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[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
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00:00:03,971 --> 00:00:06,505
Narrator: THE ACROPOLIS:
3
00:00:06,507 --> 00:00:11,010
A MIGHTY, HILLTOP WONDER
OVER 2,000 YEARS OLD.
4
00:00:11,012 --> 00:00:13,212
THE SHEER SCALE
OF THESE TEMPLES
5
00:00:13,214 --> 00:00:15,080
IS ALMOST UNIMAGINABLE.
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00:00:16,717 --> 00:00:18,484
HOW DID THE ANCIENT GREEKS
7
00:00:18,486 --> 00:00:21,787
CONSTRUCT THESE
EXTRAORDINARY BUILDINGS?
8
00:00:21,789 --> 00:00:24,056
IT'S REALLY FASCINATING.
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00:00:24,058 --> 00:00:25,924
IT'S A HUGE PUZZLE.
10
00:00:25,926 --> 00:00:28,994
WHAT LONG-LOST RITUALS
WERE THEY USED FOR?
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00:00:28,996 --> 00:00:30,429
AND HOW HAVE THEY SURVIVED,
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00:00:30,431 --> 00:00:33,098
WHILE OTHER ANCIENT BUILDINGS
HAVE CRUMBLED AWAY?
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[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
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00:00:36,103 --> 00:00:38,971
THE ONLY WAY TO SOLVE
THESE MYSTERIES
15
00:00:38,973 --> 00:00:41,573
IS TO BLOW THIS TEMPLE
COMPLEX APART.
16
00:00:44,812 --> 00:00:47,279
EXPLORING ITS STRUCTURE,
STONE BY STONE,
17
00:00:47,281 --> 00:00:50,149
WILL HELP US UNEARTH THE
ASTONISHING ENGINEERING SECRETS
18
00:00:50,151 --> 00:00:52,684
HIDDEN INSIDE
THIS ANCIENT WONDER.
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¶¶
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-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
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¶¶
24
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PERCHED HIGH ON A MASSIVE ROCK,
OVERLOOKING THE CITY OF ATHENS,
25
00:01:16,644 --> 00:01:21,613
STANDS A LANDMARK
OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION:
26
00:01:21,615 --> 00:01:23,082
THE ACROPOLIS.
27
00:01:25,586 --> 00:01:29,154
HERE, 2,400 YEARS AGO,
THE GREEKS BUILT
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AN EXTRAORDINARY COMPLEX
OF TEMPLES,
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WHERE THEY COULD
WORSHIP THEIR GODS.
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NOW, AS RESTORERS DISMANTLE
AND REBUILD IT,
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00:01:40,434 --> 00:01:43,669
THE ACROPOLIS IS REVEALING
ITS HIDDEN SECRETS.
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00:01:46,307 --> 00:01:48,507
NEW CLUES ARE EMERGING
FROM THE RESTORATION
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00:01:48,509 --> 00:01:53,212
OF ITS TWO LARGEST BUILDINGS:
THE WORLD-FAMOUS PARTHENON...
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AND THE IMPOSING ENTRANCE
GATEWAY KNOWN AS THE PROPYLAEA.
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00:02:02,256 --> 00:02:06,592
THE PARTHENON WAS THE GREATEST
TEMPLE OF ITS AGE...
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[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
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00:02:12,967 --> 00:02:14,566
A WONDER OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.
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00:02:17,271 --> 00:02:20,739
FROM 22,000 TONS
OF PRECIOUS MARBLE,
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00:02:20,741 --> 00:02:22,274
GREEK STONEMASONS ASSEMBLED
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A BUILDING
OF EXQUISITE PERFECTION.
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00:02:28,916 --> 00:02:33,785
ITS 13,000 INDIVIDUAL STONES
FITTED TOGETHER SO PRECISELY,
42
00:02:33,787 --> 00:02:35,454
THE JOINTS WERE WATERTIGHT.
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00:02:38,325 --> 00:02:43,562
ITS 58 TOWERING COLUMNS
COULD WITHSTAND EARTHQUAKES.
44
00:02:43,564 --> 00:02:46,565
IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY STRUCTURE.
45
00:02:46,567 --> 00:02:49,701
BUT HOW EXACTLY DID
THE ANCIENT GREEKS CONSTRUCT IT?
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[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
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00:02:53,874 --> 00:02:57,576
[ BELL TOLLS ]
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THE SECRET TO THE PARTHENON'S
PERFECTION BEGINS
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00:03:00,014 --> 00:03:02,147
WITH ITS SPECIAL
BUILDING MATERIAL:
50
00:03:02,149 --> 00:03:03,482
MARBLE.
51
00:03:06,220 --> 00:03:10,756
ITS LARGEST BLOCKS ARE MASSIVE,
WEIGHING IN AT 10 TONS EACH.
52
00:03:10,758 --> 00:03:12,758
[ OMINOUS MUSIC PLAYS ]
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BUT NO MARBLE EXISTED IN ATHENS,
SO HOW DID THE ANCIENT GREEKS
54
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FIND AND TRANSPORT
THESE ENORMOUS PIECES OF MARBLE
55
00:03:21,502 --> 00:03:23,969
TO THIS DIZZYING HILLTOP SITE?
56
00:03:23,971 --> 00:03:25,370
[ BELL TOLLS ]
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[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
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THE ANSWER LIES AT PENTELIKON,
OVER 10 MILES FROM THE CITY.
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HISTORIAN EDITH HALL
HAS COME HERE
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00:03:39,153 --> 00:03:41,720
TO PIECE TOGETHER
THIS ANCIENT MYSTERY.
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00:03:44,725 --> 00:03:47,726
THIS IS THE VERY BIRTHPLACE
OF THE PARTHENON:
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00:03:47,728 --> 00:03:51,663
THESE GREAT ROCKFACES,
WHERE THEY CUT DOWN THE MARBLE
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00:03:51,665 --> 00:03:54,032
AND TOOK IT ALL THE WAY TO
ATHENS TO BUILD THE ACROPOLIS.
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00:03:54,034 --> 00:03:56,435
AND, EVERYWHERE YOU LOOK,
THERE'S JUST GLITTERING,
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00:03:56,437 --> 00:03:58,337
WHITE MARBLE,
JUST STONES OF EVERY SIZE.
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00:03:58,339 --> 00:04:01,340
I MEAN, LOOK AT THIS ONE.
JUST PICK IT UP OFF THE FLOOR.
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00:04:01,342 --> 00:04:04,876
YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE HOW
INCREDIBLY GLEAMING WHITE IT IS
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00:04:04,878 --> 00:04:07,112
AND THE SPARKLY BITS THAT,
WELL, YOU CAN SEE,
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00:04:07,114 --> 00:04:09,982
ONCE IT'S POLISHED OFF
AND SMOOTHED DOWN AND CHISELED,
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00:04:09,984 --> 00:04:12,417
IT WOULD ACTUALLY GLEAM
IN THE SUNSHINE.
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00:04:12,419 --> 00:04:14,353
IT'S ACTUALLY INCANDESCENT.
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00:04:14,355 --> 00:04:17,656
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
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Narrator: ALTHOUGH EDITH
IS SURROUNDED BY MARBLE
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AT THE ANCIENT QUARRY,
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MOST OF IT IS IN SMALL PIECES.
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[ EERIE MUSIC PLAYS ]
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IN ANCIENT TIMES,
CRAFTSMEN WOULD'VE STRUGGLED
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00:04:30,004 --> 00:04:33,305
TO FIND THE ENORMOUS BLOCKS
NEEDED TO BUILD THE PARTHENON.
79
00:04:35,776 --> 00:04:39,211
TODAY, WORKERS AT THIS MODERN
QUARRY ON MOUNT PENTELIKON
80
00:04:39,213 --> 00:04:43,148
FACE THE SAME CHALLENGE.
81
00:04:43,150 --> 00:04:45,717
THE BLOCKS FROM HERE
ARE CONSIDERED SPECIAL.
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Narrator: THEY ARE
FROM THE SAME SEAM OF MARBLE
83
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AS THE ANCIENT QUARRY
AND ARE USED
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[SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS]
FOR THE ACROPOLIS RESTORATION.
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¶ [HEARTBEAT] ¶
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Sotiris: IT'S EXACTLY THE SAME
MARBLE THE ANCIENTS USED
87
00:05:04,171 --> 00:05:07,272
TO MAKE THE CONSTRUCTIONS
IN THE PARTHENON.
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[BELLS RINGS]
[SUSPENSEFUL CHORD STRIKES]
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Narrator:
EVEN WITH MODERN MACHINERY,
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00:05:20,154 --> 00:05:22,587
EXTRACTING LARGE BLOCKS
IS DIFFICULT.
91
00:05:25,592 --> 00:05:27,659
THE ROCK IS FULL
OF NATURAL FISSURES,
92
00:05:27,661 --> 00:05:30,362
TINY CRACKS THAT CAUSE
THE MARBLE TO BREAK.
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00:05:30,364 --> 00:05:33,899
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
94
00:05:33,901 --> 00:05:37,903
DIAMOND-COATED WIRE SAWS SLICE
THROUGH THE STONE WITH EASE.
95
00:05:44,011 --> 00:05:46,078
BUT, ONCE SOTIRIS
EXTRACTS THE BLOCKS,
96
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THEY OFTEN BREAK UP
INTO SMALLER PIECES.
97
00:06:02,830 --> 00:06:04,062
Narrator:
FOR THE ANCIENT GREEKS,
98
00:06:04,064 --> 00:06:05,731
WHO ONLY HAD HAND TOOLS,
99
00:06:05,733 --> 00:06:08,367
IT WOULD'VE TAKEN YEARS
TO EXTRACT ALL THE LARGE,
100
00:06:08,369 --> 00:06:10,969
10-TON STONES NEEDED
TO BUILD THE PARTHENON.
101
00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:15,507
AND, ONCE THEY
HAD FOUND THEIR STONES,
102
00:06:15,509 --> 00:06:17,743
THEY FACED AN EVEN
GREATER CHALLENGE...
103
00:06:21,582 --> 00:06:24,015
HOW DID THEY TRANSPORT
THESE ENORMOUSLY HEAVY,
104
00:06:24,017 --> 00:06:26,551
PRECIOUS BLOCKS OVER 10 MILES,
105
00:06:26,553 --> 00:06:29,755
THEN RAISE THEM TO THE WORK SITE
AT THE TOP OF THE HILL?
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00:06:29,757 --> 00:06:31,656
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
107
00:06:34,328 --> 00:06:39,297
AT THE ANCIENT QUARRY, EDITH
THINKS SHE HAS FOUND A CLUE.
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00:06:39,299 --> 00:06:41,700
Edith: WHERE I'M STANDING NOW
IS ACTUALLY THE ROAD
109
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THAT WAS MADE TO TRANSPORT
ALL THOSE SLABS FROM THE QUARRY,
110
00:06:45,806 --> 00:06:50,642
ALL THE WAY DOWNHILL, TO ATHENS,
AND TO THE ACROPOLIS ITSELF.
111
00:06:50,644 --> 00:06:52,411
IT'S DOWNHILL ALL THE WAY.
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00:06:52,413 --> 00:06:55,781
IT'S QUITE A STEEP GRADIENT,
BUT IT'S REGULAR AND SMOOTH
113
00:06:55,783 --> 00:06:58,450
AND THE ROAD'S AS STRAIGHT
AS THEY COULD POSSIBLY MAKE IT
114
00:06:58,452 --> 00:07:00,619
SO THAT THE JOURNEY WAS
AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE
115
00:07:00,621 --> 00:07:04,423
BECAUSE IT WAS AN INCREDIBLY
HARD LABOR FOR ALL OF THEM.
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[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
117
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Narrator: WORKERS USED MULES
TO PULL THE STONES ON CARTS,
118
00:07:09,496 --> 00:07:11,930
DOWN FROM THE MOUNTAIN,
TO THE CITY OF ATHENS.
119
00:07:14,835 --> 00:07:17,302
BUT THEN CAME
THE BIGGEST CHALLENGE:
120
00:07:17,304 --> 00:07:19,938
RAISING THE MARBLE UP
TO THE ACROPOLIS.
121
00:07:23,844 --> 00:07:27,579
THE ROCK RISES NEARLY
230 FEET ABOVE THE CITY.
122
00:07:27,581 --> 00:07:30,415
THERE WAS NO WAY THE GREEKS
COULD PULL THE MASSIVE BLOCKS
123
00:07:30,417 --> 00:07:34,252
DIRECTLY UP THIS PRECIPICE.
124
00:07:34,254 --> 00:07:38,156
SO HOW DID THEY HAUL THEM
TO THE TOP?
125
00:07:38,158 --> 00:07:40,559
HIDING UNNOTICED
BY THE THOUSANDS OF TOURISTS
126
00:07:40,561 --> 00:07:43,528
WHO PASS THIS WAY
LIES THE ANSWER.
127
00:07:43,530 --> 00:07:46,698
Edith: THEY BUILT A VERY
SMOOTH STONE RAMP
128
00:07:46,700 --> 00:07:48,099
WITH QUITE A SLOW GRADIENT.
129
00:07:48,101 --> 00:07:50,635
IT'S ONLY ABOUT 10°.
130
00:07:50,637 --> 00:07:55,240
Narrator: TODAY, THERE ARE ONLY
A FEW STONES LEFT HERE.
131
00:07:55,242 --> 00:07:56,741
BUT IT'S CLEAR,
FROM THEIR ANGLE,
132
00:07:56,743 --> 00:07:58,743
THAT THEY ARE PART
OF A MASSIVE RAMP
133
00:07:58,745 --> 00:08:01,880
THAT ONCE EXTENDED FROM THE
BOTTOM OF THE HILL TO THE TOP.
134
00:08:04,151 --> 00:08:07,486
SO HOW DID THE GREEKS
USE THIS RAMP?
135
00:08:07,488 --> 00:08:11,623
ARCHAEOLOGISTS SUSPECT
THEY CREATED THE PERFECT SYSTEM.
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00:08:11,625 --> 00:08:14,593
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
137
00:08:14,595 --> 00:08:16,061
AT THE BOTTOM OF THE RAMP,
138
00:08:16,063 --> 00:08:18,830
BUILDERS POSITIONED A CART
WITH HUGE WHEELS
139
00:08:18,832 --> 00:08:21,633
TO SUPPORT THE COLOSSAL WEIGHT
OF THE MARBLE BLOCKS.
140
00:08:25,572 --> 00:08:27,005
AT THE TOP OF THE RAMP,
141
00:08:27,007 --> 00:08:30,141
THEY ANCHORED
A MASSIVE WOODEN PULLEY.
142
00:08:30,143 --> 00:08:31,810
A HEAVY ROPE RAN AROUND IT
143
00:08:31,812 --> 00:08:34,212
AND DOWN TO THE CART
AT THE BOTTOM.
144
00:08:34,214 --> 00:08:37,282
THEY CONNECTED THE ROPE
TO A SECOND CART, AT THE TOP,
145
00:08:37,284 --> 00:08:39,918
THEN FILLED THIS
WITH RUBBLE FROM THE SITE,
146
00:08:39,920 --> 00:08:41,520
TO TURN IT
INTO A COUNTERWEIGHT.
147
00:08:45,759 --> 00:08:48,260
AS THE RUBBLE CART
ROLLED DOWNHILL,
148
00:08:48,262 --> 00:08:51,830
IT PULLED THE MARBLE
BLOCKS UP THE RAMP:
149
00:08:51,832 --> 00:08:55,300
AN INGENIOUS CABLE CAR, RUNNING
RIGHT UP TO THE ACROPOLIS.
150
00:08:55,302 --> 00:08:58,169
[ SUSPENSEFUL CHORD STRIKES ]
151
00:08:58,171 --> 00:09:00,138
IT TOOK A HUGE EFFORT
TO TRANSPORT
152
00:09:00,140 --> 00:09:03,708
22,000 TONS OF STONE
TO THE TOP OF THIS HILL.
153
00:09:06,079 --> 00:09:08,747
SO WHY DID THEY CHOOSE
THE MOST DIFFICULT PLACE
154
00:09:08,749 --> 00:09:12,284
IN THE WHOLE CITY
TO BUILD THESE SACRED TEMPLES,
155
00:09:12,286 --> 00:09:14,185
AND WHAT WAS THEIR PURPOSE?
156
00:09:14,187 --> 00:09:16,288
¶¶
157
00:09:17,881 --> 00:09:21,083
¶¶
158
00:09:21,085 --> 00:09:22,851
Narrator: THE ANCIENT GREEKS
COULD'VE BUILT
159
00:09:22,853 --> 00:09:25,153
THESE SACRED TEMPLES
ANYWHERE IN THE CITY.
160
00:09:25,155 --> 00:09:27,989
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
161
00:09:27,991 --> 00:09:30,859
WHY HERE?
162
00:09:30,861 --> 00:09:32,461
AND WHAT DID THEY USE THEM FOR?
163
00:09:35,099 --> 00:09:38,100
ACROPOLIS MEANS THE HIGH PLACE
OR THE SUMMIT OF THE CITY.
164
00:09:38,102 --> 00:09:40,335
IT'S WHERE THEY USED TO
PUT THEIR TREASURES.
165
00:09:40,337 --> 00:09:42,804
IT WAS ORIGINALLY
THEIR SEAT OF GOVERNMENT
166
00:09:42,806 --> 00:09:44,306
AND IT WAS CERTAINLY THE PLACE
167
00:09:44,308 --> 00:09:47,442
WHERE THEY WERE GOING TO
WORSHIP THE GODS.
168
00:09:47,444 --> 00:09:48,643
Narrator:
ON THE ACROPOLIS,
169
00:09:48,645 --> 00:09:51,513
THE ATHENIANS FELT CLOSER
TO THEIR GODS IN THE SKY.
170
00:09:57,955 --> 00:09:59,754
ALTHOUGH THEY WORSHIPED
MANY GODS,
171
00:09:59,756 --> 00:10:03,725
THE MAIN TEMPLES ON THIS SITE
WERE DEDICATED TO JUST ONE:
172
00:10:03,727 --> 00:10:05,627
ATHENA.
173
00:10:05,629 --> 00:10:07,829
Edith: ATHENA IS ONE
OF THE OLDEST GREEK GODS.
174
00:10:07,831 --> 00:10:10,599
SHE'S THE GODDESS OF CITIES,
OF CIVILIZATION,
175
00:10:10,601 --> 00:10:12,634
AND SHE'S VERY,
VERY OFTEN FOUND WORSHIPED
176
00:10:12,636 --> 00:10:14,769
WHERE THERE'S A HIGH,
ROCKY CITADEL,
177
00:10:14,771 --> 00:10:17,839
WHERE PEOPLE TENDED TO FORM
BIG, URBAN COMMUNITIES.
178
00:10:17,841 --> 00:10:20,242
THAT'S WHY THE CITY
IS CALLED ATHENS.
179
00:10:20,244 --> 00:10:22,043
IT'S THE CITY OF ATHENA.
180
00:10:22,045 --> 00:10:24,613
¶¶
181
00:10:24,615 --> 00:10:27,582
Narrator: ATHENA WAS KNOWN
AS THE VIRGIN GODDESS AND SO,
182
00:10:27,584 --> 00:10:30,685
THE PEOPLE NAMED THIS BUILDING
FROM THE GREEK WORD FOR VIRGIN:
183
00:10:30,687 --> 00:10:31,887
THE PARTHENON.
184
00:10:35,659 --> 00:10:38,460
¶¶
185
00:10:38,462 --> 00:10:41,763
HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS REVEAL
THIS WAS ONCE A SHINING TEMPLE.
186
00:10:44,635 --> 00:10:50,238
INSIDE, A NEARLY 40-FOOT TALL
STATUE OF THE GODDESS ATHENA.
187
00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:53,375
IN HER HAND,
A HUMAN-SIZED FIGURE OF NIKE,
188
00:10:53,377 --> 00:10:54,910
THE GODDESS OF VICTORY.
189
00:11:00,050 --> 00:11:02,884
AROUND HER RISES
AN EXQUISITE BUILDING CREATED
190
00:11:02,886 --> 00:11:05,120
SO THE PEOPLE OF ATHENS
COULD PROPERLY WORSHIP
191
00:11:05,122 --> 00:11:08,857
THE GODDESS THEY BELIEVED
WOULD PROTECT THEIR CITY
192
00:11:08,859 --> 00:11:10,392
AND MAKE IT IMPREGNABLE.
193
00:11:19,836 --> 00:11:23,238
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
194
00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:26,708
RECENTLY, ARCHAEOLOGISTS HERE
HAVE MADE AN AMAZING DISCOVERY.
195
00:11:32,449 --> 00:11:34,416
Narrator: THE REMAINS
OF A STRANGE STRUCTURE
196
00:11:34,418 --> 00:11:36,585
LIE HIDDEN
BENEATH THE PARTHENON.
197
00:11:40,624 --> 00:11:45,827
COULD IT BE THAT THE BUILDING WE
SEE TODAY IS NOT THE ORIGINAL?
198
00:11:45,829 --> 00:11:50,265
¶¶
199
00:11:50,267 --> 00:11:53,101
OUT OF SIGHT, BENEATH THE FLOOR
OF THE MARBLE PARTHENON,
200
00:11:53,103 --> 00:11:56,905
LIES TENS OF THOUSANDS
OF MYSTERIOUS LIMESTONE BLOCKS.
201
00:11:59,943 --> 00:12:04,713
THE BLOCKS PLUNGE
22 LAYERS DEEP ON ONE SIDE.
202
00:12:04,715 --> 00:12:06,982
THEY FORM A MASSIVE,
WEDGE-SHAPED FOUNDATION
203
00:12:06,984 --> 00:12:09,284
THAT HUGS THE SLOPE
OF THE ACROPOLIS HILL.
204
00:12:12,456 --> 00:12:14,789
INVESTIGATIONS REVEAL
THAT SOME OF THESE BLOCKS
205
00:12:14,791 --> 00:12:16,591
ARE OVER 100 YEARS OLDER
206
00:12:16,593 --> 00:12:18,827
THAN THE PARTHENON
THAT SITS ON TOP OF THEM,
207
00:12:21,531 --> 00:12:23,665
A SIGN THAT ANOTHER
BUILDING STOOD HERE
208
00:12:23,667 --> 00:12:26,067
LONG BEFORE THE MONUMENT
WE SEE TODAY.
209
00:12:26,069 --> 00:12:30,405
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
210
00:12:30,407 --> 00:12:33,208
[ SUSPENSEFUL CHORD
STRIKES ]
211
00:12:33,210 --> 00:12:35,910
SO WHAT WAS THIS
MYSTERIOUS STRUCTURE,
212
00:12:35,912 --> 00:12:37,545
AND WHAT HAPPENED TO IT?
213
00:12:37,547 --> 00:12:40,148
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
214
00:12:40,150 --> 00:12:42,317
ARCHAEOLOGIST
ELISAVET SIOUMPARA
215
00:12:42,319 --> 00:12:44,619
IS WORKING TO UNRAVEL
THE MYSTERY.
216
00:12:49,860 --> 00:12:52,260
Narrator: SHE AND HER TEAM
ARE TACKLING A HUGE,
217
00:12:52,262 --> 00:12:54,296
3-DIMENSIONAL JIGSAW PUZZLE.
218
00:12:56,800 --> 00:12:58,967
THOUSANDS OF STONES
LIE SCATTERED
219
00:12:58,969 --> 00:13:02,637
WITHIN THE WALLS
OF THE ACROPOLIS.
220
00:13:02,639 --> 00:13:05,307
NOT ALL OF THESE STONES
ARE MARBLE.
221
00:13:05,309 --> 00:13:09,678
SOME ARE LIMESTONE,
FRAGMENTS OF ANCIENT BUILDINGS
222
00:13:09,680 --> 00:13:13,515
THAT EXISTED
BEFORE THE PARTHENON.
223
00:13:13,517 --> 00:13:15,216
ELISAVET IS HUNTING FOR PIECES
224
00:13:15,218 --> 00:13:17,485
OF THESE ANCIENT STONES
THAT JOIN TOGETHER.
225
00:13:19,456 --> 00:13:21,189
IT'S A MONUMENTAL TASK.
226
00:13:24,728 --> 00:13:29,864
WE HAVE ALREADY DOCUMENTATED
AROUND 23,000 BLOCKS.
227
00:13:39,609 --> 00:13:42,877
Narrator: IT'S A PUZZLE
WITH AN EXTRAORDINARY PRIZE.
228
00:13:46,350 --> 00:13:47,916
Narrator: IF THEY CAN JOIN
ENOUGH PIECES,
229
00:13:47,918 --> 00:13:50,852
THEY CAN FIGURE OUT WHAT THE
ORIGINAL BUILDINGS LOOKED LIKE.
230
00:14:16,546 --> 00:14:17,779
Narrator:
AFTER YEARS OF WORK,
231
00:14:17,781 --> 00:14:20,281
THE TEAM HAS MADE
A MAJOR DISCOVERY.
232
00:14:20,283 --> 00:14:24,219
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
233
00:14:24,221 --> 00:14:26,354
FROM THE SMALL FRAGMENTS
THAT THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS
234
00:14:26,356 --> 00:14:28,523
HAVE COLLECTED,
THEY'VE PIECED TOGETHER
235
00:14:28,525 --> 00:14:30,658
THE DIMENSIONS
OF A MYSTERIOUS BUILDING.
236
00:14:36,833 --> 00:14:39,067
THEY'VE WORKED OUT,
FROM THE DECORATED BLOCKS,
237
00:14:39,069 --> 00:14:40,301
THAT IT WAS A TEMPLE
238
00:14:40,303 --> 00:14:44,606
WITH A MAGNIFICENT ENTRANCE
AT ITS FRONT,
239
00:14:44,608 --> 00:14:47,442
SIDES 160 FEET LONG,
240
00:14:47,444 --> 00:14:49,344
AND WEIGHING THOUSANDS OF TONS.
241
00:14:51,481 --> 00:14:54,215
IT STOOD PROUD ON A FOUNDATION
OF LIMESTONE BLOCKS
242
00:14:54,217 --> 00:14:57,185
THAT STILL SITS DEEP
UNDER THE PARTHENON WE KNOW,
243
00:14:57,187 --> 00:14:58,586
RIGHT TO THIS VERY DAY.
244
00:15:05,328 --> 00:15:08,663
AMAZINGLY, THIS ANCIENT TEMPLE
WAS ANOTHER PARTHENON,
245
00:15:08,665 --> 00:15:11,166
BUILT LONG BEFORE
THE ONE WE SEE TODAY.
246
00:15:14,337 --> 00:15:17,138
BUT WHAT HAPPENED TO IT?
247
00:15:17,140 --> 00:15:19,808
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
248
00:15:22,179 --> 00:15:23,545
IN HER SEARCH FOR ANSWERS,
249
00:15:23,547 --> 00:15:27,949
EDITH THINKS SHE'S FOUND
A CLUE IN THESE STATUES.
250
00:15:27,951 --> 00:15:31,453
Edith: THESE ARE THE REMAINS
OF THE SCULPTURES
251
00:15:31,455 --> 00:15:34,622
ON THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA
THAT PRECEDED THE PARTHENON
252
00:15:34,624 --> 00:15:38,827
THAT WE NOW CAN SEE
AND THEY'RE REALLY AMAZING.
253
00:15:41,631 --> 00:15:43,431
Narrator:
THE STATUES DATE FROM A TIME
254
00:15:43,433 --> 00:15:48,837
JUST BEFORE ATHENS EMERGED
AS THE WORLD'S FIRST DEMOCRACY.
255
00:15:48,839 --> 00:15:51,105
IT'S VERY ELEMENTAL.
IT'S MUCH MORE PRIMITIVE
256
00:15:51,107 --> 00:15:54,108
THAN WHAT WE SEE ON
THE PARTHENON THAT SURVIVED.
257
00:15:56,112 --> 00:16:00,014
Narrator: EXACTLY WHY THE TEMPLE
WAS DESTROYED IS A MYSTERY,
258
00:16:00,016 --> 00:16:02,684
BUT IT'S POSSIBLE THAT
THE GREEKS CONSIDERED IT OLD;
259
00:16:02,686 --> 00:16:04,252
AND ITS MYTHOLOGICAL
SCULPTURES,
260
00:16:04,254 --> 00:16:08,089
OUT OF FASHION
WITH THEIR BELIEFS.
261
00:16:08,091 --> 00:16:10,225
MAYBE SOMETHING
ABOUT THE MYTHOLOGY ON IT
262
00:16:10,227 --> 00:16:12,160
WASN'T EXACTLY RIGHT.
263
00:16:12,162 --> 00:16:15,296
WHAT WE DO KNOW, THOUGH,
IS IT WAS A VERY IMPORTANT
264
00:16:15,298 --> 00:16:19,100
STEPPING STONE TOWARDS THE
ERECTION OF THE GREAT TEMPLE
265
00:16:19,102 --> 00:16:21,469
THAT WE REALLY IDENTIFY
AS THE PARTHENON.
266
00:16:24,207 --> 00:16:26,541
Narrator: THE FIRST PARTHENON
SHOWED THE PEOPLE OF ATHENS
267
00:16:26,543 --> 00:16:29,544
THEY COULD CONSTRUCT A STONE
TEMPLE HIGH ABOVE THE CITY.
268
00:16:33,383 --> 00:16:35,083
BUT THE NEXT GENERATION
WAS DETERMINED
269
00:16:35,085 --> 00:16:37,252
TO BUILD SOMETHING
BIGGER AND BETTER.
270
00:16:40,790 --> 00:16:43,625
THEIR ACHIEVEMENT CONSTRUCTING
THE ANCIENT-GREEK ACROPOLIS
271
00:16:43,627 --> 00:16:47,629
WE SEE TODAY
WAS TRULY EXTRAORDINARY.
272
00:16:47,631 --> 00:16:51,332
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
273
00:16:51,334 --> 00:16:53,067
FROM THEIR WORK
ON THE ANCIENT STONES,
274
00:16:53,069 --> 00:16:56,337
THE TEAM RESTORING THE ACROPOLIS
IS CONVINCED THAT THESE
275
00:16:56,339 --> 00:16:59,140
WERE SOME OF THE FINEST
BUILDINGS EVER CONSTRUCTED.
276
00:17:01,578 --> 00:17:03,344
VASSILIKI ELEFTHERIOU
277
00:17:03,346 --> 00:17:06,681
IS THE DIRECTOR
OF THE ACROPOLIS RESTORATION.
278
00:17:06,683 --> 00:17:10,351
THEY HAVE TO MOVE
THIS BLOCK NOW.
279
00:17:10,353 --> 00:17:14,355
THE FINAL POSITION IS HERE.
280
00:17:14,357 --> 00:17:16,891
Narrator: TODAY, HER TEAM
IS INSTALLING AN ANCIENT BLOCK
281
00:17:16,893 --> 00:17:19,894
THAT MAKES UP THE ENTRANCE
GATEWAY: THE PROPYLAEA.
282
00:17:22,566 --> 00:17:24,866
THE RESTORATION HERE
REVEALS NEW EVIDENCE
283
00:17:24,868 --> 00:17:30,672
THAT THE ANCIENT CRAFTSMEN
WORKED WITH EXTREME PRECISION.
284
00:17:30,674 --> 00:17:32,307
THEY LEFT MARKINGS IN THE STONE
285
00:17:32,309 --> 00:17:34,842
THAT VASSILIKI CAN
STILL USE AS A GUIDE.
286
00:17:46,389 --> 00:17:51,025
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
287
00:17:51,027 --> 00:17:53,261
Narrator: IT'S A CHALLENGE
TO MATCH THE CRAFTSMANSHIP
288
00:17:53,263 --> 00:17:56,097
OF THE ANCIENT BUILDERS,
EVEN WITH MODERN TOOLS.
289
00:18:11,815 --> 00:18:14,248
Narrator:
EVEN AFTER 2,400 YEARS,
290
00:18:14,250 --> 00:18:17,485
THE ANCIENT-GREEK BLOCK
STILL FITS INTO POSITION.
291
00:18:17,487 --> 00:18:18,686
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
292
00:18:18,688 --> 00:18:19,854
[ SUSPENSEFUL CHORD
STRIKES ]
293
00:18:22,859 --> 00:18:24,959
TO BUILD THE ACROPOLIS,
THE GREEKS HAD TO
294
00:18:24,961 --> 00:18:29,063
REPEAT THIS PRECISION,
OVER AND OVER AGAIN.
295
00:18:29,065 --> 00:18:30,698
SO, HOW DID THEY DO IT?
296
00:18:32,261 --> 00:18:34,795
¶¶
297
00:18:34,797 --> 00:18:40,734
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
298
00:18:40,736 --> 00:18:42,169
Narrator:
ANCIENT MASONS CARVED
299
00:18:42,171 --> 00:18:45,673
13,000 PERFECTLY RECTANGULAR
BLOCKS OF MARBLE.
300
00:18:50,046 --> 00:18:54,782
THEY ASSEMBLED THE BLOCKS
INTO 40-FOOT-HIGH WALLS.
301
00:18:54,784 --> 00:18:58,285
OUTSIDE, THEY STACKED
OVER 600 MASSIVE MARBLE DRUMS
302
00:18:58,287 --> 00:19:02,356
TO FORM 58 TOWERING COLUMNS
OVER 3 STORIES TALL.
303
00:19:05,928 --> 00:19:11,465
ON TOP, THEY LAID STONES
WEIGHING UP TO 10 TONS.
304
00:19:11,467 --> 00:19:14,335
HOW COULD THE ANCIENT GREEKS
LIFT SUCH MASSIVE WEIGHTS
305
00:19:14,337 --> 00:19:16,804
AND PLACE THEM WITH
SUCH SURGICAL PRECISION?
306
00:19:19,976 --> 00:19:25,045
¶¶
307
00:19:25,047 --> 00:19:26,981
ON THE ENTRANCE GATEWAY
TO THE ACROPOLIS,
308
00:19:26,983 --> 00:19:28,682
KNOWN AS THE PROPYLAEA,
309
00:19:28,684 --> 00:19:30,384
THE RESTORATION TEAM
IS GRAPPLING
310
00:19:30,386 --> 00:19:33,520
WITH THE SAME PROBLEM THAT
CHALLENGED THE ANCIENT GREEKS.
311
00:19:36,759 --> 00:19:39,627
ARCHITECT KONSTANTINOS KARANASOS
AND HIS TEAM
312
00:19:39,629 --> 00:19:41,695
MUST RAISE AN ORIGINAL
DRUM OF MARBLE
313
00:19:41,697 --> 00:19:43,597
TO THE TOP OF ONE
OF THE COLUMNS.
314
00:19:46,636 --> 00:19:52,373
THE PLAN IS TO PUT THE DRUM
AT ITS ORIGINAL POSITION.
315
00:19:52,375 --> 00:19:55,643
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
316
00:19:55,645 --> 00:19:59,279
Narrator:
LIFTING THIS 2,400-YEAR-OLD
PIECE OF MARBLE
317
00:19:59,281 --> 00:20:01,081
REQUIRES EXTREME CAUTION.
318
00:20:13,729 --> 00:20:17,665
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
319
00:20:17,667 --> 00:20:23,003
Narrator: RAISING THE STONE
REVEALS A PROBLEM.
320
00:20:23,005 --> 00:20:27,508
THE STRAPS WRAP
RIGHT UNDERNEATH THE DRUM.
321
00:20:27,510 --> 00:20:29,276
THEIR POSITION
MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE
322
00:20:29,278 --> 00:20:32,613
TO LAY THE DRUM
DIRECTLY ONTO THE COLUMN.
323
00:20:32,615 --> 00:20:36,583
SO WHAT DID THE ANCIENT GREEKS
DO THAT THIS MODERN TEAM IS NOT?
324
00:20:39,455 --> 00:20:42,956
ONE ORIGINAL STONE, AMONG
THOUSANDS ON THE ACROPOLIS,
325
00:20:42,958 --> 00:20:45,159
HOLDS THE KEY.
326
00:20:45,161 --> 00:20:48,429
IT LOOKS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT
TO A FINISHED COLUMN DRUM,
327
00:20:48,431 --> 00:20:52,332
BUT EDITH THINKS IT SOLVES
AN ENGINEERING MYSTERY.
328
00:20:52,334 --> 00:20:53,734
Edith:
THIS IS VERY EXCITING.
329
00:20:53,736 --> 00:20:56,036
THIS IS ACTUALLY A COLUMN DRUM
330
00:20:56,038 --> 00:20:59,073
TO MAKE ONE OF THE COLUMNS
FOR THE TEMPLES,
331
00:20:59,075 --> 00:21:02,609
BUT IN THE STATE IT WOULD'VE
ARRIVED AT FROM THE QUARRY.
332
00:21:02,611 --> 00:21:06,180
AT THE QUARRY, IT WAS MADE
INTO THE CIRCLE, CIRCULAR SHAPE,
333
00:21:06,182 --> 00:21:10,584
BUT THESE BIG BOSSES
WERE LEFT ON.
334
00:21:10,586 --> 00:21:13,353
Narrator: SO WHAT COULD
THESE KNOTS HAVE BEEN USED FOR?
335
00:21:14,990 --> 00:21:18,759
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
336
00:21:18,761 --> 00:21:21,462
THE GREEKS HAD BIG,
WOODEN CRANES THAT COULD WINCH
337
00:21:21,464 --> 00:21:24,465
10-TON MARBLE PIECES
OVER 3 STORIES HIGH.
338
00:21:27,770 --> 00:21:29,503
THEY LEFT THE DRUMS UNCARVED,
339
00:21:29,505 --> 00:21:33,974
EXCEPT FOR THE PROTRUSIONS,
CALLED BOSSES.
340
00:21:33,976 --> 00:21:36,143
THE LIFTING ROPES GRIPPED
TO THE BOSSES
341
00:21:36,145 --> 00:21:39,313
AND RELEASED WITH EASE.
342
00:21:39,315 --> 00:21:43,984
THEY STACKED UP 11 DRUMS
TO BUILD A COLUMN.
343
00:21:43,986 --> 00:21:49,323
THEN, THE MASONS CARVED
THE FLUTES IN PERFECT ALIGNMENT,
344
00:21:49,325 --> 00:21:50,858
TO MAKE SURE
THAT ALL THE COLUMNS
345
00:21:50,860 --> 00:21:53,327
OF THE PARTHENON
LOOKED EXACTLY THE SAME.
346
00:21:55,898 --> 00:21:57,331
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
347
00:21:57,333 --> 00:21:58,999
[ SUSPENSEFUL CHORD
STRIKES ]
348
00:22:06,075 --> 00:22:08,542
Narrator: WITHOUT THESE BOSSES,
THE ONLY WAY
349
00:22:08,544 --> 00:22:11,645
KONSTANTINOS AND THE TEAM
CAN LOWER THE DRUM INTO PLACE
350
00:22:11,647 --> 00:22:13,380
IS TO USE MODERN EQUIPMENT.
351
00:22:17,219 --> 00:22:22,022
THEY TIE THE ROPES TIGHT
AROUND THE SIDES OF THE DRUM.
352
00:22:22,024 --> 00:22:25,092
BUT KEEPING THE STONE LEVEL
IS NO SIMPLE TASK.
353
00:22:33,702 --> 00:22:35,335
Narrator:
IT TAKES THE TEAM 2 DAYS
354
00:22:35,337 --> 00:22:38,672
TO PLACE THE DRUM SAFELY
INTO ITS ORIGINAL POSITION
355
00:22:38,674 --> 00:22:42,009
AND TAKE THE ENTRANCE GATEWAY
A STEP CLOSER TO COMPLETION.
356
00:22:46,715 --> 00:22:51,451
¶¶
357
00:22:51,453 --> 00:22:55,556
THE BUILDINGS ON THE ACROPOLIS
ARE OVER 2,400 YEARS OLD.
358
00:22:58,194 --> 00:23:01,228
GREECE IS STILL ONE OF THE MOST
SEISMICALLY ACTIVE AREAS
359
00:23:01,230 --> 00:23:04,364
IN THE WORLD, WITH FEW OTHER
STRUCTURES LASTING SO LONG.
360
00:23:04,366 --> 00:23:07,000
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
361
00:23:10,773 --> 00:23:13,674
SO WHAT'S THE SECRET?
362
00:23:13,676 --> 00:23:16,910
HOW HAVE THESE ANCIENT
TEMPLES SURVIVED?
363
00:23:17,861 --> 00:23:21,596
¶¶
364
00:23:21,598 --> 00:23:23,598
Narrator: PERCHED HIGH
ABOVE THE CITY OF ATHENS,
365
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:25,767
THE ANCIENT TEMPLES
OF THE ACROPOLIS,
366
00:23:25,769 --> 00:23:27,669
INCLUDING
THE MAJESTIC PARTHENON,
367
00:23:27,671 --> 00:23:29,371
ARE AN ENGINEERING MYSTERY.
368
00:23:29,373 --> 00:23:33,141
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
369
00:23:33,143 --> 00:23:34,643
THEY STAND IN ONE OF THE MOST
370
00:23:34,645 --> 00:23:39,314
SEISMICALLY ACTIVE COUNTRIES
IN THE WORLD.
371
00:23:39,316 --> 00:23:40,982
RECENT EARTHQUAKES
HAVE DEMOLISHED
372
00:23:40,984 --> 00:23:42,584
MODERN BUILDINGS IN THE CITY.
373
00:23:44,121 --> 00:23:47,355
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
374
00:23:47,357 --> 00:23:49,624
SO HOW HAVE THESE ANCIENT
TEMPLES SURVIVED
375
00:23:49,626 --> 00:23:51,459
FOR OVER 2,000 YEARS?
376
00:23:54,998 --> 00:23:57,065
SEISMOLOGIST IOANNIS KALOGERAS
377
00:23:57,067 --> 00:23:59,834
MONITORS SEISMIC ACTIVITY
ON THE ACROPOLIS.
378
00:24:12,516 --> 00:24:14,049
Narrator:
THIS ACCELEROGRAPH,
379
00:24:14,051 --> 00:24:16,351
ONE OF 10 POSITIONED
ACROSS THE SITE,
380
00:24:16,353 --> 00:24:18,620
MEASURES HOW MUCH
THE GROUND SHAKES.
381
00:24:24,828 --> 00:24:26,294
Narrator: WHEN HE LOOKS BACK
AT THE DATA,
382
00:24:26,296 --> 00:24:28,663
IOANNIS DISCOVERS THAT,
DURING EARTHQUAKES,
383
00:24:28,665 --> 00:24:31,099
SOMETHING STRANGE HAPPENS HERE
AT THE PARTHENON.
384
00:24:31,101 --> 00:24:33,835
[ EERIE MUSIC PLAYS ]
385
00:24:33,837 --> 00:24:36,838
THIS IS A TYPICAL RECORD
OF A SMALL EARTHQUAKE,
386
00:24:36,840 --> 00:24:39,874
A LOCAL EARTHQUAKE.
387
00:24:39,876 --> 00:24:41,142
Narrator:
THE RECORDING SHOWS
388
00:24:41,144 --> 00:24:43,645
THAT THE FOUNDATIONS
OF THE PARTHENON SHAKE LESS
389
00:24:43,647 --> 00:24:45,747
THAN THE GROUND
IN THE SURROUNDING CITY.
390
00:24:48,352 --> 00:24:49,784
BUT WHY IS THIS HAPPENING?
391
00:24:49,786 --> 00:24:51,853
WHAT IS SPECIAL
ABOUT THIS PLACE?
392
00:25:00,430 --> 00:25:02,197
Narrator:
THE ROCK ITSELF IS SOLID,
393
00:25:02,199 --> 00:25:04,532
BUT THE CITY AROUND IT
IS BUILT ON LOOSE SOIL
394
00:25:04,534 --> 00:25:06,835
THAT VIBRATES STRONGLY
IN AN EARTHQUAKE.
395
00:25:16,246 --> 00:25:18,680
Narrator: IT APPEARS THAT
THE PARTHENON'S FOUNDATIONS,
396
00:25:18,682 --> 00:25:21,750
BUILT DIRECTLY ON SOLID ROCK,
HAVE HELPED IT SURVIVE.
397
00:25:23,487 --> 00:25:25,453
[ SINISTER MUSIC PLAYS ]
398
00:25:25,455 --> 00:25:27,856
BUT THIS ALONE DOESN'T EXPLAIN
HOW THESE TEMPLES
399
00:25:27,858 --> 00:25:32,027
HAVE STOOD FIRM
AGAINST EARTHQUAKES.
400
00:25:32,029 --> 00:25:34,863
THE BIGGEST CLUE TO WHAT MAKES
THESE STRUCTURES SO SPECIAL
401
00:25:34,865 --> 00:25:36,865
HIDES INSIDE THEIR STONES.
402
00:25:41,138 --> 00:25:43,905
BLOW THE PARTHENON APART,
AND YOU WON'T FIND
403
00:25:43,907 --> 00:25:46,741
AN OUNCE OF MORTAR
TO BOUND THE MARBLE TOGETHER.
404
00:25:46,743 --> 00:25:49,210
¶¶
405
00:25:52,416 --> 00:25:55,216
INSTEAD, THERE ARE
MYSTERIOUS SLOTS IN THE BLOCKS
406
00:25:55,218 --> 00:25:58,186
AND, INSIDE THEM, IRON CLAMPS.
407
00:26:06,496 --> 00:26:08,063
IN BETWEEN THE COLUMN DRUMS,
408
00:26:08,065 --> 00:26:10,298
THERE ARE WOODEN
WEDGES AND PINS.
409
00:26:13,670 --> 00:26:16,771
THESE PIECES OF IRON AND WOOD
HELP PROTECT THE TEMPLE
410
00:26:16,773 --> 00:26:20,508
FROM EARTHQUAKES,
BUT HOW DO THEY DO IT?
411
00:26:20,510 --> 00:26:26,948
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
412
00:26:26,950 --> 00:26:32,287
CIVIL ENGINEER ZANNIS KONTEAS
WORKS WITH THE RESTORATION TEAM.
413
00:26:32,289 --> 00:26:34,656
HE THINKS THE ANCIENT GREEKS
DID SOMETHING CLEVER
414
00:26:34,658 --> 00:26:39,060
WHEN THEY INSTALLED
THESE CONNECTING PIECES.
415
00:26:39,062 --> 00:26:41,529
THE CLAMPS WERE PLACED
IN SOCKETS
416
00:26:41,531 --> 00:26:45,500
THAT WERE CAREFULLY CARVED
ON THE TOP SIDE OF THE BLOCKS.
417
00:26:47,237 --> 00:26:48,970
Narrator: HE'S NOTICED
THAT ANCIENT BUILDERS
418
00:26:48,972 --> 00:26:53,141
DELIBERATELY CUT THE HOLES
LARGER THAN THE CLAMPS.
419
00:27:05,455 --> 00:27:08,323
Narrator: THE LEAD SEALS
THE IRON CLAMPS FROM THE AIR
420
00:27:08,325 --> 00:27:10,458
AND STOPS THEM FROM RUSTING.
421
00:27:10,460 --> 00:27:13,361
BUT IT ALSO PLAYS A CRITICAL
ROLE IN AN EARTHQUAKE.
422
00:27:19,703 --> 00:27:22,404
Narrator: DURING AN EARTHQUAKE,
THE SOFT, FLEXIBLE LEAD
423
00:27:22,406 --> 00:27:23,938
ALLOWS THE MARBLE BLOCKS
TO MOVE,
424
00:27:23,940 --> 00:27:27,075
WHILE THE CLAMPS STOP THE WALLS
FROM FALLING DOWN.
425
00:27:37,888 --> 00:27:39,621
Narrator: THE SYSTEM
THAT PROTECTS THE COLUMNS
426
00:27:39,623 --> 00:27:40,789
IS EVEN SMARTER.
427
00:27:43,860 --> 00:27:45,493
WHEN THEY PULLED
THE COLUMNS APART,
428
00:27:45,495 --> 00:27:47,796
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
FOUND PIECES OF WOOD
429
00:27:47,798 --> 00:27:51,633
2,400 YEARS OLD
AND AMAZINGLY WELL-PRESERVED.
430
00:27:53,804 --> 00:27:57,071
THE SEGMENTS ARE CALLED
EMPOLIA AND POLOS.
431
00:28:13,957 --> 00:28:17,025
Narrator: THE WAY THE WOOD
PIECES WORK IS INGENIOUS.
432
00:28:17,027 --> 00:28:21,996
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
433
00:28:21,998 --> 00:28:24,666
WITHOUT THEM, A BIG QUAKE
COULD SHAKE THE COLUMNS
434
00:28:24,668 --> 00:28:26,868
OUT OF ALIGNMENT
UNTIL THEY COLLAPSE.
435
00:28:26,870 --> 00:28:29,904
[ RUMBLING ]
436
00:28:29,906 --> 00:28:33,374
BUT THE EMPOLIA PREVENT THIS.
437
00:28:33,376 --> 00:28:35,443
THEY SIT RIGHT
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE DRUMS
438
00:28:35,445 --> 00:28:37,712
AND ACT LIKE SOFT,
WOODEN JOINTS.
439
00:28:41,485 --> 00:28:45,353
THEIR SPECIAL SHAPE LETS
COLUMNS WOBBLE IN A QUAKE,
440
00:28:45,355 --> 00:28:47,689
BUT ALWAYS KEEPS
THE DRUMS IN LINE.
441
00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:54,662
THAT MEANS
THEY DON'T COLLAPSE,
442
00:28:54,664 --> 00:28:56,598
SO, WHEN THE EARTH
STOPS SHAKING,
443
00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:59,467
THE PARTHENON LIVES
TO SEE ANOTHER DAY.
444
00:29:02,205 --> 00:29:08,042
¶¶
445
00:29:08,044 --> 00:29:11,379
ARCHAEOLOGISTS EVEN HAVE FOUND
PROVE THE CONCEPT WORKS.
446
00:29:34,738 --> 00:29:38,206
Narrator: THE WOOD
HELD THE STONES TOGETHER.
447
00:29:38,208 --> 00:29:41,476
IT TWISTED, BUT DIDN'T BREAK.
448
00:29:41,478 --> 00:29:43,778
THE ANCIENT-GREEK WAY
OF BUILDING WAS SO GOOD
449
00:29:43,780 --> 00:29:45,647
THAT THE TEAM
RESTORING THE ACROPOLIS
450
00:29:45,649 --> 00:29:48,116
STILL USES THE SAME TECHNIQUES.
451
00:29:50,720 --> 00:29:52,387
WHERE ANCIENT STONES
ARE MISSING,
452
00:29:52,389 --> 00:29:56,691
THE TEAM REPLACES THEM
WITH NEW MARBLE.
453
00:29:56,693 --> 00:29:59,661
TODAY, THE RESTORERS ARE LAYING
A NEW MARBLE BLOCK
454
00:29:59,663 --> 00:30:03,932
ON THE WALL OF THE CELLAR,
THE TEMPLE SANCTUARY.
455
00:30:06,903 --> 00:30:09,370
ARCHITECT
ROSALIA CHRISTODOULOPOULOU
456
00:30:09,372 --> 00:30:12,674
MONITORS THE OPERATION.
457
00:30:12,676 --> 00:30:17,111
WE ARE GOING TO HAVE A TRIAL
POSITIONING OF THIS MARBLE.
458
00:30:17,113 --> 00:30:19,814
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
459
00:30:19,816 --> 00:30:21,149
Narrator:
TO JOIN THE BLOCKS,
460
00:30:21,151 --> 00:30:25,920
THE ANCIENT GREEKS
USED DOWELS MADE OF IRON.
461
00:30:25,922 --> 00:30:30,959
TODAY, RESTORERS USE TITANIUM,
BECAUSE IT WON'T RUST.
462
00:30:30,961 --> 00:30:32,860
AND, ISN'T OF COATING
THE DOWEL IN LEAD,
463
00:30:32,862 --> 00:30:34,495
THEY CEMENT IT IN PLACE.
464
00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:47,175
Narrator: THE MORTAR IS
A SPECIAL, WEAK MIX.
465
00:30:47,177 --> 00:30:49,243
IN AN EARTHQUAKE,
IT WILL CRUMBLE,
466
00:30:49,245 --> 00:30:52,981
ALLOWING THE BLOCKS TO MOVE,
JUST LIKE THE LEAD DID.
467
00:30:52,983 --> 00:30:56,351
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
468
00:30:56,353 --> 00:30:58,152
AFTER MONTHS
OF PREPARING THE STONE,
469
00:30:58,154 --> 00:30:59,754
IT TAKES THE TEAM
JUST 10 MINUTES
470
00:30:59,756 --> 00:31:01,489
TO PLACE IT
IN ITS FINAL POSITION.
471
00:31:02,626 --> 00:31:04,993
[ SPEAKING GREEK ]
472
00:31:04,995 --> 00:31:07,528
THEY HOPE THAT, BY COPYING
THE TRIED AND TESTED,
473
00:31:07,530 --> 00:31:11,265
ANCIENT METHODS, IT WILL SIT
IN THIS SAME SPOT FOR CENTURIES.
474
00:31:11,267 --> 00:31:14,836
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
475
00:31:17,474 --> 00:31:20,742
¶¶
476
00:31:20,744 --> 00:31:23,811
THANKS TO INGENIOUS
ANTI-EARTHQUAKE DEVICES,
477
00:31:23,813 --> 00:31:32,253
THE PARTHENON STILL STANDS,
2,500 YEARS AFTER IT WAS BUILT.
478
00:31:32,255 --> 00:31:38,159
NOW, MODERN RESEARCHERS ARE ABLE
TO STUDY ITS WALLS CLOSEUP.
479
00:31:38,161 --> 00:31:43,498
THEY'VE DISCOVERED NEW EVIDENCE
TO SOLVE A PERSISTENT MYSTERY:
480
00:31:43,500 --> 00:31:47,135
WHAT DID THIS ICONIC
BUILDING REALLY LOOK LIKE?
481
00:31:48,441 --> 00:31:51,042
¶¶
482
00:31:51,044 --> 00:31:52,710
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
483
00:31:52,712 --> 00:31:54,646
Narrator: TO CONSTRUCT
THE AMAZING ACROPOLIS,
484
00:31:54,648 --> 00:31:57,749
GREEK BUILDERS HAD TO TRANSPORT
VAST AMOUNTS OF MARBLE
485
00:31:57,751 --> 00:32:00,752
TO THIS SITE,
486
00:32:00,754 --> 00:32:04,989
LIFT THOUSANDS OF BLOCKS
ONTO ITS WALLS,
487
00:32:04,991 --> 00:32:07,458
AND CARVE DOZENS
OF EXQUISITE COLUMNS.
488
00:32:09,763 --> 00:32:12,664
BUT WHAT THEY DID NEXT
IS SHROUDED IN MYSTERY.
489
00:32:15,435 --> 00:32:18,703
HOW DID THEY COMPLETE
THESE BUILDINGS?
490
00:32:18,705 --> 00:32:20,772
AND WHAT DID THEY
ORIGINALLY LOOK LIKE?
491
00:32:20,774 --> 00:32:24,208
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
492
00:32:24,210 --> 00:32:26,644
CHEMICAL ENGINEER
ELENI AGGELAKOPOULOU
493
00:32:26,646 --> 00:32:28,980
IS SCOURING THE PARTHENON
FOR EVIDENCE.
494
00:32:30,650 --> 00:32:32,383
[ CREAK ]
495
00:32:32,385 --> 00:32:34,452
SHE HAS JUST A FEW CLUES,
496
00:32:34,454 --> 00:32:38,222
BUT ONE OF THE BEST
IS HIDDEN IN THIS TOWER.
497
00:32:38,224 --> 00:32:40,958
IT'S PART OF A MOSQUE BUILT
INSIDE THE PARTHENON
498
00:32:40,960 --> 00:32:42,560
IN THE 16th CENTURY.
499
00:32:45,065 --> 00:32:47,465
IT'S POSSIBLE TO SEE PART
OF THE OLDER GREEK TEMPLE
500
00:32:47,467 --> 00:32:51,402
THROUGH THIS GAP
IN THE WALL.
501
00:32:51,404 --> 00:32:55,440
IN THIS AREA, SOME BLOCKS
OF THE TOWER WERE REMOVED AND...
502
00:33:16,730 --> 00:33:18,229
Narrator: THE ANCIENT
GREEKS, IT SEEMS,
503
00:33:18,231 --> 00:33:19,597
DIDN'T LEAVE THE MARBLE BARE,
504
00:33:19,599 --> 00:33:23,000
BUT COLORED IT
WITH BRIGHT PAINT.
505
00:33:23,002 --> 00:33:25,670
IF SO, HOW MUCH
OF THE BUILDING WAS PAINTED?
506
00:33:28,341 --> 00:33:30,975
THE SCAFFOLDING ON THE PARTHENON
ALLOWS RESEARCHERS
507
00:33:30,977 --> 00:33:35,113
TO ACCESS PLACES
THEY WOULDN'T NORMALLY SEE.
508
00:33:35,115 --> 00:33:37,348
THEY'VE DISCOVERED
MORE TRACES OF ANCIENT PAINT
509
00:33:37,350 --> 00:33:39,283
ON THE CORNER
OF THE WEST PEDIMENT.
510
00:33:55,769 --> 00:33:58,636
Narrator: NEARBY, ELENI
HAS DISCOVERED A FAINT CLUE
511
00:33:58,638 --> 00:34:01,572
TO HOW AN ANCIENT ARTIST
PREPARED THE MARBLE.
512
00:34:21,628 --> 00:34:23,761
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
513
00:34:23,763 --> 00:34:25,196
Narrator:
COMBINING THESE DISCOVERIES
514
00:34:25,198 --> 00:34:27,565
WITH ANCIENT DESCRIPTIONS
OF THE PARTHENON,
515
00:34:27,567 --> 00:34:29,400
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
ARE ABLE TO RECREATE
516
00:34:29,402 --> 00:34:31,636
WHAT THE TEMPLE
ORIGINALLY LOOKED LIKE.
517
00:34:37,443 --> 00:34:39,243
2,500 YEARS AGO,
518
00:34:39,245 --> 00:34:41,946
THE PARTHENON WOULD'VE BEEN
AN IMPOSING SITE.
519
00:34:45,151 --> 00:34:48,686
¶¶
520
00:34:48,688 --> 00:34:51,622
INSIDE ITS INNER SANCTUARY
WAS A STUNNING DISPLAY
521
00:34:51,624 --> 00:34:55,426
OF SHINING MARBLE
AND RICH COLOR:
522
00:34:55,428 --> 00:34:56,928
THE CLOAK AND ARMOR OF ATHENA,
523
00:34:56,930 --> 00:34:59,730
FORGED FROM OVER A TON
OF DAZZLING GOLD,
524
00:34:59,732 --> 00:35:02,366
AND HER LIMBS CARVED
IN GLEAMING WHITE IVORY.
525
00:35:04,804 --> 00:35:08,272
PAINT, IN VIVID COLORS,
ADORNED THE CEILING.
526
00:35:08,274 --> 00:35:11,509
[ MUSIC CLIMBS ]
527
00:35:14,380 --> 00:35:16,280
AND, AT THE ENTRANCE,
ELABORATE CARVINGS
528
00:35:16,282 --> 00:35:18,216
SHOWED SCENES
FROM GREEK MYTHS,
529
00:35:18,218 --> 00:35:21,018
IN SUCH GLORIOUS COLOR,
IT'S HARD TO IMAGINE IT TODAY.
530
00:35:21,020 --> 00:35:23,521
[ MUSIC CLIMBS ]
531
00:35:28,528 --> 00:35:31,963
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
532
00:35:31,965 --> 00:35:37,535
BUT, DESPITE ALL THE EVIDENCE
OF COLOR, A MYSTERY REMAINS.
533
00:35:37,537 --> 00:35:41,305
THE SURFACE OF MARBLE
IS HARD AND GLOSSY.
534
00:35:41,307 --> 00:35:44,175
PAINT DOESN'T EASILY
ADHERE TO IT,
535
00:35:44,177 --> 00:35:46,744
SO HOW DID THE GREEKS
GET THEIR PAINT TO STICK?
536
00:35:51,351 --> 00:35:55,686
EUPHROSYNE DOXIADIS INVESTIGATES
ANCIENT METHODS OF PAINTING.
537
00:35:55,688 --> 00:35:58,022
SHE THINKS THE SECRET WAS WAX.
538
00:36:13,239 --> 00:36:14,639
Narrator:
TO MAKE THE SPECIAL PAINT,
539
00:36:14,641 --> 00:36:17,341
EUPHROSYNE MELTS THE GUM
WITH BEESWAX
540
00:36:19,679 --> 00:36:21,812
THEN ADDS A PIGMENT
TO GIVE IT COLOR.
541
00:36:24,350 --> 00:36:26,784
NEXT, SHE MARKS
OUT THE PATTERN.
542
00:36:30,423 --> 00:36:31,989
AND THIS IS VERY HARD TO CUT.
543
00:36:31,991 --> 00:36:34,325
THIS IS LIKE
THE PARTHENON MARBLE.
544
00:36:46,639 --> 00:36:48,372
Narrator:
EUPHROSYNE MUST WORK FAST.
545
00:36:48,374 --> 00:36:52,209
AS THE WAX COOLS,
IT SOLIDIFIES.
546
00:36:52,211 --> 00:36:53,644
READY, HERE. AND...
547
00:36:59,719 --> 00:37:02,119
Narrator: THE HEAT HELPS BIND
THE PAINT TO THE MARBLE.
548
00:37:14,734 --> 00:37:16,834
Narrator: USING THIS TECHNIQUE
TO PAINT THE PARTHENON
549
00:37:16,836 --> 00:37:18,703
WOULD HAVE REQUIRED
GREAT SKILL.
550
00:37:31,985 --> 00:37:34,318
Narrator: THE FINISHED PAINTWORK
ON ATHENA'S GREAT TEMPLE
551
00:37:34,320 --> 00:37:35,686
WOULD'VE BEEN OUTSTANDING.
552
00:37:45,031 --> 00:37:48,666
MOST OF THE PAINT ON
THE PARTHENON HAS FADED AWAY.
553
00:37:48,668 --> 00:37:50,501
CAN ARCHAEOLOGISTS SOLVE
THE MYSTERIES
554
00:37:50,503 --> 00:37:54,372
OF THE UNDERLYING STONE
BEFORE THEY ARE UNDETECTABLE?
555
00:37:55,541 --> 00:37:58,242
¶¶
556
00:37:58,244 --> 00:38:01,078
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC CLIMBS ]
557
00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:04,148
Narrator: CENTURIES OF ATTACK
HAVE LEFT THE MARBLE VULNERABLE.
558
00:38:08,187 --> 00:38:11,956
IN THE 17th CENTURY, CANNONBALLS
BLASTED OUT THESE CRATERS.
559
00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:21,899
BUT THAT WAS A MINOR INCIDENT,
560
00:38:21,901 --> 00:38:24,535
COMPARED TO THE TEMPLE'S
LONG HISTORY OF DESTRUCTION.
561
00:38:28,975 --> 00:38:32,943
IN 267 A.D., INVADERS
BURNED DOWN THE ROOF.
562
00:38:35,481 --> 00:38:37,548
THROUGH THE CENTURIES,
THE STATUE OF ATHENA,
563
00:38:37,550 --> 00:38:41,185
OVER A TON OF IVORY AND GOLD,
HAS DISAPPEARED.
564
00:38:47,360 --> 00:38:50,060
THEN, CHRISTIANS TURNED
THE PARTHENON INTO A CHURCH
565
00:38:50,062 --> 00:38:53,197
AND RIPPED THE STATUES
TO PAGAN GODS OFF THE WALLS.
566
00:38:58,170 --> 00:39:00,604
AND, IN 1687,
567
00:39:00,606 --> 00:39:03,641
A GUNPOWDER EXPLOSION BLEW
THE HEART OUT OF THE BUILDING.
568
00:39:08,481 --> 00:39:10,681
EVEN TODAY, THE BUILDINGS
ON THE ACROPOLIS
569
00:39:10,683 --> 00:39:14,385
ARE STILL UNDER THREAT.
570
00:39:14,387 --> 00:39:19,857
CONSERVATOR ANASTASIA PANOU
LEADS THE BATTLE TO SAVE THEM.
571
00:39:19,859 --> 00:39:24,528
AS YOU CAN SEE,
THE SITUATION IS VERY BAD.
572
00:39:38,210 --> 00:39:39,810
Narrator:
AN ESCALATING PROBLEM COMES
573
00:39:39,812 --> 00:39:42,246
FROM INSIDE THE STONES,
THEMSELVES.
574
00:39:42,248 --> 00:39:44,181
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
575
00:39:44,183 --> 00:39:47,785
WHEN ENGINEERS LAST RESTORED
THE BUILDING, 90 YEARS AGO,
576
00:39:47,787 --> 00:39:53,324
THEY INSERTED NEW, IRON CLAMPS
TO HOLD THE BLOCKS TOGETHER.
577
00:39:53,326 --> 00:39:55,826
BUT THEY COATED THEM
IN POOR-QUALITY LEAD.
578
00:39:58,230 --> 00:40:00,597
AS THE CLAMPS HAVE RUSTED,
THEY HAVE EXPANDED,
579
00:40:00,599 --> 00:40:02,266
CRACKING THE ANCIENT MARBLE.
580
00:40:18,985 --> 00:40:20,651
Narrator: SO FAR,
THE TEAM HAS REMOVED
581
00:40:20,653 --> 00:40:23,687
OVER 900 IRON CLAMPS
FROM THE PARTHENON
582
00:40:23,689 --> 00:40:27,358
AND REPLACED THEM
WITH CLAMPS MADE OF TITANIUM,
583
00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:29,126
A METAL THAT WON'T CORRODE.
584
00:40:32,898 --> 00:40:36,066
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
585
00:40:36,068 --> 00:40:39,303
WHERE ESSENTIAL PIECES OF THE
ORIGINAL MARBLE ARE MISSING,
586
00:40:39,305 --> 00:40:43,007
THE RESTORATION TEAM
MUST REPLACE THEM.
587
00:40:43,009 --> 00:40:45,175
CARVING THE MISSING HALF
OF THE MARBLE BLOCK
588
00:40:45,177 --> 00:40:46,677
TAKES TREMENDOUS SKILL.
589
00:40:49,048 --> 00:40:51,015
A STONEMASON
MUST CAREFULLY COPY
590
00:40:51,017 --> 00:40:54,918
A PLASTER-CAST REPLICA
OF THE MISSING PIECE.
591
00:40:54,920 --> 00:40:58,255
HE USES THIS MEASURING TOOL
TO IDENTIFY AREAS OF STONE
592
00:40:58,257 --> 00:40:59,790
THAT NEED TO BE REMOVED.
593
00:41:04,430 --> 00:41:07,698
NEXT COMES THE DETAILED WORK
THAT ENSURES A TIGHT FIT.
594
00:41:10,069 --> 00:41:14,505
THE MASON PAINTS
THE OLD BLOCK IN MUD.
595
00:41:14,507 --> 00:41:16,907
HE THEN PUSHES
THE TWO STONES TOGETHER.
596
00:41:20,146 --> 00:41:22,813
DOTS OF MUD ON THE NEW
STONE IDENTIFY AREAS
597
00:41:22,815 --> 00:41:25,949
HE NEEDS TO CHISEL AWAY.
598
00:41:25,951 --> 00:41:28,385
THE FINAL PIECE
WILL BE A PERFECT FIT.
599
00:41:33,659 --> 00:41:38,162
RIGHT NOW, THE NEW WHITE MARBLE
ON THE PARTHENON STANDS OUT,
600
00:41:38,164 --> 00:41:40,831
BUT, OVER TIME, IT WILL FADE,
TO BLEND WITH THE OLD.
601
00:41:43,335 --> 00:41:46,770
THE NEW MARBLE ON THIS TEMPLE,
RESTORED 35 YEARS AGO,
602
00:41:46,772 --> 00:41:50,974
HAS ALREADY STARTED TO FADE.
603
00:41:50,976 --> 00:41:52,910
IT WILL EVENTUALLY
MATCH THE ORIGINAL.
604
00:41:56,148 --> 00:41:59,583
[ SUSPENSEFUL MUSIC PLAYS ]
605
00:41:59,585 --> 00:42:02,419
2,500 YEARS
AFTER IT WAS BUILT,
606
00:42:02,421 --> 00:42:04,955
THE ACROPOLIS IS STILL
GIVING UP ITS SECRETS...
607
00:42:08,160 --> 00:42:11,562
HELPING US UNRAVEL THE MYSTERIES
OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS.
608
00:42:16,802 --> 00:42:18,135
THE MORE WE DISCOVER,
609
00:42:18,137 --> 00:42:21,205
THE MORE AMAZING
THIS ANCIENT CITADEL BECOMES.
610
00:42:28,514 --> 00:42:31,882
¶¶
611
00:42:31,884 --> 00:42:34,551
ITS HERO STRUCTURE,
THE MIGHTY PARTHENON,...
612
00:42:37,123 --> 00:42:41,258
BUILT TO WORSHIP
AN ANCIENT GODDESS,
613
00:42:41,260 --> 00:42:42,626
IS THE CROWNING ACHIEVEMENT
614
00:42:42,628 --> 00:42:44,862
OF ONE OF THE WORLD'S
GREATEST CIVILIZATIONS.
615
00:42:49,935 --> 00:42:53,403
¶¶
616
00:42:53,405 --> 00:42:54,771
IT REMAINS ONE OF THE MOST
617
00:42:54,773 --> 00:42:57,975
AWE-INSPIRING ANCIENT WONDERS
EVER BUILT.
618
00:42:57,977 --> 00:43:00,711
[ MUSIC CLIMBS ]
49020
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