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¶¶
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Narrator:
STONEHENGE, ENGLAND.
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THE MOST FAMOUS
PREHISTORIC MONUMENT
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IN THE WORLD.
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FOR CENTURIES,
HISTORIANS HAVE WONDERED
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WHY AND HOW IT WAS BUILT.
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THE SKILL AND THE ENGINEERING
AND THE INGENUITY
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OF THE PEOPLE WHO BUILT IT
IS JUST JAW-DROPPING.
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Narrator:
NOW NEW TECHNOLOGIES
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ARE UNLOCKING STONEHENGE'S
DEEPEST AND DARKEST SECRETS,
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AND ARCHAEOLOGISTS
ARE REWRITING THE HISTORY
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OF THIS ANCIENT WONDER.
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THIS IS GOING TO REVOLUTIONIZE
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OUR UNDERSTANDING
OF THE ORIGINS OF STONEHENGE.
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Narrator: WHAT THEY'RE
FINDING IS SHOCKING.
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THIS BLOW SUGGESTS THAT THIS
PERSON WAS PROBABLY EXECUTED.
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Narrator:
IS THE STORY OF STONEHENGE
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STRANGER AND MORE COMPLEX
THAN WE EVER IMAGINED?
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THE ONLY WAY TO FIND OUT IS
TO UPROOT THE STONES THEMSELVES,
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UNEARTHING BURIED SKELETONS...
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CONCEALED CARVINGS...
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AND THE CELESTIAL SECRETS
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HIDDEN AT THE HEART OF
THIS STONE AGE MASTERPIECE.
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-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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4,500 YEARS AGO...
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IN AN AGE BEFORE METAL...
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BEFORE THE WHEEL...
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STONE AGE BRITONS
RAISED UP 165 COLOSSAL STONES
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ON A FEATURELESS ENGLISH PLAIN
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TO FAMOUSLY CELEBRATE SUNRISE
ON THE LONGEST DAY OF THE YEAR
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AND SUNSET ON THE SHORTEST.
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BUT WAS ALL THIS BUILT
FOR JUST TWO DAYS OF THE YEAR?
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PIONEERING TECHNOLOGIES
AND GRUESOME DISCOVERIES
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ARE NOW REVEALING
WHAT REALLY HAPPENED HERE
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TO TELL THE FULL STORY
OF STONEHENGE.
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THIS WAS THE NEW YORK
OF ITS TIME.
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IT WAS THE LONDON
OF ITS TIME, THE PARIS.
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STONEHENGE WAS THE PLACE TO BE.
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¶¶
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Narrator:
TODAY, THE HENGE APPEARS RUINED,
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BUT THERE'S ORDER IN THE CHAOS
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AND CLUES TO THIS
ANCIENT SITE'S FORMER GLORY.
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FIVE COLOSSAL ARCHES STAND
AT THE HEART OF THE HENGE,
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ARRANGED IN A HORSESHOE
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AND MADE FROM 20-FOOT-TALL
STONES KNOWN AS SARSENS.
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AROUND THEM, CIRCLES
OF A DIFFERENT ROCK
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KNOWN AS BLUESTONE,
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EACH WEIGHING
AS MUCH AS AN S.U.V.
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ANOTHER RING OF SARSENS
ENCIRCLES THE BLUESTONES,
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PERFECTLY ALIGNED WITH
THE WINTER-SOLSTICE SUNSET
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AND SUMMER-SOLSTICE SUNRISE.
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¶¶
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ALTHOUGH STONEHENGE IS FAMOUS
AS A CELESTIAL TEMPLE,
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ARCHAEOLOGISTS SUSPECT
A MONUMENT THIS BIG
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MUST HAVE ATTRACTED OTHER USES.
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BUT WHAT?
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¶¶
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MODERN FORENSIC TECHNIQUES
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ARE REVEALING
THE SURPRISING ANSWER
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BECAUSE SOME OF THE PEOPLE
WHO CAME HERE NEVER LEFT.
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WE KNOW THERE WERE 300 TO 400
BURIALS IN THE GENERAL REGION.
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Narrator: ARCHAEOLOGICAL
BONE EXPERT JACKIE McKINLEY
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SUSPECTS MANY OF THESE PEOPLE
CAME TO STONEHENGE
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FOR MORE THAN JUST
TWO DAYS A YEAR.
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THEY CAME TO LIVE AND WORK,
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AND SHE BELIEVES THEIR BONES
CAN PROVE HER THEORY.
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McKinley:
A LOT OF THE TIME,
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THE DEAD ARE BURIED
IN CERTAIN POSITIONS, POSTURES
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WITH CERTAIN MATERIALS
WITH THEM,
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SO THERE'S A WHOLE VARIETY
OF THINGS
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THAT I GO TO LOOK FOR
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BECAUSE THAT CAN TELL ME
SOMETHING ABOUT THEIR LIFE
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BUT ALSO ABOUT
STONEHENGE ITSELF.
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¶¶
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Narrator: BURIED BENEATH
THE STONES LAY HUMAN REMAINS --
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FOUR SKELETONS,
ONE DECAPITATED.
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ANOTHER WITH FATAL ARROW WOUNDS
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AND THE ARROWHEADS
THAT KILLED HIM.
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THEY'RE CLUES
TO THE ANCIENT PEOPLE
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THAT CAME HERE 4,500 YEARS AGO.
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BUT THESE SKELETONS
ARE NOT ALONE.
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WITHIN A RING OF 56 PITS
THAT SURROUND THE STONES
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LIE THE CREMATED REMAINS
OF DOZENS OF PEOPLE,
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AND MANY MORE ARE BURIED
OUTSIDE THIS RING.
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WHAT CAN THESE REMAINS TELL US
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ABOUT HOW STONEHENGE
WAS REALLY USED?
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¶¶
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TODAY, JACKIE'S EXAMINING
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ONE OF THE MOST COMPLETE
SKELETONS FOUND IN THE AREA.
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McKinley: FROM THE SKELETON,
I CAN SEE THAT THIS WAS
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A YOUNG ADULT MALE,
PROBABLY IN HIS MID-20s.
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Narrator: DYING YOUNG WASN'T
UNUSUAL IN PREHISTORIC BRITAIN,
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BUT THE OBJECTS
BURIED WITH THIS MAN
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WERE ANYTHING BUT ORDINARY.
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JACKIE BELIEVES THEY'RE A CLUE
TO HIS OCCUPATION.
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THIS IS A PAIR OF GOLD ORNAMENTS
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THAT WERE FOUND ROLLED TOGETHER
INSIDE THE MOUTH.
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YOU SEE THEY'RE TUCKED AGAINST
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THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE
OF THE INNER JAW,
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WHICH MEANS THEY WERE
EITHER PLACED IN THE MOUTH
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AT THE TIME OF DEATH
OR SET IN BEFORE BURIAL.
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AND THESE REALLY ARE VERY RARE.
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THERE ARE ONLY ABOUT EIGHT
PAIRS KNOWN FROM THE COUNTRY.
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Narrator: ANCIENT PEOPLE
OFTEN BURIED THEIR DEAD
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WITH POSSESSIONS THAT HINT
AT THEIR OWNER'S PROFESSION.
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DID THIS MAN TRADE
IN FINE JEWELRY?
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McKinley: WE WERE AT THE VERY
EARLY STAGES OF METALWORKING.
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THESE ARE VERY FINELY
WORKED ITEMS,
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AND TO BE ABLE TO HAVE THE --
NOT JUST THE TECHNOLOGY,
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BUT THE SKILL TO HAVE LEARNED
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HOW TO CHANGE SOMETHING
WHICH WAS ESSENTIALLY A ROCK
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INTO SOMETHING THAT DELICATE
AND THAT BEAUTIFULLY WORKED
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WOULD REALLY HAVE BEEN SEEN
AS SOMETHING QUITE MAGICAL.
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Narrator:
JACKIE THINKS THIS MAGIC
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MAY HAVE BEEN WORKED
BY THE MAN BURIED NEXT TO HIM.
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McKinley:
THERE WERE TWO GRAVES
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THAT WERE WITHIN 3 METERS
OF EACH OTHER.
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Narrator:
THE SECOND, OLDER MAN
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WAS BURIED WITH THE SAME
RARE GOLD ORNAMENTS,
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TOGETHER WITH SIMPLE
METALWORKING TOOLS.
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I THINK HE WAS THE PERSON
WHO WORKED THE MAGIC.
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I THINK HE WAS THE PERSON
WHO COULD MAKE THOSE CHANGES
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FROM PIECES OF ROCK
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TO ITEMS OF BEAUTY
AND ITEMS OF UTILITY.
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¶¶
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Narrator: JACKIE IS CONVINCED
BOTH MEN WERE METALWORKERS
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WHO CAME TO STONEHENGE
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TO MAKE AND SELL
THEIR PRECIOUS METAL GOODS.
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TO HER, STONEHENGE
WAS MORE THAN A MONUMENT.
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IT WAS A THRIVING HUB
FOR CRAFT AND TRADE.
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BUT JACKIE'S
DISCOVERED SOMETHING
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EVEN MORE EXTRAORDINARY.
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THESE ANCIENT CRAFTSMEN
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HAD COME A LONG WAY
TO SET UP SHOP AT STONEHENGE.
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THERE ARE CERTAIN
CHEMICAL SIGNATURES
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WHICH ARE TAKEN UP
FROM THE GROUND WATER
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WHICH CAN GET FIXED
IN THE DENTAL ENAMEL
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AS IT'S DEVELOPING
IN THE GROWING CHILD.
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BY LOOKING AT THOSE SIGNATURES
AND RELATING THEM
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TO THE DIFFERENT GEOLOGIES
ACROSS EUROPE,
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WE CAN MORE OR LESS
WORK OUT THE REGIONS
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THAT PEOPLE CAME FROM.
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Narrator: PREHISTORIC BRITONS
HADN'T YET DISCOVERED THE WHEEL,
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SO INVESTIGATORS ASSUMED THEY
LIVED AND DIED IN ONE PLACE,
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BUT THE EVIDENCE FROM THE OLDER
MAN SHATTERS THIS BELIEF.
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THE SIGNAL
THAT WE GOT FROM HIM
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SUGGESTS HE MAY HAVE BEEN
FROM CENTRAL EUROPE,
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FROM THE AREA OF
WHAT WE NOW KNOW AS GERMANY.
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Narrator: THAT'S A 700-MILE HIKE
FROM STONEHENGE.
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THE YOUNGER MAN'S RESULTS
ARE EQUALLY ASTONISHING.
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HE WAS BORN AT STONEHENGE
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BUT SPENT HIS TEENS
IN CENTRAL EUROPE.
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McKinley: THE FACT THAT
WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO DEMONSTRATE
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THAT PEOPLE MIGHT HAVE MOVED
SEVERAL TIMES
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IN THEIR LIFETIME BETWEEN,
YOU KNOW, QUITE LONG DISTANCES
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00:08:14,728 --> 00:08:17,028
IS ABSOLUTELY FASCINATING.
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WHAT YOU'VE GOT IS A CONNECTION
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00:08:20,033 --> 00:08:23,735
BETWEEN PEOPLE
OVER A LARGE GEOGRAPHIC AREA.
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00:08:23,737 --> 00:08:25,770
AND WHETHER
THEY KEPT THAT CONNECTION
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BECAUSE OF TRADE
OR BECAUSE OF FAMILY
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OR PROBABLY A COMBINATION
OF THE TWO,
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IT IS JUST --
IT'S SO MODERN IN MANY WAYS.
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IT REALLY IS VERY SIMILAR
TO WHAT WE WOULD BE DOING NOW.
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Narrator: THIS DISCOVERY
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REWRITES OUR UNDERSTANDING
OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.
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4,000 YEARS AGO,
THESE TWO MEN TRAVELED
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00:08:48,562 --> 00:08:52,664
VAST DISTANCES
OVER LAND AND SEA.
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00:08:52,666 --> 00:08:55,767
THEY WERE PART OF
A COMPLEX WEB OF CONNECTIONS
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00:08:55,769 --> 00:08:59,237
PERHAPS WITH THE MARKETPLACE
OF STONEHENGE AT ITS CORE.
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00:09:01,074 --> 00:09:03,308
AND THEY WEREN'T
THE ONLY FOREIGN TRAVELERS
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00:09:03,310 --> 00:09:06,678
TO MAKE THEIR WAY TO THIS CORNER
OF SOUTHWEST ENGLAND.
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¶¶
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00:09:08,749 --> 00:09:10,715
EVIDENCE FROM HUNDREDS OF GRAVES
175
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SHOWS STONEHENGE WAS
A MULTINATIONAL MELTING POT.
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THE GRAVES ARE FILLED
WITH ITEMS FROM DISTANT LANDS --
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00:09:19,126 --> 00:09:22,060
A GREEN-JADE AX HEAD
FROM ITALY...
178
00:09:22,062 --> 00:09:24,863
AN AMBER NECKLACE
FROM DENMARK...
179
00:09:24,865 --> 00:09:28,033
AND BLUE BEADS FROM GREECE.
180
00:09:29,670 --> 00:09:34,039
ONE DAGGER COMBINES WHALE BONE
FROM AS FAR AWAY AS SCANDINAVIA
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00:09:34,041 --> 00:09:38,209
WITH BRONZE MADE FROM
CORNISH TIN AND WELSH COPPER.
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00:09:38,211 --> 00:09:42,414
¶¶
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00:09:42,416 --> 00:09:45,784
THE GRAVES OF STONEHENGE
ARE REWRITING OUR UNDERSTANDING
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00:09:45,786 --> 00:09:47,986
OF HOW STONE AGE PEOPLE LIVED.
185
00:09:49,957 --> 00:09:52,657
BUT WHY DID THIS REMOTE,
HARD-TO-REACH SPOT
186
00:09:52,659 --> 00:09:56,161
BECOME THE MANHATTAN OF ITS AGE?
187
00:09:56,163 --> 00:09:57,896
A CONTROVERSIAL NEW THEORY
188
00:09:57,898 --> 00:10:03,101
SUGGESTS THE STONES THEMSELVES
PROVIDED A UNIQUE DRAW.
189
00:10:03,103 --> 00:10:07,305
DID THE TRADERS COME TO
STONEHENGE IN SEARCH OF MAGIC?
190
00:10:07,307 --> 00:10:10,275
¶¶
191
00:10:18,514 --> 00:10:22,783
¶¶
192
00:10:22,785 --> 00:10:25,352
Narrator: 4,500 YEARS AGO,
193
00:10:25,354 --> 00:10:30,123
PEOPLE TRAVELED TO STONEHENGE
FROM ACROSS EUROPE
194
00:10:30,125 --> 00:10:34,995
TO MAKE AND TRADE
PRECIOUS GOODS.
195
00:10:34,997 --> 00:10:38,031
BUT WHAT DREW THEM HERE?
196
00:10:38,033 --> 00:10:40,033
A NEW AND CONTROVERSIAL IDEA
197
00:10:40,035 --> 00:10:43,437
SUGGESTS IT WASN'T
THE MASSIVE SARSEN STONES,
198
00:10:43,439 --> 00:10:47,140
BUT THEIR SMALLER,
LESS CONSPICUOUS NEIGHBORS.
199
00:10:47,142 --> 00:10:50,243
IN A SENSE, THE BLUESTONES
ARE THE SECRET TO STONEHENGE.
200
00:10:50,245 --> 00:10:52,946
¶¶
201
00:10:52,948 --> 00:10:56,750
Narrator: TODAY, STONEHENGE
LOOKS DULL AND WEATHERED,
202
00:10:56,752 --> 00:10:59,653
BUT STRIP AWAY THE LAYERS
OF LICHEN AND MOSS,
203
00:10:59,655 --> 00:11:03,156
AND THE MONUMENT APPEARS
IN ITS FORMER GLORY --
204
00:11:03,158 --> 00:11:08,028
SHINING, WHITE SARSENS
MADE FROM A LOCAL SANDSTONE.
205
00:11:08,030 --> 00:11:11,398
AND THE SMALLER BLUESTONES
WERE EVEN MORE BEAUTIFUL.
206
00:11:13,435 --> 00:11:16,403
THEY'RE A TYPE OF
VOLCANIC ROCK CALLED DOLERITE
207
00:11:16,405 --> 00:11:18,472
THAT'S NOT FOUND LOCALLY.
208
00:11:18,474 --> 00:11:22,342
¶¶
209
00:11:22,344 --> 00:11:25,345
ORIGINALLY, THERE WERE 80
OF THESE BLUESTONES,
210
00:11:25,347 --> 00:11:28,782
PROTECTED BY TWO RINGS
OF GIANT SARSENS.
211
00:11:28,784 --> 00:11:31,852
¶¶
212
00:11:31,854 --> 00:11:34,955
THE BLUESTONES
ARE CENTRAL TO STONEHENGE,
213
00:11:34,957 --> 00:11:36,323
BUT THEY PLAYED LITTLE PART
214
00:11:36,325 --> 00:11:39,593
IN THE SUMMER
OR WINTER SOLSTICE.
215
00:11:41,330 --> 00:11:43,964
SO WHAT WERE THEY FOR?
216
00:11:43,966 --> 00:11:48,602
WHAT DID THEY MEAN TO THE PEOPLE
WHO VISITED STONEHENGE?
217
00:11:48,604 --> 00:11:50,370
ARCHAEOLOGIST TIM DARVILL
218
00:11:50,372 --> 00:11:55,575
THINKS THE BLUESTONES HAD A
UNIQUE AND POWERFUL ATTRACTION
219
00:11:55,577 --> 00:11:57,711
BECAUSE IT SEEMS
THE BUILDERS OF STONEHENGE
220
00:11:57,713 --> 00:12:01,748
WENT TO EXTRAORDINARY LENGTHS
TO OBTAIN THEM.
221
00:12:01,750 --> 00:12:02,983
AND THIS IS IT.
LOOK AT THAT.
222
00:12:02,985 --> 00:12:04,451
THERE'S THE STONE
RIGHT IN FRONT.
223
00:12:04,453 --> 00:12:08,588
TIM AND HIS TEAM ARE IN
THE PRESELI HILLS IN WALES.
224
00:12:08,590 --> 00:12:11,358
THEY'RE 140 MILES
FROM STONEHENGE.
225
00:12:11,360 --> 00:12:12,759
Darvill:
I'D SAY IT'S A GOOD PLACE.
226
00:12:12,761 --> 00:12:15,295
Narrator: BUT INCREDIBLY,
MANY HISTORIANS BELIEVE
227
00:12:15,297 --> 00:12:17,497
THIS IS WHERE THE BLUESTONES
WERE QUARRIED.
228
00:12:17,499 --> 00:12:20,934
WOW.
THAT WAS A WALK.
229
00:12:20,936 --> 00:12:25,605
TIM WANTS TO PROVE
THE STONES CAME FROM THESE HILLS
230
00:12:25,607 --> 00:12:30,177
BY USING GROUNDBREAKING,
NEW X-RAY TECHNOLOGY
231
00:12:30,179 --> 00:12:34,181
TO PINPOINT THE EXACT LOCATION
WHERE EACH STONE WAS QUARRIED.
232
00:12:34,183 --> 00:12:36,716
¶¶
233
00:12:36,718 --> 00:12:38,818
Man: WELL, AT THE MOMENT,
I'M ANALYZING THE CHEMISTRY
234
00:12:38,820 --> 00:12:41,821
OF THIS PARTICULAR DOLERITE,
AND THE MACHINE ITSELF
235
00:12:41,823 --> 00:12:43,757
IS FIRING HIGH-ENERGY X-RAYS
INTO THE ROCK,
236
00:12:43,759 --> 00:12:45,825
AND THE ENERGY THAT'S
BEING REFLECTED BACK
237
00:12:45,827 --> 00:12:48,061
IS TELLING US WHAT ATOMS,
WHAT ELEMENTS
238
00:12:48,063 --> 00:12:49,696
ARE ACTUALLY IN THE ROCK ITSELF.
239
00:12:49,698 --> 00:12:51,965
¶¶
240
00:12:51,967 --> 00:12:54,668
Narrator: ONCE THE TEAM
HAS SCANNED THE LOCAL ROCKS,
241
00:12:54,670 --> 00:12:56,002
THEY COMPARE THE RESULTS
242
00:12:56,004 --> 00:12:59,439
TO READINGS PREVIOUSLY
TAKEN AT STONEHENGE.
243
00:12:59,441 --> 00:13:02,309
EACH COLORED LINE REPRESENTS
THE UNIQUE COMPOSITION
244
00:13:02,311 --> 00:13:04,978
OF AN INDIVIDUAL BLUESTONE
AT STONEHENGE.
245
00:13:04,980 --> 00:13:07,480
¶¶
246
00:13:07,482 --> 00:13:10,150
TIM OVERLAYS TODAY'S READINGS.
247
00:13:10,152 --> 00:13:13,954
THE RESULTS ARE STRIKING.
248
00:13:13,956 --> 00:13:16,456
ONE READING SEEMS A PERFECT HIT
249
00:13:16,458 --> 00:13:19,693
AND ANOTHER TANTALIZINGLY CLOSE.
250
00:13:19,695 --> 00:13:21,695
IN SOME WAYS, THE SAMPLES
THAT WE'VE TAKEN TODAY
251
00:13:21,697 --> 00:13:23,763
ARE INDISTINGUISHABLE
FROM THOSE COMPOSITIONS...
252
00:13:23,765 --> 00:13:25,065
-YES.
-...FROM STONEHENGE.
253
00:13:25,067 --> 00:13:27,701
Darvill: THERE'S
A GOOD GROUP THERE.
254
00:13:27,703 --> 00:13:29,436
Narrator:
TIM'S INITIAL FINDINGS
255
00:13:29,438 --> 00:13:31,871
SHOW AT LEAST TWO
OF THE STONEHENGE BLUESTONES
256
00:13:31,873 --> 00:13:35,642
COME FROM THIS ROCKY OUTCROP.
257
00:13:35,644 --> 00:13:38,812
IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY DISCOVERY.
258
00:13:38,814 --> 00:13:42,115
BUT WITHOUT METAL TOOLS,
OR EVEN WHEELS,
259
00:13:42,117 --> 00:13:45,652
HOW DID THE STONE AGE BUILDERS
EXTRACT AND TRANSPORT
260
00:13:45,654 --> 00:13:48,822
THESE HUGE STONES
ALL THE WAY TO STONEHENGE?
261
00:13:48,824 --> 00:13:51,658
¶¶
262
00:13:55,497 --> 00:13:57,731
ARCHAEOLOGISTS THINK
THE STONE MASONS
263
00:13:57,733 --> 00:14:00,200
DROVE WOODEN WEDGES
INTO CRACKS IN THE ROCK.
264
00:14:00,202 --> 00:14:01,601
[ THUNDER RUMBLES ]
265
00:14:01,603 --> 00:14:03,470
WHEN THESE GOT WET,
THEY EXPANDED,
266
00:14:03,472 --> 00:14:05,505
BREAKING OFF HUGE SLABS.
267
00:14:07,609 --> 00:14:12,579
80 SLABS, WEIGHING UP TO 5 TONS,
WERE MOVED TO STONEHENGE.
268
00:14:12,581 --> 00:14:16,249
THEY COULD'VE BEEN DRAGGED
ON SLEDS ALONG ROLLERS...
269
00:14:18,453 --> 00:14:21,721
...OR WRAPPED IN
PROTECTIVE WICKER BRANCHES
270
00:14:21,723 --> 00:14:26,359
AND ROLLED ACROSS COUNTRY.
271
00:14:26,361 --> 00:14:29,329
THEY COULD EVEN
HAVE BEEN CARRIED BY RAFT,
272
00:14:29,331 --> 00:14:31,865
FLOATED ALONG THE COAST
AND UPRIVER
273
00:14:31,867 --> 00:14:33,867
UNTIL THEY REACHED
THEIR CHOSEN SITE
274
00:14:33,869 --> 00:14:36,369
140 MILES FROM THE QUARRY.
275
00:14:36,371 --> 00:14:39,706
¶¶
276
00:14:39,708 --> 00:14:42,509
TIM AND HIS TEAM ARE
PIECING TOGETHER THE PUZZLES
277
00:14:42,511 --> 00:14:44,444
OF WHERE THE STONES CAME FROM
278
00:14:44,446 --> 00:14:48,248
AND HOW THEY WERE TRANSPORTED
TO STONEHENGE.
279
00:14:48,250 --> 00:14:52,252
BUT THE BIGGEST QUESTION
OF ALL IS, WHY?
280
00:14:52,254 --> 00:14:53,820
WHY DID THE ANCIENT BUILDERS
281
00:14:53,822 --> 00:14:57,457
CARRY THE STONES 140 MILES
TO STONEHENGE?
282
00:14:59,227 --> 00:15:00,660
TIM THINKS THE ANSWER LIES
283
00:15:00,662 --> 00:15:04,931
IN THESE HILLS
AND THEIR REPUTATION FOR MAGIC.
284
00:15:04,933 --> 00:15:07,867
Darvill: THE SPRINGS
ALL ALONG THE PRESELI HILLS
285
00:15:07,869 --> 00:15:09,869
ARE WELL-KNOWN FOR
THEIR MAGICAL PROPERTIES,
286
00:15:09,871 --> 00:15:12,038
AND MANY OF THEM
ARE STILL VISITED BY PEOPLE
287
00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:14,741
WHO BELIEVE THAT
THEY'VE GOT CURATIVE POWERS.
288
00:15:14,743 --> 00:15:17,911
THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS WATER
289
00:15:17,913 --> 00:15:20,580
IS THE FACT THAT IT HAS SEEPED
THROUGH THE BLUESTONES,
290
00:15:20,582 --> 00:15:23,783
AND THAT'S WHAT GIVES THESE
THINGS THEIR MAGICAL POWERS.
291
00:15:23,785 --> 00:15:26,886
Darvill: TIM BELIEVES THE
BLUESTONES' MAGICAL PROPERTIES
292
00:15:26,888 --> 00:15:28,688
BROUGHT THE BUILDERS
OF STONEHENGE
293
00:15:28,690 --> 00:15:31,491
TO THIS DISTANT HILLSIDE
294
00:15:31,493 --> 00:15:34,694
AND THEN BROUGHT PEOPLE
TO STONEHENGE ITSELF.
295
00:15:34,696 --> 00:15:36,363
Darvill: THAT'S WHY
THEY WANTED TO BE THERE.
296
00:15:36,365 --> 00:15:37,797
THEY WANTED TO BE
ASSOCIATED WITH IT,
297
00:15:37,799 --> 00:15:40,367
TO TOUCH, TO FEEL,
TO TAKE A LITTLE BIT AWAY.
298
00:15:40,369 --> 00:15:44,304
¶¶
299
00:15:44,306 --> 00:15:47,540
Narrator: THE WELSH BLUESTONES
MADE STONEHENGE FAMOUS
300
00:15:47,542 --> 00:15:49,809
IN THE ANCIENT WORLD,
301
00:15:49,811 --> 00:15:52,879
BUT WHY DID THE BRITONS FRAME
THESE LEGENDARY BLOCKS
302
00:15:52,881 --> 00:15:56,249
WITH THE MUCH LARGER
SARSEN STONES?
303
00:15:56,251 --> 00:15:58,184
COULD NEW TECHNOLOGY
LIFT THE LID
304
00:15:58,186 --> 00:16:02,655
ON THE ANCIENT WORLD'S
MOST MYSTERIOUS RITUAL?
305
00:16:02,657 --> 00:16:04,824
AND...
306
00:16:04,826 --> 00:16:08,461
DO THE STONE CIRCLES HIDE
AN EVEN DARKER SECRET
307
00:16:08,463 --> 00:16:11,431
AS THE SITE OF
A SHOWPIECE KILLING?
308
00:16:11,433 --> 00:16:13,833
Buckberry: QUITE BLOODY.
IT'S QUITE HORRIBLE.
309
00:16:13,835 --> 00:16:17,370
WE KNOW THAT ONE OF THE MODES
OF EXECUTION WAS DECAPITATION.
310
00:16:17,372 --> 00:16:19,439
¶¶
311
00:16:27,499 --> 00:16:29,532
Narrator:
STONEHENGE IN ENGLAND --
312
00:16:29,534 --> 00:16:34,237
THE MOST FAMOUS PREHISTORIC
MONUMENT IN THE WORLD.
313
00:16:34,239 --> 00:16:36,372
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
ARE UNCOVERING EVIDENCE
314
00:16:36,374 --> 00:16:39,742
THAT ANCIENT BRITONS
USED THIS MONUMENT ALL YEAR LONG
315
00:16:39,744 --> 00:16:44,113
FOR TRADING AND MAKING GOODS
AND FOR BURYING THEIR DEAD.
316
00:16:44,115 --> 00:16:46,849
BUT WHAT CEREMONIES WENT ON HERE
317
00:16:46,851 --> 00:16:49,452
DURING THE TWO KEY DAYS
IN THE ANCIENT CALENDAR
318
00:16:49,454 --> 00:16:51,420
FOR WHICH THE HENGE
WAS DESIGNED,
319
00:16:51,422 --> 00:16:55,258
THE WINTER AND SUMMER SOLSTICES?
320
00:16:55,260 --> 00:16:57,393
Greaney: WE DON'T HAVE THAT
MUCH EVIDENCE ABOUT EXACTLY
321
00:16:57,395 --> 00:17:00,429
WHAT KIND OF RITUALS
TOOK PLACE HERE IN PREHISTORY,
322
00:17:00,431 --> 00:17:03,499
SO WE HAVE TO KIND OF LOOK
AT THE STONES THEMSELVES.
323
00:17:03,501 --> 00:17:06,602
Narrator:
SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVE
324
00:17:06,604 --> 00:17:09,872
CLUES TO THE RITUAL SECRETS
OF STONEHENGE
325
00:17:09,874 --> 00:17:12,642
MAY LIE HIDDEN IN THE WAY
ANCIENT STONE MASONS
326
00:17:12,644 --> 00:17:16,679
CARVED THE TWO RINGS
OF MASSIVE SARSEN STONES.
327
00:17:16,681 --> 00:17:21,651
¶¶
328
00:17:21,653 --> 00:17:25,655
THESE STONES ARE A MIRACLE
OF ANCIENT ENGINEERING.
329
00:17:27,559 --> 00:17:32,161
ON THEIR TOPS LIE
CARVED JOINTS,
330
00:17:32,163 --> 00:17:37,600
PERFECTLY SHAPED TO SLOT INSIDE
THE LINTEL BALANCED ON TOP.
331
00:17:37,602 --> 00:17:41,771
THESE JOINTS KEEP
THE WHOLE MONUMENT STEADY.
332
00:17:41,773 --> 00:17:43,239
THE BALANCING LINTELS
333
00:17:43,241 --> 00:17:47,743
ALSO HAVE TONGUES AND GROOVES
THAT INTERLOCK...
334
00:17:47,745 --> 00:17:49,812
TO SECURE THE CIRCLE.
335
00:17:53,151 --> 00:17:56,552
THE ANCIENT CRAFTSMEN
LEFT NOTHING TO CHANCE.
336
00:17:56,554 --> 00:17:57,954
EVERY PART OF THE DESIGN
337
00:17:57,956 --> 00:18:01,524
WAS CAREFULLY CONSIDERED
AND EXPERTLY EXECUTED.
338
00:18:04,562 --> 00:18:06,395
Greaney:
STONEHENGE IS UNIQUE BECAUSE
339
00:18:06,397 --> 00:18:08,731
IT'S THE ONLY LINTELED
STONE CIRCLE IN THE WORLD.
340
00:18:08,733 --> 00:18:10,933
IT'S THE ONLY ONE
WITH THESE HORIZONTAL STONES
341
00:18:10,935 --> 00:18:12,335
THAT CONNECT THE OTHERS
TOGETHER,
342
00:18:12,337 --> 00:18:14,303
AND IT'S ALSO THE ONLY ONE
WHERE YOU'VE GOT THIS EVIDENCE
343
00:18:14,305 --> 00:18:18,574
OF JOINTS AND THE STONES BEING
SHAPED IN SUCH A UNIQUE WAY.
344
00:18:18,576 --> 00:18:21,110
Narrator: TODAY,
ARCHAEOLOGIST SUSAN GREANEY
345
00:18:21,112 --> 00:18:24,447
USES LASER TECHNOLOGY
TO LOOK FOR TINY INDENTATIONS
346
00:18:24,449 --> 00:18:27,016
ON THE SURFACE
OF THE GIANT SARSENS.
347
00:18:27,018 --> 00:18:29,552
¶¶
348
00:18:29,554 --> 00:18:32,455
SHE HOPES MARKS CARVED
BY ANCIENT STONE MASONS
349
00:18:32,457 --> 00:18:34,824
4,500 YEARS AGO
350
00:18:34,826 --> 00:18:36,792
COULD REVEAL
WHAT TYPE OF RITUALS
351
00:18:36,794 --> 00:18:39,662
THE STONE CIRCLES
WERE DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE.
352
00:18:41,633 --> 00:18:43,733
Greaney: THE WAY THAT
THE STONES WERE SHAPED
353
00:18:43,735 --> 00:18:45,635
WAS USING SARSEN HAMMERSTONES...
354
00:18:45,637 --> 00:18:47,803
SO LITERALLY
EACH BASH OF THE STONE
355
00:18:47,805 --> 00:18:49,605
JUST RESULTS
IN A LITTLE KIND OF DIMPLE.
356
00:18:49,607 --> 00:18:51,841
AND SO THE DETAIL OF THAT,
YOU JUST WOULDN'T BE ABLE
357
00:18:51,843 --> 00:18:54,410
TO PICK UP WITH THE NAKED EYE.
358
00:18:54,412 --> 00:18:56,312
Narrator:
THE LASER SCANNER SENDS OUT
359
00:18:56,314 --> 00:18:58,848
TINY PULSES OF INVISIBLE LIGHT.
360
00:18:58,850 --> 00:19:00,383
[ WHIRRING ]
361
00:19:00,385 --> 00:19:04,020
THE LIGHT BOUNCES BACK TO THE
SCANNER TO CREATE A 3-D IMAGE
362
00:19:04,022 --> 00:19:07,290
THAT'S ACCURATE TO
THE TINIEST FRACTION OF AN INCH.
363
00:19:09,027 --> 00:19:11,394
IT CAN SHOW YOU HOW THE STONES
WORKED AND SHAPED IN PREHISTORY,
364
00:19:11,396 --> 00:19:13,429
AND THIS IS ACTUALLY SOMETHING
THAT'S NOT REALLY BEEN
365
00:19:13,431 --> 00:19:17,566
LOOKED AT
IN MASSIVE DETAIL BEFORE.
366
00:19:17,568 --> 00:19:22,004
Narrator: SUSAN CAREFULLY
EXAMINES THE SARSEN STONES.
367
00:19:22,006 --> 00:19:24,106
SHE HOPES TO DISCOVER
WHICH SURFACES
368
00:19:24,108 --> 00:19:28,277
THE ANCIENT MASONS SPENT
THE MOST EFFORT CARVING
369
00:19:28,279 --> 00:19:30,079
BECAUSE THESE COULD
POINT TOWARDS
370
00:19:30,081 --> 00:19:32,815
THE MOST SACRED SPOTS
ON THE SITE,
371
00:19:32,817 --> 00:19:36,018
PERHAPS WHERE HOLY MEN
WOULD ONCE HAVE STOOD.
372
00:19:36,020 --> 00:19:37,653
Man: YEAH,
WE'RE GOING TO NEED...
373
00:19:37,655 --> 00:19:39,922
I MEAN, THIS SIDE WILL
COME OUT VERY NICELY HERE.
374
00:19:39,924 --> 00:19:42,325
BUT TO GET THE TOP OF IT
OVER THERE, WE'LL NEED TO...
375
00:19:42,327 --> 00:19:44,260
ON ONE OF THE FALLEN STONES,
376
00:19:44,262 --> 00:19:48,431
SUSAN SPOTS A SMALL
BUT SIGNIFICANT DETAIL.
377
00:19:48,433 --> 00:19:51,367
YEAH, SO, THE RIDGES THAT
YOU CAN SEE HERE ON THE STONE
378
00:19:51,369 --> 00:19:53,803
ARE THE REMNANTS OF HOW
THEY'VE BEEN WORKING
379
00:19:53,805 --> 00:19:56,138
AND SHAPING THIS
PARTICULAR STONE.
380
00:19:56,140 --> 00:19:58,908
¶¶
381
00:19:58,910 --> 00:20:01,277
CAN DOWNLOAD THE DATA
AND HAVE A LITTLE PREVIEW
OF WHAT WE'VE SCANNED?
382
00:20:01,279 --> 00:20:02,978
YEAH, WE CAN HAVE A LOOK AT IT.
YES, YEAH, CERTAINLY.
383
00:20:04,949 --> 00:20:07,016
Narrator:
SCANS OF THE STANDING SARSENS
384
00:20:07,018 --> 00:20:09,518
REVEAL MORE OF
THESE ROUGH WORK MARKS,
385
00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:12,755
BUT ONLY ON ONE SIDE.
386
00:20:12,757 --> 00:20:15,725
THE INTERIOR SURFACES
HAVE BEEN HAMMERED SMOOTH,
387
00:20:15,727 --> 00:20:18,194
A PROCESS KNOWN AS DRESSING.
388
00:20:20,231 --> 00:20:23,065
AND THE BEST-DRESSED STONES
WERE USED TO FRAME
389
00:20:23,067 --> 00:20:26,302
THE RISING SUN
ON THE SUMMER SOLSTICE.
390
00:20:26,304 --> 00:20:28,671
Greaney: THE LASER SCANNING
HAS SHOWN US THAT THE STONES
391
00:20:28,673 --> 00:20:30,272
THAT WERE THE
MOST FINELY DRESSED --
392
00:20:30,274 --> 00:20:32,742
TO MAKE THE MOVEMENT OF THE SUN
REALLY OBVIOUSLY.
393
00:20:32,744 --> 00:20:35,077
AND IT SHOWS
WHICH BITS OF THE SITE
394
00:20:35,079 --> 00:20:37,179
WERE IMPORTANT IN PREHISTORY.
395
00:20:37,181 --> 00:20:39,982
¶¶
396
00:20:39,984 --> 00:20:41,450
Narrator:
SUSAN'S WORK SHOWS
397
00:20:41,452 --> 00:20:44,420
THAT ONLY A SMALL AREA
INSIDE THE CENTRAL HORSESHOE
398
00:20:44,422 --> 00:20:46,722
WAS OPTIMIZED TO GIVE
THE PERFECT VIEW
399
00:20:46,724 --> 00:20:48,624
OF THE RISING SUN.
400
00:20:48,626 --> 00:20:51,894
¶¶
401
00:20:51,896 --> 00:20:54,196
AND BECAUSE
THE INNER CIRCLE IS SMALL,
402
00:20:54,198 --> 00:20:56,298
THIS TELLS HER
SOMETHING IMPORTANT
403
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:58,601
ABOUT HOW STONEHENGE WAS USED.
404
00:20:58,603 --> 00:21:01,137
IT WASN'T DESIGNED
AS A PREHISTORIC CATHEDRAL
405
00:21:01,139 --> 00:21:03,639
FOR A VAST CONGREGATION.
406
00:21:03,641 --> 00:21:07,276
IT WAS AN EXCLUSIVE TEMPLE
FOR A TINY ELITE.
407
00:21:07,278 --> 00:21:10,212
¶¶
408
00:21:13,117 --> 00:21:16,252
SUSAN'S RESEARCH,
COMBINED WITH EVIDENCE
409
00:21:16,254 --> 00:21:19,088
FROM OTHER NEARBY
PREHISTORIC SITES,
410
00:21:19,090 --> 00:21:20,623
ALLOWS US TO PAINT A PICTURE
411
00:21:20,625 --> 00:21:24,860
OF HOW THIS ELITE
MAY HAVE USED STONEHENGE.
412
00:21:24,862 --> 00:21:28,798
THESE CHOSEN FEW
MAY HAVE ARRIVED BY BOAT
413
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:31,400
AND THEN WALKED ALONG
A PROCESSIONAL AVENUE
414
00:21:31,402 --> 00:21:33,469
TO THE ENTRANCE OF THE HENGE.
415
00:21:35,506 --> 00:21:38,507
ON THE LONGEST DAY OF THE YEAR,
THEY WOULD'VE STOOD
416
00:21:38,509 --> 00:21:41,510
ALONG THE CENTRAL AXIS
OF THE STONE CIRCLE,
417
00:21:41,512 --> 00:21:45,881
SURROUNDED BY THE SMOOTH FACES
OF THE INNER SARSENS,
418
00:21:45,883 --> 00:21:49,518
AND WITNESSED
A SPECTACULAR EVENT
419
00:21:49,520 --> 00:21:53,122
AS THE SUMMER SUN ROSE
DIRECTLY ABOVE THE HEEL STONE.
420
00:22:00,131 --> 00:22:03,199
ARCHAEOLOGISTS ARE SLOWLY
UNRAVELING THE MYSTERIES
421
00:22:03,201 --> 00:22:06,735
OF HOW THE WORLD'S MOST FAMOUS
ANCIENT MONUMENT WAS USED.
422
00:22:08,372 --> 00:22:11,841
BUT WHY DID ANCIENT BRITONS
DECIDE TO TRANSPORT THESE STONES
423
00:22:11,843 --> 00:22:15,778
140 MILES
TO THIS FEATURELESS PLAIN?
424
00:22:15,780 --> 00:22:20,349
WHAT WAS SO SPECIAL
ABOUT THIS PLACE?
425
00:22:20,351 --> 00:22:23,919
NOW, A BIZARRE CACHE OF BONES
UNEARTHED AT STONEHENGE
426
00:22:23,921 --> 00:22:26,322
MAY FINALLY PROVIDE THE ANSWER.
427
00:22:26,324 --> 00:22:28,724
¶¶
428
00:22:38,834 --> 00:22:42,002
Narrator: ARCHAEOLOGISTS
ARE FINALLY PIECING TOGETHER
429
00:22:42,004 --> 00:22:44,738
THE ANCIENT WORLD'S
GREATEST PUZZLE,
430
00:22:44,740 --> 00:22:47,774
TO UNDERSTAND
WHY STONEHENGE WAS BUILT
431
00:22:47,776 --> 00:22:50,610
AND HOW IT WAS USED.
432
00:22:50,612 --> 00:22:54,080
BUT THERE'S ONE
MAJOR PIECE MISSING.
433
00:22:54,082 --> 00:22:57,584
A REALLY BIG QUESTION
STILL REMAINS IN THIS LANDSCAPE.
434
00:22:57,586 --> 00:23:01,121
WHY IS STONEHENGE WHERE IT IS?
435
00:23:01,123 --> 00:23:03,256
Narrator: ARCHAEOLOGISTS
HAVE UNCOVERED EVIDENCE
436
00:23:03,258 --> 00:23:06,660
THAT MAY SOLVE THIS MYSTERY.
437
00:23:06,662 --> 00:23:09,129
IF THEY'RE RIGHT,
IT WILL FINALLY EXPLAIN
438
00:23:09,131 --> 00:23:10,530
WHY THE ANCIENT BUILDERS
439
00:23:10,532 --> 00:23:12,732
WENT TO SUCH
EXTRAORDINARY LENGTHS
440
00:23:12,734 --> 00:23:15,602
TO BRING THE BLUESTONES
441
00:23:15,604 --> 00:23:19,005
TO THIS SEEMINGLY
ORDINARY PLACE.
442
00:23:19,007 --> 00:23:23,143
¶¶
443
00:23:23,145 --> 00:23:26,012
BURIED BENEATH THE STONES,
444
00:23:26,014 --> 00:23:30,717
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE UNEARTHED
THOUSANDS OF ANIMAL BONES,
445
00:23:30,719 --> 00:23:32,886
SHARDS OF BONE FROM WOLVES,
446
00:23:32,888 --> 00:23:36,256
RAVENS, DOGS, FOXES, AND PIGS...
447
00:23:38,026 --> 00:23:41,861
...SKULLS FROM CATTLE
AND HORNS FROM BISON.
448
00:23:43,265 --> 00:23:45,131
IN THE DITCHES
SURROUNDING THE STONES,
449
00:23:45,133 --> 00:23:48,602
THERE ARE HUNDREDS
OF DEER ANTLERS,
450
00:23:48,604 --> 00:23:50,870
AND, AT THE MONUMENT'S
SOUTHERN EXIT,
451
00:23:50,872 --> 00:23:53,473
TWO HUGE JAW BONES
THAT APPEAR TO BELONG
452
00:23:53,475 --> 00:23:57,877
TO A NOW-EXTINCT BREED
OF WILD COW CALLED AN AUROCH.
453
00:23:59,381 --> 00:24:04,050
THE STRANGE BONES WERE CAREFULLY
PLACED IN A SYMBOLIC POSITION.
454
00:24:04,052 --> 00:24:06,419
BUT WHY?
455
00:24:06,421 --> 00:24:10,824
¶¶
456
00:24:10,826 --> 00:24:14,594
DAVID JACQUES BELIEVES ANCIENT
AUROCHS COULD BE THE KEY
457
00:24:14,596 --> 00:24:18,531
TO UNDERSTANDING WHY STONEHENGE
WAS BUILT WHERE IT WAS.
458
00:24:21,203 --> 00:24:24,304
AUROCHS CAPTIVATED
THE STONE AGE IMAGINATION,
459
00:24:24,306 --> 00:24:27,540
APPEARING IN CAVE PAINTINGS
ACROSS EUROPE.
460
00:24:27,542 --> 00:24:29,876
Jacques: THEY WOULD'VE BEEN
HUGE MEGACOWS,
461
00:24:29,878 --> 00:24:31,411
ABOUT 2 METERS HIGH.
462
00:24:31,413 --> 00:24:33,913
RUNNING SPEED,
ABOUT 35 MILES AN HOUR.
463
00:24:33,915 --> 00:24:37,150
ENORMOUS HORNS. THIS WOULD'VE
BEEN A REALLY FEROCIOUS ANIMAL.
464
00:24:38,954 --> 00:24:40,320
IN A SENSE, YOU GET THE FEELING
465
00:24:40,322 --> 00:24:42,489
THAT THE ARTIST
IS WORSHIPPING THEM.
466
00:24:42,491 --> 00:24:46,493
THERE WOULD'VE BEEN ENORMOUS
RESPECT FOR THESE WILD ANIMALS.
467
00:24:46,495 --> 00:24:50,230
Narrator: BUT WHY BURY
THEIR BONES AT STONEHENGE?
468
00:24:50,232 --> 00:24:52,532
DAVID THINKS
HE'S FOUND THE ANSWER
469
00:24:52,534 --> 00:24:54,267
AT A SITE HE'S BEEN EXCAVATING
470
00:24:54,269 --> 00:24:57,003
JUST A MILE AND A HALF
FROM THE STONES.
471
00:24:58,273 --> 00:25:00,740
Jacques:
IT'S A SITE TO ITS EAST,
472
00:25:00,742 --> 00:25:04,144
WHICH I'VE BEEN EXPLORING
SINCE 2005.
473
00:25:04,146 --> 00:25:05,912
IT'S KNOWN AS BLICK MEAD.
474
00:25:05,914 --> 00:25:08,915
AND HERE IS WHERE
THE EARLIEST PEOPLE
475
00:25:08,917 --> 00:25:10,984
WHO WERE LIVING
IN THIS LANDSCAPE LIVED,
476
00:25:10,986 --> 00:25:14,421
AND THEY LIVED HERE
FOR A REALLY LONG TIME.
477
00:25:14,423 --> 00:25:16,456
Narrator:
AT BLICK MEAD, DAVID HAS FOUND
478
00:25:16,458 --> 00:25:20,894
FRAGMENTS OF BUTCHERED
AND COOKED AUROCH BONE.
479
00:25:20,896 --> 00:25:23,563
AND TODAY HE'S TRAVELING
TO ONE OF THE WORLD'S LEADING
480
00:25:23,565 --> 00:25:25,465
RADIOCARBON-DATING LABORATORIES
481
00:25:25,467 --> 00:25:29,335
TO GET HIS
MOST RECENT FIND DATED.
482
00:25:29,337 --> 00:25:31,204
HE HOPES THIS COULD SOLVE
483
00:25:31,206 --> 00:25:34,407
THE MYSTERY OF
STONEHENGE'S LOCATION.
484
00:25:34,409 --> 00:25:37,544
Jacques: THERE ARE THOUSANDS
OF THESE BONES THERE.
485
00:25:37,546 --> 00:25:39,512
IT LOOKS TO US
AS THOUGH THIS LANDSCAPE
486
00:25:39,514 --> 00:25:43,149
IS REALLY HEAVILY POPULATED
BY AUROCHS.
487
00:25:43,151 --> 00:25:44,984
Narrator:
LIKE THE BUFFALO
488
00:25:44,986 --> 00:25:47,721
THAT ROAMED
THE GREAT PLAINS OF AMERICA,
489
00:25:47,723 --> 00:25:51,324
DAVID BELIEVES VAST HERDS
OF AUROCHS DOMINATED THE PLAIN
490
00:25:51,326 --> 00:25:54,728
WHERE STONEHENGE STANDS TODAY.
491
00:25:54,730 --> 00:25:58,164
BUT EARLY HUNTERS WERE WAITING,
READY TO HERD THE BEASTS
492
00:25:58,166 --> 00:26:00,800
THROUGH A NATURAL CHANNEL
IN THE LANDSCAPE,
493
00:26:00,802 --> 00:26:04,704
UP TOWARDS WHAT WOULD
ONE DAY BECOME STONEHENGE.
494
00:26:04,706 --> 00:26:07,540
WE THINK THAT THE HUNTERS
ARE TRACKING AUROCHS
495
00:26:07,542 --> 00:26:10,643
FROM THE SPRINGS
UP OVER SALISBURY PLAIN
496
00:26:10,645 --> 00:26:14,013
IN THE DIRECTION
OF THE STONEHENGE KNOLL.
497
00:26:14,015 --> 00:26:17,183
THE AREA AROUND THE
STONEHENGE KNOLL IS A KILL ZONE.
498
00:26:17,185 --> 00:26:21,221
IT'S A TERRIFIC PLACE
TO TAKE THESE ANIMALS DOWN.
499
00:26:21,223 --> 00:26:25,358
Narrator:
DAVID'S CONVINCED THAT LONG
BEFORE STONEHENGE WAS BUILT,
500
00:26:25,360 --> 00:26:27,694
HUNDREDS OF HUNTERS
FROM ALL OVER BRITAIN
501
00:26:27,696 --> 00:26:30,497
GATHERED AT THE SITE
FOR ANNUAL AUROCH HUNTS.
502
00:26:30,499 --> 00:26:33,266
THESE EVENTS
WOULD'VE BEEN SO SPECIAL.
503
00:26:33,268 --> 00:26:38,004
IT'S LIKE THE SUPER BOWL.
IT'S LIKE THE POPE SPEAKING.
504
00:26:38,006 --> 00:26:41,107
THIS IS SPORT. THIS IS RELIGION.
505
00:26:41,109 --> 00:26:42,542
THIS IS FEASTING.
506
00:26:42,544 --> 00:26:44,577
IT WOULD'VE BEEN
EXHILARATING, 'COURSE,
507
00:26:44,579 --> 00:26:47,213
WITH SERIOUS STREAK OF DANGER
IN IT,
508
00:26:47,215 --> 00:26:49,382
BUT IF YOU GOT ONE
OF THOSE ANIMALS DOWN,
509
00:26:49,384 --> 00:26:53,686
YOU MIGHT WELL BE REMEMBERED
WAY OUTSIDE OF YOUR LIFETIME.
510
00:26:53,688 --> 00:26:57,757
Narrator: THESE HUNTS
MADE THIS LANDSCAPE FAMOUS.
511
00:26:59,327 --> 00:27:01,427
DAVID BELIEVES
THE HUNTERS MARKED
512
00:27:01,429 --> 00:27:03,062
THIS LEGENDARY HUNTING GROUND
513
00:27:03,064 --> 00:27:05,632
BY BUILDING
THE FIRST MONUMENT HERE.
514
00:27:07,102 --> 00:27:09,936
800 FEET NORTHWEST
OF STONEHENGE,
515
00:27:09,938 --> 00:27:14,574
BENEATH WHAT IS NOW
AN ACCESS ROAD TO THE STONES,
516
00:27:14,576 --> 00:27:16,442
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
HAVE FOUND EVIDENCE
517
00:27:16,444 --> 00:27:18,645
OF THREE HUGE WOODEN TOTEM POLES
518
00:27:18,647 --> 00:27:22,682
ERECTED 5,000 YEARS BEFORE
STONEHENGE WAS BUILT.
519
00:27:22,684 --> 00:27:24,818
¶¶
520
00:27:24,820 --> 00:27:26,653
Jacques: IT'S GOT THE
EARLIEST MONUMENTS IN EUROPE
521
00:27:26,655 --> 00:27:28,121
BEING PUT UP ON THE SAME KNOLL
522
00:27:28,123 --> 00:27:29,923
WHERE STONEHENGE
LATER GOT BUILT,
523
00:27:29,925 --> 00:27:32,091
SO IT'S BEEN
A SPECIAL, SACRED SPOT
524
00:27:32,093 --> 00:27:34,294
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
525
00:27:34,296 --> 00:27:37,463
ACTUALLY OVER 10,000 YEARS.
526
00:27:37,465 --> 00:27:41,835
Narrator: 5,000 YEARS AFTER
THE THREE POLES WERE ERECTED,
527
00:27:41,837 --> 00:27:44,671
STONEHENGE BEGAN
TO TAKE SHAPE NEARBY
528
00:27:44,673 --> 00:27:50,043
WITH A DITCH, WOODEN POLES,
AND BLUESTONE CIRCLE.
529
00:27:50,045 --> 00:27:53,213
NEXT CAME
THE GIANT SARSEN STONES
530
00:27:53,215 --> 00:27:56,583
TO CREATE THE ICONIC
STONE CIRCLE WE SEE TODAY.
531
00:27:56,585 --> 00:28:00,053
¶¶
532
00:28:00,055 --> 00:28:03,523
TWO MONUMENTS
JUST A SHORT WALK APART.
533
00:28:03,525 --> 00:28:06,559
DAVID BELIEVES THIS
CAN'T BE A COINCIDENCE.
534
00:28:06,561 --> 00:28:09,662
TO HIM, THERE'S A CONNECTION
BETWEEN THE STONE CIRCLE
535
00:28:09,664 --> 00:28:12,432
AND THE TIMBER POSTS
ERECTED BY THE HUNTERS
536
00:28:12,434 --> 00:28:14,601
IN HONOR OF THE GREAT HUNTS.
537
00:28:16,771 --> 00:28:21,474
THE AUROCH BONES FOUND BENEATH
STONEHENGE SUGGEST HE'S RIGHT,
538
00:28:21,476 --> 00:28:23,109
BUT THERE'S A PROBLEM.
539
00:28:23,111 --> 00:28:24,944
SO FAR, THERE'S LITTLE EVIDENCE
540
00:28:24,946 --> 00:28:27,213
THAT THE HUNTERS
EVER CAME INTO CONTACT
541
00:28:27,215 --> 00:28:32,252
WITH THE PEOPLE WHO BUILT
STONEHENGE 5,000 YEARS LATER.
542
00:28:32,254 --> 00:28:34,320
DAVID HOPES THIS AUROCH TOOTH
543
00:28:34,322 --> 00:28:37,123
FOUND IN A PREHISTORIC HOUSE
AT BLICK MEAD
544
00:28:37,125 --> 00:28:41,194
COULD PROVIDE A LINK
BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS.
545
00:28:41,196 --> 00:28:43,997
HE'S CONVINCED
THE HUNTERS WERE STILL AROUND
546
00:28:43,999 --> 00:28:46,933
WHEN THE BUILDERS
FIRST ARRIVED IN THE AREA,
547
00:28:46,935 --> 00:28:49,002
AND THESE LAST HUNTERS
TAUGHT THE BUILDERS
548
00:28:49,004 --> 00:28:52,005
ABOUT THE LANDSCAPE'S
GLORIOUS PAST.
549
00:28:52,007 --> 00:28:55,241
¶¶
550
00:28:55,243 --> 00:28:56,776
OTHER FINDS FROM BLICK MEAD
551
00:28:56,778 --> 00:28:59,445
SUGGESTS HIS THEORY
COULD BE RIGHT.
552
00:28:59,447 --> 00:29:01,781
WILL THE TOOTH PROVIDE
YET MORE AMMUNITION
553
00:29:01,783 --> 00:29:03,983
FOR THIS RADICAL IDEA?
554
00:29:03,985 --> 00:29:07,553
I JUST WANTED TO CHECK
WHICH ONE YOU THOUGHT
555
00:29:07,555 --> 00:29:08,821
WOULD BE BEST
FOR SAMPLING.
556
00:29:08,823 --> 00:29:13,092
I'VE GOT SOME AUROCHS'
TEETH FRAGMENTS.
557
00:29:13,094 --> 00:29:15,395
-SO THEY'RE JUST THERE. LOOK.
-OKAY.
558
00:29:15,397 --> 00:29:18,097
AND ALSO SOME CHARCOAL.
559
00:29:18,099 --> 00:29:22,402
SO, THESE ARE FROM THE FIRE
FROM WITHIN THE HOUSE.
560
00:29:22,404 --> 00:29:24,570
Narrator:
BUT RADIOCARBON-DATING SCIENTIST
561
00:29:24,572 --> 00:29:27,006
ELAINE DUNBAR
HAS SPOTTED A PROBLEM.
562
00:29:27,008 --> 00:29:29,809
BECAUSE THIS HAS GOT
TOOTH ENAMEL ON IT,
563
00:29:29,811 --> 00:29:31,778
WE CAN'T BE SURE
THAT THE ACTUAL CARBON
564
00:29:31,780 --> 00:29:33,513
THAT'S IN
THIS TOOTH ENAMEL
565
00:29:33,515 --> 00:29:36,249
ISN'T FULL OF CONTAMINATION
FROM THE SOIL,
566
00:29:36,251 --> 00:29:38,952
WHICH CAN GIVE DATES
THAT ARE ACTUALLY OLDER
567
00:29:38,954 --> 00:29:40,720
OR YOUNGER
FROM THE CONTAMINATION.
568
00:29:40,722 --> 00:29:43,389
OH, THAT'S A REAL PITY.
569
00:29:43,391 --> 00:29:46,693
BUT ELAINE IS CONFIDENT
SHE CAN GET AN ACCURATE DATE
570
00:29:46,695 --> 00:29:49,495
FROM THE CHARCOAL FRAGMENTS
FOUND WITH THE TOOTH
571
00:29:49,497 --> 00:29:54,200
THAT WERE MOST LIKELY USED
TO COOK THE AUROCH MEAT.
572
00:29:54,202 --> 00:29:57,070
ELAINE BEGINS
THE COMPLEX PROCESS
573
00:29:57,072 --> 00:30:00,173
TO DETERMINE WHEN
THIS MIGHTY BEAST LIVED.
574
00:30:00,175 --> 00:30:03,509
¶¶
575
00:30:03,511 --> 00:30:06,879
IT TAKES FOUR WEEKS
TO PROCESS THE RESULTS.
576
00:30:06,881 --> 00:30:08,581
OKAY. ELAINE, GO ON.
GIVE ME THE WORST.
577
00:30:08,583 --> 00:30:10,550
I'M ABSOLUTELY --
THE WHOLE TEAM, TO BE HONEST,
578
00:30:10,552 --> 00:30:13,686
WE'RE ON TENDER HOOKS
FOR THIS DATE.
579
00:30:13,688 --> 00:30:16,723
Narrator: IF THE DATE
IS CLOSE TO 4000 B.C.,
580
00:30:16,725 --> 00:30:18,758
IT MEANS HUNTERS WERE STILL HERE
581
00:30:18,760 --> 00:30:21,627
AFTER THE BUILDERS OF STONEHENGE
HAD ARRIVED.
582
00:30:21,629 --> 00:30:24,497
¶¶
583
00:30:27,335 --> 00:30:31,604
IT'S 4200 TO 4040 B.C.
584
00:30:31,606 --> 00:30:33,473
OH, MY --
OH, MY GOD.
585
00:30:33,475 --> 00:30:36,209
I MEAN, THAT IS --
THAT IS A FABULOUS DATE.
586
00:30:36,211 --> 00:30:38,911
I MEAN, THAT IS
A DREAM DATE FOR US.
587
00:30:38,913 --> 00:30:42,281
I MEAN, BASICALLY, THIS IS
GOING TO REVOLUTIONIZE
588
00:30:42,283 --> 00:30:44,083
OUR UNDERSTANDING
OF THE ESTABLISHMENT
589
00:30:44,085 --> 00:30:46,352
OF THE ORIGINS OF THE
STONEHENGE LANDSCAPE.
590
00:30:46,354 --> 00:30:48,154
IT DOESN'T GET
BIGGER THAN THAT.
591
00:30:48,156 --> 00:30:51,557
IT'S A COMPLETELY
NEW REVELATION
592
00:30:51,559 --> 00:30:55,695
ABOUT WHY STONEHENGE IS
WHERE IT IS.
593
00:30:55,697 --> 00:30:58,131
FOR DAVID,
IT'S PROOF THAT THE HUNTERS
594
00:30:58,133 --> 00:31:02,168
COULD'VE PASSED ON THEIR BELIEFS
TO THE BUILDERS OF STONEHENGE,
595
00:31:02,170 --> 00:31:04,370
AND THAT MEANS
THE MONUMENT WE SEE TODAY
596
00:31:04,372 --> 00:31:06,906
IS PART OF
A MUCH LONGER TRADITION
597
00:31:06,908 --> 00:31:11,444
THAT BEGAN NOT 5,000,
BUT 10,000 YEARS AGO
598
00:31:11,446 --> 00:31:13,579
WITH THE HUNTING
OF GIANT AUROCHS
599
00:31:13,581 --> 00:31:16,249
ON THIS WINDSWEPT PLATEAU.
600
00:31:16,251 --> 00:31:19,419
¶¶
601
00:31:23,358 --> 00:31:26,359
THE STONES
ARE GIVING UP THEIR SECRETS,
602
00:31:26,361 --> 00:31:30,963
REVEALING HOW THIS
ANCIENT WONDER WAS REALLY USED.
603
00:31:30,965 --> 00:31:33,032
NOW ARCHAEOLOGISTS
ARE DISCOVERING
604
00:31:33,034 --> 00:31:35,268
THESE STONES GUARD
ANOTHER SECRET
605
00:31:35,270 --> 00:31:37,503
THAT'S BEEN HIDDEN
IN PLAIN SIGHT
606
00:31:37,505 --> 00:31:40,873
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS --
607
00:31:40,875 --> 00:31:45,311
MYSTERIOUS SYMBOLS CARVED
ON THE STONES THEMSELVES.
608
00:31:55,238 --> 00:31:57,472
Narrator: ARCHAEOLOGISTS
ARE PIECING TOGETHER
609
00:31:57,474 --> 00:32:00,442
THE FULL STORY OF STONEHENGE.
610
00:32:00,444 --> 00:32:03,745
THEY'RE REVEALING HOW
THIS MONUMENT WAS REALLY USED --
611
00:32:03,747 --> 00:32:08,516
TO MAKE AND TRADE GOODS
AND TO BRING GOOD FORTUNE.
612
00:32:08,518 --> 00:32:10,285
NOW NEW EVIDENCE POINTS
613
00:32:10,287 --> 00:32:13,154
TO PERHAPS
THE STRANGEST USE OF ALL.
614
00:32:13,156 --> 00:32:16,958
¶¶
615
00:32:16,960 --> 00:32:20,128
BENEATH THE LICHEN AND MOSS,
616
00:32:20,130 --> 00:32:23,064
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED
STRANGE CARVINGS
617
00:32:23,066 --> 00:32:26,167
CAREFULLY ETCHED
INTO THE SARSEN STONES.
618
00:32:26,169 --> 00:32:29,404
¶¶
619
00:32:29,406 --> 00:32:32,340
THESE CAN'T BE ORIGINAL
FEATURES OF THE HENGE.
620
00:32:32,342 --> 00:32:36,044
THEY'RE TOO DETAILED TO HAVE
BEEN MADE WITH STONE TOOLS.
621
00:32:36,046 --> 00:32:38,913
THEY MUST'VE BEEN MADE LATER
WITH METAL.
622
00:32:41,151 --> 00:32:42,717
WHY DID THESE LATER PEOPLE
623
00:32:42,719 --> 00:32:46,321
CARVE THESE STRANGE SHAPES
ONTO THE STONES?
624
00:32:48,625 --> 00:32:53,328
WHAT DO THE SHAPES REPRESENT,
AND WHAT PURPOSE DID THEY SERVE?
625
00:32:53,330 --> 00:32:56,564
¶¶
626
00:32:59,669 --> 00:33:01,636
Greaney: ACTUALLY, YOU CAN JUST
ABOUT MAKE OUT ONE HERE.
627
00:33:01,638 --> 00:33:03,138
IT'S QUITE A LARGE ONE.
628
00:33:03,140 --> 00:33:04,906
ARCHAEOLOGIST SUSAN GREANEY
629
00:33:04,908 --> 00:33:08,843
HOPES LASER-SCANNING
TECHNOLOGY CAN FIND THE ANSWERS.
630
00:33:08,845 --> 00:33:11,112
SO WE'RE CONCENTRATING
ON THIS PARTICULAR STONE
631
00:33:11,114 --> 00:33:13,148
BECAUSE THIS IS WHERE
SOME OF THE CARVINGS
632
00:33:13,150 --> 00:33:14,716
WERE ADDED TO THE STONES.
633
00:33:14,718 --> 00:33:16,184
THEY'RE REALLY DIFFICULT TO SEE
634
00:33:16,186 --> 00:33:18,153
BECAUSE OF THE LICHEN COVER,
BECAUSE THEY'RE WEATHERED,
635
00:33:18,155 --> 00:33:19,888
BUT YOU CAN ACTUALLY
JUST MAKE THEM OUT.
636
00:33:19,890 --> 00:33:21,489
THERE'S ONE JUST HERE,
QUITE A LARGE ONE.
637
00:33:21,491 --> 00:33:23,158
-OH, YES. YEAH.
-YEAH?
638
00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:25,293
-OH, AND THERE'S MAYBE...
-YEAH, POSSIBLY, YEAH.
639
00:33:25,295 --> 00:33:29,297
SO HOPEFULLY, THAT'LL SHOW UP
REALLY CLEARLY IN THE SCAN.
640
00:33:29,299 --> 00:33:31,266
Narrator:
TODAY, SUSAN WANTS TO IDENTIFY
641
00:33:31,268 --> 00:33:33,902
MORE OF THESE STRANGE CARVINGS.
642
00:33:33,904 --> 00:33:37,405
SHE WANTS TO FIND OUT IF THESE
MARKS ARE SIMPLY RANDOM GRAFFITI
643
00:33:37,407 --> 00:33:40,175
OR IF THEY CONTAIN
A HIDDEN MESSAGE.
644
00:33:40,177 --> 00:33:42,577
THE CARVINGS WERE ADDED
TO THE STONES, WE THINK,
645
00:33:42,579 --> 00:33:46,281
IN ABOUT 1800, 1700 B.C.
646
00:33:46,283 --> 00:33:48,116
SO THAT'S ABOUT 600 OR 700 YEARS
647
00:33:48,118 --> 00:33:50,018
AFTER THE STONES
HAD BEEN PUT UP,
648
00:33:50,020 --> 00:33:51,586
SO IT'S ALMOST LIKE
ADDING GRAFFITI
649
00:33:51,588 --> 00:33:53,021
TO AN OLD CHURCH OR SOMETHING.
650
00:33:53,023 --> 00:33:57,225
THE MONUMENT'S ALREADY OLD
WHEN THEY'RE ADDED.
651
00:33:57,227 --> 00:34:02,063
Narrator: SUSAN THINKS THESE
SHAPES REPRESENT AX HEADS,
652
00:34:02,065 --> 00:34:05,900
SYMBOLIZING ANCIENT BRITAIN'S
MOST TREASURED POSSESSION.
653
00:34:05,902 --> 00:34:08,937
Greaney: SO THE AXES ARE KIND
OF MUSHROOM-SHAPED, REALLY.
654
00:34:08,939 --> 00:34:10,238
THEY'RE SHOWN UPRIGHT,
655
00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:11,706
AND THEY'RE SHOWN
WITHOUT ANY KIND OF HANDLE,
656
00:34:11,708 --> 00:34:13,508
SO IT'S THE ACTUAL
METAL PART OF THE AX
657
00:34:13,510 --> 00:34:15,610
THAT'S BEING CARVED
ONTO THE STONES.
658
00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:19,781
Narrator: ONE SYMBOL
CARVED OVER AND AGAIN.
659
00:34:19,783 --> 00:34:24,686
THIS MUST'VE BEEN DONE
FOR A REASON. BUT WHAT?
660
00:34:24,688 --> 00:34:27,088
400 MILES NORTH OF STONEHENGE,
661
00:34:27,090 --> 00:34:29,824
ARCHAEOLOGISTS THINK
THEY'VE FOUND A CLUE.
662
00:34:29,826 --> 00:34:32,060
¶¶
663
00:34:32,062 --> 00:34:34,462
AT AN ANCIENT
SCOTTISH BURIAL SITE,
664
00:34:34,464 --> 00:34:38,233
BENEATH THE LID
OF A STONE-LINED GRAVE,
665
00:34:38,235 --> 00:34:42,070
ARCHAEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED
SIMILAR AX-HEAD CARVINGS.
666
00:34:44,074 --> 00:34:45,640
FOR PREHISTORIC PEOPLE,
667
00:34:45,642 --> 00:34:49,277
METAL AXES WERE A VITAL
AND VALUABLE POSSESSION,
668
00:34:49,279 --> 00:34:50,745
OBJECTS SO PRECIOUS,
669
00:34:50,747 --> 00:34:54,415
IT SEEMS THEY WANTED TO TAKE
A REMINDER TO THEIR GRAVE.
670
00:34:56,253 --> 00:35:01,022
AT STONEHENGE, ONE MAN
WAS EVEN BURIED WITH HIS AX.
671
00:35:01,024 --> 00:35:04,025
THE EVIDENCE SUGGESTS
THERE WAS A CLOSE ASSOCIATION
672
00:35:04,027 --> 00:35:07,762
BETWEEN THE DEAD AND THEIR AXES.
673
00:35:07,764 --> 00:35:11,966
SO DO THE SYMBOLS ON THE STONES
REPRESENT BODIES IN THE GROUND?
674
00:35:11,968 --> 00:35:14,836
¶¶
675
00:35:16,840 --> 00:35:18,606
Greaney:
AT THE TIME THAT THESE CARVINGS
676
00:35:18,608 --> 00:35:20,808
ARE BEING PUT ONTO THE STONES
AT STONEHENGE,
677
00:35:20,810 --> 00:35:23,144
THE WHOLE LANDSCAPE AROUND HERE
IS BEING USED FOR BURIALS,
678
00:35:23,146 --> 00:35:25,180
SO IT'S POSSIBLE THAT
PEOPLE WERE COMING HERE,
679
00:35:25,182 --> 00:35:26,881
BURYING THEIR DEAD
IN THIS LANDSCAPE,
680
00:35:26,883 --> 00:35:28,816
AND PERHAPS THE MOURNERS
OR THE FAMILY
681
00:35:28,818 --> 00:35:32,820
WERE ADDING AN AX TO STONEHENGE
AT THAT TIME.
682
00:35:32,822 --> 00:35:37,158
Narrator: IF SUSAN'S RIGHT,
THESE CARVINGS ARE MEMORIALS.
683
00:35:37,160 --> 00:35:39,961
PEOPLE CAME HERE
TO COMMEMORATE THEIR DEAD,
684
00:35:39,963 --> 00:35:43,431
CARVING EACH AX
IN HONOR OF THE DECEASED,
685
00:35:43,433 --> 00:35:44,732
TURNING STONEHENGE
686
00:35:44,734 --> 00:35:47,769
INTO A PREHISTORIC WALL
OF REMEMBRANCE.
687
00:35:49,739 --> 00:35:55,043
THIS IS A MAJOR DISCOVERY
MADE POSSIBLE BY NEW TECHNOLOGY.
688
00:35:55,045 --> 00:35:57,378
Greaney: WE HAVE
ABOUT 114 AXES ON THE SITES
689
00:35:57,380 --> 00:35:59,814
ACROSS ABOUT FOUR OR FIVE
OF THE SARSEN STONES,
690
00:35:59,816 --> 00:36:02,150
SO IT'S REALLY EXCITING
TO HAVE ALL OF THIS NEW DATA
691
00:36:02,152 --> 00:36:06,421
WHEN WE WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN ABLE
TO SEE IT WITH THE NAKED EYE.
692
00:36:06,423 --> 00:36:08,356
Narrator: NOW ARCHAEOLOGISTS
ARE DISCOVERING
693
00:36:08,358 --> 00:36:11,693
SHOCKING NEW EVIDENCE --
694
00:36:11,695 --> 00:36:16,497
THAT THE STONES DID MORE
THAN RECORD DEATHS.
695
00:36:16,499 --> 00:36:19,133
THEY WITNESSED THEM.
696
00:36:19,135 --> 00:36:23,204
WAS STONEHENGE THE SITE
OF A BRUTAL MURDER?
697
00:36:33,449 --> 00:36:35,650
Narrator: FOR 4,500 YEARS,
698
00:36:35,652 --> 00:36:38,519
PEOPLE HAVE FLOCKED
TO STONEHENGE.
699
00:36:38,521 --> 00:36:41,989
TODAY A MILLION PEOPLE
VISIT EVERY YEAR,
700
00:36:41,991 --> 00:36:45,493
NEVER KNOWING THEY COULD BE
LOOKING AT A CRIME SCENE.
701
00:36:45,495 --> 00:36:48,529
¶¶
702
00:36:48,531 --> 00:36:50,831
OSTEOARCHAEOLOGIST JO BUCKBERRY
703
00:36:50,833 --> 00:36:53,734
IS USING THE LATEST
FORENSIC TECHNOLOGY
704
00:36:53,736 --> 00:36:57,705
TO REOPEN
AN ANCIENT COLD CASE --
705
00:36:57,707 --> 00:37:01,342
THE BODY OF A MAN
DUMPED IN A SHALLOW GRAVE
706
00:37:01,344 --> 00:37:04,979
IN THE MIDDLE OF STONEHENGE.
707
00:37:04,981 --> 00:37:07,615
COULD THIS MAN'S BONES
REVEAL A SINISTER,
708
00:37:07,617 --> 00:37:12,253
PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN USE
FOR THE FAMOUS STONE CIRCLE?
709
00:37:12,255 --> 00:37:14,622
THIS IS THE
FOURTH CERVICAL VERTEBRUS,
710
00:37:14,624 --> 00:37:17,091
OR THE FOURTH BONE DOWN
FROM IN THE NECK,
711
00:37:17,093 --> 00:37:20,127
AND THERE'S ACTUALLY
A CUT MARK IN HERE
712
00:37:20,129 --> 00:37:22,096
AT THE BACK OF THE VERTEBRA.
713
00:37:22,098 --> 00:37:24,098
AND SO THIS BLOW,
714
00:37:24,100 --> 00:37:27,568
IT'S COMING IN FROM BEHIND
THROUGH THAT VERTEBRA,
715
00:37:27,570 --> 00:37:30,738
AND IT INDICATES THAT
HE WAS ACTUALLY DECAPITATED.
716
00:37:30,740 --> 00:37:34,875
¶¶
717
00:37:34,877 --> 00:37:37,144
THIS IS A REALLY BRUTAL FORM
OF EXECUTION.
718
00:37:37,146 --> 00:37:39,580
IT'D BE QUITE BLOODY.
IT'S QUITE HORRIBLE.
719
00:37:39,582 --> 00:37:41,916
I THINK IT'S INTERESTING
THAT THE PEOPLE WHO DID THIS
720
00:37:41,918 --> 00:37:46,220
CHOSE A REALLY ICONIC LOCATION
TO DO THIS, AT STONEHENGE.
721
00:37:46,222 --> 00:37:48,022
¶¶
722
00:37:48,024 --> 00:37:50,291
Narrator: JO'S DISCOVERED
CHILLING NEW EVIDENCE
723
00:37:50,293 --> 00:37:53,260
THAT THE CHOICE OF LOCATION
FOR THIS BRUTAL KILLING
724
00:37:53,262 --> 00:37:55,996
WASN'T UNIQUE.
725
00:37:55,998 --> 00:37:58,399
200 MILES FROM STONEHENGE,
726
00:37:58,401 --> 00:38:00,835
AT ANOTHER
PREHISTORIC PAGAN SITE,
727
00:38:00,837 --> 00:38:03,237
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
HAVE FOUND MORE VICTIMS,
728
00:38:03,239 --> 00:38:07,508
MURDERED WITH
THE SAME GRISLY M.O.
729
00:38:07,510 --> 00:38:10,578
MOST OF THE INDIVIDUALS AT THE
SITE DON'T ACTUALLY HAVE A HEAD,
730
00:38:10,580 --> 00:38:12,780
AND WE ACTUALLY HAVE
A SERIES OF HEADS
731
00:38:12,782 --> 00:38:15,716
BURIED AT DIFFERENT POSITIONS
ACROSS THE SITE, AS WELL.
732
00:38:15,718 --> 00:38:18,085
Narrator:
10 HEADLESS BODIES.
733
00:38:18,087 --> 00:38:21,922
11 SKULLS, 7 WITHOUT JAWS.
734
00:38:21,924 --> 00:38:24,058
¶¶
735
00:38:24,060 --> 00:38:26,961
JO AND HER TEAM HAVE UNEARTHED
SHOCKING EVIDENCE
736
00:38:26,963 --> 00:38:29,797
OF MULTIPLE DECAPITATED BODIES,
737
00:38:29,799 --> 00:38:31,398
ALL SEEMINGLY KILLED
738
00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:35,236
AT ICONIC PREHISTORIC LANDMARKS
ACROSS BRITAIN.
739
00:38:35,238 --> 00:38:39,473
IS THIS THE WORK OF A DERANGED
ANCIENT SERIAL KILLER?
740
00:38:39,475 --> 00:38:41,976
WE TOOK A FEW RADIOCARBON DATES.
741
00:38:41,978 --> 00:38:44,512
THIS IS ONE OF THE SAMPLING
HOLES FROM THAT.
742
00:38:44,514 --> 00:38:46,413
THE THREE DATES THAT WE HAVE ARE
743
00:38:46,415 --> 00:38:48,215
FROM THE MIDDLE
OF THE 7th CENTURY
744
00:38:48,217 --> 00:38:50,217
THROUGH TO ABOUT 1060,
745
00:38:50,219 --> 00:38:53,721
SO THAT'S THE MIDDLE TO LATE
ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD,
746
00:38:53,723 --> 00:38:56,390
A FEW CENTURIES
AFTER THE ROMAN PERIOD.
747
00:38:56,392 --> 00:38:59,260
¶¶
748
00:38:59,262 --> 00:39:02,229
Narrator: THE KILLINGS OCCURRED
OVER HUNDREDS OF YEARS,
749
00:39:02,231 --> 00:39:05,699
SO THESE MEN COULDN'T HAVE BEEN
MURDERED BY A SINGLE KILLER.
750
00:39:08,037 --> 00:39:12,339
BUT THEY DATE FROM A TIME
WHEN BRITONS WERE CHRISTIANS,
751
00:39:12,341 --> 00:39:13,808
AND THAT GIVES JO A CLUE
752
00:39:13,810 --> 00:39:17,244
TO WHY THE MAN WAS BURIED
AT PAGAN STONEHENGE.
753
00:39:19,816 --> 00:39:21,982
Buckberry: IN THIS PERIOD,
MOST PEOPLE WERE BURIED
754
00:39:21,984 --> 00:39:23,517
IN A CHURCHYARD CEMETERY,
755
00:39:23,519 --> 00:39:28,322
SO BURYING THESE INDIVIDUALS
IN AN EARLIER SITE
756
00:39:28,324 --> 00:39:31,192
THAT'S GOT ASSOCIATIONS
WITH PAGANISM PERHAPS
757
00:39:31,194 --> 00:39:33,427
ACTUALLY REALLY EXCLUDES
THESE INDIVIDUALS
758
00:39:33,429 --> 00:39:34,862
FROM THE CHRISTIAN CEMETERIES
759
00:39:34,864 --> 00:39:38,432
THAT WERE IN THE
ANGLO-SAXON SETTLEMENTS.
760
00:39:38,434 --> 00:39:41,235
Narrator: THESE MEN WERE
CONDEMNED TO SPEND ETERNITY
761
00:39:41,237 --> 00:39:43,737
BEYOND THE REACH
OF THEIR CHRISTIAN GOD
762
00:39:43,739 --> 00:39:47,174
AND LEFT TO ROT
WITH THE HEATHENS.
763
00:39:47,176 --> 00:39:48,375
WHY?
764
00:39:48,377 --> 00:39:50,144
JO THINKS THE ANSWER LIES
765
00:39:50,146 --> 00:39:52,313
IN THE BRUTAL NATURE
OF THEIR DEATHS.
766
00:39:52,315 --> 00:39:54,315
THE LATER ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD,
767
00:39:54,317 --> 00:39:56,884
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT
ANGLO-SAXON LAWS
768
00:39:56,886 --> 00:40:00,588
WHERE SOMEBODY COULD BE PUNISHED
FOR A CRIME BY EXECUTION,
769
00:40:00,590 --> 00:40:02,356
AND WE KNOW
THAT ONE OF THE MODES
770
00:40:02,358 --> 00:40:05,659
OF EXECUTION WAS DECAPITATION.
771
00:40:05,661 --> 00:40:08,662
Narrator: IT SEEMS THESE MEN
AND THE MAN AT STONEHENGE
772
00:40:08,664 --> 00:40:11,866
WERE CRIMINALS EXECUTED
FOR THEIR CRIMES.
773
00:40:11,868 --> 00:40:14,668
SO THIS ACTUALLY HELPS
PLACE INTO CONTEXT
774
00:40:14,670 --> 00:40:16,704
THE STONEHENGE INDIVIDUAL
775
00:40:16,706 --> 00:40:18,939
WHO WAS DECAPITATED
IN THE 7th CENTURY.
776
00:40:18,941 --> 00:40:20,741
CLEARLY,
THEY'VE DELIBERATELY CHOSEN
777
00:40:20,743 --> 00:40:23,811
TO EXECUTE AND BURY
THIS INDIVIDUAL AT STONEHENGE
778
00:40:23,813 --> 00:40:25,312
BECAUSE IT'S SO ICONIC.
779
00:40:25,314 --> 00:40:27,815
IT'S SO DRAMATIC.
780
00:40:27,817 --> 00:40:30,251
¶¶
781
00:40:30,253 --> 00:40:31,685
BY CHOOSING STONEHENGE,
782
00:40:31,687 --> 00:40:34,288
THEY'RE REALLY SAYING SOMETHING
ABOUT THEIR OWN POWER
783
00:40:34,290 --> 00:40:38,926
AND THE POWER
THAT THE PLACE ALSO HOLDS.
784
00:40:38,928 --> 00:40:41,829
Narrator:
THE EXECUTIONERS HARNESSED
THE POWER OF STONEHENGE
785
00:40:41,831 --> 00:40:43,898
TO SEND A CLEAR MESSAGE,
786
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:45,666
THAT CRIMES WOULD BE PUNISHED
787
00:40:45,668 --> 00:40:49,303
AND THE GUILTY BANISHED
IN THIS LIFE AND THE NEXT.
788
00:40:51,540 --> 00:40:53,841
WHAT WAS ONCE A TEMPLE
FOR THE ELITE
789
00:40:53,843 --> 00:40:57,111
HAD BECOME A DUMPING GROUND
FOR OUTCASTS.
790
00:40:57,113 --> 00:41:00,447
¶¶
791
00:41:00,449 --> 00:41:04,652
OVER FIVE MILLENNIA, THIS
MONUMENT HAS HAD MANY USES --
792
00:41:04,654 --> 00:41:06,520
CELESTIAL TEMPLE...
793
00:41:06,522 --> 00:41:08,923
TRADING POST...
794
00:41:08,925 --> 00:41:10,958
HEALING CENTER...
795
00:41:10,960 --> 00:41:13,160
MEMORIAL WALL...
796
00:41:13,162 --> 00:41:15,896
AND BODY DUMP.
797
00:41:15,898 --> 00:41:19,400
BUT ITS POWER
HAS REMAINED UNCHANGED.
798
00:41:19,402 --> 00:41:23,404
TODAY, 4,500 YEARS
AFTER IT WAS BUILT,
799
00:41:23,406 --> 00:41:27,341
STONEHENGE CONTINUES
TO FASCINATE AND INSPIRE,
800
00:41:27,343 --> 00:41:31,211
AND ITS MAGIC REMAINS
AS STRONG AS EVER.
801
00:41:31,213 --> 00:41:33,514
¶¶
802
00:41:41,223 --> 00:41:44,224
¶¶
803
00:41:54,070 --> 00:41:58,072
¶¶
62912
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