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The islands between
Australia and Asia
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are among the biologically
richest on Earth.
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♪ ♪
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They are home
to the beautiful...
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and the bizarre.
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♪ ♪
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This is a world where birds
hatch from active volcanoes,
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pigs box,
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and kangaroos climb trees.
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A wealth of life shaped by
nature's most violent force,
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the power of the Earth.
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♪ ♪
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Over eons, volcanoes have forged
a land like no other.
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♪ ♪
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A place where, to survive,
life must adapt.
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[rumbling]
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Volcano birds lead
one of the most extreme lives
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in the natural world.
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[rumbling]
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Each day, dozens of birds gather
in an act of apparent madness.
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[rumbling]
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In a deadly realm of
bellowing ash and toxic gas...
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The volcano birds
are uniquely adapted
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to turn devastation
into an opportunity.
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♪ ♪
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Temperatures around the volcano
are sweltering.
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But it's this warmth
they're after.
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♪ ♪
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Volcano birds have enormous
feet, perfect for digging.
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♪ ♪
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They search for spots
around the volcano
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where the temperature
is just right--
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a balmy 91 degrees Fahrenheit.
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♪ ♪
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These coveted spots
are worth fighting for.
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♪ ♪
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And this is why.
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♪ ♪
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Her only act of parenthood is
this offering to the volcano.
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♪ ♪
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The heat of the slopes
will incubate the egg for her.
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♪ ♪
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The egg takes
a long time to hatch,
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among the longest of any bird.
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♪ ♪
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But when it does, the chick
is flying within an hour.
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♪ ♪
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With an active volcano as the
only parent it will ever know,
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the chick is on its own
from day one.
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[rumbling]
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Here, the Earth's violent power
has driven the evolution
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of an astonishing
array of species.
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This is the front line in
a story that has been unfolding
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for millions of years.
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And one that continues
to this day.
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Around 25 million years ago,
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Australia, surging north
into the tropics,
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began to collide
with Southeast Asia.
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At the tip of the continent,
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New Guinea was thrust up
amidst the carnage.
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♪ ♪
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The island's ancient connections
to Australia
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are evident in the animals
in its forests...
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some of which have undergone
a dramatic lifestyle change.
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[squawking]
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Kangaroos aren't exactly known
for climbing trees.
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♪ ♪
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But with lots of leaves
and few others to eat them,
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it was an opportunity
they couldn't miss.
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♪ ♪
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Australia's shift north
was so quick,
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tree kangaroos haven't had long
to adjust to life in the canopy.
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♪ ♪
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Their arms have become stronger,
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but it's obvious they were
originally built
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for hopping over open plains.
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Kangaroos may hold sway
in the treetops,
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but for the most part,
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New Guinea is
an island of birds.
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The largest is the cassowary.
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It's from an ancient lineage
that's roamed the Earth
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since the time of the dinosaurs.
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[squawking]
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But most extraordinary of all
are the birds of paradise.
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[squawking]
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The very story of New Guinea
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is written in their
profusion of plumes.
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[chirping]
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[whistling]
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Birds of paradise all descend
from one Australian ancestor.
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But the mountain ranges created
by the continental collision
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separated populations
from one another.
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So the birds have evolved into
several dozen different species.
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♪ ♪
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There's such an abundance
of food in the tropical forest,
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the males aren't needed
to help raise chicks.
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They put all their effort into
one thing: winning a female.
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♪ ♪
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This male bird of paradise
has one focus:
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a perfect performance.
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The female's focus is to choose
the best possible mate.
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Her inspection is thorough.
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♪ ♪
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Females are so critical,
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that every step of his routine
has been selected and perfected
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over countless generations.
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♪ ♪
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It's this ability to choose
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that drives the evolution
of new species.
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♪ ♪
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And it's led to
very different displays.
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From bizarre shape-shifting...
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...to spectacular plumage
shown off at group gatherings.
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[squawking]
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All this beauty is the result of
New Guinea's violent beginning.
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But this is a young island,
as the tree kangaroos show.
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♪ ♪
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Giant feet once perfect
for hopping
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take a long time to adapt
for climbing.
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They have a long way to go
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before mastering
the tropical treetops.
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The islands at the opposite end
of the chain
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have a very different tale
to tell.
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♪ ♪
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These western isles are home
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to some of the greatest
tree climbers on Earth,
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the primates.
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♪ ♪
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[whooping]
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The gibbon is the true master
of the treetops.
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They reach top speeds
of 30 miles an hour,
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and clear nearly 50 feet
in a single swing.
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They're the ultimate
canopy specialists,
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equipped with hooked hands
and extra-long arms.
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[whooping]
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The contrast with New Guinea's
kangaroos is crystal clear.
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Gibbons have had
an enormous head start.
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[whooping]
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Their home has been
in the tropics
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for more than 100 million years.
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♪ ♪
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Gibbons have had plenty of time
to master the high life.
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[whooping]
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These western islands
are all part
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of the same continental shelf.
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During past ice ages,
when sea levels were lower,
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species from mainland Asia
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crossed freely to
Borneo, Sumatra and Java.
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These forests are filled
with mammals,
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most of which
simply walked here.
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♪ ♪
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The Sumatran rhinoceros
is a rare sight.
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Fewer than 100 are thought
to remain in the wild.
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Bizarrely, she's the world's
hairiest rhino.
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It's a feature retained
from her mainland relatives,
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the now-extinct
woolly rhinoceros
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that roamed Asia
during the last ice age.
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A hairy rhino in
a hot, humid rain forest
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may seem out of place.
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But her hair has a purpose.
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♪ ♪
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Sumatran rhinos love
a good mud bath.
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This hole left behind by
a fallen tree is the ideal spot.
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♪ ♪
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She bathes every day, dipping
herself for hours at a time.
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♪ ♪
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But these mud treatments
don't come easily.
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She has to work
to keep her tub open,
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so it collects as much
rainfall as possible.
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Here in her mud bath, the reason
for all her hair becomes clear.
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It helps the mud
stick to her skin,
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keeping her cool in the heat.
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With their impressive range
of Asian animals,
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these rain forests are some
of the biologically richest
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on the planet.
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But they, too, were
forged by fire.
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[rumbling]
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Volcanoes have ruled the islands
between Asia and Australia
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for millions of years.
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Their unpredictable nature
controls all life here.
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♪ ♪
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When the giants stir,
they create deadly realms.
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This is Ijen
on the island of Java.
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♪ ♪
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Its crater is
a cauldron of acid.
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♪ ♪
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Alongside it, toxic gas howls
from beneath the earth.
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♪ ♪
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Reaching temperatures around
1,000 degrees Fahrenheit,
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some of the gas condenses
into streams of liquid sulfur.
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There is beauty in this
poisonous landscape,
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increasing as darkness falls.
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♪ ♪
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When the gas collides
with oxygen, it catches fire,
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burning with a soft blue light.
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♪ ♪
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The liquid sulfur continues to
burn, creating rivers of fire.
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♪ ♪
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Ijen's blue flames dance
only in the darkness.
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00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:55,760
A sight so fleeting,
that as day dawns, they vanish.
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♪ ♪
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While Ijen's crater
is a toxic world,
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other volcanoes rule
with extreme violence.
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♪ ♪
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At 60 miles long
and 1,600 feet deep,
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Lake Toba is all that remains
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of the most powerful volcanic
eruption in human history.
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00:20:29,240 --> 00:20:33,040
♪ ♪
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[rumbling]
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Toba erupted 75,000 years ago,
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ash clouds soaring into the sky.
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00:20:50,680 --> 00:20:55,720
[rumbling]
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00:21:02,720 --> 00:21:07,960
♪ ♪
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00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:13,400
Despite Toba's
violent destruction,
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00:21:13,480 --> 00:21:18,320
a land of incredible
biodiversity lies in its wake.
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00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:24,600
♪ ♪
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00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:29,840
Volcanic ash is
rich in minerals.
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00:21:29,920 --> 00:21:35,280
Over time, they break down,
making the soil very fertile.
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00:21:35,360 --> 00:21:41,600
♪ ♪
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00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:48,360
Today, the forests
around Lake Toba
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00:21:48,440 --> 00:21:52,480
are among the richest
ecosystems on Earth.
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00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:57,200
Over 10,000 different
plant species
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00:21:57,280 --> 00:22:01,040
grow on these fertile
volcanic soils.
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00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:15,520
♪ ♪
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00:22:22,520 --> 00:22:25,480
There are so many different
fruiting trees,
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00:22:25,560 --> 00:22:30,840
the orangutans who live here
are spoiled for choice.
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00:22:30,920 --> 00:22:35,880
♪ ♪
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00:22:39,880 --> 00:22:43,720
Individuals develop
favorite fruits and unique diets
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00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:46,800
that they pass on
to their offspring.
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00:22:46,880 --> 00:22:53,760
♪ ♪
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00:22:53,840 --> 00:22:57,080
As this baby grows,
he will learn the locations
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00:22:57,160 --> 00:23:00,640
and fruiting times
of this setur tree.
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00:23:00,720 --> 00:23:07,520
♪ ♪
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00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:11,320
So while mom's favorite fruits
will form much of his diet,
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00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:16,000
nearby, another youngster could
be raised on different fruits.
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00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:18,960
Today, it's rambutan.
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00:23:19,040 --> 00:23:25,360
♪ ♪
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00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:28,440
These orangutans have
the volcanoes to thank
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00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:32,320
for the sheer variety of fruits
on the island.
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00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:36,440
♪ ♪
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00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:41,640
On Sumatra, young volcanic soil
supports an abundance of life.
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00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:46,120
But as soil ages,
it becomes less fertile.
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00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:50,760
♪ ♪
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00:23:50,840 --> 00:23:53,120
Borneo is an ancient island,
245
00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:59,400
much of its rock thrust up
tens of millions of years ago.
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00:23:59,480 --> 00:24:01,640
Without fresh volcanic ash,
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00:24:01,720 --> 00:24:05,320
some plants have had
to take extreme measures
248
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,080
to find nutrients.
249
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:13,560
They've become carnivores.
250
00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:27,440
These are carnivorous
pitcher plants.
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00:24:27,520 --> 00:24:30,400
Their traps are modified leaves.
252
00:24:30,480 --> 00:24:34,400
As the blade opens, the large
vein in the center of the leaf
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00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:37,920
continues to extend outward.
254
00:24:41,560 --> 00:24:45,280
Over several weeks,
the tip inflates.
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00:24:45,360 --> 00:24:51,520
♪ ♪
256
00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:09,840
Finally, the deadly trap
is revealed.
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00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:16,040
A liquid-filled chamber
with no escape.
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00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:19,000
With more than 30 species
of pitcher plants,
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00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:22,280
Borneo is their heartland.
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00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:30,680
Sizes and positions
of traps vary,
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00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:36,960
but all share a common goal:
262
00:25:37,040 --> 00:25:39,840
lure in prey with nectar.
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00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:45,280
♪ ♪
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A slippery rim sends the prey
plummeting into the pitcher,
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00:25:55,920 --> 00:26:00,360
where digestive fluids dissolve
the victims' bodies.
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00:26:04,520 --> 00:26:08,680
Beyond this basic method, some
have even more astonishing ways
267
00:26:08,760 --> 00:26:13,080
to get the nutrients they need.
268
00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:17,680
A few pitcher plants engage
in remarkable relationships
269
00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:21,480
that stretch beyond carnivory.
270
00:26:26,680 --> 00:26:30,480
The broad, exposed back wall
of the pitcher plant hemsleyana
271
00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:35,080
has evolved to reflect
the sonar of a small bat.
272
00:26:40,480 --> 00:26:42,160
After a night on the wing,
273
00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:46,320
the pitcher is
an ideal resting spot.
274
00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:52,000
It's a perfect fit,
just wide enough to stop the bat
275
00:26:52,080 --> 00:26:55,640
from slipping down
into the digestive fluids.
276
00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:01,960
♪ ♪
277
00:27:02,040 --> 00:27:04,480
The traps provide
a parasite-free
278
00:27:04,560 --> 00:27:07,000
and cool place to sleep.
279
00:27:07,080 --> 00:27:11,240
♪ ♪
280
00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:13,800
It's a great arrangement
for the bat,
281
00:27:13,880 --> 00:27:16,040
but how the hemsleyana benefits
282
00:27:16,120 --> 00:27:20,240
isn't clear until
evening arrives.
283
00:27:20,320 --> 00:27:25,640
♪ ♪
284
00:27:28,640 --> 00:27:34,400
As it stirs, the bat pays
its way in poo,
285
00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:38,880
supplying nutrients the plant
can't get from the soil.
286
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:49,080
This hemsleyana has
become a bat toilet.
287
00:27:49,160 --> 00:27:52,760
Just one of the many ways
nature has adapted life
288
00:27:52,840 --> 00:27:55,760
on Borneo's ancient soils.
289
00:28:05,440 --> 00:28:07,120
The violent, shifting earth
290
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:11,040
ensures that change
is the only certainty
291
00:28:11,120 --> 00:28:14,680
on the islands between
Asia and Australia.
292
00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:21,640
♪ ♪
293
00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:27,480
To survive, life must adapt
and seize opportunities.
294
00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:32,440
♪ ♪
295
00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:34,760
And nothing presents
an opportunity
296
00:28:34,840 --> 00:28:38,280
quite like
an entirely new island.
297
00:29:13,360 --> 00:29:15,040
With new land to colonize,
298
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:18,640
species just need a way
of getting there.
299
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:26,320
Plants are the obvious
early colonizers of any island.
300
00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:32,720
Grasses, their seeds
blown on the wind,
301
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:36,880
are some of the very first
to arrive.
302
00:29:36,960 --> 00:29:41,120
♪ ♪
303
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:44,560
Others take to the sea
to make the crossing.
304
00:29:44,640 --> 00:29:49,640
♪ ♪
305
00:29:53,640 --> 00:29:55,320
Coconuts can still germinate
306
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:59,400
after a couple months
of floating in the open ocean.
307
00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:05,920
Liquid inside the coconut helps
the young plant get a foothold
308
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:09,040
beneath the baking tropical sun.
309
00:30:15,760 --> 00:30:20,680
♪ ♪
310
00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:24,200
Animals swim these
tropical waters, too.
311
00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:30,000
♪ ♪
312
00:30:30,080 --> 00:30:32,920
With its streamlined body
and flattened tail,
313
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:37,440
monitor lizards can swim
between the islands.
314
00:30:37,520 --> 00:30:43,320
♪ ♪
315
00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:57,720
As a scavenger and a carnivore,
316
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:02,200
they're well equipped to find
the food they need to survive.
317
00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:07,680
♪ ♪
318
00:31:21,680 --> 00:31:23,720
By air and by sea,
319
00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:30,520
new islands are soon filled
with a rich diversity of life.
320
00:31:30,600 --> 00:31:33,800
And some animals play
an important role
321
00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:38,200
in turning a few trees
into a rain forest.
322
00:31:38,280 --> 00:31:40,160
[chirping]
323
00:31:44,320 --> 00:31:46,680
[chirping]
324
00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:51,120
Fruit bats can bring new life
to distant worlds.
325
00:31:54,720 --> 00:31:59,440
As evening approaches,
the roost stirs.
326
00:31:59,520 --> 00:32:05,840
♪ ♪
327
00:32:26,840 --> 00:32:30,560
Under cover of darkness,
they leave their new island home
328
00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:33,560
and fly miles across the water
to the mainland
329
00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:36,320
in search of fruiting trees.
330
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:42,560
♪ ♪
331
00:32:55,560 --> 00:32:59,960
By dawn, the bats return to the
safety of their island roost,
332
00:33:00,040 --> 00:33:02,600
bellies full of fruit.
333
00:33:02,680 --> 00:33:07,680
[chirping]
334
00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:15,080
And now, in their droppings,
335
00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:20,120
they deliver the seeds
of those fruits to the island...
336
00:33:20,200 --> 00:33:22,400
literally.
337
00:33:25,080 --> 00:33:28,440
The bats deliver large batches
of seeds each day,
338
00:33:28,520 --> 00:33:31,480
with their own dose
of fertilizer.
339
00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:38,360
[chirping]
340
00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:43,000
♪ ♪
341
00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:50,440
Turning a handful of trees
into a thriving rain forest.
342
00:33:50,520 --> 00:33:55,640
♪ ♪
343
00:33:58,640 --> 00:34:00,440
Cut off from their mainland kin,
344
00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:05,080
inhabitants of these islands
evolve into new species.
345
00:34:05,160 --> 00:34:10,840
♪ ♪
346
00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:13,280
Long isolation
defines the islands
347
00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:16,800
that lie between
Australia and Asia.
348
00:34:19,640 --> 00:34:22,000
Separated by
deep water channels,
349
00:34:22,080 --> 00:34:25,960
these islands belong
to neither realm.
350
00:34:26,040 --> 00:34:29,200
Some were born of fire.
351
00:34:29,280 --> 00:34:32,880
Others were torn away
as the continents collided,
352
00:34:32,960 --> 00:34:37,680
carrying animals with them.
353
00:34:37,760 --> 00:34:41,960
On the island of Halmahera, the
forests are home to a stowaway,
354
00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:46,080
cut adrift for
some 11 million years.
355
00:34:49,360 --> 00:34:52,000
Before dawn, the males gather.
356
00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:55,760
[chirping]
357
00:34:59,920 --> 00:35:03,960
The standardwing
bird of paradise.
358
00:35:04,040 --> 00:35:06,400
[chirping]
359
00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:12,640
♪ ♪
360
00:35:14,640 --> 00:35:19,160
Their aerial display
is totally unique,
361
00:35:19,240 --> 00:35:23,120
as are their
translucent feathers.
362
00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:27,160
[squawking]
363
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:47,520
Very little is known about
these peculiar creatures.
364
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:53,520
♪ ♪
365
00:35:57,520 --> 00:36:00,040
[squawking]
366
00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:04,120
Their display seems to be
a bizarre mix of the gatherings
367
00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:10,040
and dances of New Guinea's
birds of paradise.
368
00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:13,240
They're adorned like
the plumed dancing birds.
369
00:36:13,320 --> 00:36:17,440
But daylight also reveals
an iridescent breast shield,
370
00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:20,160
much like the shape-shifters.
371
00:36:20,240 --> 00:36:25,200
♪ ♪
372
00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:35,400
Standardwings are perhaps the
most unusual bird of paradise.
373
00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:44,560
But on the island of Sulawesi,
Halmahera's neighbor,
374
00:36:44,640 --> 00:36:47,800
lives even stranger stowaways.
375
00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:53,840
♪ ♪
376
00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:58,880
Sulawesi is made up of land
from both Australia and Asia
377
00:36:58,960 --> 00:37:00,920
and is home to a mix of animals
378
00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:05,000
that evolved on the two
completely different continents.
379
00:37:05,080 --> 00:37:10,760
♪ ♪
380
00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:14,680
This mineral spring,
hidden deep in the rain forest,
381
00:37:14,760 --> 00:37:18,800
sets the stage
for a bizarre cast.
382
00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:28,080
There are creatures
on the island of Sulawesi
383
00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:32,320
that have been isolated here
since the ancient past.
384
00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:46,680
The true stars are the shy
and seldom-seen babirusas.
385
00:37:46,760 --> 00:37:52,160
♪ ♪
386
00:37:52,240 --> 00:37:54,920
The babirusa is a type of pig,
387
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:56,880
cut off from
their Asian relatives
388
00:37:56,960 --> 00:38:00,400
for as long as 20 million years.
389
00:38:02,640 --> 00:38:06,240
They've evolved
into unique pigs.
390
00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:12,800
♪ ♪
391
00:38:12,880 --> 00:38:17,320
Their piglets lack stripes
and are born in ones and twos,
392
00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:19,880
rather than large litters.
393
00:38:19,960 --> 00:38:25,960
♪ ♪
394
00:38:30,960 --> 00:38:34,080
Babirusas emerge from the forest
in family groups,
395
00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:37,840
with dozens visiting
the spring each day.
396
00:38:41,480 --> 00:38:48,200
So many come to drink
that it soon gets overcrowded.
397
00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:52,080
Much to the frustration
of the local macaques.
398
00:38:55,240 --> 00:38:57,600
As strange a spectacle
as this is,
399
00:38:57,680 --> 00:39:02,200
nothing quite compares
to the male babirusa.
400
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:11,520
Its tusks grow through
the roof of its mouth.
401
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:16,040
According to local lore,
402
00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:20,920
males use them to hang
from branches while sleeping.
403
00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:22,960
No one seems to know for sure,
404
00:39:23,040 --> 00:39:25,480
but they're apparently
not for fighting.
405
00:39:25,560 --> 00:39:28,080
[squealing]
406
00:39:28,160 --> 00:39:30,640
When male babirusas face off,
407
00:39:30,720 --> 00:39:34,240
the conflict is settled
by boxing.
408
00:39:34,320 --> 00:39:37,040
♪ ♪
409
00:39:56,040 --> 00:40:00,360
Another unique creature joined
the boxing babirusas on Sulawesi
410
00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:04,440
when the island collided
with yet another land mass.
411
00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:12,040
♪ ♪
412
00:40:17,040 --> 00:40:18,600
Like the babirusa,
413
00:40:18,680 --> 00:40:22,240
the bear cuscus has been
confined to Sulawesi
414
00:40:22,320 --> 00:40:24,680
for some 20 million years.
415
00:40:24,760 --> 00:40:31,040
♪ ♪
416
00:40:31,120 --> 00:40:34,960
Its prehensile tail
acts like an extra hand,
417
00:40:35,040 --> 00:40:38,880
helping it move through
the rain forest trees.
418
00:40:38,960 --> 00:40:45,160
♪ ♪
419
00:40:45,240 --> 00:40:48,800
But the bear cuscus is
actually a marsupial.
420
00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:53,320
It drifted here
all the way from Australia.
421
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:57,080
♪ ♪
422
00:41:07,080 --> 00:41:10,160
Northern Sulawesi,
a land of fire,
423
00:41:10,240 --> 00:41:13,720
tells a different story.
424
00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:20,560
♪ ♪
425
00:41:24,560 --> 00:41:26,200
Thanks to the volcanoes,
426
00:41:26,280 --> 00:41:32,480
the rain forests here are more
robust than those further south.
427
00:41:32,560 --> 00:41:37,600
♪ ♪
428
00:41:43,280 --> 00:41:48,440
So these crested macaques
have a rich and varied diet.
429
00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:03,640
There's so much fruit
430
00:42:03,720 --> 00:42:08,440
that they can live in troops
over 100 strong.
431
00:42:17,160 --> 00:42:19,560
With so many living
side by side,
432
00:42:19,640 --> 00:42:24,480
communication is an essential
part of keeping the peace.
433
00:42:31,280 --> 00:42:34,600
Each expression conveys
a different message,
434
00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:36,640
so others know
how they're feeling,
435
00:42:36,720 --> 00:42:41,560
be it threatened, aroused,
or submissive.
436
00:42:41,640 --> 00:42:46,920
[chattering]
437
00:42:49,280 --> 00:42:53,760
These are the most sociable
macaques in the world.
438
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:59,200
They can spend hours
grooming each other.
439
00:42:59,280 --> 00:43:05,600
♪ ♪
440
00:43:14,600 --> 00:43:19,200
Sulawesi is this region's
most extraordinary island.
441
00:43:19,280 --> 00:43:25,560
♪ ♪
442
00:43:32,560 --> 00:43:34,920
It's an ancient land
of stowaways
443
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:40,320
torn from different worlds,
ruled by the Earth's raw power.
444
00:43:49,720 --> 00:43:51,240
Over millions of years,
445
00:43:51,320 --> 00:43:54,320
the power of fire
has turned these islands
446
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:56,760
between Asia and Australia
447
00:43:56,840 --> 00:44:00,880
into some of the biologically
richest places on our planet,
448
00:44:00,960 --> 00:44:06,320
and created a home for some
incredibly unique creatures.
449
00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:07,400
Captioned by
Side Door Media Services
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