --> 00:38:04,200
(tribesman speaking in foreign language)
474
00:38:04,200 --> 00:38:05,860
As thanks to the gods,
475
00:38:05,860 --> 00:38:08,627
the tip of the pig's ear is left in the forest.
476
00:38:08,627 --> 00:38:10,440
(tribesman shouting)
477
00:38:10,440 --> 00:38:13,070
The carcass will be taken back to the village,
478
00:38:13,070 --> 00:38:16,323
butchered, boiled, and shared amongst the whole community.
479
00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:20,300
A close respect and understanding of nature
480
00:38:20,300 --> 00:38:22,773
ties the Naga's beliefs to the world around them.
481
00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:29,503
Animals like tigers are considered living deities.
482
00:38:30,630 --> 00:38:34,644
Tiger skins are thought to grant their owners immortality.
483
00:38:34,644 --> 00:38:39,644
(tribesman chanting)
(drum banging)
484
00:38:39,850 --> 00:38:43,380
Traditional folk songs and dances are essential ingredients
485
00:38:43,380 --> 00:38:44,363
of Naga culture.
486
00:38:48,230 --> 00:38:50,900
These celebrations are inspired by a creature
487
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:53,513
which is an icon throughout Northeast India.
488
00:38:58,880 --> 00:39:00,950
Horn-shaped hair decorations celebrate
489
00:39:00,950 --> 00:39:05,873
one of India's most exotic and alluring birds, the hornbill.
490
00:39:05,873 --> 00:39:10,873
(majestic music)
(singers vocalizing)
491
00:39:41,465 --> 00:39:44,050
(wings flapping)
492
00:39:44,050 --> 00:39:46,680
The great pied hornbill is the largest
493
00:39:46,680 --> 00:39:47,843
of the hornbill family.
494
00:39:48,830 --> 00:39:50,955
They can live up to 50 years.
495
00:39:50,955 --> 00:39:53,705
(birds chirping)
496
00:39:57,600 --> 00:40:00,810
Hornbills have a long, down-curved bill,
497
00:40:00,810 --> 00:40:02,410
which is often brightly colored.
498
00:40:03,380 --> 00:40:04,543
These beaks are heavy.
499
00:40:05,380 --> 00:40:06,660
Hornbills are the only birds
500
00:40:06,660 --> 00:40:09,313
whose first two neckbones are fused together.
501
00:40:14,970 --> 00:40:17,880
They eat mainly fruit, but supplement their diet
502
00:40:17,880 --> 00:40:21,413
with small mammals, insects, and even snakes.
503
00:40:27,320 --> 00:40:29,003
Hornbills choose just one mate.
504
00:40:29,920 --> 00:40:33,373
Pairs stay together for years, sometimes a lifetime.
505
00:40:36,920 --> 00:40:40,133
During the breeding season, they lay one to two eggs.
506
00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:45,120
When it's time to nest, the female finds a tree hollow
507
00:40:45,120 --> 00:40:47,313
and starts to seal it with dung and mud.
508
00:40:48,894 --> 00:40:51,477
(beak tapping)
509
00:40:54,250 --> 00:40:57,493
While she sits on the nest, her partner brings her food.
510
00:40:58,660 --> 00:41:01,053
Incubation continues for up to eight weeks.
511
00:41:04,450 --> 00:41:06,920
These beautiful birds are admired and revered
512
00:41:06,920 --> 00:41:08,573
by people all across the region.
513
00:41:14,370 --> 00:41:16,963
Both their beaks and feathers are highly prized,
514
00:41:22,930 --> 00:41:24,130
especially to one tribe.
515
00:41:26,601 --> 00:41:29,160
(bells ringing)
516
00:41:29,160 --> 00:41:33,610
Hornbill beaks are the most prized possession of the Nyishi.
517
00:41:33,610 --> 00:41:35,683
They symbolize manhood and valor.
518
00:41:36,623 --> 00:41:39,879
(tribesmen singing in foreign language)
519
00:41:39,879 --> 00:41:42,546
(bells ringing)
520
00:41:45,880 --> 00:41:48,783
Today, the great pied hornbill is protected by law.
521
00:41:49,890 --> 00:41:52,800
The Nyishi still uses fallen tail feathers,
522
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:55,630
but now weave hornbill beaks out of cane
523
00:41:55,630 --> 00:41:57,793
or use fiberglass replicas instead.
524
00:41:58,720 --> 00:42:01,510
Hopefully, this will help protect this iconic bird
525
00:42:01,510 --> 00:42:02,946
from further decline.
526
00:42:02,946 --> 00:42:05,529
(gentle music)
527
00:42:10,040 --> 00:42:13,440
Throughout India's lost world, the lives of animals
528
00:42:13,440 --> 00:42:16,170
and people are intertwined.
529
00:42:16,170 --> 00:42:17,410
But the closest relationship
530
00:42:17,410 --> 00:42:19,183
is between humans and elephants.
531
00:42:21,080 --> 00:42:24,290
The herd have reached the northern tip of India.
532
00:42:24,290 --> 00:42:27,480
Here in the foothills of the Himalayas, they should be safe
533
00:42:27,480 --> 00:42:28,853
from conflict with man.
534
00:42:31,210 --> 00:42:34,220
But the heat of the day can prove just as taxing,
535
00:42:34,220 --> 00:42:35,993
even under the shade of trees.
536
00:42:37,310 --> 00:42:39,673
A mud bath is one way to keep cool.
537
00:42:41,321 --> 00:42:43,450
(elephant trumpets)
538
00:42:43,450 --> 00:42:46,240
Although these noises are easy to hear,
539
00:42:46,240 --> 00:42:47,720
elephants have an extraordinary way
540
00:42:47,720 --> 00:42:49,933
of communicating over long distances.
541
00:42:49,933 --> 00:42:53,183
(elephants trumpeting)
542
00:42:55,240 --> 00:42:57,993
They make low-frequency noises called infrasounds,
543
00:42:59,300 --> 00:43:02,000
a series of deep rumbles and foot stomps,
544
00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:03,503
inaudible to the human ear.
545
00:43:06,450 --> 00:43:08,650
Infrasounds travel a long way,
546
00:43:08,650 --> 00:43:10,870
and can be heard by other elephants
547
00:43:10,870 --> 00:43:12,981
within 100 square kilometers.
548
00:43:12,981 --> 00:43:15,660
(elephants trumpeting)
549
00:43:15,660 --> 00:43:18,870
This gives elephants an incredible hearing range,
550
00:43:18,870 --> 00:43:22,580
which can be very useful to help locate other elephants,
551
00:43:22,580 --> 00:43:23,923
and to warn of danger.
552
00:43:25,155 --> 00:43:27,330
(elephants trumpeting)
553
00:43:27,330 --> 00:43:29,630
The herd can hear something large approaching.
554
00:43:30,750 --> 00:43:33,917
(slow dramatic music)
555
00:43:34,899 --> 00:43:37,982
(footsteps crashing)
556
00:43:43,730 --> 00:43:47,753
It's another herd, and they've got company.
557
00:43:52,300 --> 00:43:53,873
They're with the Khamti tribe.
558
00:43:55,688 --> 00:43:58,438
(dramatic music)
559
00:44:01,400 --> 00:44:04,483
These are specially trained elephants called kanchies.
560
00:44:05,790 --> 00:44:07,930
They separate young elephants from herds
561
00:44:13,310 --> 00:44:14,160
and capture them.
562
00:44:15,029 --> 00:44:18,612
(dramatic music continues)
563
00:44:42,800 --> 00:44:44,683
One of the tribe spots tracks.
564
00:44:50,010 --> 00:44:51,742
The family flees.
565
00:44:51,742 --> 00:44:54,409
(intense music)
566
00:45:19,409 --> 00:45:23,460
(intense music continues)
567
00:45:23,460 --> 00:45:25,760
A young elephant gets separated from the herd.
568
00:45:37,780 --> 00:45:38,630
And she's caught.
569
00:45:40,712 --> 00:45:43,879
(slow dramatic music)
570
00:45:52,980 --> 00:45:55,523
The sight of other elephants comforts the captive.
571
00:46:00,080 --> 00:46:02,663
(gentle music)
572
00:46:04,830 --> 00:46:06,913
She's brought back to the Khamti village,
573
00:46:08,150 --> 00:46:12,003
and, once tamed, will be cared for by a mahout.
574
00:46:16,560 --> 00:46:18,660
They will develop a lifelong relationship.
575
00:46:46,140 --> 00:46:49,213
Elephants are an integral part of life for the Khamti tribe.
576
00:46:51,604 --> 00:46:54,521
(chicken clucking)
577
00:46:58,510 --> 00:47:00,910
The new arrival will be fed and carefully looked after
578
00:47:00,910 --> 00:47:01,867
by the mahout.
579
00:47:08,793 --> 00:47:11,626
(elephant growls)
580
00:47:35,239 --> 00:47:39,840
(tribesman chattering)
(chains rattling)
581
00:47:39,840 --> 00:47:42,184
Soon, she will be part of the family.
582
00:47:42,184 --> 00:47:44,767
(gentle music)
583
00:47:58,862 --> 00:48:00,779
She'll have daily baths
584
00:48:02,474 --> 00:48:05,224
(water splashes)
585
00:48:16,022 --> 00:48:20,522
(tribesman speaking foreign language)
586
00:48:30,284 --> 00:48:33,701
(gentle music continues)
587
00:49:00,767 --> 00:49:03,703
and learn to carry out a wide range of jobs,
588
00:49:05,250 --> 00:49:09,253
from transportation to plowing fields.
589
00:49:11,720 --> 00:49:14,113
Working in the heat of the sun takes its toll.
590
00:49:15,110 --> 00:49:18,120
Elephants can't sweat, so they suck up water
591
00:49:18,120 --> 00:49:21,202
from their stomachs and spray themselves to cool down.
592
00:49:21,202 --> 00:49:23,760
(elephant snorting)
593
00:49:23,760 --> 00:49:26,760
(crickets chirring)
594
00:49:29,410 --> 00:49:32,163
It's not just their size that's useful to man.
595
00:49:33,100 --> 00:49:35,350
Elephants are highly intelligent.
596
00:49:35,350 --> 00:49:37,810
Their use of tools is probably as advanced
597
00:49:37,810 --> 00:49:39,630
as the great apes,
598
00:49:39,630 --> 00:49:42,453
and, like humans, they're self-aware.
599
00:49:45,590 --> 00:49:47,670
Domesticated elephants are even released
600
00:49:47,670 --> 00:49:51,570
back into the forest in the evening to mix with wild herds
601
00:49:51,570 --> 00:49:53,560
and forage for food.
602
00:49:53,560 --> 00:49:56,393
(water pattering)
603
00:50:05,040 --> 00:50:08,090
Each morning, the elephants return to their mahouts
604
00:50:08,090 --> 00:50:10,973
for breakfast and begin the day's work.
605
00:50:13,150 --> 00:50:15,600
These elephants have learned to live with people,
606
00:50:16,790 --> 00:50:20,820
but for the population to thrive, others must remain wild
607
00:50:20,820 --> 00:50:24,225
and continue to follow their ancient migration routes.
608
00:50:24,225 --> 00:50:26,900
(gentle music)
609
00:50:26,900 --> 00:50:29,690
Scientists are attempting to preserve natural corridors
610
00:50:29,690 --> 00:50:32,633
for the elephants' journey, so there is hope.
611
00:50:33,850 --> 00:50:38,000
After four months, the herd reaches their destination,
612
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:40,053
the fertile lands of the northeast.
613
00:50:41,250 --> 00:50:44,000
Now, they can feast before they begin
614
00:50:44,000 --> 00:50:45,963
their great return journey.
615
00:50:45,963 --> 00:50:48,713
(dramatic music)
616
00:50:50,890 --> 00:50:54,420
India's lost world is a place of jungle-clad mountains,
617
00:50:54,420 --> 00:50:57,933
isolated for generations by war and weather.
618
00:50:57,933 --> 00:50:59,890
(dramatic music continues)
619
00:50:59,890 --> 00:51:02,050
This seclusion has resulted in the protection
620
00:51:02,050 --> 00:51:06,250
of mysterious peoples, and enigmatic animals
621
00:51:09,020 --> 00:51:10,520
whose lives are woven together
622
00:51:10,520 --> 00:51:14,246
by this unique and incredible lost world.
623
00:51:14,246 --> 00:51:17,829
(dramatic music continues)
624
00:51:29,786 --> 00:51:32,536
{\an8}(dramatic music)
46853
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