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¶¶
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Narrator: MACHU PICCHU,
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AN ANCIENT ABANDONED CITY
IN THE CLOUDS,
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THE JEWEL OF A LONG-LOST
CIVILIZATION --
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00:00:13,180 --> 00:00:15,013
THE INCAS.
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00:00:15,015 --> 00:00:16,882
THE TRUE PURPOSE OF THIS SITE
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00:00:16,884 --> 00:00:20,519
HAS BEEN A MYSTERY
FOR CENTURIES,
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00:00:20,521 --> 00:00:22,054
BUT TODAY, INVESTIGATORS
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ARE MAKING NEW DISCOVERIES
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00:00:23,457 --> 00:00:27,259
THAT CHANGE OUR UNDERSTANDING
OF MACHU PICCHU.
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Bastante: EVERY DAY IS DIFFERENT
IN MACHU PICCHU.
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00:00:29,330 --> 00:00:31,563
EVERY MINUTE IS DIFFERENT
IN MACHU PICCHU.
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Narrator: THEIR BREAKTHROUGHS
ARE REWRITING THE HISTORY
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OF THESE ENIGMATIC RUINS.
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I THINK WE'RE STILL REALLY
AT THE VERY BEGINNING
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00:00:39,240 --> 00:00:41,273
OF LEARNING ABOUT IT.
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00:00:41,275 --> 00:00:44,176
Narrator:
NOW, ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVE
THEY'RE ON THE VERGE
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OF CRACKING HIDDEN MESSAGES
THE INCAS LEFT BEHIND.
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Hyland: IF WE COULD UNDERSTAND
THIS CODE,
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IMAGINE WHAT WE COULD
LEARN ABOUT THE INCAS.
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Narrator: TO SOLVE THE MYSTERIES
OF MACHU PICCHU,
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WE'LL PULL APART
THIS CITY STONE-BY-STONE.
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WE'LL DIVE DEEP
THROUGH ITS WALLS
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00:01:06,233 --> 00:01:10,636
AND TEMPLES TO UNEARTH
THE ASTONISHING SECRETS
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THAT LIE AT THE HEART
OF THIS FORGOTTEN WONDER.
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-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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MACHU PICCHU IN PERU --
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LOST FOR CENTURIES,
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BEAUTIFUL AND AWE-INSPIRING.
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MODERN ARCHAEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED
THESE ENIGMATIC RUINS
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MORE THAN 100 YEARS AGO.
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¶¶
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TODAY, NEW IDEAS
ARE COMING TO LIGHT
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WHICH COULD CHANGE
OUR UNDERSTANDING
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OF WHY MACHU PICCHU IS HERE.
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Bastante: IF YOU THINK
ABOUT THE EFFORT AND THE SKILLS
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THAT THE INCAS
MUST HAVE HAD IN ORDER
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TO BUILD SOMETHING LIKE THIS
IN THIS EXACT SPOT
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MAKES IT ALMOST UNBELIEVABLE.
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¶¶
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Narrator: THE RUINS ARE PERCHED
ALONG A PERILOUS RIDGE
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BETWEEN TWO PROMINENT
MOUNTAIN PEAKS.
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STEPSTONE TERRACES CLING
TO THE STEEP MOUNTAINSIDE.
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MACHU PICCHU'S NEAR-PRISTINE
STONE BUILDINGS ARE PACKED
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FULL OF ANCIENT
INCA TECHNOLOGY.
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¶¶
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A MYSTERIOUS CURVED
BUILDING STANDS OUT
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IN THE GEOMETRIC CITYSCAPE.
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WHY IS IT SO DIFFERENT
FROM THE BUILDINGS AROUND IT?
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00:02:37,858 --> 00:02:40,325
¶¶
52
00:02:40,327 --> 00:02:43,662
WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE
OF THIS CITY IN THE CLOUDS?
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¶¶
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THERE ARE MANY THEORIES --
55
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FROM A ROYAL PALACE
TO A TRADING HUB.
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00:02:55,442 --> 00:02:58,810
¶¶
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00:02:58,812 --> 00:03:02,948
JOSé BASTANTE IS MACHU PICCHU'S
CHIEF ARCHAEOLOGIST.
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HE BELIEVES THE ANSWER LIES
IN THE BUILDINGS THEMSELVES
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AND IS UNCOVERING EVIDENCE
THAT TELLS A DIFFERENT STORY.
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MOST OF THE THINGS GOING ON
IN MACHU PICCHU ARE RELATED
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TO THE CEREMONIAL PART.
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¶¶
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Narrator:
TEAMS OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS ARE
INVESTIGATING EVERY STRUCTURE
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AT MACHU PICCHU,
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AND THEY'RE DISCOVERING
THAT MANY OF THE BUILDINGS
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SEEM TO ALIGN WITH
THE MOVEMENTS OF THE SUN.
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COULD THEY BE LINKED
TO THE INCA RELIGION?
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THE SUN IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT DEITY OF THE INCAS.
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Narrator: JOSé THINKS MANY
OF THE STRUCTURES HERE
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ARE DEDICATED TO THE SUN.
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ONE OF THE MOST INTRIGUING
IS THE CURIOUS BUILDING
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WITH THE UNIQUE
CURVED SIDES.
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¶¶
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STRIPPING AWAY THESE WALLS
REVEALS A VAST GRANITE BLOCK.
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00:04:03,010 --> 00:04:06,378
¶¶
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00:04:06,380 --> 00:04:09,848
BENEATH THIS FINELY
POLISHED ROCKY OUTCROP,
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A SMALL ROOM WITH MYSTERIOUS
NICHES IN THE WALLS.
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SOME OF THE FINEST INCA MASONRY
AT MACHU PICCHU FORMS
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THE TEMPLE'S CURVED SIDES.
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00:04:23,697 --> 00:04:26,632
AND A MYSTERIOUS GROOVE
IN THE POLISHED ROCK ALIGNS
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WITH THE RISING SUN
ON THE WINTER SOLSTICE,
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THE SHORTEST DAY
OF THE YEAR.
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ARCHAEOLOGISTS
THINK THAT THIS STRANGE
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BUILDING COULD BE
A TEMPLE TO MARK
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THE SACRED CYCLES OF THE SUN.
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¶¶
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JOSé BELIEVES THIS TEMPLE
ISN'T THE ONLY STRUCTURE
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TO LOOK TO THE SKIES.
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¶¶
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THIS STRANGE STONE
STICKING OUT OF THE BEDROCK
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IS KNOWN AS THE INTIWATANA.
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DID THIS PECULIAR STONE ALSO
PERFORM A RELIGIOUS FUNCTION?
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¶¶
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00:05:14,882 --> 00:05:17,883
TODAY IS ONE OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT SOLAR EVENTS
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00:05:17,885 --> 00:05:21,553
IN THE INCA CALENDAR --
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00:05:21,555 --> 00:05:23,355
THE EQUINOX,
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WHICH MARKS A CHANGE
IN THE SEASONS.
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00:05:28,328 --> 00:05:31,730
ON MOST DAYS OF THE YEAR,
THE INTIWATANA STONE
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AND EVERYTHING AROUND IT,
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INCLUDING PEOPLE, CAST A SHADOW,
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BUT ON THE EQUINOX,
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AS THE SUN REACHES NOON,
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SOMETHING STRANGE HAPPENS.
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THE INTIWATANA STONE'S
SHADOW DISAPPEARS.
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WAS IT DESIGNED TO MARK
THIS SPECIAL DAY?
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BECAUSE OF THE PARTICULAR SHAPE
AND ANGLES
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00:06:01,528 --> 00:06:03,762
OF THIS LITHIC SCULPTURE
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THAT WE CALL INTIWATANA,
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THAT IS ACTUALLY AN ALTAR,
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THERE IS NO SHADOW CAST
DURING THE EQUINOXES.
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00:06:10,771 --> 00:06:13,238
¶¶
112
00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:14,940
Narrator: SO HOW DID THEY DO IT?
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00:06:14,942 --> 00:06:17,642
¶¶
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00:06:17,644 --> 00:06:20,679
ALL ALONG THE EQUATOR,
ON THE EQUINOX,
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THE SUN PASSES
DIRECTLY OVERHEAD
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CAUSING SHADOWS ON THE GROUND
TO PRACTICALLY VANISH,
117
00:06:27,888 --> 00:06:31,723
BUT MACHU PICCHU IS 13 DEGREES
SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR
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WHERE THE SUN
IS NOT OVERHEAD.
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¶¶
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00:06:36,530 --> 00:06:42,067
TO MARK THIS SPECIAL DAY,
THE INCAS MUST HAVE SCULPTED
121
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THE ROCK TO LEAN
AT PRECISELY 13 DEGREES
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00:06:45,806 --> 00:06:48,640
SO THAT IT POINTS
DIRECTLY AT THE SUN.
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00:06:52,179 --> 00:06:54,913
THESE STRUCTURES SEEM TO SUGGEST
THAT MACHU PICCHU
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IS A VATICAN CITY
IN THE CLOUDS,
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00:06:58,085 --> 00:07:00,318
A PLACE WHERE THE INCA
COULD INTERACT WITH THEIR
126
00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:02,821
MOST IMPORTANT GOD --
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00:07:02,823 --> 00:07:05,557
THE SUN.
128
00:07:05,559 --> 00:07:08,827
DID THE INCAS CHOOSE
THIS SITE HIGH IN THE MOUNTAINS
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00:07:08,829 --> 00:07:12,297
TO GET A BETTER VIEW
OF THE SKY?
130
00:07:12,299 --> 00:07:16,067
IT'S A TEMPTING THEORY,
BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM.
131
00:07:16,069 --> 00:07:20,405
MACHU PICCHU IS REGULARLY
SHROUDED IN CLOUD.
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SO WHY BUILD A TEMPLE COMPLEX
TO THE SUN HERE?
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00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:29,714
JOSé BELIEVES A BRAND-NEW
DISCOVERY HELPS TO EXPLAIN
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WHY THE INCAS BUILT
THEIR SOLAR OBSERVATORY
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IN SUCH A CHALLENGING
ENVIRONMENT.
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00:07:36,089 --> 00:07:41,159
THIS HUGE ROCKY OUTCROP
THAT RESEMBLES A MOUNTAIN
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00:07:41,161 --> 00:07:44,629
IS A SHRINE.
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00:07:44,631 --> 00:07:46,164
Narrator: THIS INCA SHRINE
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00:07:46,166 --> 00:07:51,002
HAS CONCEALED ITS SECRETS
FOR DECADES.
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00:07:51,004 --> 00:07:53,205
WHAT THEY DIDN'T REALIZE
IS THAT THERE WAS
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00:07:53,207 --> 00:07:54,773
SOMETHING ELSE OVER HERE
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00:07:54,775 --> 00:07:58,076
THAT THEY DIDN'T NOTICE,
AND WE HAVE JUST FOUND.
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00:07:58,078 --> 00:08:00,545
¶¶
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00:08:00,547 --> 00:08:04,983
Narrator: HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT,
JOSé HAS UNCOVERED ARTWORK.
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00:08:06,954 --> 00:08:11,356
WHAT WE'RE SEEING IS
TRADITIONALLY CALLED ROCK ART,
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00:08:11,358 --> 00:08:17,062
BUT IN THE ANDES,
THIS IS A QUILCA.
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00:08:17,064 --> 00:08:20,065
Narrator: JOSé DOESN'T THINK
THIS ROCK ART, OR QUILCA,
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WAS MADE BY THE INCAS
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00:08:21,768 --> 00:08:25,370
AND COULD BE CENTURIES OLDER.
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00:08:25,372 --> 00:08:29,875
Bastante: THESE GRAPHIC MOTIFS
HAVE NO RELATIONSHIP
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WHATSOEVER WITH
THE INCA CIVILIZATION
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00:08:33,947 --> 00:08:38,283
DURING 15th AND 16th CENTURY.
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00:08:38,285 --> 00:08:40,652
Narrator: MACHU PICCHU MOUNTAIN
MAY HAVE BEEN SACRED
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FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
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00:08:42,456 --> 00:08:45,557
LONG BEFORE THE INCAS.
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00:08:45,559 --> 00:08:47,926
Bastante: THIS IS AN EVIDENCE
OF PRESENCE
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00:08:47,928 --> 00:08:50,595
OF PRE-INCA PEOPLE IN THE AREA.
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00:08:50,597 --> 00:08:56,101
WE ARE TALKING ABOUT
BETWEEN 800 TO 1200 A.D.
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00:08:56,103 --> 00:08:59,738
Narrator: NOW, ARCHAEOLOGISTS
BELIEVE THIS MYSTERIOUS PAINTING
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00:08:59,740 --> 00:09:04,109
MIGHT BE A CLUE TO WHY THE INCAS
WERE DRAWN TO THIS REMOTE SITE.
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00:09:04,111 --> 00:09:06,077
¶¶
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00:09:06,079 --> 00:09:09,147
Bastante: WHAT WE'RE PROPOSING
IS THAT THIS PLACE
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00:09:09,149 --> 00:09:13,418
WAS CONSIDERED AS SACRED
EVEN BEFORE THE INCAS.
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00:09:13,420 --> 00:09:16,054
THE INCAS JUST ARRIVED
AND REALIZED
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00:09:16,056 --> 00:09:18,290
THE SACREDNESS OF THE PLACE.
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00:09:18,292 --> 00:09:21,593
¶¶
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00:09:21,595 --> 00:09:24,129
Narrator: JOSé BELIEVES
MACHU PICCHU WAS BUILT HERE
168
00:09:24,131 --> 00:09:27,699
BECAUSE IT WAS ALREADY
A SACRED SITE
169
00:09:27,701 --> 00:09:30,201
WITH AN ANCIENT
CONNECTION TO THE GODS.
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00:09:30,203 --> 00:09:34,306
¶¶
171
00:09:34,308 --> 00:09:36,408
BUT DID THE INCAS
BUILD MACHU PICCHU
172
00:09:36,410 --> 00:09:38,710
SIMPLY TO WORSHIP THEIR GODS?
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00:09:38,712 --> 00:09:41,579
¶¶
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00:09:41,581 --> 00:09:47,018
OR IS THERE ANOTHER EXPLANATION
FOR THE CITY'S CONSTRUCTION?
175
00:09:47,020 --> 00:09:51,556
COULD THE ANSWER BE LOCKED AWAY
INSIDE THE SKELETONS
176
00:09:51,558 --> 00:09:53,258
OF MACHU PICCHU?
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00:09:53,260 --> 00:09:56,261
¶¶
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00:10:02,708 --> 00:10:05,308
¶¶
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00:10:05,310 --> 00:10:06,743
Narrator: MACHU PICCHU
IS ONE
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00:10:06,745 --> 00:10:09,679
OF THE MOST JAW-DROPPING SITES
IN THE WORLD.
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00:10:12,551 --> 00:10:14,951
EACH YEAR, THIS ANCIENT
WONDER ATTRACTS
182
00:10:14,953 --> 00:10:17,087
NEARLY A MILLION VISITORS.
183
00:10:17,089 --> 00:10:20,090
¶¶
184
00:10:20,092 --> 00:10:25,795
BUT THE PURPOSE OF MACHU PICCHU
HAS ALWAYS BEEN A MYSTERY.
185
00:10:25,797 --> 00:10:30,533
SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVE
IT'S A RELIGIOUS SITE,
186
00:10:30,535 --> 00:10:33,803
BUT THERE ARE ENOUGH HOUSES
FOR MORE THAN 500 PEOPLE.
187
00:10:35,907 --> 00:10:39,576
WHY WERE THESE PEOPLE HERE,
AND WHAT DID THEY DO?
188
00:10:39,578 --> 00:10:40,877
I THINK WE'RE STILL REALLY
189
00:10:40,879 --> 00:10:43,146
AT THE VERY
BEGINNING OF LEARNING ABOUT IT.
190
00:10:43,148 --> 00:10:45,882
IN TERMS OF WHAT
DAILY LIFE WAS LIKE,
191
00:10:45,884 --> 00:10:48,184
WE'RE JUST SCRATCHING
THE SURFACE.
192
00:10:48,186 --> 00:10:51,388
¶¶
193
00:10:51,390 --> 00:10:53,323
Narrator: BEYOND THE IMPRESSIVE
TEMPLES
194
00:10:53,325 --> 00:10:54,991
AND RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES,
195
00:10:54,993 --> 00:10:58,962
THERE ARE MANY
PRACTICAL BUILDINGS.
196
00:10:58,964 --> 00:11:04,167
MORE THAN 140 HOUSES WERE HOME
TO THE PEOPLE THAT LIVED HERE,
197
00:11:04,169 --> 00:11:05,869
BUT WHO WERE THEY?
198
00:11:05,871 --> 00:11:09,272
¶¶
199
00:11:09,274 --> 00:11:11,241
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
SEARCHING FOR CLUES
200
00:11:11,243 --> 00:11:13,543
ON THE SLOPES BELOW THE HOUSES
201
00:11:13,545 --> 00:11:18,248
HAVE UNCOVERED
A GRUESOME SURPRISE.
202
00:11:18,250 --> 00:11:23,486
MORE THAN 170 SKELETONS LITTER
THE LANDSCAPE IN MAKESHIFT TOMBS
203
00:11:23,488 --> 00:11:26,456
COVERED WITH BOULDERS.
204
00:11:26,458 --> 00:11:28,825
COULD THESE HUMAN
REMAINS HOLD CLUES
205
00:11:28,827 --> 00:11:31,261
TO WHY MACHU PICCHU WAS BUILT?
206
00:11:34,099 --> 00:11:36,833
¶¶
207
00:11:36,835 --> 00:11:41,137
TODAY, THE SKELETONS LIE
IN THE PERUVIAN CITY OF CUZCO,
208
00:11:41,139 --> 00:11:44,074
THE INCA CAPITAL.
209
00:11:44,076 --> 00:11:48,812
RICHARD BURGER AND
LUCY SALAZAR ARE EXAMINING
210
00:11:48,814 --> 00:11:51,214
THE BONES FOUND AT MACHU PICCHU.
211
00:11:51,216 --> 00:11:53,750
¶¶
212
00:11:53,752 --> 00:11:56,619
SOME OF THE SKELETONS
HAVE DEFORMITIES,
213
00:11:56,621 --> 00:11:59,956
INCLUDING STRANGE
ELONGATED SKULLS.
214
00:11:59,958 --> 00:12:04,360
COULD THESE PROVIDE ANOTHER CLUE
TO WHY MACHU PICCHU WAS BUILT?
215
00:12:20,846 --> 00:12:24,347
RICHARD AND LUCY MEASURE
THE SHAPE OF THE SKULLS.
216
00:12:33,225 --> 00:12:36,593
THIS INTRIGUING SHAPE
IS NOT A NATURAL DEFORMITY.
217
00:12:36,595 --> 00:12:39,129
¶¶
218
00:12:39,131 --> 00:12:42,232
SOME ANCIENT PERUVIAN
COMMUNITIES WOULD BIND CLOTH
219
00:12:42,234 --> 00:12:43,633
AROUND THEIR CHILDREN'S HEADS
220
00:12:43,635 --> 00:12:46,436
TO CHANGE THE SHAPE
OF THEIR SKULLS
221
00:12:46,438 --> 00:12:48,238
AND MAKE THEM LOOK TALLER.
222
00:12:57,115 --> 00:13:00,550
BUT NOT EVERY SKULL HAS BEEN
DEFORMED IN THE SAME WAY
223
00:13:00,552 --> 00:13:02,051
OR AT ALL.
224
00:13:02,053 --> 00:13:04,587
WHY?
225
00:13:04,589 --> 00:13:07,290
RICHARD BELIEVES MACHU PICCHU
WAS A MELTING POT
226
00:13:07,292 --> 00:13:11,227
OF DIFFERENT CULTURES,
227
00:13:11,229 --> 00:13:13,496
DISPARATE PEOPLE
FROM ACROSS THE EMPIRE
228
00:13:13,498 --> 00:13:17,901
LIVING SIDE BY SIDE
IN ONE REMOTE PLACE.
229
00:13:17,903 --> 00:13:21,070
Burger: THE CRANIA OF THESE
SKELETONS HAD A VARIETY
230
00:13:21,072 --> 00:13:23,640
OF CRANIAL DEFORMATIONS,
231
00:13:23,642 --> 00:13:26,609
AND SINCE CRANIAL DEFORMATION
IN ANCIENT
232
00:13:26,611 --> 00:13:29,679
PERU WAS OFTEN
A MARKER OF ETHNICITY,
233
00:13:29,681 --> 00:13:31,347
IT IMPLIED THAT THE SKELETONS
234
00:13:31,349 --> 00:13:34,417
CAME FROM DIFFERENT
GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS.
235
00:13:34,419 --> 00:13:36,519
Narrator: RICHARD NEEDS
FURTHER EVIDENCE
236
00:13:36,521 --> 00:13:37,654
TO PROVE HIS THEORY,
237
00:13:37,656 --> 00:13:41,024
SO HE ANALYZES THE BONES
AT AN ATOMIC LEVEL.
238
00:13:41,026 --> 00:13:44,761
THERE ARE VARIOUS KINDS
OF ATOMIC STRUCTURES
239
00:13:44,763 --> 00:13:46,963
OF MOST ELEMENTS.
240
00:13:46,965 --> 00:13:51,901
DIFFERENT PLANTS WILL ABSORB
DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF THESE,
241
00:13:51,903 --> 00:13:53,670
AND THEN WHEN A HUMAN EATS THEM,
242
00:13:53,672 --> 00:13:58,141
THIS WILL BE REFLECTED
IN THEIR BONE COMPOSITION.
243
00:13:58,143 --> 00:14:00,710
Narrator: BY MEASURING CHEMICAL
TRACES IN THE BONES,
244
00:14:00,712 --> 00:14:03,446
RICHARD CAN WORK OUT
WHAT THESE INCAS WERE EATING
245
00:14:03,448 --> 00:14:05,348
WHEN THEY WERE ALIVE.
246
00:14:05,350 --> 00:14:07,617
USUALLY IN A SINGLE COMMUNITY,
247
00:14:07,619 --> 00:14:11,254
THERE WILL BE ONLY
A SMALL AMOUNT OF VARIATION.
248
00:14:11,256 --> 00:14:14,958
WHAT WE FOUND WAS THAT THERE WAS
A HIGH DEGREE OF VARIABILITY
249
00:14:14,960 --> 00:14:16,860
IN THE READINGS.
250
00:14:16,862 --> 00:14:19,896
THESE PEOPLE HAD HAD
QUITE DIFFERENT DIETS
251
00:14:19,898 --> 00:14:21,965
DURING THEIR LIFETIMES.
252
00:14:21,967 --> 00:14:24,701
THESE PEOPLE COME
FROM DIFFERENT AREAS.
253
00:14:24,703 --> 00:14:28,738
¶¶
254
00:14:28,740 --> 00:14:31,074
Narrator: RICHARD BELIEVES
ONLY ONE PERSON
255
00:14:31,076 --> 00:14:32,442
HAD THE POWER TO ASSEMBLE
256
00:14:32,444 --> 00:14:36,079
SUCH A COSMOPOLITAN COMMUNITY --
257
00:14:36,081 --> 00:14:37,947
THE INCA EMPEROR.
258
00:14:37,949 --> 00:14:40,416
¶¶
259
00:14:40,418 --> 00:14:43,286
RATHER THAN BEING BUILT
FOR RELIGIOUS PURPOSES,
260
00:14:43,288 --> 00:14:47,724
RICHARD BELIEVES MACHU PICCHU
WAS MAINLY A ROYAL RESIDENCE.
261
00:14:47,726 --> 00:14:51,194
¶¶
262
00:14:51,196 --> 00:14:53,529
TODAY, HE'S SEARCHING
THE SITE FOR EVIDENCE
263
00:14:53,531 --> 00:14:56,432
OF THE EMPEROR'S PRESENCE.
264
00:14:56,434 --> 00:14:58,668
Burger:
WE BELIEVE THAT THE EMPEROR
WOULD HAVE LIVED HERE,
265
00:14:58,670 --> 00:15:00,670
THE SAPA INCA.
266
00:15:00,672 --> 00:15:03,706
IT'S VERY OFTEN REFERRED
TO AS THE HOUSES OF THE INCA.
267
00:15:03,708 --> 00:15:06,709
Narrator: THIS HOUSE IS SEPARATE
FROM OTHER BUILDINGS ON THE SITE
268
00:15:06,711 --> 00:15:10,213
AND HAS MANY LUXURIES
FOUND NOWHERE ELSE IN THE CITY.
269
00:15:10,215 --> 00:15:12,749
Burger: IT'S THE ONLY ONE
THAT SEEMS TO HAVE A BATH
270
00:15:12,751 --> 00:15:15,618
WITH ALL THE FRESHWATER
COMING DOWN FROM THE SPRING.
271
00:15:15,620 --> 00:15:19,956
IT HASN'T BEEN IN ANY WAY
TAMPERED WITH BY OTHERS.
272
00:15:19,958 --> 00:15:22,425
I THINK THE FACT THAT
THE EMPEROR'S HOUSE
273
00:15:22,427 --> 00:15:24,160
WAS NEXT TO THE TEMPLE
274
00:15:24,162 --> 00:15:26,029
OF THE SUN SUGGESTS
275
00:15:26,031 --> 00:15:28,998
THAT SACRED CHARACTER
OF THE EMPEROR
276
00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:33,303
IN EVERYTHING HE DID.
277
00:15:33,305 --> 00:15:37,740
Narrator: BUT IF MACHU PICCHU
IS A ROYAL PALACE,
278
00:15:37,742 --> 00:15:40,009
WHERE ARE THE REMAINS
OF THE GREAT EMPEROR
279
00:15:40,011 --> 00:15:43,746
THAT ONCE LIVED HERE?
280
00:15:43,748 --> 00:15:45,648
INCA BURIALS REVEAL A LOT
281
00:15:45,650 --> 00:15:48,084
ABOUT THE SOCIAL STATUS
OF THE DECEASED.
282
00:15:48,086 --> 00:15:51,387
HIGH-CLASS PEOPLE WERE
BURIED ALONGSIDE RICHES
283
00:15:51,389 --> 00:15:53,489
AND METAL OBJECTS, LIKE GOLD.
284
00:15:53,491 --> 00:15:55,425
¶¶
285
00:15:55,427 --> 00:15:58,861
THE MOST IMPORTANT INCAS,
THE EMPERORS,
286
00:15:58,863 --> 00:16:01,831
WERE EVEN MUMMIFIED
287
00:16:01,833 --> 00:16:06,035
AND PARADED
ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS.
288
00:16:06,037 --> 00:16:08,571
BUT AT MACHU PICCHU,
289
00:16:08,573 --> 00:16:12,408
ARCHAEOLOGISTS FIND
FAR SIMPLER BURIALS IN CAVES.
290
00:16:12,410 --> 00:16:15,078
¶¶
291
00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:17,046
MOST OF THE SKELETONS
AT MACHU PICCHU
292
00:16:17,048 --> 00:16:18,281
ARE BURIED WITH GOODS
293
00:16:18,283 --> 00:16:21,651
THAT LINK THEM
TO LOWER-STATUS JOBS,
294
00:16:21,653 --> 00:16:22,919
LIKE A COOK'S POT
295
00:16:22,921 --> 00:16:26,990
OR THE REMAINS
OF A SHEPHERD'S LLAMA.
296
00:16:26,992 --> 00:16:29,559
IF THERE'S NO EVIDENCE
OF AN EMPEROR'S BURIAL
297
00:16:29,561 --> 00:16:31,894
OR MUMMY AT MACHU PICCHU,
298
00:16:31,896 --> 00:16:34,998
DID HE EVER LIVE HERE?
299
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,868
RICHARD BELIEVES MACHU PICCHU
WAS BUILT AS A SECOND HOME
300
00:16:38,870 --> 00:16:40,236
FOR THE EMPEROR,
301
00:16:40,238 --> 00:16:45,575
A PLACE TO RELAX FAR AWAY
FROM THE INCA CAPITAL AT CUZCO.
302
00:16:45,577 --> 00:16:47,610
I DESCRIBED IT ONCE
AS A CAMP DAVID
303
00:16:47,612 --> 00:16:50,580
BECAUSE WE KNOW THE STRESSES
304
00:16:50,582 --> 00:16:52,749
OF BEING IN CHARGE
OF AN EMPIRE,
305
00:16:52,751 --> 00:16:55,118
AND JUST BY ANALOGY
TO OTHER COUNTRIES,
306
00:16:55,120 --> 00:16:56,586
LIKE THE UNITED STATES,
307
00:16:56,588 --> 00:16:58,921
THE LEADER NEEDS TO GET AWAY
308
00:16:58,923 --> 00:17:01,858
AND, YOU KNOW,
RELAX EVERY NOW AND THEN.
309
00:17:01,860 --> 00:17:04,193
I WOULD IMAGINE THAT, YOU KNOW,
HE COULD HAVE COME HERE
310
00:17:04,195 --> 00:17:07,296
ONCE EVERY YEAR FOR A FEW WEEKS.
311
00:17:07,298 --> 00:17:11,434
¶¶
312
00:17:11,436 --> 00:17:15,638
Narrator: WAS MACHU PICCHU
AN INCA CAMP DAVID,
313
00:17:15,640 --> 00:17:20,376
A PLACE FOR THE EMPEROR TO RELAX
AND GET AWAY FROM IT ALL?
314
00:17:20,378 --> 00:17:23,613
IF IT WAS, THE INCAS FACED
AN INCREDIBLE CHALLENGE,
315
00:17:23,615 --> 00:17:27,784
BUILDING A PALACE FIT
FOR A KING HERE.
316
00:17:27,786 --> 00:17:32,121
MACHU PICCHU SITS ACROSS
TWO FAULT LINES,
317
00:17:32,123 --> 00:17:34,223
EXPERIENCING DOZENS
OF EARTHQUAKES
318
00:17:34,225 --> 00:17:36,826
AND HUNDREDS OF LANDSLIDES
EVERY YEAR.
319
00:17:36,828 --> 00:17:39,862
¶¶
320
00:17:42,300 --> 00:17:45,701
HOW DID THE INCAS BUILD
A SECOND HOME FOR THE EMPEROR
321
00:17:45,703 --> 00:17:47,603
IN SUCH A HOSTILE PLACE?
322
00:17:47,605 --> 00:17:49,138
¶¶
323
00:17:49,140 --> 00:17:55,711
AND COULD
THESE MYSTERIOUS OBJECTS
324
00:17:55,713 --> 00:17:57,447
CONCEAL ANCIENT MESSAGES
325
00:17:57,449 --> 00:17:59,649
FROM THE INCAS THEMSELVES?
326
00:17:59,651 --> 00:18:02,652
¶¶
327
00:18:08,094 --> 00:18:11,061
¶¶
328
00:18:11,063 --> 00:18:13,864
Narrator: MACHU PICCHU
IS AN EXTRAORDINARY FEAT
329
00:18:13,866 --> 00:18:16,867
OF ANCIENT ENGINEERING.
330
00:18:16,869 --> 00:18:20,638
IT SOARS ALMOST 8,000 FEET
ABOVE SEA LEVEL,
331
00:18:20,640 --> 00:18:23,374
WEDGED ON A RIDGE
BETWEEN TWO MOUNTAINS.
332
00:18:23,376 --> 00:18:26,744
¶¶
333
00:18:26,746 --> 00:18:33,050
EARTHQUAKES, LANDSLIDES,
AND FLOODS RAVAGE THE AREA.
334
00:18:35,755 --> 00:18:38,289
IT LOOKS LIKE THE MOST
IMPOSSIBLE PLACE
335
00:18:38,291 --> 00:18:42,259
FOR A CITY TO EXIST,
336
00:18:42,261 --> 00:18:46,096
BUT MACHU PICCHU
IS STILL STANDING.
337
00:18:46,098 --> 00:18:49,199
HOW DID THE INCAS BUILD A CITY
TO SURVIVE THE CENTURIES
338
00:18:49,201 --> 00:18:51,735
WITH ONLY STONE-AGE TECHNOLOGY?
339
00:18:58,144 --> 00:19:04,281
THE CLUES ARE HIDING IN THE
BUILDING BLOCKS OF MACHU PICCHU.
340
00:19:04,283 --> 00:19:07,418
THE HUNDREDS OF INCA BUILDINGS
THAT CROWN THE STEEP MOUNTAIN
341
00:19:07,420 --> 00:19:11,255
TOP ARE MADE FROM THOUSANDS
OF SUPER TOUGH GRANITE BLOCKS.
342
00:19:11,257 --> 00:19:13,991
¶¶
343
00:19:13,993 --> 00:19:15,859
BLOWING THE BUILDINGS APART
REVEALS
344
00:19:15,861 --> 00:19:19,730
THAT NO TWO BLOCKS ARE THE SAME.
345
00:19:19,732 --> 00:19:23,734
BUT THESE DRY-STONE WALLS
APPEAR NEAT AND STRAIGHT.
346
00:19:23,736 --> 00:19:26,804
¶¶
347
00:19:26,806 --> 00:19:30,140
THE WEIRD ANGLES
AND ASYMMETRICAL STONES
348
00:19:30,142 --> 00:19:33,811
SLOT TOGETHER PERFECTLY.
349
00:19:33,813 --> 00:19:38,048
BUT WHY DID THE INCAS USE SUCH
STRANGE-SHAPED BUILDING BLOCKS?
350
00:19:38,050 --> 00:19:42,553
¶¶
351
00:19:42,555 --> 00:19:45,356
FERNANDO ASTETE IS
THE SITE'S DIRECTOR
352
00:19:45,358 --> 00:19:48,692
AND HAS BEEN STUDYING
MACHU PICCHU FOR 30 YEARS.
353
00:19:58,204 --> 00:20:01,405
HE KNOWS EVERY STONE HERE
AND THINKS THE ANSWER
354
00:20:01,407 --> 00:20:04,074
TO WHY THEY'RE SUCH
STRANGE SHAPES LIES
355
00:20:04,076 --> 00:20:07,544
JUST ABOVE THE CITY
CENTER IN A QUARRY.
356
00:20:30,903 --> 00:20:34,338
BECAUSE GRANITE IS SO TOUGH,
FERNANDO THINKS THE INCAS
357
00:20:34,340 --> 00:20:37,007
WOULD CHIP AWAY
AT NATURAL WEAK POINTS
358
00:20:37,009 --> 00:20:39,677
AND WORK WITH THE NATURAL
SHAPE OF THE ROCK
359
00:20:39,679 --> 00:20:42,880
RATHER THAN FORCE THE STONE
INTO REGULAR BRICKS.
360
00:20:58,698 --> 00:21:03,801
BUT UNEVEN BLOCKS COME
WITH THEIR OWN CHALLENGES.
361
00:21:03,803 --> 00:21:06,136
IF THESE STONES
WERE SIMPLY STACKED,
362
00:21:06,138 --> 00:21:08,372
THE ODDLY SHAPED BLOCKS
363
00:21:08,374 --> 00:21:13,677
WOULD HAVE FORMED
UNSTABLE WALLS.
364
00:21:13,679 --> 00:21:16,447
SO THE INCAS MUST HAVE
CAREFULLY MATCHED AND POUNDED
365
00:21:16,449 --> 00:21:18,449
EACH STONE ACCORDING
366
00:21:18,451 --> 00:21:20,951
TO THE EXACT SHAPE
OF ITS NEIGHBORS.
367
00:21:23,889 --> 00:21:29,560
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE, THE STONES
ARE FREE TO BOUNCE AROUND
368
00:21:29,562 --> 00:21:35,265
BEFORE SETTLING BACK
INTO THEIR PERFECT POSITION.
369
00:21:35,267 --> 00:21:38,569
IT'S A GREAT THEORY,
BUT GRANITE IS INCREDIBLY STRONG
370
00:21:38,571 --> 00:21:41,371
AND DIFFICULT TO WORK.
371
00:21:41,373 --> 00:21:46,110
MOST STONE TOOLS WOULD BREAK
AGAINST ITS TOUGH SURFACE.
372
00:21:46,112 --> 00:21:49,246
HOW DID THE INCA SHAPE THIS ROCK
WITH SUCH PRECISION,
373
00:21:49,248 --> 00:21:50,981
THAT IN MANY PLACES
YOU CAN'T FIT
374
00:21:50,983 --> 00:21:55,419
A RAZOR BLADE
BETWEEN THE STONES?
375
00:21:55,421 --> 00:21:57,888
FERNANDO BELIEVES THE KEY
TO MACHU PICCHU'S
376
00:21:57,890 --> 00:21:59,323
METICULOUS CONSTRUCTION
377
00:21:59,325 --> 00:22:02,192
CAN BE FOUND LYING
ON THE GROUND...
378
00:22:02,194 --> 00:22:05,129
¶¶
379
00:22:05,131 --> 00:22:08,899
A HEAVY IRON-RICH ROCK
CALLED HEMATITE,
380
00:22:08,901 --> 00:22:11,101
A NATURAL IRON HAMMER.
381
00:22:37,696 --> 00:22:41,331
FERNANDO'S EXPERIMENTS SHOW THAT
THE INCAS COULD USE HEMATITE
382
00:22:41,333 --> 00:22:43,100
TO SHAPE THE TOUGH
GRANITE BLOCKS
383
00:22:43,102 --> 00:22:45,402
WITH GREAT PRECISION,
384
00:22:45,404 --> 00:22:47,371
BUT IT WAS SLOW WORK.
385
00:22:58,117 --> 00:23:01,585
FERNANDO BELIEVES MACHU PICCHU
WAS ONLY POSSIBLE
386
00:23:01,587 --> 00:23:03,453
BECAUSE THE MOUNTAINS THEMSELVES
387
00:23:03,455 --> 00:23:06,657
ARE NATURAL QUARRIES
OF EARTHQUAKE-PROOF GRANITE.
388
00:23:06,659 --> 00:23:10,294
¶¶
389
00:23:10,296 --> 00:23:12,196
THE INCAS FOUND
ALL THE MATERIALS
390
00:23:12,198 --> 00:23:13,831
TO BUILD A CITY OF HOUSES
391
00:23:13,833 --> 00:23:16,533
AND EXQUISITE
TEMPLES RIGHT HERE.
392
00:23:16,535 --> 00:23:20,003
¶¶
393
00:23:20,005 --> 00:23:23,841
BUT LIVING ON
A MOUNTAINTOP IS HARD.
394
00:23:23,843 --> 00:23:28,111
SHEER CLIFFS SURROUND
THE SITE ON THREE SIDES.
395
00:23:28,113 --> 00:23:31,548
THERE ARE NO FIELDS TO PLOW.
396
00:23:31,550 --> 00:23:34,151
HOW DID THE PEOPLE
OF MACHU PICCHU SURVIVE
397
00:23:34,153 --> 00:23:36,386
IN SUCH A REMOTE LOCATION?
398
00:23:36,388 --> 00:23:39,389
¶¶
399
00:23:44,830 --> 00:23:48,365
¶¶
400
00:23:48,367 --> 00:23:52,970
Narrator: MACHU PICCHU IS A CITY
ON THE EDGE.
401
00:23:52,972 --> 00:23:55,606
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF HOUSES
ON THE SITE,
402
00:23:55,608 --> 00:23:56,840
ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVE
403
00:23:56,842 --> 00:23:58,342
THERE COULD HAVE BEEN 500
404
00:23:58,344 --> 00:24:00,311
OR MORE PEOPLE LIVING HERE.
405
00:24:00,313 --> 00:24:02,780
¶¶
406
00:24:02,782 --> 00:24:06,517
BUT SURROUNDED ON THREE SIDES
BY SHEER CLIFFS,
407
00:24:06,519 --> 00:24:09,920
HEAVY RAINS AND LANDSLIDES
WASH AWAY ANY SOIL DOWN
408
00:24:09,922 --> 00:24:12,489
THE STEEP MOUNTAIN SLOPES.
409
00:24:12,491 --> 00:24:16,360
WITHOUT FLAT FIELDS
FOR GROWING CROPS OR LIVESTOCK,
410
00:24:16,362 --> 00:24:18,162
HOW DID THE INCAS
FEED THEMSELVES
411
00:24:18,164 --> 00:24:22,433
IN SUCH A REMOTE
AND INHOSPITABLE ENVIRONMENT?
412
00:24:22,435 --> 00:24:27,371
THE LIMITED QUANTITY OF WATER,
THE DIFFICULT ACCESS, OF COURSE,
413
00:24:27,373 --> 00:24:30,441
IS A VERY
DIFFICULT AREA TO WORK.
414
00:24:30,443 --> 00:24:33,510
¶¶
415
00:24:33,512 --> 00:24:36,747
Narrator: THE INCAS SURROUNDED
MACHU PICCHU WITH TERRACES
416
00:24:36,749 --> 00:24:38,349
TO STABILIZE THE HILLSIDE
417
00:24:38,351 --> 00:24:40,951
AND CREATE FOUNDATIONS
FOR BUILDINGS.
418
00:24:44,323 --> 00:24:47,491
INSIDE THESE STEP STRUCTURES,
THERE'S A SURPRISING LEVEL
419
00:24:47,493 --> 00:24:51,528
OF COMPLEX INCA TECHNOLOGY.
420
00:24:51,530 --> 00:24:55,032
THE INCAS CAREFULLY LAID
DISTINCT LAYERS OF GRAVEL
421
00:24:55,034 --> 00:25:00,270
AND STONES OF DIFFERENT
SIZES THROUGHOUT EVERY TERRACE,
422
00:25:00,272 --> 00:25:03,107
BUT WHAT WERE THESE LAYERS FOR?
423
00:25:03,109 --> 00:25:06,276
A CLUE RESTS ON TOP --
424
00:25:06,278 --> 00:25:11,048
A FLAT LAYER OF FINE SOIL
THAT CAN'T BE WASHED AWAY.
425
00:25:11,050 --> 00:25:15,052
COULD THESE THIN STRIPS ALSO BE
THE FIELDS THAT FED A CITY?
426
00:25:18,157 --> 00:25:20,424
¶¶
427
00:25:20,426 --> 00:25:25,462
A CLUE LIES IN THE LAYOUT
OF MACHU PICCHU.
428
00:25:25,464 --> 00:25:29,767
ONE HALF IS FILLED
WITH TEMPLES AND HOUSES.
429
00:25:29,769 --> 00:25:32,770
THE OTHER HAS VIRTUALLY
NO BUILDINGS AT ALL.
430
00:25:32,772 --> 00:25:36,106
¶¶
431
00:25:36,108 --> 00:25:40,911
THESE EMPTY TERRACES LOOK
LIKE FOUNDATIONS FOR BUILDINGS,
432
00:25:40,913 --> 00:25:43,580
BUT CHIEF ARCHAEOLOGIST
JOSé BASTANTE
433
00:25:43,582 --> 00:25:48,619
BELIEVES THIS SLOPE
IS THE INCA SOLUTION TO FARMING.
434
00:25:48,621 --> 00:25:51,588
IN THIS PART,
IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
435
00:25:51,590 --> 00:25:53,490
OF MACHU PICCHU,
THERE'S NO ISSUE
436
00:25:53,492 --> 00:25:55,692
WITH WATER INFILTRATION
437
00:25:55,694 --> 00:26:00,330
OR WATER COMING OUT.
438
00:26:00,332 --> 00:26:02,199
Narrator: JOSé BELIEVES
THE MULTIPLE LAYERS
439
00:26:02,201 --> 00:26:04,968
OF ROCK INSIDE
THESE TERRACES ALLOWED WATER
440
00:26:04,970 --> 00:26:08,472
TO DRAIN THROUGH WITHOUT
DISRUPTING THE TOPSOIL,
441
00:26:08,474 --> 00:26:12,743
PROVIDING A STABLE
PLATFORM FOR CROPS.
442
00:26:12,745 --> 00:26:15,079
BUT TO LIVE ON
THIS ROCKY MOUNTAINTOP,
443
00:26:15,081 --> 00:26:18,982
THE INCA ALSO NEEDED A CONSTANT
CLEAN SUPPLY OF DRINKING WATER
444
00:26:18,984 --> 00:26:22,753
AND SACRED WATER FOR RITUALS.
445
00:26:22,755 --> 00:26:27,157
IF WE DIDN'T HAVE A SPRING,
THERE'S NO LIFE.
446
00:26:27,159 --> 00:26:30,094
Narrator: THE INCAS FOUND
A NATURAL SPRING HERE,
447
00:26:30,096 --> 00:26:32,362
WHICH THEY CONSIDERED SACRED,
448
00:26:32,364 --> 00:26:34,998
A GIFT FROM THE MOUNTAIN.
449
00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:38,368
BUT HOW COULD THIS SMALL
SPRING SERVE A WHOLE CITY?
450
00:26:38,370 --> 00:26:42,206
¶¶
451
00:26:42,208 --> 00:26:46,944
THIS SURPRISING FRESHWATER
SOURCE COMES FROM RAINWATER.
452
00:26:46,946 --> 00:26:50,547
IT FILTERS THROUGH THE FRACTURES
IN THE ROCK AND ERUPTS
453
00:26:50,549 --> 00:26:53,684
IN SPRINGS
ALONG THE MOUNTAINSIDE.
454
00:26:53,686 --> 00:26:57,221
THE INCAS BUILT STONE CHANNELS
INTO THE TERRACES,
455
00:26:57,223 --> 00:27:00,324
WHICH DELIVERED RUNNING WATER
FROM THE MOUNTAIN SPRING
456
00:27:00,326 --> 00:27:03,026
TO 16 FOUNTAINS ACROSS THE CITY.
457
00:27:03,028 --> 00:27:04,728
¶¶
458
00:27:04,730 --> 00:27:06,530
Bastante: THE WATER
THAT WE SEE HERE,
459
00:27:06,532 --> 00:27:09,466
IT'S COMING FROM A SPRING
MORE THAN 700 METERS AWAY.
460
00:27:09,468 --> 00:27:12,336
IT WAS CHANNELED BY THE INCAS,
461
00:27:12,338 --> 00:27:15,939
CROSSES ALL THE AGRICULTURAL
AREA OF MACHU PICCHU
462
00:27:15,941 --> 00:27:18,242
AND ENTERS THE URBAN AREA.
463
00:27:18,244 --> 00:27:20,611
¶¶
464
00:27:20,613 --> 00:27:23,480
THIS WATER IS USED FOR DRINKING,
465
00:27:23,482 --> 00:27:27,284
FOR COOKING, AND ALSO
FOR CEREMONIAL PURPOSES.
466
00:27:27,286 --> 00:27:29,620
Narrator: THE INCA ENGINEERED
A CLEVER SOLUTION
467
00:27:29,622 --> 00:27:31,021
TO BRING THIS SACRED WATER
468
00:27:31,023 --> 00:27:33,390
TO THE URBAN SECTOR
OF MACHU PICCHU.
469
00:27:33,392 --> 00:27:36,360
¶¶
470
00:27:36,362 --> 00:27:41,165
BUT THIS INCA MASONRY
IS VULNERABLE.
471
00:27:41,167 --> 00:27:43,667
IN A LANDSCAPE RAVAGED
BY EARTHQUAKES,
472
00:27:43,669 --> 00:27:46,737
ANY DAMAGE TO THESE WATER
CHANNELS COULD FLOOD THE SACRED
473
00:27:46,739 --> 00:27:50,274
BUILDINGS AROUND THEM.
474
00:27:50,276 --> 00:27:53,911
Bastante: WE HAVE THE PART OF
THE CHANNEL ON THE URBAN SECTOR,
475
00:27:53,913 --> 00:27:56,547
THAT THE INCAS CANNOT
AFFORD WATER INFILTRATION
476
00:27:56,549 --> 00:28:01,151
BECAUSE THAT WILL AFFECT
THE STRUCTURES IN ONE
477
00:28:01,153 --> 00:28:02,953
OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SECTORS
478
00:28:02,955 --> 00:28:06,523
THAT IS THE TEMPLE
OF THE SUN AREA.
479
00:28:06,525 --> 00:28:11,962
Narrator:
HOW DID THE INCAS ENSURE
THIS CHANNEL NEVER LEAKED?
480
00:28:11,964 --> 00:28:14,898
JOSé THINKS THESE STRANGELY
CARVED BLOCKS SCATTERED
481
00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:17,968
AROUND THE SITE
COULD HOLD A CLUE.
482
00:28:17,970 --> 00:28:20,304
Bastante: THESE STONES HAVE
BEEN ALWAYS HERE,
483
00:28:20,306 --> 00:28:23,607
AND IT HAS ALWAYS BEEN
A MYSTERY WHAT THEY WERE FOR.
484
00:28:23,609 --> 00:28:27,945
THERE HAVE BEEN MANY THEORIES,
BUT FINALLY,
485
00:28:27,947 --> 00:28:31,515
WE HAVE FIGURED IT OUT.
486
00:28:31,517 --> 00:28:33,617
Narrator: THIS SMOOTH CHANNEL
APPEARS TO BE DESIGNED
487
00:28:33,619 --> 00:28:35,619
TO CARRY WATER.
488
00:28:35,621 --> 00:28:39,957
WHAT WE'RE DOING HERE IS WE
ARE REMEASURING THEM TO SEE
489
00:28:39,959 --> 00:28:44,962
WHERE WILL THEY EVENTUALLY GO.
490
00:28:44,964 --> 00:28:48,098
Narrator: JOSé BELIEVES THESE
CARVED CHANNELS WERE DESIGNED
491
00:28:48,100 --> 00:28:50,067
TO CARRY WATER,
492
00:28:50,069 --> 00:28:51,501
BUT NOT HERE.
493
00:28:51,503 --> 00:28:55,872
¶¶
494
00:28:55,874 --> 00:28:58,408
Bastante: WE MEASURE THE LENGTH
OF ALL OF THEM,
495
00:28:58,410 --> 00:29:00,510
AND WE MEASURE THE LENGTH
496
00:29:00,512 --> 00:29:02,846
OF THE PART
OF THE CHANNEL
497
00:29:02,848 --> 00:29:05,949
THAT IS ALREADY INSIDE
THE URBAN SECTOR,
498
00:29:05,951 --> 00:29:10,721
AND IT BASICALLY MATCHES
THE LENGTH REQUIRED.
499
00:29:10,723 --> 00:29:14,358
NOW, WE KNOW THAT
THESE GRANITE STONES
500
00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:17,227
WERE GOING TO REPLACE
THE PART OF THE CHANNEL
501
00:29:17,229 --> 00:29:20,397
THAT IS INSIDE THE URBAN SECTOR
OF MACHU PICCHU.
502
00:29:20,399 --> 00:29:23,367
¶¶
503
00:29:23,369 --> 00:29:24,868
Narrator: IF AN EARTHQUAKE
DAMAGED
504
00:29:24,870 --> 00:29:26,703
THE CRUCIAL URBAN WATER CHANNEL,
505
00:29:26,705 --> 00:29:27,971
REPLACEMENT STONES
506
00:29:27,973 --> 00:29:33,377
COULD EASILY SNAP INTO PLACE
AROUND THE TEMPLES.
507
00:29:33,379 --> 00:29:36,747
THE INCAS HAD A NEW SET
OF STONES READY TO GO.
508
00:29:36,749 --> 00:29:38,849
¶¶
509
00:29:38,851 --> 00:29:41,285
THIS BRAND-NEW
DISCOVERY IS EVIDENCE
510
00:29:41,287 --> 00:29:42,819
THAT THE INCAS WERE MAINTAINING
511
00:29:42,821 --> 00:29:47,357
AND IMPROVING MACHU PICCHU
ALL THE TIME.
512
00:29:47,359 --> 00:29:49,359
THROUGH EFFECTIVE WATER
MANAGEMENT,
513
00:29:49,361 --> 00:29:52,062
THE INCAS COULD KEEP
THEIR POPULATION ALIVE
514
00:29:52,064 --> 00:29:54,364
AND PROTECT THEIR
SACRED BUILDINGS.
515
00:29:56,535 --> 00:30:00,904
BUT THERE'S ANOTHER
UNSOLVED MYSTERY.
516
00:30:00,906 --> 00:30:05,442
RECENTLY, SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTS
HAVE CALCULATED THAT THE 500
517
00:30:05,444 --> 00:30:08,445
OR MORE INHABITANTS
OF THIS MOUNTAIN CITY
518
00:30:08,447 --> 00:30:11,982
COULDN'T SURVIVE ON THE FOOD
AND WATER HERE ALONE.
519
00:30:14,253 --> 00:30:18,789
MACHU PICCHU MUST HAVE
HAD RELIED ON IMPORTS.
520
00:30:18,791 --> 00:30:22,159
BUT HOW DID
THE SUPPLIES GET HERE?
521
00:30:22,161 --> 00:30:25,829
AFTER ALL, THE CITY
IS FAMOUS FOR ITS ISOLATION,
522
00:30:25,831 --> 00:30:27,497
CUT OFF BY SHEER CLIFFS,
523
00:30:27,499 --> 00:30:30,133
STEEP MOUNTAINS
AND THICK FOREST.
524
00:30:30,135 --> 00:30:32,903
¶¶
525
00:30:32,905 --> 00:30:36,306
IS NEW EVIDENCE ABOUT TO TURN
EVERYTHING WE THOUGHT WE KNEW
526
00:30:36,308 --> 00:30:39,109
ABOUT MACHU PICCHU
ON ITS HEAD?
527
00:30:39,111 --> 00:30:42,112
¶¶
528
00:30:48,137 --> 00:30:50,104
¶¶
529
00:30:50,106 --> 00:30:52,807
Narrator: MACHU PICCHU APPEARS
TO BE CUT OFF
530
00:30:52,809 --> 00:30:55,643
FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD.
531
00:30:55,645 --> 00:30:58,079
THE INCAS ENGINEERED
COMPLEX STRUCTURES
532
00:30:58,081 --> 00:31:01,015
TO FEED THE PEOPLE
THAT LIVED HERE.
533
00:31:01,017 --> 00:31:05,152
¶¶
534
00:31:05,154 --> 00:31:07,788
BUT ARCHAEOLOGISTS DON'T
THINK MACHU PICCHU
535
00:31:07,790 --> 00:31:09,323
WOULD HAVE PRODUCED ENOUGH FOOD
536
00:31:09,325 --> 00:31:11,559
TO KEEP THE WHOLE
POPULATION ALIVE.
537
00:31:11,561 --> 00:31:14,595
¶¶
538
00:31:16,432 --> 00:31:19,266
THE INCAS MUST HAVE ALSO
BROUGHT FOOD TO THIS
539
00:31:19,268 --> 00:31:21,669
ISOLATED MOUNTAINTOP,
540
00:31:21,671 --> 00:31:24,071
BUT FROM WHERE?
541
00:31:24,073 --> 00:31:29,210
JOSé THINKS THERE ARE CLUES
ALL ACROSS THE SITE.
542
00:31:29,212 --> 00:31:31,779
Bastante: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE THAT WE'RE GETTING
543
00:31:31,781 --> 00:31:34,015
ARE GIVING US
A MUCH MORE COMPLEX IDEA
544
00:31:34,017 --> 00:31:36,050
OF WHAT MACHU PICCHU FUNCTIONS
545
00:31:36,052 --> 00:31:39,320
WERE DURING ITS SHORT LIFETIME.
546
00:31:39,322 --> 00:31:43,124
¶¶
547
00:31:43,126 --> 00:31:45,292
Narrator: HIDDEN BEHIND
MACHU PICCHU'S MAIN
548
00:31:45,294 --> 00:31:48,863
GATE STANDS
A MYSTERIOUS BUILDING.
549
00:31:48,865 --> 00:31:52,733
MOST INCA HOUSES
WERE SINGLE-STORY,
550
00:31:52,735 --> 00:31:54,101
BUT ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
551
00:31:54,103 --> 00:31:57,705
SUGGESTS THIS TALL STRUCTURE
CARRIED A SECOND FLOOR.
552
00:31:57,707 --> 00:32:00,107
¶¶
553
00:32:00,109 --> 00:32:05,980
THESE WALLS ONCE SUPPORTED ROWS
OF GIANT WOODEN BEAMS,
554
00:32:05,982 --> 00:32:10,251
STEEPLY ANGLED TO CREATE
A HIGH ROOF COVERED WITH THATCH.
555
00:32:10,253 --> 00:32:13,921
¶¶
556
00:32:13,923 --> 00:32:18,092
INVESTIGATORS BELIEVE THIS WAS
A MASSIVE INDUSTRIAL STOREHOUSE
557
00:32:18,094 --> 00:32:20,661
FOR IMPORTED FOOD,
558
00:32:20,663 --> 00:32:22,063
BUT IF IT WAS,
559
00:32:22,065 --> 00:32:24,031
WHERE DID THE SUPPLIES COME FROM
560
00:32:24,033 --> 00:32:28,469
AND HOW DID THEY GET HERE?
561
00:32:28,471 --> 00:32:32,306
JOSé BASTANTE IS CONVINCED
THAT MACHU PICCHU WAS KEPT ALIVE
562
00:32:32,308 --> 00:32:35,709
THANKS TO A VAST NETWORK
OF ROADS CONNECTING IT
563
00:32:35,711 --> 00:32:38,879
TO THE FARMS
OF THE WIDER EMPIRE,
564
00:32:38,881 --> 00:32:40,815
AND HE THINKS EVIDENCE
OF THESE ROADS
565
00:32:40,817 --> 00:32:43,651
COULD STILL EXIST TODAY.
566
00:32:43,653 --> 00:32:45,686
WE'RE STILL DISCOVERING
NEW INCA ROADS
567
00:32:45,688 --> 00:32:47,955
WITHIN THE SANCTUARY BORDERS.
568
00:32:49,959 --> 00:32:53,427
Narrator: TO FIND THESE ROADS,
JOSé LOOKS FOR UNUSUAL ENTRANCES
569
00:32:53,429 --> 00:32:55,129
AROUND THE EDGES
OF MACHU PICCHU
570
00:32:55,131 --> 00:32:58,099
THAT DON'T APPEAR
TO LEAD ANYWHERE,
571
00:32:58,101 --> 00:33:00,468
LIKE THIS STAIRCASE.
572
00:33:00,470 --> 00:33:02,169
Bastante: THIS STAIRCASE
WAS ALWAYS A MYSTERY.
573
00:33:02,171 --> 00:33:04,505
WE DIDN'T KNOW REALLY
WHERE IT WAS COMING FROM,
574
00:33:04,507 --> 00:33:07,374
BUT RECENTLY,
WE JUST FIGURED IT OUT.
575
00:33:07,376 --> 00:33:09,076
WE FOUND THE ROAD.
576
00:33:09,078 --> 00:33:13,214
THE ONLY ISSUE IS THAT THE ROAD
HAS COLLAPSED AT CERTAIN POINTS,
577
00:33:13,216 --> 00:33:15,149
SO WE CANNOT
FOLLOW IT COMPLETELY.
578
00:33:23,893 --> 00:33:25,793
¶¶
579
00:33:25,795 --> 00:33:27,495
Narrator: TODAY, JOSé'S TEAM
580
00:33:27,497 --> 00:33:30,331
IS INVESTIGATING
A NEWLY DISCOVERED TRAIL.
581
00:33:30,333 --> 00:33:34,335
¶¶
582
00:33:34,337 --> 00:33:37,071
HE BELIEVES THIS IS
THE FIRST TIME THIS ROAD
583
00:33:37,073 --> 00:33:41,008
HAS BEEN EXPLORED FOR CENTURIES.
584
00:33:41,010 --> 00:33:42,143
Bastante: NEXT TO
MACHU PICCHU CITY,
585
00:33:42,145 --> 00:33:44,712
WE HAVE PROBABLY FOUND
ALL THE ROADS,
586
00:33:44,714 --> 00:33:46,213
BUT IN THE AREA,
587
00:33:46,215 --> 00:33:48,516
THERE ARE STILL MANY ROADS
588
00:33:48,518 --> 00:33:52,153
TO BE FOUND LOST
IN THE VEGETATION.
589
00:33:52,155 --> 00:33:54,722
Narrator: SO FAR,
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE UNCOVERED
590
00:33:54,724 --> 00:33:56,123
A WEB OF EIGHT ROADS
591
00:33:56,125 --> 00:33:57,958
LEADING INTO MACHU PICCHU.
592
00:33:57,960 --> 00:34:00,761
¶¶
593
00:34:00,763 --> 00:34:04,365
THESE PROBABLY BROUGHT SUPPLIES
TO THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED HERE.
594
00:34:04,367 --> 00:34:08,002
BUT JOSé BELIEVES THEY MAY
ALSO EXPLAIN ANOTHER KEY REASON
595
00:34:08,004 --> 00:34:12,106
WHY MACHU PICCHU WAS BUILT HERE
IN THE FIRST PLACE.
596
00:34:12,108 --> 00:34:14,441
Bastante: MACHU PICCHU IS
STRATEGICALLY LOCATED BETWEEN
597
00:34:14,443 --> 00:34:15,943
THE ANDES AND THE AMAZON,
598
00:34:15,945 --> 00:34:18,145
ADMINISTERING A HUGE TERRITORY.
599
00:34:18,147 --> 00:34:20,247
THE PRODUCTS ARE PASSING
BY THROUGH HERE,
600
00:34:20,249 --> 00:34:21,448
THE ADMINISTRATION
601
00:34:21,450 --> 00:34:24,185
AND THE POLITICAL DECISIONS
602
00:34:24,187 --> 00:34:27,888
ARE COMING FROM HERE
REGARDING THIS TRADE.
603
00:34:27,890 --> 00:34:31,091
¶¶
604
00:34:31,093 --> 00:34:33,894
Narrator: JOSé BELIEVES
MACHU PICCHU WAS AN IMPORTANT
605
00:34:33,896 --> 00:34:37,298
ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER,
606
00:34:37,300 --> 00:34:39,433
A HUB TO CONTROL
THE MOVEMENT OF GOODS
607
00:34:39,435 --> 00:34:42,269
AND PEOPLE
608
00:34:42,271 --> 00:34:44,772
AND AN EASTERN
OUTPOST KEEPING TABS
609
00:34:44,774 --> 00:34:47,374
ON THE EXPANDING EMPIRE.
610
00:34:47,376 --> 00:34:54,014
THE INCA ROADS ARE THE VERTEBRAL
SPINE OF THE EMPIRE.
611
00:34:54,016 --> 00:34:57,284
Narrator: THESE ANCIENT HIGHWAYS
WERE HIGHLY ENGINEERED
612
00:34:57,286 --> 00:35:00,421
WITH STEPS CUT DIRECTLY
INTO THE MOUNTAINS
613
00:35:00,423 --> 00:35:01,488
AND ROPE BRIDGES
614
00:35:01,490 --> 00:35:04,925
THAT STRETCHED ACROSS
PERILOUS RAVINES.
615
00:35:04,927 --> 00:35:09,063
THE INCAS STAGGERED REST STOPS
A DAY'S HIKE APART.
616
00:35:09,065 --> 00:35:11,065
THESE ACTED AS CHECKPOINTS,
617
00:35:11,067 --> 00:35:15,469
KEEPING ACCESS TO THE ROADS
UNDER STRICT CONTROL.
618
00:35:15,471 --> 00:35:17,638
AND OFFICIAL RUNNERS,
CALLED CHASQUI,
619
00:35:17,640 --> 00:35:21,041
COULD MOVE BETWEEN
INCA SITES IN RELAYS,
620
00:35:21,043 --> 00:35:25,879
COVERING OVER 1,000 MILES
ON FOOT IN LESS THAN A WEEK.
621
00:35:25,881 --> 00:35:30,084
IN JUST 100 YEARS,
THE INCA EMPIRE GREW MASSIVELY,
622
00:35:30,086 --> 00:35:33,587
BUILDING 25,000 MILES OF ROAD,
623
00:35:33,589 --> 00:35:36,890
LONG ENOUGH TO WRAP
AROUND THE WHOLE EARTH.
624
00:35:39,195 --> 00:35:42,963
ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVE IT WAS
THE INCA EMPEROR PACHACUTI
625
00:35:42,965 --> 00:35:45,032
WHO EXTENDED THE REACH
OF INCA INFLUENCE
626
00:35:45,034 --> 00:35:48,235
ACROSS MUCH OF THE CONTINENT.
627
00:35:48,237 --> 00:35:51,171
PACHACUTI IS THE TRANSFORMER
OF THE WORLD,
628
00:35:51,173 --> 00:35:55,042
IS THE ONE THAT STARTED
THE EXPANSION OUTSIDE OF CUZCO
629
00:35:55,044 --> 00:35:58,612
AND EVENTUALLY MANAGED
TO CONQUER
630
00:35:58,614 --> 00:36:01,015
A HUGE AMOUNT OF TERRITORY,
631
00:36:01,017 --> 00:36:02,683
PART OF ECUADOR,
COLOMBIA,
632
00:36:02,685 --> 00:36:06,020
PERU, BOLIVIA,
ARGENTINA AND CHILE.
633
00:36:06,022 --> 00:36:11,558
Narrator: THE INCA TRAILS WERE
KEY TO PACHACUTI'S SUCCESS.
634
00:36:11,560 --> 00:36:13,661
BUT WITHOUT A WRITTEN LANGUAGE,
635
00:36:13,663 --> 00:36:15,763
HOW DID THE EMPEROR
SEND MESSAGES
636
00:36:15,765 --> 00:36:18,999
AND INSTRUCTIONS TO THE FARTHEST
REACHES OF THE EMPIRE?
637
00:36:19,001 --> 00:36:21,835
¶¶
638
00:36:21,837 --> 00:36:24,805
SOME INVESTIGATORS NOW BELIEVE
THAT THESE STRANGE
639
00:36:24,807 --> 00:36:26,940
KNOTTED BRAIDS ARE EVIDENCE
640
00:36:26,942 --> 00:36:30,878
OF A SECRET INCA CODE.
641
00:36:30,880 --> 00:36:34,581
COULD THESE FRAIL ARTIFACTS
FINALLY UNLOCK THE SECRETS
642
00:36:34,583 --> 00:36:36,550
OF MACHU PICCHU?
643
00:36:36,552 --> 00:36:39,553
¶¶
644
00:36:43,947 --> 00:36:46,648
¶¶
645
00:36:46,650 --> 00:36:51,619
Narrator: MACHU PICCHU IS FAMOUS
AS A LOST CITY.
646
00:36:51,621 --> 00:36:54,122
GENERATIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS
HAVE ASKED,
647
00:36:54,124 --> 00:36:55,690
"WHAT WAS IT FOR?
648
00:36:55,692 --> 00:36:58,359
WHY WAS IT BUILT HERE?"
649
00:36:58,361 --> 00:37:00,528
FOR DECADES, INVESTIGATORS
THOUGHT THE INCAS
650
00:37:00,530 --> 00:37:03,298
HAD LEFT NO WRITTEN RECORDS,
651
00:37:03,300 --> 00:37:05,567
BUT COULD THERE HAVE BEEN
A SECRET INCA CODE
652
00:37:05,569 --> 00:37:09,170
STARING THEM IN THE FACE
THE WHOLE TIME?
653
00:37:09,172 --> 00:37:11,039
Hyland: THE INCAS STILL REMAIN
ONE OF THE MOST
654
00:37:11,041 --> 00:37:13,374
MYSTERIOUS CIVILIZATIONS
IN THE WORLD.
655
00:37:13,376 --> 00:37:17,479
THEY HAD AN EMPIRE THE SIZE
OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE,
656
00:37:17,481 --> 00:37:19,948
AND YET VERY BASIC
THINGS ABOUT THEM
657
00:37:19,950 --> 00:37:21,916
ARE A COMPLETE MYSTERY TO US.
658
00:37:21,918 --> 00:37:24,385
¶¶
659
00:37:24,387 --> 00:37:26,421
Narrator:
ANTHROPOLOGIST SABINE HYLAND
660
00:37:26,423 --> 00:37:27,689
IS SEARCHING FOR A NEW WAY
661
00:37:27,691 --> 00:37:31,626
TO UNCOVER MACHU PICCHU'S
LONG-LOST PAST.
662
00:37:31,628 --> 00:37:33,461
Hyland: FOR A LONG TIME,
PEOPLE THOUGHT THAT THE INCAS
663
00:37:33,463 --> 00:37:34,963
HAD NO WRITING SYSTEM,
664
00:37:34,965 --> 00:37:38,299
BUT NOW THERE'S A GROUP
OF US SCHOLARS THAT ARE MAKING,
665
00:37:38,301 --> 00:37:40,702
I THINK, A LOT OF PROGRESS
IN UNDERSTANDING
666
00:37:40,704 --> 00:37:42,470
THAT THEY DID HAVE
A WRITING SYSTEM.
667
00:37:42,472 --> 00:37:45,473
AND LITTLE BY LITTLE,
WE'RE STARTING TO DECODE IT.
668
00:37:45,475 --> 00:37:47,742
¶¶
669
00:37:47,744 --> 00:37:51,613
Narrator: SABINE HAS COME TO
OXFORD UNIVERSITY IN ENGLAND
670
00:37:51,615 --> 00:37:53,047
AS PART OF HER INVESTIGATION
671
00:37:53,049 --> 00:37:55,617
TO UNCOVER LOST INCA RECORDS.
672
00:37:55,619 --> 00:37:59,888
¶¶
673
00:37:59,890 --> 00:38:02,957
WOW. THIS IS AMAZING.
674
00:38:02,959 --> 00:38:05,493
Narrator: THIS CAREFULLY
PRESERVED BUNDLE OF STRING
675
00:38:05,495 --> 00:38:09,430
WAS BROUGHT HERE FROM PERU
IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY.
676
00:38:09,432 --> 00:38:14,335
THE INCAS LEFT HUNDREDS OF
THESE MYSTERIOUS OBJECTS BEHIND.
677
00:38:14,337 --> 00:38:17,438
IT'S CALLED A QUIPU,
AND SABINE BELIEVES
678
00:38:17,440 --> 00:38:19,140
THE POSITION OF ITS MANY STRINGS
679
00:38:19,142 --> 00:38:23,111
AND KNOTS SPELL OUT
AN ANCIENT INCA CODE.
680
00:38:23,113 --> 00:38:25,780
IS THIS INCA WRITING?
681
00:38:25,782 --> 00:38:28,182
YOU KNOW, PEOPLE WOULD LOOK
AT QUIPU SOMETIMES AND SAY,
682
00:38:28,184 --> 00:38:29,284
"WHAT IS THIS?"
683
00:38:29,286 --> 00:38:31,686
SOMEBODY EVEN CALLED THEM
AN OLD MOPHEAD,
684
00:38:31,688 --> 00:38:34,556
BUT QUIPUS ARE ACTUALLY
A VERY SOPHISTICATED SYSTEM
685
00:38:34,558 --> 00:38:37,892
FOR RECORDING INFORMATION.
686
00:38:37,894 --> 00:38:42,697
SABINE HAS SPENT YEARS STUDYING
THESE ENIGMATIC OBJECTS,
687
00:38:42,699 --> 00:38:44,799
AND EACH NEW QUIPU
SHE FINDS BRINGS HER
688
00:38:44,801 --> 00:38:47,101
CLOSER TO UNDERSTANDING THEM.
689
00:38:47,103 --> 00:38:50,171
¶¶
690
00:38:50,173 --> 00:38:52,240
WITHIN MINUTES, SABINE SPOTS
691
00:38:52,242 --> 00:38:55,009
THAT THIS IS
AN ACCOUNTING QUIPU.
692
00:38:55,011 --> 00:38:57,679
Hyland: SO THE INCAS HAD
A DECIMAL SYSTEM.
693
00:38:57,681 --> 00:38:59,914
IN THE HUNDREDS,
YOU HAVE A SINGLE KNOT.
694
00:38:59,916 --> 00:39:02,083
THAT MEANS 100.
695
00:39:02,085 --> 00:39:04,252
IN THE TENS PLACE,
YOU HAVE A LONG KNOT
696
00:39:04,254 --> 00:39:06,821
THAT HAS NINE LITTLE NUBS.
697
00:39:06,823 --> 00:39:08,489
THAT MEANS 90.
698
00:39:08,491 --> 00:39:13,995
AND THIS LONG KNOT WITH SEVEN
NUBS REPRESENTS 7, SO 197.
699
00:39:13,997 --> 00:39:17,532
¶¶
700
00:39:17,534 --> 00:39:21,369
Narrator: THIS QUIPU CONTAINS
NUMERICAL INFORMATION,
701
00:39:21,371 --> 00:39:23,504
BUT SABINE HAS FOUND
OTHER QUIPUS
702
00:39:23,506 --> 00:39:24,806
WITH SOPHISTICATED FORMS
703
00:39:24,808 --> 00:39:27,642
OF LANGUAGE CODED INTO THEM.
704
00:39:27,644 --> 00:39:30,745
Hyland: RECENTLY, I DISCOVERED
TWO 18th-CENTURY QUIPUS
705
00:39:30,747 --> 00:39:33,648
IN A VERY, VERY SMALL VILLAGE
IN THE ANDES,
706
00:39:33,650 --> 00:39:35,583
AND THESE QUIPUS ARE PHONETIC.
707
00:39:35,585 --> 00:39:38,219
EACH CORD REPRESENTS A SYLLABLE.
708
00:39:38,221 --> 00:39:40,555
¶¶
709
00:39:40,557 --> 00:39:42,256
Narrator:
LIKE THE ROSETTA STONE,
710
00:39:42,258 --> 00:39:43,691
WHICH ALLOWED ARCHAEOLOGISTS
711
00:39:43,693 --> 00:39:46,861
TO UNDERSTAND EGYPTIAN
HIEROGLYPHICS,
712
00:39:46,863 --> 00:39:51,432
EACH QUIPU BRINGS US CLOSER
TO UNDERSTANDING THE INCAS.
713
00:39:51,434 --> 00:39:54,035
ONE OF THE THINGS
THAT'S ADDICTIVE ABOUT WORKING
714
00:39:54,037 --> 00:39:56,404
ON QUIPUS IS IT'S LIKE
A DETECTIVE STORY.
715
00:39:56,406 --> 00:39:58,640
IT'S LIKE PIECING
A PUZZLE TOGETHER,
716
00:39:58,642 --> 00:40:01,142
BUT INSTEAD OF ONE
BIG ROSETTA STONE,
717
00:40:01,144 --> 00:40:02,510
WE'RE FINDING LOTS OF LITTLE,
718
00:40:02,512 --> 00:40:04,212
MINI ROSETTA STONES
719
00:40:04,214 --> 00:40:07,348
THAT LITTLE BY LITTLE ARE
ALLOWING US TO UNDERSTAND
720
00:40:07,350 --> 00:40:09,684
WHAT THIS CODE
IS AND HOW IT WORKED.
721
00:40:09,686 --> 00:40:12,387
¶¶
722
00:40:12,389 --> 00:40:15,523
Narrator: SABINE BELIEVES THAT
QUIPUS MIGHT SHED NEW LIGHT
723
00:40:15,525 --> 00:40:20,028
ON THE MYSTERY OF
WHY MACHU PICCHU WAS BUILT.
724
00:40:20,030 --> 00:40:22,230
Hyland: IF WE COULD UNDERSTAND
THE QUIPUS,
725
00:40:22,232 --> 00:40:23,631
IT WOULD OPEN UP TO US
726
00:40:23,633 --> 00:40:26,367
THE MEANING OF SITES
LIKE MACHU PICCHU.
727
00:40:26,369 --> 00:40:29,103
MACHU PICCHU, SPECIFICALLY,
WE WOULD GET A RECORD
728
00:40:29,105 --> 00:40:32,907
OF WHAT ACTUAL DAILY ACTIVITIES
WERE CARRIED OUT THERE,
729
00:40:32,909 --> 00:40:35,276
AND WE COULD USE THAT
TO UNDERSTAND
730
00:40:35,278 --> 00:40:38,179
HOW THIS SITE
FUNCTIONED DAY-TO-DAY.
731
00:40:38,181 --> 00:40:41,215
¶¶
732
00:40:41,217 --> 00:40:44,352
Narrator: MACHU PICCHU IS STILL
ONE OF THE MOST ICONIC
733
00:40:44,354 --> 00:40:46,854
AND MYSTERIOUS SITES
IN THE WORLD.
734
00:40:46,856 --> 00:40:51,893
MACHU PICCHU REPRESENTS
ALL THE GLORIOUS PERUVIAN PAST
735
00:40:51,895 --> 00:40:54,228
BEFORE THE SPANISH INVASION.
736
00:40:54,230 --> 00:40:55,997
Narrator: EVEN TODAY,
THESE TEMPLES
737
00:40:55,999 --> 00:40:58,833
CONTINUE TO REVEAL
NEW SURPRISES.
738
00:40:58,835 --> 00:41:00,768
Burger: THERE'S STILL
AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT
739
00:41:00,770 --> 00:41:03,004
THAT COULD BE DONE
THROUGH EXCAVATION
740
00:41:03,006 --> 00:41:05,106
AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS.
741
00:41:05,108 --> 00:41:09,277
¶¶
742
00:41:09,279 --> 00:41:13,948
Narrator: PERFECTLY POSITIONED
IN AN ANCIENT SACRED REGION
743
00:41:13,950 --> 00:41:16,918
WITH LUXURIES
BEFITTING AN EMPEROR,
744
00:41:16,920 --> 00:41:21,322
COMMANDING BOTH THE AMAZON
AND THE ANDES,
745
00:41:21,324 --> 00:41:25,359
MACHU PICCHU IS THE CENTER
OF A COMPLEX LANDSCAPE
746
00:41:25,361 --> 00:41:27,695
THAT'S STILL BEING DISCOVERED.
747
00:41:27,697 --> 00:41:30,732
¶¶
748
00:41:56,192 --> 00:41:59,193
¶¶
56254
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