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¶¶
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Narrator:
TEOTIHUACáN, MEXICO --
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A 2,000-YEAR-OLD MEGACITY
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BUILT AROUND ONE OF THE LARGEST
PYRAMIDS ON THE PLANET.
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TEOTIHUACáN
IS REMARKABLE AND UNIQUE.
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THE SCALE OF IT,
ITS DEGREE OF PLANNING
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ARE REALLY PHENOMENAL.
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Narrator: TODAY,
TEAMS ARE INVESTIGATING
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INSIDE THE CITY'S MANY PYRAMIDS,
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REVEALING
GRUESOME DISCOVERIES...
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WE THINK THEY ARE BURIED ALIVE.
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Narrator: ...AND UNEARTHING
HIDDEN TREASURES.
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[ CONVERSING IN SPANISH ]
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Narrator: BUT WHAT WERE
THESE MASSIVE PYRAMIDS FOR?
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WHO BUILT THEM?
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AND WHY WAS
THIS ONCE-GREAT CITY ABANDONED
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JUST 900 YEARS
AFTER IT WAS BUILT?
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BLOWING THE PYRAMIDS APART,
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WE'LL REVEAL THE HIDDEN CLUES
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INSIDE THESE ANCIENT WONDERS --
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THEIR SECRET TUNNELS
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AND SACRIFICIAL BURIAL CHAMBERS,
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EXPOSING THE DARK SECRETS
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AT THE HEART
OF THIS MYSTERIOUS CITY.
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-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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¶¶
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THE ANCIENT CITY
OF TEOTIHUACáN --
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AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL GEM
IN THE HEART OF MEXICO.
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INCREDIBLY, THIS SINGLE SITE WAS
ONCE HOME TO 100,000 PEOPLE.
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GIANT PYRAMIDS TOWER
OVER THE CITY CENTER,
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LINED UP ALONG A CENTRAL AVENUE.
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THE REMAINS OF GOVERNMENT
BUILDINGS SIT ALONGSIDE,
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SURROUNDED BY THE HOMES
OF THE ELITE.
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AND IN THE FIELDS BEYOND
LIES EVIDENCE OF ANCIENT SUBURBS
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THAT STRETCH OUT FOR MILES.
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THIS SPRAWLING METROPOLIS
WAS BUILT 1,000 YEARS
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BEFORE THE ANCIENT AZTECS
ROSE UP.
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BUT NOBODY KNOWS FOR SURE
WHO THE TEOTIHUACáNO WERE
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OR WHY,
JUST 900 YEARS LATER,
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THIS CIVILIZATION
SEEMINGLY VANISHED.
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TEOTIHUACáN WAS THE BIGGEST CITY
IN THE AMERICAS
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IN THE FIRST HALF
OF THE FIRST MILLENNIUM.
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BUT THERE'S STILL A LOT
WE HAVE TO LEARN
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ABOUT THE TEOTIHUACáNOS.
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Narrator: TODAY,
TEAMS OF ARCHAEOLOGISTS
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USE ADVANCED SCANNING
AND FORENSIC TECHNOLOGIES
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TO REVEAL HIDDEN CLUES
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AND UNEARTH
TEOTIHUACáN'S DEEPEST SECRETS.
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DAVID CARBALLO HAS BEEN STUDYING
THIS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
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FOR 18 YEARS.
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HE BELIEVES THE BEST WAY
TO UNDERSTAND
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WHO THE TEOTIHUACáNO WERE
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IS TO EXPLORE
THE CITY'S RITUAL LANDSCAPE
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THAT FLANKS ITS MAIN ROAD --
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THE STREET OF THE DEAD.
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Carballo: YOU HAVE TO IMAGINE,
BACK IN CLASSIC PERIOD TIMES --
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1,500 YEARS AGO OR SO --
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THERE PROBABLY WOULD HAVE
BEEN PEOPLE GATHERED
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IN THE STREET OF THE DEAD,
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AND FROM JUST ABOUT ANYWHERE
IN THE CITY,
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YOU COULD SEE RITUALS.
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Narrator: THE MOST IMPORTANT
RITUAL STRUCTURES ON THE STREET
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ARE TEOTIHUACáN'S
THREE MASSIVE PYRAMIDS.
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THE LARGEST IS ALSO THE OLDEST.
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THE ANCIENT MEXICANS
BUILT THIS VAST SHRINE
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AROUND THE TIME JESUS WAS ALIVE,
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AND SOME BELIEVE
THEY DEDICATED IT TO THE SUN.
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THE PYRAMID OF THE SUN
IS A MAN-MADE MOUNTAIN
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CLAD IN A LAYER
OF CEMENT AND STONE
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WHICH GIVES SHAPE
TO ITS ROUGH HEART.
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MILLIONS OF TONS
OF EARTH AND SAND
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PILE UP LAYER UPON LAYER.
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ON THE OUTSIDE,
248 CUT STONE STEPS
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LEAD ALL THE WAY
TO ITS TOWERING PEAK
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OVER 200 FEET ABOVE THE CITY.
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THE SHEER SCALE
OF THIS STONE GOLIATH
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SHOWS JUST HOW IMPORTANT
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RELIGION WAS
TO THE MYSTERIOUS CIVILIZATION
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THAT FOUNDED THIS CITY.
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¶¶
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DAVID BELIEVES
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THE ANCIENT MEXICAN PRIESTS
CLIMBED THE PYRAMID
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AT KEY TIMES
IN THE CELESTIAL CALENDAR
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SO THEY COULD BE CLOSER
TO THEIR SUN GOD.
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Carballo: SO, WE ARE NOW AT
THE SUMMIT OF THE SUN PYRAMID.
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WE'RE ON TOP OF THE WORLD,
AS FAR AS THAT GOES,
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RIGHT HERE
IN THE TEOTIHUACáN VALLEY.
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THE SUN PYRAMID WOULD HAVE BEEN
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ONE OF THE MOST SPECTACULAR
MONUMENTS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.
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WE HAVE A LOT OF IMAGERY
THAT'S SUGGESTIVE
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OF FIRE RITUALS HAPPENING
IN THE SUN PYRAMID --
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THE SORTS OF RITUALS
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WHICH WOULD NOT ONLY
COMMEMORATE BIG CALENDAR ENDINGS
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00:05:02,102 --> 00:05:05,837
BUT ALSO SOME SORT
OF ACCESSION-TO-OFFICE EVENTS.
96
00:05:05,839 --> 00:05:10,676
SO, IT WOULD BE A REAL PLACE
OF SPECTACLE AND POMP.
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Narrator:
THE EARLIEST TEOTIHUACáNO
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NEEDED HEIGHT
TO WORSHIP THEIR GOD,
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BUT, SURPRISINGLY,
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00:05:17,384 --> 00:05:19,584
THE PYRAMIDS BUILT
BY LATER GENERATIONS
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WERE RELATIVELY SHORT.
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WHY?
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DAVID BELIEVES
THAT THE TEOTIHUACáNO
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WERE A CIVILIZATION CAPABLE
OF SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL CHANGE,
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INCLUDING THE INVENTION
OF A NEW CULT
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TO WORSHIP A DIFFERENT GOD.
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Carballo:
THIS IS THE FEATHERED SERPENT,
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WHICH GIVES THE PYRAMID
ITS NAME.
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00:05:45,179 --> 00:05:46,712
YOU CAN SEE THE RATTLE ELEMENTS,
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00:05:46,714 --> 00:05:48,647
TELLING YOU THAT
THIS IS A RATTLE SNAKE,
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00:05:48,649 --> 00:05:50,782
AND THEN ALSO THE FEATHERED
ELEMENTS ON THE BODY,
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THAT THIS IS
THE FEATHERED SERPENT.
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Narrator:
THE TEOTIHUACáNO CAME TO BELIEVE
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THAT THE FEATHERED SERPENT
CREATED THE WORLD.
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00:06:00,527 --> 00:06:05,163
AND IN 200 A.D., TO HONOR
THEIR NEWLY-ELEVATED GOD,
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00:06:05,165 --> 00:06:09,868
THEY CONSTRUCTED A WORK
OF UNSURPASSED COMPLEXITY.
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00:06:09,870 --> 00:06:12,537
Carballo: TEOTIHUACáN
IS THE ORIGINS OF THIS GOD,
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AT LEAST AS A PRIMARY GOD,
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00:06:14,108 --> 00:06:16,875
WHO COMPLETELY
DECORATED A PYRAMID.
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00:06:16,877 --> 00:06:18,910
AND WHAT IT REALLY REPRESENTS
IS A NEW EFFORT
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00:06:18,912 --> 00:06:23,815
ON PART OF THE TEOTIHUACáN
TO HIGHLIGHT THIS GOD.
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Narrator:
THE OUTSIDE OF THE FEATHERED
SERPENT PYRAMID IS STUNNING,
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00:06:27,821 --> 00:06:30,522
BUT IT'S THE INSIDE THAT
TRULY TAKES THE BREATH AWAY.
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00:06:34,194 --> 00:06:36,862
INSTEAD OF A SIMPLE PILE OF MUD,
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00:06:36,864 --> 00:06:38,130
THE CORE OF THIS BUILDING
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IS A COMPLEX, MAN-MADE HONEYCOMB
OF ROCK AND MORTAR.
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00:06:44,371 --> 00:06:46,772
FIVE DISTINCT LAYERS
OF CONSTRUCTION
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00:06:46,774 --> 00:06:49,274
ARE BOUND BY THICK WALLS.
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00:06:51,678 --> 00:06:57,115
RUBBLE FILLS THE SPACES BETWEEN,
CREATING MODULAR CELLS.
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00:06:57,117 --> 00:07:01,353
THEY COME TOGETHER TO MAKE HUGE,
SOLID BUILDING BLOCKS.
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00:07:01,355 --> 00:07:04,356
THIS ADVANCED DESIGN SUGGESTS
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00:07:04,358 --> 00:07:07,325
THE TEOTIHUACáNO'S
BUILDING SKILLS WERE EVOLVING
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00:07:07,327 --> 00:07:09,861
IN STEP
WITH THEIR CHANGING RELIGION.
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00:07:14,735 --> 00:07:16,835
BUT WHY DID THEY CREATE
SUCH COMPLEXITY
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00:07:16,837 --> 00:07:21,673
IN A PART OF THE PYRAMID
THAT WOULD NEVER BE SEEN?
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00:07:21,675 --> 00:07:25,410
DAVID BELIEVES THE REASONS
WERE PRACTICAL, NOT CEREMONIAL.
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00:07:27,481 --> 00:07:28,880
THE GEOMETRIC DESIGN
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00:07:28,882 --> 00:07:31,683
MADE THE CORE OF THE PYRAMID
SUPER STRONG.
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00:07:33,787 --> 00:07:35,954
THE ANCIENT MEXICANS
COULD THEN CEMENT
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00:07:35,956 --> 00:07:39,724
OVER 400 GIANT, CARVED HEADS
TO THE OUTSIDE
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WITHOUT THE WHOLE STRUCTURE
COLLAPSING.
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00:07:43,530 --> 00:07:45,697
Carballo:
THESE ARE BEAUTIFUL SCULPTURES,
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00:07:45,699 --> 00:07:47,465
AND THE FACT THAT
THERE ARE SO MANY OF THEM
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00:07:47,467 --> 00:07:49,367
ON ALL FOUR FACADES
OF THIS BUILDING
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ATTEST TO THE IMMENSE AMOUNT
OF LABOR
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00:07:51,505 --> 00:07:54,039
THAT WENT INTO CONSTRUCTING
THIS MONUMENT.
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Narrator:
THE FEATHERED SERPENT PYRAMID
DISPLAYS PRECISION ENGINEERING.
148
00:08:01,348 --> 00:08:04,149
TO BUILD
THIS COMPLEX MODULAR DESIGN,
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00:08:04,151 --> 00:08:06,051
THE TEOTIHUACáNO HAD TO CREATE
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00:08:06,053 --> 00:08:09,354
A COMPLETELY NEW WAY
OF CONSTRUCTING THEIR PYRAMIDS,
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00:08:09,356 --> 00:08:12,324
USING FOUR DISTINCT
BUILDING MATERIALS.
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00:08:15,529 --> 00:08:17,929
THE FIRST MATERIAL
WAS WOODEN POSTS,
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00:08:17,931 --> 00:08:20,665
USED TO MARK OUT
A PRECISELY ALIGNED GRID
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00:08:20,667 --> 00:08:22,934
AND CREATE A STURDY SCAFFOLD.
155
00:08:25,906 --> 00:08:28,173
THEN THEY CLAD
THIS WOODEN SKELETON
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00:08:28,175 --> 00:08:31,409
WITH MUD, MORTAR,
AND VOLCANIC STONE
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00:08:31,411 --> 00:08:36,915
TO BUILD A HONEYCOMB
OF STRONG STRUCTURAL WALLS.
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00:08:36,917 --> 00:08:39,951
THEY PACKED THE CELLS
WITH MORE VOLCANIC ROCK --
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SUPER STRONG,
BUT TOO ROUGH TO BE USED
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00:08:42,356 --> 00:08:44,055
ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING.
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00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:49,961
FINALLY, THE RESERVED
THEIR FINEST MATERIAL
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FOR THE EXTERIOR --
HIGH-QUALITY SLABS OF STONE
163
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DECORATED
WITH ELABORATE SCULPTURES.
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00:08:57,104 --> 00:09:00,538
¶¶
165
00:09:00,540 --> 00:09:03,208
THIS NEW RELIGION
OF THE FEATHERED SERPENT
166
00:09:03,210 --> 00:09:05,977
WAS GROUND-BREAKING
AND INCREDIBLY SIGNIFICANT,
167
00:09:05,979 --> 00:09:08,680
GOING ON TO INFLUENCE
BOTH THE MAYAN
168
00:09:08,682 --> 00:09:11,449
AND AZTEC CIVILIZATIONS.
169
00:09:11,451 --> 00:09:14,853
IT IS AT TEOTIHUACáN
WHERE WE SEE THE MAJOR ORIGINS
170
00:09:14,855 --> 00:09:16,888
OF THIS CULT TO THIS DEITY,
171
00:09:16,890 --> 00:09:21,259
WHO THEN BECOMES IMPORTANT
WITHIN MESOAMERICA.
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00:09:21,261 --> 00:09:23,662
Narrator: INVIGORATED
BY THEIR NEW RELIGION,
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THE TEOTIHUACáNO PUT
THEIR ADVANCED BUILDING SKILLS
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00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:29,234
TO GOOD USE.
175
00:09:29,236 --> 00:09:31,469
THEY PROVIDED
THEIR GROWING POPULATION
176
00:09:31,471 --> 00:09:33,838
WITH A PERFECTLY GEOMETRICAL
CITY GRID
177
00:09:33,840 --> 00:09:35,907
OF BUILDINGS AND HOMES.
178
00:09:39,713 --> 00:09:41,780
AND DEEP BELOW THE PYRAMIDS,
179
00:09:41,782 --> 00:09:46,051
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE ALSO
DISCOVERED SECRET TUNNELS.
180
00:09:46,053 --> 00:09:50,121
COULD THESE BE EVIDENCE
OF A BLOODY RITUAL PRACTICE?
181
00:09:56,464 --> 00:09:59,098
¶¶
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00:09:59,100 --> 00:10:00,299
Narrator: IN MEXICO,
183
00:10:00,301 --> 00:10:02,735
INVESTIGATORS
ARE UNRAVELING THE SECRETS
184
00:10:02,737 --> 00:10:06,371
OF A 2,000-YEAR-OLD MYSTERY --
185
00:10:06,373 --> 00:10:10,909
WHY WAS THE ANCIENT PYRAMID CITY
OF TEOTIHUACáN BUILT?
186
00:10:13,147 --> 00:10:15,614
ARCHAEOLOGIST
SERGIO GóMEZ CHáVEZ
187
00:10:15,616 --> 00:10:19,384
IS SEARCHING THE CITY'S
GIANT PYRAMIDS FOR CLUES.
188
00:10:19,386 --> 00:10:21,954
HE BELIEVES ONE KEY
IS TO UNDERSTAND
189
00:10:21,956 --> 00:10:24,056
HOW THEY WERE USED.
190
00:10:24,058 --> 00:10:27,092
[ GóMEZ CHáVEZ
SPEAKING SPANISH ]
191
00:10:38,139 --> 00:10:40,739
Narrator: THE LARGEST PYRAMID
IN TEOTIHUACáN
192
00:10:40,741 --> 00:10:43,142
HIDES A SURPRISING SECRET.
193
00:10:45,613 --> 00:10:48,781
DIRECTLY BENEATH
THE PYRAMID OF THE SUN,
194
00:10:48,783 --> 00:10:52,484
ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNEARTHED
A TUNNEL IN THE BEDROCK.
195
00:10:52,486 --> 00:10:55,387
FIRST, THEY THOUGHT
IT WAS A NATURAL CAVE,
196
00:10:55,389 --> 00:10:59,758
UNTIL THEY HIT
A CARVED-OUT CHAMBER
197
00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:04,096
AND BEYOND IT, THE REMNANTS
OF 17 THICK, MAN-MADE WALLS
198
00:11:04,098 --> 00:11:07,566
BUILT TO BLOCK ACCESS
TO THE TUNNEL.
199
00:11:07,568 --> 00:11:09,568
AT THE VERY END OF THE TUNNEL,
200
00:11:09,570 --> 00:11:11,670
THEY FOUND AN ELABORATE CHAMBER
201
00:11:11,672 --> 00:11:15,340
CARVED IN THE SHAPE OF A CLOVER.
202
00:11:15,342 --> 00:11:19,278
WHATEVER THIS SUBTERRANEAN VAULT
WAS DESIGNED TO HOLD,
203
00:11:19,280 --> 00:11:22,481
IT WAS MEANT TO BE LOCKED AWAY
FOR ETERNITY,
204
00:11:22,483 --> 00:11:25,217
BURIED UNDER
MILLIONS OF TONS OF ROCK.
205
00:11:29,456 --> 00:11:31,957
NOW THE TUNNEL LIES EMPTY.
206
00:11:31,959 --> 00:11:34,459
ANCIENT ROBBERS MOST LIKELY
STRIPPED IT BARE
207
00:11:34,461 --> 00:11:37,262
HUNDREDS OF YEARS AGO.
208
00:11:37,264 --> 00:11:39,531
BUT THE DISCOVERY
UNDER THE SUN PYRAMID
209
00:11:39,533 --> 00:11:41,033
WAS JUST THE BEGINNING.
210
00:11:41,035 --> 00:11:42,067
[ GATE CREAKS ]
211
00:11:43,971 --> 00:11:45,504
HOLA.
212
00:11:45,506 --> 00:11:48,173
TODAY,
SERGIO IS EXPLORING A TUNNEL
213
00:11:48,175 --> 00:11:49,641
HE'S RECENTLY UNCOVERED
214
00:11:49,643 --> 00:11:52,711
UNDER
THE FEATHERED SERPENT PYRAMID.
215
00:11:52,713 --> 00:11:57,482
THIS TIME, THE TUNNEL APPEARS
UNTOUCHED BY THIEVES.
216
00:12:17,238 --> 00:12:18,770
SERGIO AND HIS TEAM
217
00:12:18,772 --> 00:12:22,407
HAVE HAD TO REMOVE
1,000 TONS OF SOIL.
218
00:12:22,409 --> 00:12:25,077
IT WAS PROBABLY PUT THERE
BY THE TEOTIHUACáNO
219
00:12:25,079 --> 00:12:27,412
TO SEAL THE TUNNEL.
220
00:12:27,414 --> 00:12:29,915
BUT THE EFFORT
HAS BEEN WORTH IT,
221
00:12:29,917 --> 00:12:31,250
BECAUSE, UNDER THE DEBRIS,
222
00:12:31,252 --> 00:12:34,786
HE'S FOUND A TREASURE TROVE
OF ANCIENT ARTIFACTS.
223
00:12:45,232 --> 00:12:48,066
TODAY, THE TEAM
IS CAREFULLY REMOVING SOIL
224
00:12:48,068 --> 00:12:50,769
FROM TWO ANCIENT POTS.
225
00:13:04,551 --> 00:13:07,286
AFTER 2,000 YEARS IN SOIL,
226
00:13:07,288 --> 00:13:11,490
THE CERAMIC
IS INCREDIBLY FRAGILE.
227
00:13:17,264 --> 00:13:19,197
SERGIO HAS ALREADY UNCOVERED
228
00:13:19,199 --> 00:13:22,968
THOUSANDS OF ARTIFACTS
LIKE THIS ONE.
229
00:13:22,970 --> 00:13:25,671
MARKS ON THE POTS
OFFER TANTALIZING HINTS
230
00:13:25,673 --> 00:13:27,239
OF HOW THEY WERE CARRIED.
231
00:13:27,241 --> 00:13:31,810
[ CONVERSING IN SPANISH ]
232
00:13:37,084 --> 00:13:38,450
Narrator: SERGIO BELIEVES
233
00:13:38,452 --> 00:13:42,955
THAT ALL THESE RARE OBJECTS
ARE OFFERINGS TO THE GODS.
234
00:13:42,957 --> 00:13:44,890
BUT WAS THIS TUNNEL A TOMB --
235
00:13:44,892 --> 00:13:48,493
LIKE THOSE INSIDE
THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS --
236
00:13:48,495 --> 00:13:51,697
OR A SHRINE?
237
00:13:51,699 --> 00:13:57,202
SO FAR, SERGIO HAS FOUND
NO EVIDENCE OF HUMAN BURIALS.
238
00:13:57,204 --> 00:13:59,638
AND DARK MARKS
AT THE VERY END OF THE TUNNEL
239
00:13:59,640 --> 00:14:01,573
SUGGEST THIS APPARENT DEAD-END
240
00:14:01,575 --> 00:14:03,742
LOOKED VERY DIFFERENT
IN THE PAST.
241
00:14:03,744 --> 00:14:06,778
¶¶
242
00:14:09,149 --> 00:14:11,116
THE FIRST SECTION OF THE TUNNEL
243
00:14:11,118 --> 00:14:14,553
RUNS NEARLY 50 FEET
UNDER THE PYRAMID
244
00:14:14,555 --> 00:14:18,523
TO A CROSS-SHAPED CHAMBER
BENEATH THE STEPS.
245
00:14:18,525 --> 00:14:21,893
BUT THEN IT CUTS DOWN AGAIN,
INTO THE BEDROCK,
246
00:14:21,895 --> 00:14:24,796
TOWARDS THE CENTER
OF THE PYRAMID,
247
00:14:24,798 --> 00:14:29,134
AND OPENS OUT INTO
A SECOND, MUCH DEEPER CHAMBER.
248
00:14:31,705 --> 00:14:33,672
SERGIO BELIEVES
THE MARKS REVEAL
249
00:14:33,674 --> 00:14:37,509
THIS CHAMBER
WAS ONCE FILLED WITH WATER,
250
00:14:37,511 --> 00:14:40,045
MAKING IT A RELIGIOUS SHRINE,
251
00:14:40,047 --> 00:14:43,281
A GATEWAY TO THE GODS
OF THE UNDERWORLD.
252
00:15:00,601 --> 00:15:05,504
TODAY, THE WATER TABLE
IS OVER 50 FEET BELOW GROUND.
253
00:15:05,506 --> 00:15:08,640
2,000 YEARS AGO,
IT WAS MUCH HIGHER,
254
00:15:08,642 --> 00:15:11,643
FILLING THE FINAL CHAMBER
WITH WATER,
255
00:15:11,645 --> 00:15:14,479
FORMING A SUBTERRANEAN LAKE --
256
00:15:14,481 --> 00:15:17,215
A REPLICA
OF THE MYTHICAL UNDERWORLD --
257
00:15:17,217 --> 00:15:21,486
WHERE THE TEOTIHUACáNO WOULD
MAKE OFFERINGS TO THE GODS.
258
00:15:48,082 --> 00:15:49,414
THE ANCIENT MEXICANS
259
00:15:49,416 --> 00:15:52,951
EVEN PLACED FOOL'S GOLD
IN THE WALLS OF THE TUNNEL,
260
00:15:52,953 --> 00:15:54,586
WHICH RE-CREATED THE NIGHT SKY
261
00:15:54,588 --> 00:15:56,721
WHEN THEY PASSED
WITH THEIR TORCHES.
262
00:16:03,163 --> 00:16:04,830
TUNNELS UNDER THE PYRAMIDS
263
00:16:04,832 --> 00:16:06,298
HAVE TAUGHT HISTORIANS MUCH
264
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:10,102
ABOUT THE RELIGION
OF THE TEOTIHUACáNO
265
00:16:10,104 --> 00:16:13,105
AND PERHAPS WHY
THE PYRAMIDS WERE BUILT.
266
00:16:16,477 --> 00:16:18,710
BUT HIGH ABOVE THE TUNNELS,
267
00:16:18,712 --> 00:16:21,446
EXCAVATIONS INTO THE MAIN BODY
OF THE PYRAMIDS
268
00:16:21,448 --> 00:16:26,051
HAVE REVEALED A DARKER SECRET --
269
00:16:26,053 --> 00:16:28,887
HUMAN REMAINS.
270
00:16:28,889 --> 00:16:30,956
WHO WERE THESE PEOPLE,
271
00:16:30,958 --> 00:16:35,460
AND COULD THEY BE PROOF
OF RITUAL SACRIFICE?
272
00:16:41,840 --> 00:16:43,340
¶¶
273
00:16:43,342 --> 00:16:48,311
Narrator: ARCHAEOLOGISTS AT
MEXICO'S LARGEST ANCIENT CITY
274
00:16:48,313 --> 00:16:52,983
ARE SLOWLY ASSEMBLING THE PIECES
OF A MONSTER PUZZLE.
275
00:16:52,985 --> 00:16:54,684
THE ONCE-POWERFUL CIVILIZATION
276
00:16:54,686 --> 00:16:57,921
THAT BUILT
THESE 2,000-YEAR-OLD PYRAMIDS
277
00:16:57,923 --> 00:17:00,857
DISAPPEARED WITHOUT A TRACE.
278
00:17:00,859 --> 00:17:06,263
THEY LEFT LITTLE EVIDENCE OF WHO
THEY WERE AND HOW THEY LIVED.
279
00:17:06,265 --> 00:17:10,033
ANTHROPOLOGIST SABURO SUGIYAMA
IS EXAMINING BONES
280
00:17:10,035 --> 00:17:14,371
UNEARTHED FROM
THE ANCIENT CITY OF TEOTIHUACáN.
281
00:17:25,050 --> 00:17:27,017
SABURO BELIEVES THESE BONES
282
00:17:27,019 --> 00:17:30,854
MAY BE EVIDENCE
OF GRUESOME HUMAN SACRIFICE.
283
00:17:30,856 --> 00:17:35,792
THE BIGGEST CLUE COMES
FROM HOW THESE BONES WERE FOUND.
284
00:17:35,794 --> 00:17:37,661
ARCHAEOLOGISTS
STUMBLED ACROSS THEM
285
00:17:37,663 --> 00:17:41,364
WHILE TUNNELING DEEP INSIDE
THE BODY OF THE PYRAMIDS.
286
00:17:43,836 --> 00:17:46,603
WITHIN
THE FEATHERED SERPENT PYRAMID,
287
00:17:46,605 --> 00:17:51,741
INSIDE THE CENTRAL CELL,
IS A DARK SECRET --
288
00:17:51,743 --> 00:17:55,479
20 SKELETONS,
ALMOST COMPLETELY INTACT,
289
00:17:55,481 --> 00:18:00,784
CAREFULLY ARRANGED IN WHAT
LOOKS LIKE A SYMBOLIC PATTERN.
290
00:18:00,786 --> 00:18:03,854
AND THEY'RE NOT ALONE.
291
00:18:03,856 --> 00:18:06,790
IN TOTAL, OVER 260 BODIES
292
00:18:06,792 --> 00:18:11,361
ARE BUILT INTO THE FABRIC
AND FOUNDATION OF THE BUILDING.
293
00:18:11,363 --> 00:18:15,131
THE PYRAMID IS A MASS GRAVE.
294
00:18:15,133 --> 00:18:18,702
A TRULY GRUESOME FIND.
295
00:18:18,704 --> 00:18:21,171
BUT THE DEAD
CAN YIELD VALUABLE CLUES
296
00:18:21,173 --> 00:18:25,141
TO THE CIVILIZATION
THAT LIVED HERE 2,000 YEARS AGO.
297
00:18:25,143 --> 00:18:28,178
¶¶
298
00:18:31,583 --> 00:18:37,087
WHO WERE THESE PEOPLE
BUILT INTO THE PYRAMID?
299
00:18:37,089 --> 00:18:42,125
SABURO HUNTS FOR TELLTALE TRACES
AMONG THE BONES.
300
00:19:05,384 --> 00:19:09,553
SABURO BELIEVES THE JAW-BONE
NECKLACE IS A WAR TROPHY...
301
00:19:11,390 --> 00:19:15,225
...AND MARKS THE MAN
AS A SOLDIER.
302
00:19:15,227 --> 00:19:19,229
THE SKELETON WAS FOUND
WITH A FURTHER 89 SOLDIERS
303
00:19:19,231 --> 00:19:23,233
SPLIT UP INTO GROUPS OF 18.
304
00:19:23,235 --> 00:19:25,769
AND THERE'S MORE.
305
00:19:27,873 --> 00:19:29,439
AT THE CENTER OF THE PYRAMID
306
00:19:29,441 --> 00:19:33,343
LIE THE 20
CAREFULLY ARRANGED BODIES.
307
00:19:33,345 --> 00:19:35,712
THEY ARE SURROUNDED
BY PRECIOUS POSSESSIONS,
308
00:19:35,714 --> 00:19:38,982
SUGGESTING THEY WERE MEMBERS
OF THE SOCIAL ELITE.
309
00:19:38,984 --> 00:19:41,217
IN LONG TRENCHES ON EITHER SIDE
310
00:19:41,219 --> 00:19:43,853
LIE TWO ROWS OF 18 SOLDIERS
311
00:19:43,855 --> 00:19:46,990
FLANKED BY ROWS OF EIGHT WOMEN.
312
00:19:50,095 --> 00:19:54,397
THE PATTERN REPEATS AROUND
THE EDGE OF THE PYRAMID --
313
00:19:54,399 --> 00:19:59,603
ROWS OF NECKLACED SOLDIERS,
BORDERED BY ROWS OF WOMEN.
314
00:19:59,605 --> 00:20:01,237
A CROSS-SECTION OF SOCIETY
315
00:20:01,239 --> 00:20:05,075
ENTOMBED IN WHAT LOOKS
LIKE A SACRED SYMMETRY.
316
00:20:05,077 --> 00:20:06,910
BUT IS THIS SIMPLY A GRAVEYARD,
317
00:20:06,912 --> 00:20:10,413
OR WERE THESE PEOPLE
CEREMONIALLY MURDERED?
318
00:20:12,084 --> 00:20:15,085
SABURO SEARCHES THE BONES
FOR EVIDENCE
319
00:20:15,087 --> 00:20:18,254
OF HUMAN SACRIFICE
AT TEOTIHUACáN.
320
00:20:28,867 --> 00:20:32,102
INCISIONS ON THE JAW SHOW
THAT THE TEOTIHUACáNOS
321
00:20:32,104 --> 00:20:36,406
SLIT THE THROAT
OF THIS SACRIFICE.
322
00:20:36,408 --> 00:20:37,741
AND THERE'S EVIDENCE
323
00:20:37,743 --> 00:20:41,878
OF EVEN MORE GRUESOME
EXECUTION PRACTICES.
324
00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:45,682
SOME OF THESE VICTIMS
MAY HAVE BEEN BURIED ALIVE.
325
00:21:04,970 --> 00:21:08,571
260 PEOPLE IN TOTAL
WERE SACRIFICED
326
00:21:08,573 --> 00:21:11,441
TO BUILD
THE FEATHERED SERPENT PYRAMID.
327
00:21:11,443 --> 00:21:16,946
BUT WERE THESE PEOPLE LOCAL
OR OUTSIDERS?
328
00:21:16,948 --> 00:21:18,481
SABURO FINDS ANSWERS
329
00:21:18,483 --> 00:21:22,519
BY ANALYZING
THE BONES OF THE DEAD.
330
00:21:22,521 --> 00:21:24,020
THROUGHOUT OUR LIVES,
331
00:21:24,022 --> 00:21:26,890
THE WATER WE DRINK
IS LOCKED INSIDE THE CHEMISTRY
332
00:21:26,892 --> 00:21:30,026
OF OUR GROWING TEETH AND BONES.
333
00:21:30,028 --> 00:21:33,697
AND BECAUSE WATER ALTERS
FROM PLACE TO PLACE,
334
00:21:33,699 --> 00:21:36,366
SABURO CAN EXTRACT
THE ANCIENT CHEMICALS
335
00:21:36,368 --> 00:21:40,470
TO WORK OUT EXACTLY WHERE
THESE PEOPLE GREW UP AND LIVED.
336
00:22:01,359 --> 00:22:04,294
SOME OF
THE HIGH-STATUS SKELETONS
337
00:22:04,296 --> 00:22:09,032
SEEM TO BE FROM MICHOACáN,
250 MILES AWAY,
338
00:22:09,034 --> 00:22:11,201
THE SOLDIERS
WITH JAW-BONE NECKLACES
339
00:22:11,203 --> 00:22:15,638
FROM GUATEMALA,
900 MILES AWAY.
340
00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:18,942
SABURO BELIEVES THAT THESE
VICTIMS MAY HAVE BEEN SACRIFICED
341
00:22:18,944 --> 00:22:21,778
BECAUSE THEY WERE OUTSIDERS.
342
00:22:21,780 --> 00:22:26,916
SO, WHY WOULD ANYONE TRAVEL
UP TO 1,000 MILES TO TEOTIHUACáN
343
00:22:26,918 --> 00:22:28,985
WITH THE THREAT
OF BLOODY SACRIFICE
344
00:22:28,987 --> 00:22:30,320
WAITING FOR THEM?
345
00:22:48,607 --> 00:22:54,043
BUT WHAT WAS THE SOURCE
OF THIS CITY'S IMMENSE WEALTH?
346
00:22:54,045 --> 00:22:58,782
STRANGE ARTIFACTS ARRANGED
ALONGSIDE THE SACRIFICED
347
00:22:58,784 --> 00:23:01,317
COULD OFFER CLUES.
348
00:23:10,250 --> 00:23:14,252
¶¶
349
00:23:14,254 --> 00:23:16,188
Narrator: 2,000 YEARS AGO,
350
00:23:16,190 --> 00:23:21,793
MEXICO WAS HOME TO
A THRIVING, COSMOPOLITAN CITY.
351
00:23:21,795 --> 00:23:23,795
BUT WHERE DID
THE WEALTH COME FROM
352
00:23:23,797 --> 00:23:25,163
TO BUILD ITS PYRAMIDS
353
00:23:25,165 --> 00:23:27,165
AND VAST URBAN SPREAD?
354
00:23:29,970 --> 00:23:32,003
ARCHAEOLOGIST DAVID CARBALLO
355
00:23:32,005 --> 00:23:36,341
FINDS FRAGMENTS OF AN UNUSUAL
VOLCANIC GLASS CALLED OBSIDIAN
356
00:23:36,343 --> 00:23:38,944
ALL OVER THE CITY.
357
00:23:38,946 --> 00:23:41,746
TODAY, HE'S HUNTING DOWN
A LOCAL SOURCE
358
00:23:41,748 --> 00:23:44,216
FOR THIS RARE ROCK.
359
00:23:44,218 --> 00:23:48,153
IT HAS THIS BEAUTIFUL,
GOLDEN-GREEN HUE TO IT.
360
00:23:48,155 --> 00:23:50,655
IT'S A TREMENDOUS
VOLCANIC GLASS,
361
00:23:50,657 --> 00:23:54,459
AND THE TEOTIHUACáNOS USED IT
FOR MAKING TOOLS, WEAPONS.
362
00:23:54,461 --> 00:23:57,929
THIS WAS THEIR PRIMARY
CUTTING STONE.
363
00:23:57,931 --> 00:24:01,500
Narrator:
THE MASSIVE AMOUNT OF OBSIDIAN
FOUND IN TEOTIHUACáN
364
00:24:01,502 --> 00:24:04,936
SUGGESTS IT WAS
A HUGELY IMPORTANT COMMODITY.
365
00:24:07,107 --> 00:24:10,208
BURIED WITHIN
THE FEATHERED SERPENT PYRAMID,
366
00:24:10,210 --> 00:24:14,112
ALONGSIDE THE HUNDREDS OF BODIES
SACRIFICED HERE,
367
00:24:14,114 --> 00:24:18,116
ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND
THOUSANDS OF OBSIDIAN OBJECTS --
368
00:24:18,118 --> 00:24:20,385
ARROW POINTS AND SPEARHEADS
369
00:24:20,387 --> 00:24:23,955
AND RAZOR-THIN BLADES.
370
00:24:23,957 --> 00:24:29,127
PERHAPS WORKMEN'S TOOLS,
BUT NONE SHOW ANY SIGNS OF USE.
371
00:24:29,129 --> 00:24:30,562
AND, AT THE CENTER,
372
00:24:30,564 --> 00:24:34,232
A COLLECTION
OF MYSTERIOUS FIGURINES.
373
00:24:34,234 --> 00:24:36,201
THESE OBSIDIAN PIECES
374
00:24:36,203 --> 00:24:38,503
WEREN'T THE PERSONAL POSSESSIONS
OF THE DEAD,
375
00:24:38,505 --> 00:24:43,341
BUT RITUAL ITEMS MADE ESPECIALLY
AS AN OFFERING --
376
00:24:43,343 --> 00:24:47,779
A CLUE THAT THIS CIVILIZATION
PRIZED OBSIDIAN ABOVE ALL ELSE.
377
00:24:53,520 --> 00:24:55,620
DAVID SUSPECTS
THE CITY'S ECONOMY
378
00:24:55,622 --> 00:24:58,223
WAS BOOSTED
BY A VAST LOCAL SUPPLY
379
00:24:58,225 --> 00:25:02,694
OF TOP-GRADE OBSIDIAN GLASS.
380
00:25:02,696 --> 00:25:04,896
HIS COLLEAGUE,
ALEJANDRO PASTRANA,
381
00:25:04,898 --> 00:25:07,532
IS TRACKING DOWN EVIDENCE
OF ANCIENT PASSAGES
382
00:25:07,534 --> 00:25:10,201
INSIDE
THIS MODERN OBSIDIAN MINE.
383
00:25:21,882 --> 00:25:24,149
Carballo:
SO, THESE WERE CARVED OUT
A LONG TIME AGO?
384
00:25:24,151 --> 00:25:25,317
Pastrana: YES.
385
00:25:25,319 --> 00:25:27,652
LIKE
IN TEOTIHUACáN TIMES?
386
00:25:27,654 --> 00:25:30,155
-IN TEOTIHUACáN TIMES.
-UH-HUH.
387
00:25:30,157 --> 00:25:32,991
ALEJANDRO GUIDES DAVID
TO AN OBSIDIAN SEAM
388
00:25:32,993 --> 00:25:36,328
HE BELIEVES WAS MINED
BY THE TEOTIHUACáNO.
389
00:25:45,372 --> 00:25:46,771
WOW,
THAT'S A GREAT PIECE.
390
00:25:46,773 --> 00:25:47,772
A BLOCK.
391
00:25:47,774 --> 00:25:49,441
YEAH, SO,
IT'S THAT GREEN-GOLD HUE,
392
00:25:49,443 --> 00:25:52,944
AND JUST LOOK
WHERE IT'S FRESHLY STRUCK.
393
00:25:52,946 --> 00:25:53,812
[ OBSIDIAN CLINKS ]
394
00:25:53,814 --> 00:25:54,946
PERFECT GLASS.
395
00:25:54,948 --> 00:25:57,749
CAN YOU FIND THIS QUALITY
ALL ACROSS MEXICO?
396
00:26:02,255 --> 00:26:05,390
MM-HMM. SO, THIS IS ONE
OF THE MAJOR SOURCES OF OBSIDIAN
397
00:26:05,392 --> 00:26:06,424
FOR TEOTIHUACáN?
398
00:26:08,295 --> 00:26:10,729
DAVID BELIEVES
THE OBSIDIAN FOUND HERE
399
00:26:10,731 --> 00:26:14,132
PRODUCED THE FINEST BLADES
IN MESOAMERICA.
400
00:26:14,134 --> 00:26:19,004
THE TEOTIHUACáNO HAD
EXCLUSIVE ACCESS TO THE SOURCE
401
00:26:19,006 --> 00:26:22,273
AND GREW RICH BY MINING
AND CRAFTING THE RARE GLASS
402
00:26:22,275 --> 00:26:24,409
INTO VALUABLE TOOLS FOR EXPORT.
403
00:26:38,058 --> 00:26:40,025
ONE, TWO...
404
00:26:40,027 --> 00:26:41,660
[ SPEAKING SPANISH ]
405
00:26:43,263 --> 00:26:46,498
Carballo: SO, THIS IS
VERY BRITTLE AND SHARP,
406
00:26:46,500 --> 00:26:49,467
AND YOU CAN SEE HOW CLEAN
THESE EDGES ARE.
407
00:26:50,804 --> 00:26:55,740
THE TEOTIHUACáNO USED ROCKS
TO TAP OBSIDIAN BLOCKS.
408
00:26:55,742 --> 00:26:58,710
GET THE ANGLES RIGHT,
AND THE GLASS FRACTURES OFF
409
00:26:58,712 --> 00:27:01,946
INTO SMALLER
AND SHARPER SECTIONS.
410
00:27:01,948 --> 00:27:04,416
AND, EVENTUALLY, YOU COULD
MAKE SOMETHING LIKE A KNIFE
411
00:27:04,418 --> 00:27:06,484
OR A REALLY LARGE SPEARPOINT
OUT OF THIS.
412
00:27:06,486 --> 00:27:09,287
[ OBSIDIAN CLINKS ]
413
00:27:09,289 --> 00:27:13,725
THIS IS THE SHARPEST EDGE
THAT YOU CAN GET IN NATURE.
414
00:27:13,727 --> 00:27:16,327
JUST CUTTING LEATHER
LIKE THAT.
415
00:27:16,329 --> 00:27:18,229
IT'S LIKE
A KNIFE THROUGH BUTTER.
416
00:27:18,231 --> 00:27:20,031
SO, THIS IS SHARPER
THAN SURGICAL STEEL.
417
00:27:22,069 --> 00:27:25,970
THE ANCIENT MEXICANS DIDN'T KNOW
HOW TO FORGE METAL.
418
00:27:25,972 --> 00:27:30,308
THEY RELIED ON OBSIDIAN
FOR SIMPLE BLADES AND WEAPONS.
419
00:27:30,310 --> 00:27:33,411
THERE'S NO QUESTION THAT
THIS WAS PART OF THE BACKBONE
420
00:27:33,413 --> 00:27:35,113
OF TEOTIHUACáN'S ECONOMY.
421
00:27:35,115 --> 00:27:38,717
DAVID BELIEVES
TEOTIHUACáN WAS A TRADING HUB
422
00:27:38,719 --> 00:27:43,288
FOR THE MINING AND MANUFACTURE
OF OBSIDIAN BLADES.
423
00:27:43,290 --> 00:27:47,158
BUT THIS MIRACLE BLADE
DID HAVE A LIMITATION --
424
00:27:47,160 --> 00:27:51,129
ONE THAT MADE THE PEOPLE HERE
EVEN RICHER.
425
00:27:51,131 --> 00:27:54,499
THE FACT THAT IT'S BRITTLE
AND IT LOSES ITS EDGE QUICKLY
426
00:27:54,501 --> 00:27:59,137
MEANS THAT THERE WAS
CONTINUALLY A MARKET FOR IT.
427
00:27:59,139 --> 00:28:02,340
OBSIDIAN'S FRAGILE NATURE
SUPER-CHARGED THE MARKET
428
00:28:02,342 --> 00:28:06,077
FOR THIS PRECIOUS RESOURCE.
429
00:28:06,079 --> 00:28:07,545
DAVID HAS FOUND EVIDENCE
430
00:28:07,547 --> 00:28:12,584
THAT SUGGESTS OBSIDIAN WORKSHOPS
OPERATED RIGHT ACROSS THE CITY.
431
00:28:12,586 --> 00:28:15,453
CRAFTSMEN WOULD HAVE BEEN
IN CONSTANT PRODUCTION,
432
00:28:15,455 --> 00:28:16,988
MAKING A STEADY STREAM
433
00:28:16,990 --> 00:28:19,691
OF REPLACEMENT
OBSIDIAN TOOLS AND WEAPONS.
434
00:28:19,693 --> 00:28:22,861
¶¶
435
00:28:22,863 --> 00:28:25,764
THE TEOTIHUACáNO
HAD SO MUCH OBSIDIAN,
436
00:28:25,766 --> 00:28:30,068
THEY COULD EXPORT THEIR TOOLS
AND WEAPONS FAR AND WIDE.
437
00:28:30,070 --> 00:28:34,272
THEY STARTED BUILDING ROADS
TO REACH DISTANT CITIES,
438
00:28:34,274 --> 00:28:36,975
ALWAYS CHOOSING THE FASTEST PATH
439
00:28:36,977 --> 00:28:41,346
AND LETTING NOTHING
STAND IN THEIR WAY.
440
00:28:41,348 --> 00:28:45,316
THEY ESTABLISHED
A HUGE TRADE NETWORK,
441
00:28:45,318 --> 00:28:48,453
SPREADING THEIR OBSIDIAN
OVER 1,000 MILES
442
00:28:48,455 --> 00:28:50,622
FROM THE ATLANTIC
TO THE PACIFIC.
443
00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:56,461
AS DEMAND FOR OBSIDIAN GREW,
444
00:28:56,463 --> 00:28:59,264
MORE AND MORE PEOPLE
CAME TO THE CITY,
445
00:28:59,266 --> 00:29:01,866
AND ITS POPULATION EXPLODED.
446
00:29:05,772 --> 00:29:07,972
¶¶
447
00:29:07,974 --> 00:29:12,977
OBSIDIAN BANKROLLED
THE CITY OF TEOTIHUACáN.
448
00:29:12,979 --> 00:29:15,346
BUT WHO WERE
THE LOCAL RULING KINGPINS,
449
00:29:15,348 --> 00:29:19,417
FILLING THEIR COFFERS WITH CASH?
450
00:29:19,419 --> 00:29:23,321
THIS RECENT DISCOVERY --
A BIZARRE FAMILY OF STATUES --
451
00:29:23,323 --> 00:29:26,224
OFFERS A VITAL NEW CLUE.
452
00:29:32,684 --> 00:29:37,520
¶¶
453
00:29:37,522 --> 00:29:42,658
Narrator:
MEXICO'S MYSTERIOUS PYRAMID CITY
IS SLOWLY GIVING UP ITS SECRETS.
454
00:29:44,262 --> 00:29:45,928
GRISLY FINDS HAVE REVEALED
455
00:29:45,930 --> 00:29:49,932
THIS PLACE WAS BUILT
ON HUMAN SACRIFICE,
456
00:29:49,934 --> 00:29:52,335
AND THOUSANDS
OF LOCALLY CRAFTED BLADES
457
00:29:52,337 --> 00:29:54,604
SHOW HOW
THE CITY WAS BANKROLLED.
458
00:29:56,774 --> 00:29:58,574
BUT FOR DECADES,
459
00:29:58,576 --> 00:30:00,142
ARCHAEOLOGISTS WERE STUMPED
460
00:30:00,144 --> 00:30:04,280
AS TO WHO RULED
THE TEOTIHUACáNO.
461
00:30:04,282 --> 00:30:09,585
WERE THEY A MONARCHY,
LIKE THE AZTECS AND MAYA?
462
00:30:09,587 --> 00:30:12,288
FOR ARCHAEOLOGIST JULIE GAZZOLA,
463
00:30:12,290 --> 00:30:15,524
LOCAL DESIGN
SUGGESTS A DIFFERENT STORY.
464
00:30:25,003 --> 00:30:26,702
TEOTIHUACáN IMAGERY
465
00:30:26,704 --> 00:30:29,639
SHOWS RELIGIOUS ICONS
AND EVERYDAY LIFE,
466
00:30:29,641 --> 00:30:34,210
BUT THERE ARE NO
IMAGES OF ROYALTY.
467
00:30:34,212 --> 00:30:38,981
SO, WHO WAS IN CHARGE HERE
IF IT WASN'T A MONARCH?
468
00:30:38,983 --> 00:30:41,050
JULIE BELIEVES A RECENT FIND
469
00:30:41,052 --> 00:30:43,252
FROM UNDER
THE FEATHERED SERPENT PYRAMID
470
00:30:43,254 --> 00:30:46,656
COULD BE A CRUCIAL CLUE
TO SOLVING THIS MYSTERY.
471
00:30:50,561 --> 00:30:55,331
BURIED UNDER
1,000 TONS OF RUBBLE,
472
00:30:55,333 --> 00:30:58,768
40 FEET BENEATH THE PYRAMID,
473
00:30:58,770 --> 00:31:02,571
IN THE HEART OF THE MOST
SACRED PLACE IN TEOTIHUACáN,
474
00:31:02,573 --> 00:31:06,409
ARCHAEOLOGISTS FOUND
FOUR GREEN STONE STATUETTES --
475
00:31:06,411 --> 00:31:10,513
THREE WOMEN
AND A SMALL NAKED MAN.
476
00:31:10,515 --> 00:31:13,983
TWO OF THE FIGURES STOOD
UNDER THE APEX OF THE PYRAMID,
477
00:31:13,985 --> 00:31:17,186
LOOKING UP TOWARDS THE SUNRISE.
478
00:31:17,188 --> 00:31:18,554
THESE SIMPLE STATUES
479
00:31:18,556 --> 00:31:22,525
ARE PRICELESS PIECES
IN AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUZZLE.
480
00:31:22,527 --> 00:31:27,496
PERHAPS THEY ARE DIRECT LINKS
TO THE RULERS OF TEOTIHUACáN.
481
00:31:31,769 --> 00:31:34,637
JULIE BELIEVES THE RITUAL
LOCATION OF THE STATUES
482
00:31:34,639 --> 00:31:39,642
SUGGESTS THEY ARE OFFERINGS
TO THE GODS OF THE UNDERWORLD.
483
00:31:39,644 --> 00:31:42,311
THE FIGURES ARE UNIQUE.
484
00:31:48,553 --> 00:31:53,990
MORE TREASURES WERE FOUND
ALONGSIDE THE STATUES.
485
00:32:01,032 --> 00:32:04,000
JULIE BELIEVES
ALL THESE ANCIENT RELICS
486
00:32:04,002 --> 00:32:06,235
WERE COMMISSIONED
AND PLACED IN THE TUNNEL
487
00:32:06,237 --> 00:32:09,138
BY THE LEADERS OF TEOTIHUACáN
488
00:32:09,140 --> 00:32:11,207
TO CELEBRATE
THE BIRTH OF THE CITY
489
00:32:11,209 --> 00:32:13,242
OUT OF THE SACRED UNDERWORLD.
490
00:32:24,956 --> 00:32:27,890
FOR JULIE,
IT'S THE EXOTIC GREEN STONE
491
00:32:27,892 --> 00:32:30,059
USED TO PRODUCE
THESE LUXURY OBJECTS
492
00:32:30,061 --> 00:32:36,232
THAT GIVES HER THE BIGGEST CLUE
TO WHO THE RULERS WERE.
493
00:32:50,882 --> 00:32:54,784
THE TEOTIHUACáNO MADE
MANY OF THEIR RITUAL PIECES
494
00:32:54,786 --> 00:32:56,919
FROM FOREIGN GREEN STONES.
495
00:32:59,157 --> 00:33:01,590
JULIE BELIEVES
THESE IMPORTED GOODS
496
00:33:01,592 --> 00:33:04,693
PROVE THAT AN ELITE GROUP
OF TEOTIHUACáN TRADERS
497
00:33:04,695 --> 00:33:10,199
GOT SO RICH THEY WERE ABLE
TO TAKE CONTROL OF THE CITY.
498
00:33:10,201 --> 00:33:13,836
THE ENTIRE PLACE WAS RULED
BY BUSINESSMEN AND WOMEN
499
00:33:13,838 --> 00:33:16,038
IN PLACE OF KINGS AND QUEENS.
500
00:33:16,040 --> 00:33:18,541
¶¶
501
00:33:20,845 --> 00:33:22,945
BUILDINGS
SURROUNDING THE PYRAMIDS
502
00:33:22,947 --> 00:33:24,180
GIVE AN INDICATION
503
00:33:24,182 --> 00:33:27,216
OF THE EXTRAVAGANT LIFE
OF THE CITY'S LEADERS.
504
00:33:27,218 --> 00:33:31,253
¶¶
505
00:33:31,255 --> 00:33:33,522
THIS ELITE LIVED AND GOVERNED
506
00:33:33,524 --> 00:33:35,524
AMONG THE MANY PYRAMIDS
AND TEMPLES
507
00:33:35,526 --> 00:33:40,062
AT THE VERY HEART
OF TEOTIHUACáN.
508
00:33:40,064 --> 00:33:45,334
SINGLE-LEVEL STRUCTURES BUILT
AROUND A CENTRAL COURTYARD
509
00:33:45,336 --> 00:33:50,406
PROVIDED SPACIOUS ACCOMMODATION
FOR WEALTHY TRADERS.
510
00:33:50,408 --> 00:33:53,742
THE ELITE COULD AFFORD
TO COVER THE ROUGH STONE WALLS
511
00:33:53,744 --> 00:33:56,345
IN EXPENSIVE LIME PLASTER
512
00:33:56,347 --> 00:33:59,148
AND DECORATE THEM
WITH ELABORATE MURALS.
513
00:34:01,752 --> 00:34:04,920
BUT OVER A MILE AWAY,
ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF THE CITY,
514
00:34:04,922 --> 00:34:07,923
THE POOR BUILT
THEIR OWN DWELLINGS
515
00:34:07,925 --> 00:34:10,526
USING ONLY
THE CHEAPEST MATERIALS.
516
00:34:15,399 --> 00:34:19,435
GRAVES DISCOVERED
UNDERNEATH THESE WORKERS' HUTS
517
00:34:19,437 --> 00:34:21,370
REVEAL A LIFE OF EXTREME POVERTY
518
00:34:21,372 --> 00:34:24,073
FOR THOSE AT THE BOTTOM
OF THE SOCIAL PILE.
519
00:34:46,564 --> 00:34:49,498
¶¶
520
00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:53,102
HORRENDOUS LIVING CONDITIONS
LIKELY CAUSED MALNUTRITION,
521
00:34:53,104 --> 00:34:58,140
INFECTION,
AND EARLY DEATH AMONG THE POOR.
522
00:34:58,142 --> 00:35:01,410
IN THIS CITY OF TRADERS,
THE WEALTHY HAD THE POWER,
523
00:35:01,412 --> 00:35:05,481
AND THE POOR
WERE STARVING AND DESPERATE --
524
00:35:05,483 --> 00:35:10,052
THE PERFECT COCKTAIL
FOR CIVIL UNREST.
525
00:35:10,054 --> 00:35:11,453
COULD THESE SCORCH MARKS --
526
00:35:11,455 --> 00:35:14,523
RECENTLY DISCOVERED ON THE
CITY'S WEALTHIEST BUILDINGS --
527
00:35:14,525 --> 00:35:18,694
FINALLY REVEAL THE SECRET
TO THE FALL OF TEOTIHUACáN?
528
00:35:18,696 --> 00:35:20,496
¶¶
529
00:35:27,018 --> 00:35:31,254
¶¶
530
00:35:31,256 --> 00:35:33,022
Narrator: 2,000 YEARS AGO,
531
00:35:33,024 --> 00:35:36,593
TEOTIHUACáN WAS
THE LARGEST AND BUSIEST CITY
532
00:35:36,595 --> 00:35:39,095
IN THE AMERICAS.
533
00:35:39,097 --> 00:35:43,166
OVER 100,000 PEOPLE LIVED HERE,
534
00:35:43,168 --> 00:35:47,403
FROM THE SUPER-RICH
RULING TRADERS IN THE CENTER
535
00:35:47,405 --> 00:35:52,308
TO THE DIRT-POOR WORKERS
IN THE OUTSKIRTS.
536
00:35:52,310 --> 00:35:56,246
INVESTIGATORS DATING ARTIFACTS
FOUND INSIDE THE CITY
537
00:35:56,248 --> 00:35:58,748
BELIEVE THAT
THIS ONCE-GREAT CIVILIZATION
538
00:35:58,750 --> 00:36:03,886
SHUT DOWN SUDDENLY
AFTER JUST 900 YEARS.
539
00:36:03,888 --> 00:36:06,556
BUT WHY?
540
00:36:06,558 --> 00:36:08,358
ARCHAEOLOGIST DAVID CARBALLO
541
00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:10,493
BELIEVES A CRUCIAL CLUE
CAN BE FOUND
542
00:36:10,495 --> 00:36:14,097
AT THE MOST ORNATE BUILDING
IN TEOTIHUACáN,
543
00:36:14,099 --> 00:36:16,833
THE FEATHERED SERPENT PYRAMID.
544
00:36:16,835 --> 00:36:20,169
Carballo:
HERE, WE HAVE FEATHERED-SERPENT
HEADS SCULPTED OUT OF STONE.
545
00:36:20,171 --> 00:36:21,671
THEY'RE TENONS,
MEANING THEY WOULD HAVE STUCK
546
00:36:21,673 --> 00:36:25,842
INTO THE FACADE OF THE BUILDING.
547
00:36:25,844 --> 00:36:30,346
Narrator: ORIGINALLY, THERE
WERE OVER 400 PRISTINE HEADS.
548
00:36:30,348 --> 00:36:31,914
BUT AT THE BACK OF THE PYRAMID,
549
00:36:31,916 --> 00:36:35,051
THE SCULPTURES
LOOK VERY DIFFERENT TODAY.
550
00:36:35,053 --> 00:36:36,085
Carballo:
SO HERE, ON THIS ONE,
551
00:36:36,087 --> 00:36:38,321
YOU CAN SEE
THAT IT'S BEEN DEFACED
552
00:36:38,323 --> 00:36:40,356
BY KNOCKING THE SNOUT OFF.
553
00:36:43,161 --> 00:36:45,762
SO, THIS ONE, TOO, SEEMS
TO HAVE BEEN HEAVILY DAMAGED
554
00:36:45,764 --> 00:36:47,597
IN THE SNOUT.
555
00:36:47,599 --> 00:36:49,699
Narrator: DAVID BELIEVES
THE DAMAGE TO THE HEADS
556
00:36:49,701 --> 00:36:52,669
IS SO SIMILAR, IT'S SUSPICIOUS.
557
00:36:52,671 --> 00:36:54,737
Carballo: THIS DAMAGE
DOESN'T LOOK ACCIDENTAL.
558
00:36:54,739 --> 00:36:58,708
IT'S ALWAYS THE SNOUTS
THAT ARE KNOCKED OFF,
559
00:36:58,710 --> 00:37:01,711
AND SO IF YOU EXPECT THESE TO
HAVE SORT OF FALLEN HAPHAZARDLY,
560
00:37:01,713 --> 00:37:04,714
YOU WOULD EXPECT
BREAKAGE ON OTHER SIDES.
561
00:37:04,716 --> 00:37:07,583
SO, THAT SUGGESTS THAT THERE WAS
SOME SORT OF CATACLYSMIC EVENT,
562
00:37:07,585 --> 00:37:09,886
LIKE SOME SORT
OF FACTIONAL DISPUTE,
563
00:37:09,888 --> 00:37:12,288
CONFLICT,
OR MAYBE EVEN A CIVIL WAR.
564
00:37:12,290 --> 00:37:14,724
¶¶
565
00:37:14,726 --> 00:37:16,926
Narrator:
BUT WAS THIS CONFLICT LIMITED
566
00:37:16,928 --> 00:37:22,165
TO A RELIGIOUS FEUD AT
THE FEATHERED SERPENT PYRAMID?
567
00:37:22,167 --> 00:37:25,635
DAVID SEARCHES THE RUINS
OF NEARBY ELITE BUILDINGS
568
00:37:25,637 --> 00:37:27,904
FOR FURTHER CLUES
OF DESTRUCTION.
569
00:37:30,875 --> 00:37:32,208
WELL, IF YOU LOOK OVER HERE,
570
00:37:32,210 --> 00:37:35,912
THIS HAS THE ORIGINAL
WHITE-AND-RED STUCCO MOTIFS --
571
00:37:35,914 --> 00:37:38,014
THESE INTERLOCKING-SCROLL
MOTIFS.
572
00:37:38,016 --> 00:37:40,783
BUT THEN YOU SEE THE SOOT MARKS
RIGHT HERE IN THE CORNER
573
00:37:40,785 --> 00:37:44,354
THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN
FROM BURNING THESE STRUCTURES.
574
00:37:44,356 --> 00:37:45,955
Narrator: DAVID IS CONVINCED
575
00:37:45,957 --> 00:37:50,493
THESE SCORCH MARKS ARE
CLEAR SIGNS OF DELIBERATE ARSON,
576
00:37:50,495 --> 00:37:52,929
AND HE FINDS THEM
ON JUST ABOUT EVERY BUILDING
577
00:37:52,931 --> 00:37:55,898
IN THIS PART OF TOWN.
578
00:37:55,900 --> 00:37:58,768
THIS IS WHERE THERE LIKELY
WAS SOME SORT OF WOODEN BEAM --
579
00:37:58,770 --> 00:38:00,737
A SUPPORT BEAM FOR THE ROOF.
580
00:38:00,739 --> 00:38:03,573
AND SINCE THAT WAS WOOD,
WITH THE BURNING,
581
00:38:03,575 --> 00:38:05,475
YOU ENDED UP
WITH THIS BLACKENING
582
00:38:05,477 --> 00:38:08,478
WITH SOOT IN THE STUCCO.
583
00:38:08,480 --> 00:38:10,880
Narrator:
THE LAYERS OF ASH AND BURNT WOOD
584
00:38:10,882 --> 00:38:14,784
SUGGEST A MASSIVE FIRE RAGED
IN THE CENTER OF THE CITY.
585
00:38:14,786 --> 00:38:18,988
THE FIRE CONSUMED ALL THE ELITE
AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS.
586
00:38:18,990 --> 00:38:21,891
Carballo: THERE'S BURNING
IN MULTIPLE ROOMS,
587
00:38:21,893 --> 00:38:24,627
IN MULTIPLE PALATIAL
AND TEMPLE COMPOUNDS.
588
00:38:24,629 --> 00:38:27,630
IT SUGGESTS THAT THIS WAS
A PLANNED AND COORDINATED EVENT.
589
00:38:27,632 --> 00:38:30,666
¶¶
590
00:38:33,204 --> 00:38:35,138
I THINK THIS
IS REALLY COMPELLING EVIDENCE
591
00:38:35,140 --> 00:38:37,306
THAT THOSE STRUCTURES
592
00:38:37,308 --> 00:38:40,209
THAT WERE MOST ASSOCIATED
WITH STATE POWER --
593
00:38:40,211 --> 00:38:41,844
BE THAT RELIGIOUS
OR POLITICAL --
594
00:38:41,846 --> 00:38:43,679
WERE TARGETED DISPROPORTIONATELY
595
00:38:43,681 --> 00:38:45,581
IN THE BURNING OF THE CITY.
596
00:38:47,819 --> 00:38:50,987
Narrator: IF THIS DESTRUCTION
WAS DELIBERATE,
597
00:38:50,989 --> 00:38:53,289
WHO DID IT?
598
00:38:53,291 --> 00:38:56,726
WAS IT AN INVASION
BY A RIVAL CIVILIZATION,
599
00:38:56,728 --> 00:38:59,128
OR WAS THIS AN INSIDE JOB?
600
00:39:01,499 --> 00:39:05,868
A CRUCIAL CLUE LIES A MILE
FROM THE CENTER OF TEOTIHUACáN,
601
00:39:05,870 --> 00:39:07,637
IN A FIELD OF SCATTERED DEBRIS
602
00:39:07,639 --> 00:39:10,606
THAT WAS ONCE
THE WORKERS' SUBURBS.
603
00:39:10,608 --> 00:39:13,142
Carballo: WHAT WE FOUND OUT HERE
IN OUR EXCAVATIONS
604
00:39:13,144 --> 00:39:15,278
IS THAT THERE'S NO EVIDENCE
OF THE SORT OF BURNING
605
00:39:15,280 --> 00:39:16,746
THAT WE SEE
IN THE CENTER OF THE SITE.
606
00:39:16,748 --> 00:39:18,247
SO THAT, TO US, SUGGESTS
607
00:39:18,249 --> 00:39:20,616
THAT THIS ISN'T AN ATTACK
FROM THE OUTSIDE.
608
00:39:20,618 --> 00:39:23,219
RATHER, THE COLLAPSE HAPPENS
FROM THE INSIDE OUT.
609
00:39:23,221 --> 00:39:25,721
¶¶
610
00:39:25,723 --> 00:39:28,658
Narrator: DAVID BELIEVES
THE IMPOVERISHED WORKERS
611
00:39:28,660 --> 00:39:34,897
ROSE UP AGAINST THEIR RULERS
IN A SOCIAL REVOLUTION.
612
00:39:34,899 --> 00:39:37,533
Carballo: THESE PEOPLE, WHO WERE
THE WORKING-CLASS BACKBONE
613
00:39:37,535 --> 00:39:38,835
OF THE CITY'S ECONOMY,
614
00:39:38,837 --> 00:39:40,670
FELT LIKE THE SYSTEM
WAS FAILING THEM,
615
00:39:40,672 --> 00:39:43,306
AND SO BECAUSE OF THAT,
THEY REJECTED THE SYSTEM,
616
00:39:43,308 --> 00:39:44,574
AND THEY TOOK UP ARMS
617
00:39:44,576 --> 00:39:48,511
AND DECIDED TO SACK
THEIR OWN CITY.
618
00:39:48,513 --> 00:39:50,213
Narrator:
IN THE 7th CENTURY,
619
00:39:50,215 --> 00:39:54,217
THE DISENFRANCHISED POOR
REBELLED.
620
00:39:54,219 --> 00:39:55,985
THEY BURNT THE CITY CENTER
621
00:39:55,987 --> 00:40:01,023
IN AN INFERNO
OF HEAT AND DESTRUCTION.
622
00:40:01,025 --> 00:40:03,659
WITH THE RULING ELITE OF TRADERS
WIPED OUT,
623
00:40:03,661 --> 00:40:06,462
THE CITY QUICKLY FELL
INTO DECLINE
624
00:40:06,464 --> 00:40:09,932
AND WAS EVENTUALLY ABANDONED.
625
00:40:09,934 --> 00:40:15,438
Carballo:
TEOTIHUACáN IS REMARKABLE
IN TERMS OF WORLD HISTORY.
626
00:40:15,440 --> 00:40:18,374
IT WAS A HUGE POLITICAL CAPITAL,
A HUGE ECONOMIC HUB,
627
00:40:18,376 --> 00:40:21,310
AND ALSO A PILGRIMAGE CENTER.
628
00:40:21,312 --> 00:40:22,712
AND AFTER THE COLLAPSE,
629
00:40:22,714 --> 00:40:26,449
THERE'S REALLY NOTHING LIKE
TEOTIHUACáN IN MESOAMERICA.
630
00:40:31,656 --> 00:40:33,923
¶¶
631
00:40:33,925 --> 00:40:36,325
Narrator:
ALTHOUGH THE CITY HAD DIED,
632
00:40:36,327 --> 00:40:39,996
THE LEGEND OF TEOTIHUACáN
LIVED ON.
633
00:40:39,998 --> 00:40:44,200
IT INFLUENCED
THE FAMOUS MAYA CIVILIZATION,
634
00:40:44,202 --> 00:40:46,702
AND THE AZTECS WERE
SO IN AWE OF THIS PLACE,
635
00:40:46,704 --> 00:40:48,871
THEY BELIEVED
IT COULD ONLY HAVE BEEN MADE
636
00:40:48,873 --> 00:40:50,940
BY THE GODS THEMSELVES.
637
00:40:55,313 --> 00:40:59,115
TODAY, ARCHAEOLOGISTS ARE
SLOWLY UNCOVERING THE SECRETS
638
00:40:59,117 --> 00:41:01,284
OF THIS RITUAL LANDSCAPE,
639
00:41:01,286 --> 00:41:03,452
WITH ITS HIDDEN CHAMBERS,
640
00:41:03,454 --> 00:41:05,888
CEREMONIAL TUNNELS,
641
00:41:05,890 --> 00:41:08,724
PRICELESS BURIED ARTIFACTS,
642
00:41:08,726 --> 00:41:10,927
AND GRUESOME PITS
FILLED WITH THE BONES
643
00:41:10,929 --> 00:41:16,299
OF IMMIGRANTS TRAGICALLY DRAWN
TO THIS CITY OF DREAMS.
644
00:41:16,301 --> 00:41:18,000
WHAT AMAZING SECRETS
645
00:41:18,002 --> 00:41:22,204
COULD STILL LIE LOCKED INSIDE
THE HEART OF THIS --
646
00:41:22,206 --> 00:41:25,775
THE OLDEST MEGACITY
IN THE AMERICAS?
647
00:41:25,777 --> 00:41:28,911
¶¶
648
00:41:36,854 --> 00:41:41,023
¶¶
649
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:52,034
¶¶
50438
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