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This is the Amazon rainforest.
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It's breathtaking.
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So many people think of the Amazon
as this vast natural oasis.
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Truly wild, unchanged forever...
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...dotted with a few isolated tribes.
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But it's a complete myth.
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See, a monumental mystery is
unfolding out here,
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with new evidence of vast societies
that thrived along these banks,
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and stretched right across
the continent
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where now there's nothing but dense
rain forest.
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I want to get to the bottom of
this mystery
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and find out for myself the real
history of the Amazon.
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I'm Ella Al-Shamahi.
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I'm an explorer and archaeologist
in some of the world's most
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dangerous and remote regions.
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I'll be travelling through
the Amazon's conflict zones.
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In search of a lost, ancient world.
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There's handprints.
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There's actual handprints.
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I'm seeing how new technology is
looking beneath the jungle
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uncovering vast, hidden settlements
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and revealing the remains of entire
civilisations of millions of people.
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It's going to raise a whole pile
of questions.
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Who were these people?
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And when did they live here?
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Where did they come from?
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And perhaps most important of all,
what on earth happened to them?
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It's the second leg of my
Amazonian Adventure.
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And I've arrived
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in Colombia.
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Ella. Nice to meet you.
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Hi, Ella, it's a pleasure.
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Welcome to San Jose del Guaviare.
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I'm on an epic mission
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to discover the hidden secrets of
the ancient Amazon.
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On my journey so far,
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I've seen how new technology
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is revealing
long-lost civilisations
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that once thrived in the
dense rainforest.
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There were people living here
hundreds of years ago.
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This is real
archaeological discovery.
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Until contact with Europeans
around 500 years ago...
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...completely wiped them off the map.
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Now, I'm reaching much
further back in time,
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to discover how those great
civilisations first came to be.
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Here in Colombia, one spectacular
discovery holds clues
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to the very first people to inhabit
the Amazon.
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But this region is dangerous,
and without my local guide Oliver,
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getting in with cameras would be
just about impossible.
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Are we OK to have cameras?
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If they tell us to turn off the
camera, we will do that, obviously.
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Do all cars get called over?
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Not all, but some do.
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Do you have your passports with you?
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Everything all right?
Yeah, all good.
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We can keep on.
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What exactly is the sensitivity?
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The whole region has been affected
by the 50 years civil war,
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so, they still are checking people
for arms, for example.
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And this is a civil war with FARC?
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It's with the FARC, Yeah.
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War raged between FARC guerrillas
and the Colombian government
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for 50 years
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at a cost of more than
200,000 lives.
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But now, an uneasy truce has
been agreed.
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How's the peace agreement working
out in this particular area?
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There are still some groups,
active groups.
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So, that means the peace agreement
is failing, basically.
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I'm venturing into territory still
run by ex-FARC militia.
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Because the jungles of Colombia are
home to one of the most
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incredible finds ever made in
the Amazon.
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If we can actually get there.
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We are going there right now with
the permission of the FARC.
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Yeah.
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And that's essentially what's
protecting us and keeping us safe.
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It's like a rebel visa, isn't it?
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A rebel visa?
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Yeah, we've basically got a visa
from a bunch of rebels.
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After nearly three hours,
we arrive at a remote village,
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that will be my base for the next
couple of days.
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The locals are very nervous about
the possibility of officials
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coming to snoop.
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So I let Oliver try to convince them
that we're OK.
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So, I'm not completely clear on
what's going on.
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They're having a really big
elongated discussion right now
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about permissions.
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Everybody keeps saying problem,
problem, problem,
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I'm like, clearly there's a problem.
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There's so much distrust.
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So, what's the situation?
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Well, the situation is basically
they do have some doubts.
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So, they are not, like,
really happy.
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But negotiating, we got the access.
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Good. All right.
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Phew.
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Hey! Ella.
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You're smiling! How are you doing?
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Good.
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Joining me is British archaeologist
Mark Robinson who's spent
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two seasons working here.
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Ready to see something spectacular?
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Yes, yes.
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Backpacks on, we head out from
the village.
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Mark believes this huge rocky
outcrop was a special place
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for ancient people.
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It's incredible.
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Isn't it just?
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A good place for me to look
for clues.
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You can just imagine if you were
a pre-Columbian Amazonian,
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just kind of, 00f.
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You'd see that and it's something,
isn't it?
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It looks a bit like the Mecca of
the region.
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It, kind of, draws you in.
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War with the FARC has meant this
place has been off limits
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for decades.
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Following the peace treaty,
Mark was among the very first
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archaeologists allowed back in to
explore it.
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That is something.
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I'm trying not to swear.
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That is incredible.
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This is the prehistoric
Sistine Chapel.
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Everywhere I look, there are
crazy geometric patterns,
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animals,
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birds
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and plants.
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I mean there's so many,
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it's kind of overwhelming,
there's just so much.
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Those are humans up there.
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The paintings are like
a distant diary
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depicting the lives
these early Amazonians lived.
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We're seeing themes,
we're seeing style to this.
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This is not an individual,
we're talking about groups,
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group consciousness and group
culture as it starts to develop
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and how they depict the world
around them.
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So, we start to really get an idea
of who these people are.
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There's handprints.
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There's actual handprints.
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Some person stood here
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and put their hand
on that bit of wall.
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It's absolutely profound to think
that that handprint
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may be a handprint of the
first people
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to have made it to the Amazon.
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Experts believe the first people
reached the Americas
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between 15 and 25,000 years ago,
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crossing a land bridge that, then,
joined Siberia to Alaska.
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Migration continued south over
thousands of years,
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finally passing through
the narrow gap of central America
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and into the Amazon.
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Those first people could have come
through here,
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right where I'm standing.
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But just how old are the
rock paintings?
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Is there any way of knowing whether
they could have been painted
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by some of those very
first Amazonians?
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There are a number of different
techniques in archaeology
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that can be used to date things,
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are any of them going to be of any
use for this wall?
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The one that most people know is
carbon dating.
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But, the biggest problem in this,
there's no carbon involved.
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We're looking at ochre on the walls,
so, that's a real problem for us.
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But I'm far from finished here.
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Because it turns out that there's
much more to explore.
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Last year, Mark and his colleagues
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discovered 16 more walls of
ancient drawings
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all completely unknown to science.
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And tomorrow, I'm going to be
one of the first archaeologists
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ever to explore them.
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It's morning.
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And I'm back on the trail of the
first Amazonians.
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Oh, my God.
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It tastes amazing.
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The art I saw yesterday was one of
the most breathtaking things
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I have ever seen as
an archaeologist.
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But it turns out it's just the tip
of the iceberg.
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This is the rock face we need
to scale.
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Because in this remote part of the
Colombian Amazon,
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Mark has located another 16 walls,
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all covered with more
ancient paintings.
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This better be bloody worth it.
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Mark has only ever been here
once before.
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Let's check the GPS.
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So, the point we had from last
year is just up here,
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it looks like it's just
through the bush here.
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We are getting close.
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There we go.
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And this is it.
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As you can see, we've got a
beautiful bowl.
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Oh, my God.
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There's, there's rock art all the
way back here,
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I've just walked past a turtle,
there's all kinds,
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it just, it seems to circumvent
right around this rock face.
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Mark's colleagues have started
making 3D scans of the walls,
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so archaeologists will be able to
analyse every single detail
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of these drawings without having to
trek through the jungle.
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But it'll take time
because, incredibly,
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Mark estimates there could be more
than 100,000 paintings
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on this remote outcrop.
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It's possibly the greatest cache of
ancient rock art in the Americas.
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To think that I have the absolute
privilege and honour
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of being in the very, very first few
scientists, of archaeologists
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to see this.
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It's just mad.
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What we're looking at here is
undescribed to the world,
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it's undescribed to science.
204
00:13:33,285 --> 00:13:34,940
How cool is that?
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00:13:37,405 --> 00:13:39,099
Compared to yesterday's site,
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some of these drawings look simpler,
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perhaps even older.
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Come have a look at this one here.
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00:13:47,004 --> 00:13:50,870
And Mark has discovered a clue that
could help us work out
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00:13:50,895 --> 00:13:53,979
just how early they might be.
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The little image right here,
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it looks like an animal, there's
an animal head here
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and a large body,
214
00:13:58,685 --> 00:14:01,490
and that shape of the head, as well,
it's quite distinctive.
215
00:14:01,515 --> 00:14:04,050
And particularly distinctive is
this long
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00:14:04,075 --> 00:14:06,410
trunk coming off the front.
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This is a mastodon.
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00:14:11,044 --> 00:14:15,410
A prehistoric relative of
today's elephants.
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00:14:15,435 --> 00:14:20,950
But mastodons haven't roamed South
America for at least 12,000 years.
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00:14:23,365 --> 00:14:28,769
The people who once lived here,
must have lived alongside them.
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00:14:28,794 --> 00:14:33,820
Clearly there's an overlap between
people and these mega herbivores.
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00:14:33,845 --> 00:14:38,310
It tells us that this artwork was
drawn at that time period.
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So, this is a great
chronological marker
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00:14:40,085 --> 00:14:42,380
that these were some of the
earliest people.
225
00:14:42,405 --> 00:14:44,180
That's absolutely insane.
226
00:14:44,205 --> 00:14:48,590
I think so many people when they
think about archaeology and dating,
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00:14:48,615 --> 00:14:50,979
they always think about
traditional dating methods
228
00:14:51,004 --> 00:14:52,979
like carbon dating and all the rest
of it.
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00:14:53,004 --> 00:14:54,849
But actually, sometimes
there's something
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00:14:54,874 --> 00:14:58,490
right in front of your face, which
is an animal on some rock art
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00:14:58,515 --> 00:15:03,260
that went extinct at a certain
point, and it's on this wall.
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00:15:07,285 --> 00:15:10,590
Unseen by outsiders for
12,000 years,
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00:15:10,615 --> 00:15:15,899
Mark is now identifying more extinct
species on the walls.
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00:15:17,975 --> 00:15:19,490
A giant sloth...
235
00:15:21,205 --> 00:15:24,950
...and another completely
unexpected animal.
236
00:15:24,975 --> 00:15:27,540
That is so clearly a horse, right?
237
00:15:30,054 --> 00:15:33,590
One of the interesting aspects
with this horse is the head shape.
238
00:15:33,615 --> 00:15:36,380
This head shape, OK, it's quite a
crude representation -
239
00:15:36,405 --> 00:15:40,700
but that's a head shape we expect of
one of the earliest horses.
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00:15:42,975 --> 00:15:44,950
Horses are native to the Americas,
241
00:15:44,975 --> 00:15:49,310
but they went extinct from
South America around 13,000 years.
242
00:15:49,335 --> 00:15:50,540
That is amazing.
243
00:15:54,124 --> 00:15:58,490
Living alongside horses, sloths and
giant mastodons,
244
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it's clear that the Amazon these
earliest people knew
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00:16:02,205 --> 00:16:05,420
was a mix of forest and
open savannah.
246
00:16:07,725 --> 00:16:10,779
Very different from the Amazon we
see today.
247
00:16:12,205 --> 00:16:16,540
To think that some of the earliest
inhabitants of the Amazon were
248
00:16:16,565 --> 00:16:18,570
here painting when importantly,
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00:16:18,595 --> 00:16:24,140
the Amazon did not look like the
Amazon rainforest of today.
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It's absolutely goosebump-inducing.
251
00:16:26,205 --> 00:16:27,420
It's, just, it's insane.
252
00:16:40,725 --> 00:16:43,210
Leaving Colombia, I'm heading south,
253
00:16:43,235 --> 00:16:46,670
back over the jungles of the
Brazilian rainforest.
254
00:16:49,415 --> 00:16:54,820
Across the Amazon today, there are
at least 400 indigenous groups.
255
00:16:57,134 --> 00:17:02,029
Including about 100 that remain
totally uncontacted.
256
00:17:03,525 --> 00:17:05,820
All are genetically related.
257
00:17:05,845 --> 00:17:09,750
Direct descendants of those very
first hunters,
258
00:17:09,775 --> 00:17:12,750
maybe even those who left their
rock art
259
00:17:12,775 --> 00:17:15,109
over 12,000 years ago.
260
00:17:16,884 --> 00:17:21,260
But just a few groups are
startlingly different,
261
00:17:21,285 --> 00:17:25,340
with incredible genetic secrets
that are challenging everything
262
00:17:25,365 --> 00:17:29,670
we thought we knew about how the
Amazon was first occupied.
263
00:17:31,525 --> 00:17:35,859
One of them is a Brazilian
indigenous group called the Surui.
264
00:17:35,884 --> 00:17:38,140
And I'm going to meet them.
265
00:17:38,165 --> 00:17:39,930
But like so many others,
266
00:17:39,955 --> 00:17:44,500
they've been seriously affected by
contact with the outside world.
267
00:17:47,855 --> 00:17:49,750
When you look out the window,
268
00:17:49,775 --> 00:17:53,540
there's so many roads, and the roads
bring with them
269
00:17:53,565 --> 00:17:55,830
a lot of problems.
270
00:17:55,855 --> 00:17:57,060
So, actually, for the Surui,
271
00:17:57,085 --> 00:18:02,750
it was actually a road, a big
highway that was put in in 1969,
272
00:18:02,775 --> 00:18:05,220
that was when 90% of
their population
273
00:18:05,245 --> 00:18:07,140
were completely decimated.
274
00:18:08,445 --> 00:18:09,580
Think about that.
275
00:18:09,605 --> 00:18:12,140
That's 90% of their population
276
00:18:12,165 --> 00:18:16,750
being decimated because a road was
put in
277
00:18:16,775 --> 00:18:19,779
that brought in outsiders with,
278
00:18:19,804 --> 00:18:22,940
basically, diseases that they didn't
have immunities for.
279
00:18:30,445 --> 00:18:34,140
So, basically, this whole area used
to be indigenous territory?
280
00:18:34,165 --> 00:18:39,420
Yeah, the whole state was
virgin rainforest.
281
00:18:39,445 --> 00:18:44,260
My new Brazilian guide Flavio is
taking me to meet the Surui...
282
00:18:46,215 --> 00:18:48,550
...who now live on a small
reservation.
283
00:18:52,085 --> 00:18:54,500
Right, so, I guess this is
the village.
284
00:18:54,525 --> 00:18:55,779
Yeah.
285
00:18:57,775 --> 00:18:58,750
Oi.
286
00:19:01,045 --> 00:19:02,620
So nice to meet you.
287
00:19:02,645 --> 00:19:06,220
I'm actually quite nervous meeting
Chief Almir Surui.
288
00:19:06,245 --> 00:19:08,020
Thank you, thank you for coming out.
289
00:19:08,045 --> 00:19:10,300
So is this?
290
00:19:11,525 --> 00:19:12,779
Ah, your brother.
291
00:19:12,804 --> 00:19:14,550
Hi. Ella, Ella.
292
00:19:14,575 --> 00:19:16,270
Because in the past,
293
00:19:16,295 --> 00:19:21,270
the Surui have not been treated
well by scientists like me.
294
00:19:21,295 --> 00:19:25,659
Since the late 1980s,
researchers have taken samples
295
00:19:25,684 --> 00:19:28,270
of indigenous blood as a matter
of course.
296
00:19:30,045 --> 00:19:34,659
A violation that's been repeated
numerous times over the decades,
297
00:19:34,684 --> 00:19:37,580
and that the Surui strongly resent.
298
00:19:51,215 --> 00:19:52,190
Hi.
299
00:19:53,365 --> 00:19:54,340
Hi.
300
00:19:55,725 --> 00:20:00,340
Can I ask when and how was your
blood taken?
301
00:20:23,764 --> 00:20:26,500
Did you ever hear from them again?
302
00:20:26,525 --> 00:20:28,779
Did you ever get any results
from them?
303
00:20:35,855 --> 00:20:40,190
Weitag Surui's blood was taken
in the 1990s,
304
00:20:40,215 --> 00:20:42,140
to be shared and possibly sold,
305
00:20:42,165 --> 00:20:45,190
along with other Surui samples,
306
00:20:45,215 --> 00:20:47,060
without any permission,
307
00:20:47,085 --> 00:20:51,420
to scientists, including those
researching ancestral DNA.
308
00:20:52,855 --> 00:20:54,350
They were never told why.
309
00:20:55,605 --> 00:20:58,060
Or given any results.
310
00:21:33,684 --> 00:21:35,659
I'm sad that you were
disrespected like that,
311
00:21:35,684 --> 00:21:37,989
I'm really sorry about that.
312
00:21:38,014 --> 00:21:39,550
That shouldn't have happened.
313
00:21:41,325 --> 00:21:45,140
Incredibly, no-one has ever even
told the Surui
314
00:21:45,165 --> 00:21:50,580
that their blood samples have opened
up a massive mystery.
315
00:21:50,605 --> 00:21:54,300
I want to try to explain that what
scientists have discovered
316
00:21:54,325 --> 00:21:59,070
in their DNA is simply astonishing.
317
00:21:59,095 --> 00:22:01,659
But finding a way to communicate
genetics to them
318
00:22:01,684 --> 00:22:03,989
isn't going to be easy.
319
00:22:04,014 --> 00:22:08,300
And I'm pretty nervous about how
they might react when I try.
320
00:22:10,684 --> 00:22:12,989
I genuinely have no idea how this is
going to go.
321
00:22:13,014 --> 00:22:14,270
I am so stressed.
322
00:22:16,125 --> 00:22:17,550
On top of everything,
323
00:22:17,575 --> 00:22:20,380
I feel a huge weight of
responsibility for all
324
00:22:20,405 --> 00:22:22,909
my fellow scientists.
325
00:22:22,934 --> 00:22:25,820
I am terrified.
326
00:22:25,845 --> 00:22:29,380
Because the discoveries are turning
our assumption about the first
327
00:22:29,405 --> 00:22:31,989
Amazonians completely on its head.
328
00:22:37,884 --> 00:22:39,500
Let's see if I do it this way.
329
00:22:42,884 --> 00:22:43,859
OK.
330
00:22:52,375 --> 00:22:54,739
How many of you are really
familiar with this map?
331
00:22:58,095 --> 00:23:02,020
There's something really interesting
about yourselves, actually -
332
00:23:02,045 --> 00:23:04,070
the Surui.
333
00:23:04,095 --> 00:23:05,550
It turns out that you,
334
00:23:05,575 --> 00:23:09,909
unlike most other indigenous groups
in South America,
335
00:23:09,934 --> 00:23:13,460
you share some DNA, some ancestry,
336
00:23:13,485 --> 00:23:15,940
with people...
337
00:23:15,965 --> 00:23:17,270
...in Australia.
338
00:23:26,385 --> 00:23:30,689
I'm trying to communicate
a scientific bombshell...
339
00:23:32,834 --> 00:23:35,920
...that the Surui have some
ancient ancestors,
340
00:23:35,945 --> 00:23:39,330
that almost no other
indigenous Amazonians share.
341
00:23:42,635 --> 00:23:47,530
The question is, how is there a
relationship between here and here?
342
00:23:47,555 --> 00:23:51,080
You guys are one of the few
indigenous groups that have it.
343
00:23:55,745 --> 00:23:59,490
Most scientists believe that
every indigenous group
344
00:23:59,515 --> 00:24:03,280
in the Amazon can trace their roots
back to one ancestral population,
345
00:24:03,305 --> 00:24:07,849
which reached South America
at least 15,000 years ago.
346
00:24:10,424 --> 00:24:14,810
But their DNA reveals the Surui
are one of just three indigenous
347
00:24:14,835 --> 00:24:17,680
groups in the whole of the
Americas who are partly
348
00:24:17,705 --> 00:24:22,370
descended from another, completely
different ancestor that they
349
00:24:22,395 --> 00:24:26,880
share with indigenous Australasians.
350
00:24:30,035 --> 00:24:32,880
It means that you're very unique,
it means there's something
351
00:24:32,905 --> 00:24:35,240
really interesting going on with
you and there's a sign
352
00:24:35,265 --> 00:24:39,570
of ancestry in you that really is
very unique and very special.
353
00:24:41,115 --> 00:24:43,450
We still don't know how or exactly
354
00:24:43,475 --> 00:24:46,849
when the Surui's mysterious
ancestors got here.
355
00:24:46,874 --> 00:24:49,570
THEY SPEAK IN SURUI
356
00:24:49,595 --> 00:24:54,040
But my attempt at explaining some
science has unexpectedly set off
357
00:24:54,065 --> 00:24:58,370
a discussion about their own origin
myths.
358
00:25:53,065 --> 00:25:56,250
It's incredible to hear
the Surui's own
359
00:25:56,275 --> 00:25:58,479
mythology about their ancient past.
360
00:26:00,275 --> 00:26:02,970
And I feel I've done my
best to explain why
361
00:26:02,995 --> 00:26:06,529
we scientists think
they're so special.
362
00:26:10,595 --> 00:26:15,479
So this has been a completely
profound experience actually.
363
00:26:17,835 --> 00:26:21,890
We, the outside world, have to
give them so much more respect,
364
00:26:21,915 --> 00:26:26,250
and we, scientists, also have to
give them so much more respect.
365
00:26:26,275 --> 00:26:33,970
And help, because if we let
366
00:26:33,995 --> 00:26:37,040
the loggers and the miners win,
367
00:26:37,065 --> 00:26:41,450
we will have lost
one of the most fascinating
368
00:26:41,475 --> 00:26:45,760
pieces of the jigsaw puzzle
when it comes to Amazonian history.
369
00:26:47,275 --> 00:26:49,120
One of the most ancient people,
370
00:26:49,145 --> 00:26:52,479
and it would be just absolutely
devastating.
371
00:26:53,865 --> 00:26:56,120
THUNDER CLAPS
372
00:27:08,195 --> 00:27:11,940
My hunt for the origins
of the people of the Amazon
373
00:27:11,965 --> 00:27:14,370
has taken me deep into prehistory.
374
00:27:18,965 --> 00:27:22,729
I've found new evidence about
the very early pioneers
375
00:27:22,754 --> 00:27:26,560
who migrated here at least
15,000 years ago.
376
00:27:29,504 --> 00:27:33,810
And I've met indigenous people
with an ancient secret in their DNA.
377
00:27:37,475 --> 00:27:42,170
But how did the first Amazonians go
on to forge the great civilisations
378
00:27:42,195 --> 00:27:47,690
that I've found existed centuries
before the first Europeans arrived?
379
00:27:52,355 --> 00:27:55,200
The first question is
380
00:27:55,225 --> 00:27:58,450
when did groups of nomadic
hunter-gatherers
381
00:27:58,475 --> 00:28:02,090
first begin to
settle and build homes?
382
00:28:05,554 --> 00:28:09,840
There are clues in the far
west of the Amazon, in Bolivia.
383
00:28:13,325 --> 00:28:16,729
Here, Earth scientist
Umberto Lombardo has been
384
00:28:16,754 --> 00:28:21,050
searching for evidence of
prehistoric Amazonian settlements.
385
00:28:26,835 --> 00:28:31,300
He's finding evidence in the most
unlikely of places -
386
00:28:31,325 --> 00:28:35,609
an ancient rubbish tip
of discarded snail shells.
387
00:28:41,504 --> 00:28:43,380
This is hard, it's hard like rock.
388
00:28:43,405 --> 00:28:45,690
But it is not a rock.
389
00:28:45,715 --> 00:28:48,170
We know in this area there
are no rocks.
390
00:28:48,195 --> 00:28:52,170
This is a huge flood plain,
and all the sediments are very fine.
391
00:28:52,195 --> 00:28:56,170
It looks like a rock because it is
full of shells, snail shells.
392
00:28:56,195 --> 00:29:00,560
You see all the shells
are fragmented and cemented,
393
00:29:00,585 --> 00:29:04,970
all together and this
is actually an apple snail.
394
00:29:04,995 --> 00:29:09,489
Here, we have one,
this is a small one.
395
00:29:11,475 --> 00:29:15,890
The oldest shells here have been
dated to 10,000 years ago,
396
00:29:15,915 --> 00:29:19,890
when they would have been a major
part of the diet for the people
397
00:29:19,915 --> 00:29:25,739
who lived here in what was a
difficult and dangerous environment.
398
00:29:28,585 --> 00:29:31,020
These are the Bolivian flood plains.
399
00:29:33,554 --> 00:29:37,170
In the summer months, this
part of the Amazon bakes
400
00:29:37,195 --> 00:29:38,810
under a relentless sun.
401
00:29:42,485 --> 00:29:46,250
But in the wet season, it becomes
a very different place.
402
00:29:48,554 --> 00:29:52,920
The landscape is so flat, and it
rains so much, that it is very
403
00:29:52,945 --> 00:29:55,250
difficult for the water to
drain to the rivers.
404
00:29:55,275 --> 00:29:57,279
So when the rainy season starts,
405
00:29:57,304 --> 00:30:00,970
about 80,000 square km
of this area get flooded.
406
00:30:02,355 --> 00:30:06,739
But over centuries, the snail
shells discarded by these first
407
00:30:06,764 --> 00:30:09,489
inhabitants created
something incredible.
408
00:30:14,764 --> 00:30:19,460
Forest islands that became a safe
haven from the flood waters.
409
00:30:25,434 --> 00:30:27,739
Umberto believes that as food
410
00:30:27,764 --> 00:30:32,050
and domestic waste gradually
built up above the floods...
411
00:30:33,355 --> 00:30:36,279
...trees grew on the
drier, enriched ground,
412
00:30:36,304 --> 00:30:39,279
giving shade from the scorching sun.
413
00:30:42,405 --> 00:30:47,409
Each mound became an oasis of
shelter in the vast, hostile plains.
414
00:30:49,514 --> 00:30:53,250
Rather than moving around,
the people of the Amazon were
415
00:30:53,275 --> 00:30:57,890
settling down, forming the first
permanent settlements in the region.
416
00:31:00,384 --> 00:31:01,489
And, amazingly...
417
00:31:03,955 --> 00:31:07,930
...Umberto has even unearthed
the remains of the very people
418
00:31:07,955 --> 00:31:09,289
who once lived here.
419
00:31:10,955 --> 00:31:15,000
The skulls are very deformed,
squashed like this,
420
00:31:15,025 --> 00:31:17,970
because of the weight
of the sediments on top of them.
421
00:31:19,875 --> 00:31:23,460
And from the radio-carbon age
we could get from these remains,
422
00:31:23,485 --> 00:31:25,130
we know they are 6,000 years old
423
00:31:25,155 --> 00:31:28,330
and they are among the oldest
skeletons from Amazonia.
424
00:31:31,745 --> 00:31:35,359
From the nomadic migrants
of 15,000 years ago,
425
00:31:35,384 --> 00:31:39,770
I've discovered the first
evidence of people who settled
426
00:31:39,795 --> 00:31:43,330
and built homes around
5,000 years later.
427
00:31:47,235 --> 00:31:49,130
But what happened next?
428
00:31:56,715 --> 00:32:01,050
To find out, I'm teaming up again
with Bolivian archaeologist
429
00:32:01,075 --> 00:32:02,210
Carla Beta ncourt.
430
00:32:04,795 --> 00:32:08,820
And you can see this black layer?
431
00:32:08,845 --> 00:32:10,690
Yeah.
432
00:32:10,715 --> 00:32:14,690
I've already seen how Carla's
recent excavations in Bolivia
433
00:32:14,715 --> 00:32:19,050
are revealing a sophisticated
society that flourished
434
00:32:19,075 --> 00:32:20,409
well over 1,000 years ago.
435
00:32:25,155 --> 00:32:28,489
Now she's contacted me
about a new find,
436
00:32:28,514 --> 00:32:31,080
a 1500-year-old skeleton,
437
00:32:31,105 --> 00:32:32,970
which Carla hopes
might contain clues
438
00:32:32,995 --> 00:32:36,770
to how Amazonians from
that era lived.
439
00:32:38,925 --> 00:32:41,489
The thing with skulls it that
they are actually quite light
440
00:32:41,514 --> 00:32:43,900
and this one feels like a rock,
and the reason why
441
00:32:43,925 --> 00:32:48,409
it feels like a rock is that it's
clearly still covered in dirt.
442
00:32:50,314 --> 00:32:53,690
Carla and I are coming to a nearby
lab to see what secrets this
443
00:32:53,715 --> 00:32:55,369
new find might contain.
444
00:32:57,115 --> 00:32:58,900
Hi, Ella, nice to meet you.
445
00:32:58,925 --> 00:33:00,690
This is the moment of truth.
446
00:33:03,715 --> 00:33:08,050
It's like unwrapping a
Christmas present out here.
447
00:33:08,075 --> 00:33:09,770
A really careful operation.
448
00:33:15,285 --> 00:33:19,570
Ah look at this. Oh, that's great,
449
00:33:19,595 --> 00:33:21,489
Oh, that's great.
450
00:33:23,235 --> 00:33:25,180
As you can see, there's
clearly an eye socket,
451
00:33:25,205 --> 00:33:27,539
there's another eye socket here,
you've got the nose.
452
00:33:27,564 --> 00:33:29,489
But you can see the detail,
can't you, Carla?
453
00:33:29,514 --> 00:33:30,850
You can see the teeth. Yeah, yeah.
454
00:33:33,845 --> 00:33:37,730
As a palaeoanthropologist, I'm
used to studying human remains.
455
00:33:37,755 --> 00:33:41,180
But this is my very first
ancient Amazonian.
456
00:33:43,005 --> 00:33:47,010
The teeth of Carla's skull might
contain clues to how
457
00:33:47,035 --> 00:33:49,260
this ancient Amazonian lived.
458
00:33:50,564 --> 00:33:53,369
We've got to be careful cos that
might just dislodge the whole tooth.
459
00:33:53,394 --> 00:33:56,619
There we go, it's coming out.
Perfect.
460
00:33:56,644 --> 00:34:00,210
The enamel, that tooth is
really, really worn down
461
00:34:00,235 --> 00:34:06,060
through something it's eaten,
through some kind of wear.
462
00:34:09,475 --> 00:34:10,700
Let' do it.
463
00:34:11,835 --> 00:34:14,260
But the best way to analyse
this skull...
464
00:34:17,285 --> 00:34:21,770
...is by scanning it with 21st
century medical technology.
465
00:34:25,925 --> 00:34:27,419
No"
466
00:34:27,444 --> 00:34:28,619
Oh, wow!
467
00:34:30,595 --> 00:34:33,289
It's cleaned up all the dirt,
essentially, it's...
468
00:34:33,314 --> 00:34:35,570
You can just see the bone.
469
00:34:35,595 --> 00:34:37,169
That is so cool.
470
00:34:37,194 --> 00:34:40,210
The teeth... Look at how clean they
are finally.
471
00:34:40,235 --> 00:34:42,539
This is why people get so
excited about CT scans
472
00:34:42,564 --> 00:34:44,850
because if we were cleaning this up,
473
00:34:44,875 --> 00:34:47,980
we would have had to be really
delicate, take it to a lab.
474
00:34:48,005 --> 00:34:51,980
It would have taken time, we may
have damaged it in the process.
475
00:34:53,755 --> 00:34:55,090
This is brilliant.
476
00:34:55,115 --> 00:34:56,810
Thank you so much. This is so good
477
00:35:02,115 --> 00:35:06,140
Our examination reveals tooth
wear consistent with eating
478
00:35:06,165 --> 00:35:07,900
a grain like maize.
479
00:35:09,444 --> 00:35:12,090
It is really cool to think that
that skull has been in the ground
480
00:35:12,115 --> 00:35:15,340
for a thousand years and now it's
been brought back to life.
481
00:35:15,365 --> 00:35:20,450
It is so unusual to find
human remains in the Amazon,
482
00:35:20,475 --> 00:35:23,489
and I'm basically beside myself
that we got to CT scan one of them
483
00:35:23,514 --> 00:35:29,090
and, you know, it wasn't the best
preserved human remains,
484
00:35:29,115 --> 00:35:31,850
it was crushed,
it was covered in earth,
485
00:35:31,875 --> 00:35:34,810
and yet, you saw what
that CT scan did.
486
00:35:34,835 --> 00:35:36,010
That's pretty awesome.
487
00:35:40,194 --> 00:35:44,850
The people Carla is excavating, were
not only settled they were farmers.
488
00:35:47,394 --> 00:35:50,340
A crucial step in forging
a civilisation.
489
00:35:54,444 --> 00:35:57,289
But there is still one great
mystery to be solved.
490
00:36:00,274 --> 00:36:03,860
The Amazon rainforest is
a hostile place.
491
00:36:03,885 --> 00:36:07,530
And despite appearances,
its soils are poor,
492
00:36:07,555 --> 00:36:09,780
and unable to sustain agriculture.
493
00:36:12,394 --> 00:36:15,980
So how on earth did ancient
people tame it, and sustain
494
00:36:16,005 --> 00:36:21,530
a population that experts now
estimate was in the millions?
495
00:36:30,524 --> 00:36:33,410
I've discovered that by the time
Europeans arrived in the Amazon
496
00:36:33,435 --> 00:36:35,690
almost 500 years ago,
497
00:36:35,715 --> 00:36:39,499
great civilisations were thriving.
498
00:36:43,245 --> 00:36:48,330
But how could they grow enough food
to sustain themselves?
499
00:36:56,605 --> 00:37:01,220
Ecologist Carolina Levis
and botanist Mariana Cassino
500
00:37:01,245 --> 00:37:04,179
are investigating the mystery,
501
00:37:04,204 --> 00:37:09,220
looking for clues in a small,
self-sufficient village.
502
00:37:12,565 --> 00:37:17,140
The natural soils of the Amazon
are a light-coloured clay.
503
00:37:17,165 --> 00:37:21,540
But this village was
built on something very different.
504
00:37:23,635 --> 00:37:29,049
We can see these big
layers of a darker soil.
505
00:37:29,074 --> 00:37:31,740
The soil in some parts
are really dark,
506
00:37:31,765 --> 00:37:35,220
full of ceramics
and full of charcoal.
507
00:37:36,715 --> 00:37:41,610
When we find this soil
with a lot of ceramics,
508
00:37:41,635 --> 00:37:47,179
we know that they were
created by human activities.
509
00:37:49,485 --> 00:37:54,740
Ancient people who once lived here
transformed the natural soil,
510
00:37:54,765 --> 00:37:59,410
and it's still
fertile 2,000 years later.
511
00:37:59,435 --> 00:38:04,490
Now we are finding these black earth
soils created by humans
512
00:38:04,515 --> 00:38:06,970
in many, many places of the Amazon.
513
00:38:08,605 --> 00:38:13,330
Scientists have now identified more
than a thousand sites in the Amazon
514
00:38:13,355 --> 00:38:15,100
with this magical secret -
515
00:38:15,125 --> 00:38:19,890
charcoal-rich, highly fertile
black earth.
516
00:38:25,015 --> 00:38:28,240
Within this dense forest
there were once fields,
517
00:38:28,265 --> 00:38:30,710
growing crops like maize and manioc.
518
00:38:36,735 --> 00:38:40,040
But it wasn't just cleared areas
that were tended.
519
00:38:42,065 --> 00:38:46,430
Beyond the village, Mariana
and Carolina are discovering
520
00:38:46,455 --> 00:38:48,790
that ancient people
even tamed the forest...
521
00:38:52,785 --> 00:38:54,600
...turning swathes of jungle
522
00:38:54,625 --> 00:38:56,350
into giant gardens
523
00:38:56,375 --> 00:39:01,560
planted with everything
the people here needed to thrive.
524
00:39:02,735 --> 00:39:06,199
Look at that, a big brazil nut tree.
Yeah.
525
00:39:07,344 --> 00:39:11,920
Here in this place,
we have a huge diversity of plants,
526
00:39:11,945 --> 00:39:17,279
plants used for construction,
food, medicinal.
527
00:39:18,535 --> 00:39:20,960
Carolina and Mariana are convinced
528
00:39:20,985 --> 00:39:24,870
that high concentrations
of certain trees growing today
529
00:39:24,895 --> 00:39:31,319
can only be explained by centuries
of forest management,
530
00:39:31,344 --> 00:39:36,069
with ancient traditions that have
been passed down into living memory.
531
00:40:21,354 --> 00:40:24,230
For hundreds or even
thousands of years,
532
00:40:24,255 --> 00:40:27,610
the peoples of the Amazon
tended the forests,
533
00:40:27,635 --> 00:40:33,949
encouraging rich orchards to grow
amongst the trees of the rainforest.
534
00:40:35,145 --> 00:40:38,279
With the collapse of these great
civilisations
535
00:40:38,304 --> 00:40:40,720
after the first Europeans arrived,
536
00:40:40,745 --> 00:40:43,440
the gardens and orchards
were overgrown,
537
00:40:43,465 --> 00:40:45,690
disappearing into the jungle.
538
00:40:52,304 --> 00:40:55,800
Everywhere I go, I'm meeting
indigenous people
539
00:40:55,825 --> 00:40:58,079
whose lives are changing with the
times...
540
00:41:02,715 --> 00:41:07,279
...but who still live more or less
sustainably within the forest,
541
00:41:07,304 --> 00:41:12,360
often fighting to keep their
ancient traditions alive.
542
00:41:14,615 --> 00:41:16,949
The Huachiperi people's story
543
00:41:16,974 --> 00:41:20,920
echoes that of indigenous
groups all over the Amazon.
544
00:41:22,945 --> 00:41:26,230
Hola!
545
00:41:26,255 --> 00:41:27,310
Buenos dias.
546
00:41:27,335 --> 00:41:29,920
Como esta, senorita?
Very well, thank you.
547
00:41:33,665 --> 00:41:35,480
What kind of fish is this?
548
00:41:36,745 --> 00:41:40,720
You know, where I come from,
we think that these eat humans.
549
00:41:45,335 --> 00:41:47,050
No, no, no, she's having none of
this.
550
00:41:48,335 --> 00:41:50,560
Hi! This is one hell of an outfit.
551
00:41:59,615 --> 00:42:01,920
Billy wants his arrow
for the traditional dance
552
00:42:01,945 --> 00:42:03,440
and he can't find it.
553
00:42:03,465 --> 00:42:08,360
Even without his arrow, Billy's not
going to miss this dance...
554
00:42:08,385 --> 00:42:11,770
MAN SINGS
555
00:42:11,795 --> 00:42:15,520
...a tradition handed down
over generations.
556
00:42:17,795 --> 00:42:20,199
But like so many indigenous groups,
557
00:42:20,224 --> 00:42:24,279
the Huachiperi have been
decimated by disease, in their case
558
00:42:24,304 --> 00:42:30,233
an epidemic of smallpox
brought by outsiders in the 1940s.
559
00:42:43,419 --> 00:42:45,674
Like peoples all over the Amazon,
560
00:42:45,699 --> 00:42:48,153
their forest was cleared by loggers,
561
00:42:48,178 --> 00:42:52,554
the land turned over to cattle
ranching.
562
00:42:52,579 --> 00:42:56,554
And in the 1960s, they were moved
onto two small reservations.
563
00:42:57,619 --> 00:43:01,983
Once, there were around 30,000
Huachiperi.
564
00:43:02,008 --> 00:43:06,554
Now, just a handful remain,
like Edi Dariquebe.
565
00:43:26,649 --> 00:43:30,084
MAN SINGS TO DRUMBEAT
566
00:43:30,109 --> 00:43:33,804
You see, this might just look like
567
00:43:33,829 --> 00:43:37,514
what you'd see in a school assembly
somewhere,
568
00:43:37,539 --> 00:43:41,194
and I'm sure that's part of it
but if you notice, they're all kids
569
00:43:41,219 --> 00:43:45,594
and there's maybe a few dozen people
left in the whole world
570
00:43:45,619 --> 00:43:48,983
that speak this language and
so really,
571
00:43:49,008 --> 00:43:51,704
this is also a way of keeping the
traditions and the language alive.
572
00:43:58,109 --> 00:44:01,444
More than 13,000 years
of continuous history...
573
00:44:02,549 --> 00:44:06,314
"from rock art to settlements,
farming and civilisation.
574
00:44:08,138 --> 00:44:11,913
Right across the Amazon,
indigenous people are struggling
575
00:44:11,938 --> 00:44:15,233
as their world literally
disappears around them.
576
00:44:19,219 --> 00:44:23,804
On my journey, everywhere I go, I'm
seeing the Amazon being destroyed...
577
00:44:27,058 --> 00:44:28,724
Oh, my gosh.
578
00:44:28,749 --> 00:44:30,554
You can see this, right?
579
00:44:30,579 --> 00:44:34,394
...as modern demands for food
lead to agricultural methods
580
00:44:34,419 --> 00:44:40,804
that are having a devastating
effect for all of us.
581
00:44:40,829 --> 00:44:42,243
Oh, this is depressing.
582
00:44:43,339 --> 00:44:45,594
They are
basically cremating the Amazon.
583
00:44:47,909 --> 00:44:50,804
So they have slashed the most
important trees
584
00:44:50,829 --> 00:44:53,194
and the idea is, they burn
everything,
585
00:44:53,219 --> 00:44:54,884
they let the grass regrow
586
00:44:54,909 --> 00:45:00,064
and instead of there being
lots of shrubs and trees,
587
00:45:00,089 --> 00:45:02,113
you're left with pasture land.
588
00:45:02,138 --> 00:45:05,113
And the cattle come in
and after a few seasons,
589
00:45:05,138 --> 00:45:08,474
the nutrients here are going to
be pretty terrible
590
00:45:08,499 --> 00:45:11,033
and so the grasses only grow for so
long,
591
00:45:11,058 --> 00:45:13,474
so they need to do the exact same
thing
592
00:45:13,499 --> 00:45:15,804
to another bit of the rainforest,
593
00:45:15,829 --> 00:45:17,424
and they just keep going and keep
going.
594
00:45:17,449 --> 00:45:19,714
And before we know it, that
rainforest will be gone.
595
00:45:21,268 --> 00:45:25,604
Like, I've read about this
theoretically in the papers,
596
00:45:25,629 --> 00:45:26,884
but being here is just so,
597
00:45:26,909 --> 00:45:29,424
it's so goddamn uncomfortable, to be
honest with you.
598
00:45:32,699 --> 00:45:36,354
20% of the entire Amazon rainforest
has been destroyed,
599
00:45:36,379 --> 00:45:40,834
and deforestation is
rising at an alarming rate.
600
00:45:42,739 --> 00:45:45,074
It's a global catastrophe...
601
00:45:46,419 --> 00:45:48,163
It looks like Armageddon.
602
00:45:49,549 --> 00:45:54,634
...and a disaster for the Amazon's
indigenous inhabitants.
603
00:45:56,699 --> 00:45:58,424
Next time...
604
00:45:58,449 --> 00:46:00,394
I'll be getting to grips
605
00:46:00,419 --> 00:46:05,354
with the challenges the indigenous
people of the Amazon face today.
606
00:46:06,989 --> 00:46:12,394
I meet surviving communities being
pushed to the edge of the forest
607
00:46:12,419 --> 00:46:15,274
and the people
who are fighting back...
608
00:46:19,099 --> 00:46:24,274
...to keep 15,000 years of unbroken
heritage alive.
609
00:46:59,199 --> 00:47:01,013
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