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♪♪
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Narrator:
In the heart of South East Asia
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lies the tropical island
of Borneo...
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...the third-largest island
on Earth.
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♪♪
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This is a lost world,
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home to the beautiful
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and the bizarre...
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♪♪
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♪♪
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...where lizards fly...
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♪♪
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...plants have become
carnivores...
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...and people hunt underwater.
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It may seem like paradise...
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...but from it's sun-drenched
shores...
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through ancient jungles...
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to its mountainous heart...
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...it's a struggle
just to survive...
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but this struggle has led to
extraordinary adaptations...
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and given rise to possibly
the greatest diversity of life
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found on any island.
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♪♪
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Isolated in vast tropical
seas...
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♪♪
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...they are home to remarkable
animal castaways...
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and extraordinary
human cultures.
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These islands of wonder
harbor precious life
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found nowhere else
on planet Earth.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Narrator:
Off the coast of Asia,
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330 miles east of Singapore
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and a thousand miles
north of Australia
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lies the island of Borneo.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Its shores are fringed
by a tangle of mangroves
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and flooded forests...
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criss-crossed
by a network of rivers.
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[ Birds calling ]
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This waterlogged world
is the last stronghold
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for a primate found
no where else on Earth...
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♪♪
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The proboscis monkey...
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♪♪
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This male's enlarged nose
serves one key purpose...
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to attract a mate.
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♪♪
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And his super-sized snout
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has secured him a harem
of adoring females...
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♪♪
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♪♪
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...and their offspring.
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It will take this baby
7 long years
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to grow a nose
to rival his father's.
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But for these monkeys,
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their pot-bellies
are the key to their survival.
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There is precious
little nutrition to be found
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in the bitter leaves
of these flooded forests.
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Proboscis have evolved
an enlarged gut
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to extract any goodness
there is.
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Still, only the youngest leaves
have enough nutrition
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to be worth eating.
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So the male must lead his troop
up to a mile a day
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in search of fresh growth.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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But their route
is often blocked...
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by one of the many rivers
that cut through the forest...
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...patrolled by giant
predators...
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♪♪
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...like the saltwater crocodile,
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which grows to more
than 16 feet long
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and can weigh up to a ton.
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To reach the young,
juicy leaves on the other side,
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the group will have to cross.
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But the male is hesitant.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Instead, it's the alpha female
who takes the lead.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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[ Splash ]
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[ Splash ]
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The rest of the troop
quickly follow.
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[ Screeching ]
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[ Splashing ]
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Sounds of their splashes
carry 700 feet
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through the water
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and can draw unwanted attention.
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But unlike most other monkeys,
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proboscis are excellent
swimmers.
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To survive here,
they have evolved webbed feet.
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♪♪
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Finally, the reluctant male
makes his move.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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But a mother and baby
have been left behind.
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The baby must hang on
for dear life.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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[ Monkeys screeching ]
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♪♪
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This time the whole family
has made it...
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♪♪
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...even the most vulnerable.
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♪♪
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At last they can feed
on the succulent fresh leaves.
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♪♪
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The challenge of living in this
beautiful
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but difficult environment
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forces these monkeys to risk
their lives in search of food,
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changing their behavior
and their bodies.
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It is this way
all across Borneo,
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where over 6,000 unique species
have adapted
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to face these challenges
over thousands of years...
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evolving from ancestors that
were isolated here long ago.
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Borneo was once joined
to Thailand
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and mainland Malaysia...
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Part of a vast landmass,
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home to one of
the oldest forests on Earth.
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But when the last ice age ended
10,000 years ago,
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sea levels rose,
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leaving Borneo and
its ancient forests stranded.
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♪♪
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The surrounding shallows
are now home
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to some of the richest
coral reefs in the world.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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A single reef can support
more species of coral
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than the entire Caribbean Sea.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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For the people that live
on Borneo's coast,
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accessing these submerged riches
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has led to
an extraordinary adaptation.
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The Bajau Laut --
People of the Sea.
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♪♪
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Over generations of diving,
their bodies have transformed.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Their spleens are 50%
larger than average.
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It's believed this provides
their blood
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with more oxygen for diving.
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They can hold their breath
for over 3 minutes
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and spend 60% of
their day hunting underwater,
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longer than almost any other
human being.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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The Bajau Laut
settled on Borneo's coasts
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around a thousand years ago.
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Villages like Tatagan may only
be 20 miles
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from the nearest town...
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but the 200 or so people
who live here
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still rely on the sea
for nearly all their needs.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Rajamil Wali and his son Fidel
are traditional fishermen.
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But they're having to adapt
to the modern world.
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[ Rajamil speaking native
language ]
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Narrator: Plastic is the scourge
of today's oceans,
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but for Rajamil and Fidel,
it provides an opportunity.
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Rajamil is teaching his son
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how to turn this plastic
into something useful.
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[ Rajamil speaking native
language ]
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Narrator: The lure will have
to be convincing
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to trick the reef's
most intelligent resident...
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...the reef octopus.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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With his new fishing technique,
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Rajamil can catch enough octopus
to support his whole family.
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[ Rajamil speaking native
language ]
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Narrator: Adapting to change,
the Bajau continue to live off
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one of richest coral reefs
in our seas.
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But as you head inland,
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conditions get tougher,
pushing life to extremes.
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[ Birds calling ]
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Just 10 miles from the coast
lies a steamy jungle world,
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one of the last
surviving fragments
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of an ancient
lowland rainforest.
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Covering an area larger
than California,
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less than a square mile can hold
thousands of species of trees.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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But one group of giants
dominate...
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the Dipterocarps.
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Towering up to 330 feet high,
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they are the tallest rainforest
trees in the world.
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♪♪
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Their branches form
a unique canopy world...
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...that is home to the world's
largest tree-dwelling animal...
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...the Bornean orangutan.
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[ Creatures calling ]
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In orangutans, the bond between
mother and baby is very strong,
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and this youngster will stay
with his mother
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for up to 8 years.
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[ Baby orangutan squeaking ]
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He has a lot to learn.
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Many of the forest
leaves here are poisonous...
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but his mother can identify
around 500 species
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that are safe to eat.
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♪♪
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Remarkably, though,
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we now know their knowledge
goes much further.
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Twentinolosa is part of a group
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that has been studying
the orangs here
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for over 20 years...
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...one of the longest-running
studies of its kind
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anywhere in the world.
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[ Twentinolosa speaking
native language ]
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00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:06,200
Narrator: One particular
orangutan has led researchers
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00:21:06,233 --> 00:21:09,366
to a breakthrough discovery.
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[ Twentinolosa speaking
native language ]
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Narrator:
Years of carrying a heavy baby
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have taken their toll.
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00:22:08,366 --> 00:22:12,433
It appears Indah is suffering
from aching joints.
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00:22:12,466 --> 00:22:14,766
The medicinal paste
she creates contains
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00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:19,666
powerful anti-inflammatories
thought to ease her pain.
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♪♪
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00:22:24,066 --> 00:22:27,533
Indah's vast knowledge
of these ancient forests
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includes a treatment
for arthritis.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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This is the first time
an animal
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has been found to medicate
with anti-inflammatories.
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Imagine what else is left to be
discovered in this rich canopy?
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[ Birds calling ]
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90% of Borneo's jungle life
is found up here.
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A single tree can hold 1,000
different species.
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00:23:16,933 --> 00:23:21,566
This leads to intense
competition for food and space.
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00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:35,633
To survive in these crowded
canopies...
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life has evolved
in wondrous ways.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Borneo has over twenty species
of gliding reptile...
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♪♪
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♪♪
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...more than any
other island on Earth.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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♪♪
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[ Bird calling ]
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At night,
a whole new cast emerges...
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♪♪
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...including one creature that
has the key to a food source
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unavailable to most...
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♪♪
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♪♪
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...the exquisitely decorated
lantern bug.
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It feeds directly
from the giant trees,
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00:25:23,300 --> 00:25:28,566
using a specialized proboscis,
like a drinking straw,
275
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:30,633
to suck out the sugary sap.
276
00:25:40,433 --> 00:25:44,766
Any excess is expertly
fired away
277
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:48,566
with a spring-loaded spatula
in its abdomen.
278
00:26:04,666 --> 00:26:07,433
But nothing on Borneo is wasted.
279
00:26:09,833 --> 00:26:13,900
♪♪
280
00:26:13,933 --> 00:26:16,633
One shrewd species of gecko
281
00:26:16,666 --> 00:26:19,166
has learned its way
to a free meal...
282
00:26:21,466 --> 00:26:23,266
All it has to do is wait...
283
00:26:32,900 --> 00:26:36,166
...its nose carefully positioned
in the firing line.
284
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:40,933
♪♪
285
00:26:40,966 --> 00:26:46,933
♪♪
286
00:26:46,966 --> 00:26:52,900
♪♪
287
00:26:52,933 --> 00:26:58,900
♪♪
288
00:26:58,933 --> 00:27:02,266
The astonishing lives
of the animals here
289
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:06,933
are shaped by the competition
for food,
290
00:27:06,966 --> 00:27:11,666
but the contest to find a mate
is just as strong.
291
00:27:11,700 --> 00:27:15,833
In these forests, the night air
is dominated by the sound
292
00:27:15,866 --> 00:27:19,333
of 180 species of frog...
293
00:27:19,366 --> 00:27:24,166
[ Frogs chirping, honking ]
294
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:26,300
...singing for a mate.
295
00:27:26,333 --> 00:27:29,000
[ Frogs chirping, honking ]
296
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:36,133
The bigger the frog,
the louder the call.
297
00:27:39,333 --> 00:27:44,600
♪♪
298
00:27:44,633 --> 00:27:51,100
But this male tree-hole frog isbarely bigger than a fingernail.
299
00:27:51,133 --> 00:27:53,233
He'll need to do
something special
300
00:27:53,266 --> 00:27:58,266
if he wants to be heard
by any nearby females.
301
00:27:58,300 --> 00:28:00,766
She may only be yards away...
302
00:28:02,766 --> 00:28:05,733
...but the chorus from the
other frogs is deafening.
303
00:28:05,766 --> 00:28:10,233
♪♪
304
00:28:10,266 --> 00:28:13,633
This tiny male, however,
has a trick.
305
00:28:17,366 --> 00:28:21,100
♪♪
306
00:28:21,133 --> 00:28:23,200
He searches for a tree hole.
307
00:28:23,233 --> 00:28:28,433
♪♪
308
00:28:28,466 --> 00:28:33,633
♪♪
309
00:28:33,666 --> 00:28:38,866
♪♪
310
00:28:38,900 --> 00:28:42,600
The size and shape of the hole
are critical.
311
00:28:45,566 --> 00:28:51,633
♪♪
312
00:28:51,666 --> 00:28:54,400
He then does something
remarkable.
313
00:28:57,466 --> 00:28:59,700
[ Frog chirps ]
It begins with a sound check.
314
00:28:59,733 --> 00:29:01,766
[ Frog chirps ]
315
00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:05,800
Too low.
316
00:29:05,833 --> 00:29:08,200
[ Frog chirps ]
317
00:29:08,233 --> 00:29:10,166
He changes pitch.
318
00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:11,800
[ Frog squeaks ]
319
00:29:14,466 --> 00:29:15,966
Too high.
320
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:17,500
[ Frog chirps ]
321
00:29:19,100 --> 00:29:20,500
[ Frog chirps strongly ]
322
00:29:20,533 --> 00:29:21,866
That's it!
323
00:29:25,500 --> 00:29:31,600
♪♪
324
00:29:31,633 --> 00:29:37,733
♪♪
325
00:29:37,766 --> 00:29:43,733
At this specific frequency,
the tree hole resonates,
326
00:29:43,766 --> 00:29:48,966
amplifying the sound
and broadcasting the call
327
00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:53,200
more than 160 feet
across the forest.
328
00:29:53,233 --> 00:30:00,166
♪♪
329
00:30:00,200 --> 00:30:03,433
For a female,
it's music to her ears.
330
00:30:08,266 --> 00:30:10,400
[ Frog chirps ]
331
00:30:10,433 --> 00:30:15,600
♪♪
332
00:30:15,633 --> 00:30:20,433
With superb directional hearing,
333
00:30:20,466 --> 00:30:22,733
she can home in on his calls.
334
00:30:22,766 --> 00:30:27,400
♪♪
335
00:30:27,433 --> 00:30:32,033
♪♪
336
00:30:32,066 --> 00:30:38,566
♪♪
337
00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:44,200
Finally the tiny couple meet.
338
00:30:48,700 --> 00:30:51,733
Hidden from predators,
the tree hole will go on
339
00:30:51,766 --> 00:30:54,966
to make an ideal nursery
for their tadpoles.
340
00:31:06,300 --> 00:31:09,600
♪♪
341
00:31:09,633 --> 00:31:13,266
Compared to the abundance
of life in the treetops...
342
00:31:13,300 --> 00:31:17,300
♪♪
343
00:31:17,333 --> 00:31:20,600
...on the forest floor,
it's an impoverished world.
344
00:31:23,266 --> 00:31:27,733
In these lowland forests,
30 miles or so from the coast,
345
00:31:27,766 --> 00:31:32,633
the giant tree roots suck up
most of the nutrients...
346
00:31:32,666 --> 00:31:36,200
leaving the soil depleted.
347
00:31:36,233 --> 00:31:39,900
Since Borneo was cut off
10,000 years ago,
348
00:31:39,933 --> 00:31:43,600
it's thought that many
of the large mammals died off.
349
00:31:43,633 --> 00:31:46,233
With little to eat down here,
350
00:31:46,266 --> 00:31:49,000
many that did persist
have shrunk.
351
00:32:03,566 --> 00:32:06,233
Confined to her protected
forest sanctuary...
352
00:32:12,166 --> 00:32:15,533
...the exceedingly rare
Bornean sun bear.
353
00:32:17,866 --> 00:32:20,666
Weighing just 130 pounds,
354
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:23,300
it's the smallest bear
in the world.
355
00:32:34,066 --> 00:32:37,466
This fallen branch
is a prized treat.
356
00:32:41,466 --> 00:32:44,200
Filled with wood grubs
and beetles.
357
00:32:50,366 --> 00:32:54,500
Nothing is wasted...
even a noxious millipede.
358
00:33:00,266 --> 00:33:04,266
But it's not enough to sustain
even this little bear.
359
00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:10,100
The real prize sits high above.
360
00:33:12,500 --> 00:33:15,466
Guided by her exceptional
sense of smell...
361
00:33:19,733 --> 00:33:22,400
...the sweet scent of honey.
362
00:33:22,433 --> 00:33:25,500
[ Bees buzzing ]
363
00:33:33,300 --> 00:33:37,466
For larger bears, this beehive
may be out of reach.
364
00:33:47,833 --> 00:33:51,966
But being small helps
defy gravity.
365
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:58,166
♪♪
366
00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:03,466
♪♪
367
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:08,266
With sharp claws and rough pads
on her feet,
368
00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:11,333
she can ascend 130 feet,
369
00:34:11,366 --> 00:34:13,566
higher than any other bear.
370
00:34:21,433 --> 00:34:23,600
[ Bees buzzing ]
371
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:57,800
To make it in Borneo's
jungle treetops,
372
00:34:57,833 --> 00:35:02,033
this miniature acrobat has
become more monkey than bear.
373
00:35:03,933 --> 00:35:09,366
♪♪
374
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:14,866
♪♪
375
00:35:14,900 --> 00:35:20,333
♪♪
376
00:35:20,366 --> 00:35:24,066
For those confined to
the depleted forest floor,
377
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:28,033
survival requires
innovative solutions.
378
00:35:31,500 --> 00:35:37,633
Deep into the jungle, mysterious
signs line the forest paths,
379
00:35:37,666 --> 00:35:40,400
left by indigenous hunters
380
00:35:40,433 --> 00:35:42,800
that have inhabited
this island's jungle
381
00:35:42,833 --> 00:35:47,366
for over 4,000 years.
382
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:53,266
Etat Nyato and Geran Jengan
are Penan, native Borneans,
383
00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:56,200
and still reliant on theirintimate knowledge of the forest
384
00:35:56,233 --> 00:35:57,833
to find food.
385
00:36:02,766 --> 00:36:05,666
[ Speaking native language ]
386
00:36:15,100 --> 00:36:19,200
♪♪
387
00:36:19,233 --> 00:36:23,933
♪♪
388
00:36:23,966 --> 00:36:27,833
Narrator: The cut bark oozes
a deadly poison.
389
00:36:30,900 --> 00:36:34,033
Once concentrated,
it's so potent
390
00:36:34,066 --> 00:36:38,366
it can stop
a human heart in seconds.
391
00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:42,266
The thickened mixture makes
for lethal poison darts.
392
00:36:43,066 --> 00:36:45,166
[ Speaking native language ]
393
00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:06,833
Narrator: Geran and Etat can
now target prey
394
00:37:06,866 --> 00:37:09,500
hiding high up
in the forest canopy.
395
00:37:09,533 --> 00:37:13,633
♪♪
396
00:37:13,666 --> 00:37:18,366
♪♪
397
00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:21,500
[ Speaking native language ]
398
00:37:31,566 --> 00:37:38,466
♪♪
399
00:37:38,500 --> 00:37:45,400
♪♪
400
00:37:45,433 --> 00:37:52,366
♪♪
401
00:38:03,366 --> 00:38:05,733
Narrator:
A common fairy bluebird.
402
00:38:05,766 --> 00:38:07,266
It's a meager kill,
403
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:10,766
not enough to feed themselves,
let alone their families.
404
00:38:15,766 --> 00:38:19,800
But the Penan have an ingenious
way of reaching out to others.
405
00:38:23,866 --> 00:38:25,300
Along the path,
406
00:38:25,333 --> 00:38:28,633
they plant sticks on
which they leave messages.
407
00:38:31,633 --> 00:38:35,866
A single feather signifies
they have caught a small bird.
408
00:38:35,900 --> 00:38:39,333
And a folded, empty leaf shows
that they are hungry
409
00:38:39,366 --> 00:38:41,733
and in need of food.
410
00:38:41,766 --> 00:38:45,566
It's an ancient sign language
known as "Oroo."
411
00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:48,400
[ Speaking native language ]
412
00:39:04,766 --> 00:39:08,633
Narrator: With more than 50
different symbols,
413
00:39:08,666 --> 00:39:10,133
the Penan can communicate
414
00:39:10,166 --> 00:39:13,600
across 100 square miles
of lowland forest.
415
00:39:34,366 --> 00:39:37,566
Geran and Etat have found
a welcome note
416
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:39,566
left by fellow hunters.
417
00:39:55,833 --> 00:39:58,000
[ Sizzling ]
418
00:39:58,033 --> 00:39:59,933
♪♪
419
00:39:59,966 --> 00:40:03,700
[ Speaking native language ]
420
00:40:23,100 --> 00:40:25,066
Narrator:
With their unique sign language
421
00:40:25,100 --> 00:40:26,500
and communal bonds,
422
00:40:26,533 --> 00:40:28,466
the Penan have overcome
the challenge
423
00:40:28,500 --> 00:40:32,166
of finding enough food
on Borneo's forest floor.
424
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:40,833
With every step inland,
Borneo changes.
425
00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:46,733
Fifty miles from the coast,
the elevation begins to rise,
426
00:40:46,766 --> 00:40:49,166
and the lowland jungle
427
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:53,266
gives way to enormous caves...
428
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:57,466
and Deer cave is one of the
largest subterranean chambers
429
00:40:57,500 --> 00:41:00,033
in the world.
430
00:41:00,066 --> 00:41:04,233
Almost 700 feet wide
in places,
431
00:41:04,266 --> 00:41:07,500
it's big enough
to fly a jumbo jet through.
432
00:41:11,233 --> 00:41:15,866
And it holds a secret
as to why these lowland forests
433
00:41:15,900 --> 00:41:18,333
are so poor in nutrients.
434
00:41:21,566 --> 00:41:23,533
[ Bats screeching ]
435
00:41:23,566 --> 00:41:28,166
♪♪
436
00:41:28,200 --> 00:41:32,133
As the sun sets,
a great exodus begins.
437
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:38,100
Emerging from caves across
the island,
438
00:41:38,133 --> 00:41:41,166
millions of bats spread out
over the forest.
439
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:46,133
♪♪
440
00:41:46,166 --> 00:41:51,100
♪♪
441
00:41:51,133 --> 00:41:56,066
♪♪
442
00:41:56,100 --> 00:42:01,433
Bat hawks have been waiting
for just this moment.
443
00:42:01,466 --> 00:42:07,066
♪♪
444
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:12,700
♪♪
445
00:42:12,733 --> 00:42:18,333
♪♪
446
00:42:18,366 --> 00:42:21,133
They gorge themselves
on this easy meal.
447
00:42:25,900 --> 00:42:29,066
But it will have little effect
on the bats' numbers.
448
00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:36,933
Bats are the most numerous
mammal on the island...
449
00:42:36,966 --> 00:42:40,066
and their impact is immense.
450
00:42:42,933 --> 00:42:44,966
The bats from Deer Cave alone
451
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:46,266
are thought to catch up
452
00:42:46,300 --> 00:42:50,533
to 33 tons of forest
insect every night.
453
00:42:50,566 --> 00:42:55,066
♪♪
454
00:43:05,266 --> 00:43:09,133
At dawn they return to the caves
to roost...
455
00:43:09,166 --> 00:43:11,966
where their excrement
falls like rain...
456
00:43:14,366 --> 00:43:18,366
...building, over centuries,
mountains of guano
457
00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:20,766
more than 50-feet high.
458
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:26,633
♪♪
459
00:43:26,666 --> 00:43:28,600
Feeding on it is one of
460
00:43:28,633 --> 00:43:32,000
the largest concentrations
of cockroaches
461
00:43:32,033 --> 00:43:33,633
in the world.
462
00:43:46,433 --> 00:43:49,400
As well as a wealth
of other creatures...
463
00:43:52,300 --> 00:43:56,700
...foot-long centipedes...
464
00:43:56,733 --> 00:43:59,533
giant cave spiders...
465
00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:06,333
...even a cave crab.
466
00:44:15,200 --> 00:44:18,633
This horde is Borneo's
lost treasure.
467
00:44:18,666 --> 00:44:20,933
♪♪
468
00:44:20,966 --> 00:44:24,300
Almost half of the jungle's
precious nutrients
469
00:44:24,333 --> 00:44:29,066
end up
hidden inside these caves...
470
00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:33,933
stripped from the impoverished
forests outside by the bats.
471
00:44:33,966 --> 00:44:35,900
♪♪
472
00:44:45,166 --> 00:44:46,533
A hundred miles in,
473
00:44:46,566 --> 00:44:49,433
running through the center
of the island,
474
00:44:49,466 --> 00:44:52,200
is the toughest world of all,
475
00:44:52,233 --> 00:44:55,700
one that has driven
even greater diversity.
476
00:44:55,733 --> 00:44:59,333
♪♪
477
00:44:59,366 --> 00:45:03,700
Mountains that are home to even
more extraordinary creatures
478
00:45:03,733 --> 00:45:06,066
found nowhere else on earth.
479
00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:09,633
♪♪
480
00:45:09,666 --> 00:45:12,500
Their range runs over 500 miles
481
00:45:12,533 --> 00:45:14,566
through the center
of the island.
482
00:45:19,166 --> 00:45:23,266
At over 13,000 feet,
Mount Kinabalu is one
483
00:45:23,300 --> 00:45:26,300
of the highest peaks
in South East Asia.
484
00:45:26,333 --> 00:45:31,766
♪♪
485
00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:33,600
Moist air from below
486
00:45:33,633 --> 00:45:38,066
cools and condenses
into a thick veil of cloud.
487
00:45:43,766 --> 00:45:46,500
Here it rains
almost every day...
488
00:45:46,533 --> 00:45:51,066
♪♪
489
00:45:51,100 --> 00:45:56,266
♪♪
490
00:45:56,300 --> 00:46:00,100
...the water washing away
any goodness in the soil.
491
00:46:04,233 --> 00:46:09,066
Sheltering in ravines
lie dwarf forests...
492
00:46:09,100 --> 00:46:12,200
the trees stunted
from the lack of nutrients.
493
00:46:16,766 --> 00:46:20,433
These extreme conditions
have pushed one group of plants
494
00:46:20,466 --> 00:46:23,200
to extraordinary lengths
to survive.
495
00:46:23,233 --> 00:46:30,166
♪♪
496
00:46:30,200 --> 00:46:37,133
♪♪
497
00:46:37,166 --> 00:46:38,733
Pitcher plants.
498
00:46:38,766 --> 00:46:44,800
♪♪
499
00:46:44,833 --> 00:46:47,800
They have become carnivores.
500
00:46:47,833 --> 00:46:50,366
♪♪
501
00:46:50,400 --> 00:46:55,533
♪♪
502
00:46:55,566 --> 00:46:58,833
With the promise of nectar,
503
00:46:58,866 --> 00:47:01,500
the plant lures
in its victims...
504
00:47:01,533 --> 00:47:06,066
♪♪
505
00:47:06,100 --> 00:47:08,466
...onto its slippery edge.
506
00:47:08,500 --> 00:47:13,500
♪♪
507
00:47:13,533 --> 00:47:19,400
Below lies a pool of deadly
digestive enzymes...
508
00:47:19,433 --> 00:47:22,366
from which there is no escape.
509
00:47:22,400 --> 00:47:29,000
♪♪
510
00:47:35,266 --> 00:47:38,966
♪♪
511
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:43,200
♪♪
512
00:47:43,233 --> 00:47:45,833
The captives' bodies
slowly dissolve
513
00:47:45,866 --> 00:47:49,966
in the pitcher's
stomach-like vessel...
514
00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:51,833
providing the plant
with the nutrients
515
00:47:51,866 --> 00:47:53,866
so lacking in the soil.
516
00:47:59,066 --> 00:48:01,166
[ Insects buzzing ]
517
00:48:01,200 --> 00:48:05,000
Borneo holds over forty
species of pitcher plant,
518
00:48:05,033 --> 00:48:09,000
the greatest collection
in the world,
519
00:48:09,033 --> 00:48:13,133
including
the Hemsleyana pitcher.
520
00:48:13,166 --> 00:48:16,866
It's after something
much bigger than insects...
521
00:48:16,900 --> 00:48:23,033
♪♪
522
00:48:23,066 --> 00:48:25,233
[ Bat chirping ]
523
00:48:25,266 --> 00:48:27,266
...a woolly bat.
524
00:48:33,933 --> 00:48:38,400
Rather than using nectar
as bait...
525
00:48:38,433 --> 00:48:41,166
the pitcher's flat lid
is perfectly shaped
526
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:43,266
to reflect the bat's sonar.
527
00:48:47,166 --> 00:48:49,333
...drawing it in.
528
00:48:49,366 --> 00:48:54,866
♪♪
529
00:48:54,900 --> 00:49:00,466
♪♪
530
00:49:00,500 --> 00:49:05,966
♪♪
531
00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:11,533
♪♪
532
00:49:18,866 --> 00:49:21,200
But the woolly bat is safe.
533
00:49:23,233 --> 00:49:25,200
After a night's hunting,
534
00:49:25,233 --> 00:49:27,700
this bat needs
a place to shelter.
535
00:49:30,433 --> 00:49:34,166
Rather than fall
into its lethal pool,
536
00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:37,666
the bat fits snuggly
into the pitcher's tapered cup.
537
00:49:37,700 --> 00:49:43,266
♪♪
538
00:49:43,300 --> 00:49:49,700
♪♪
539
00:49:49,733 --> 00:49:51,600
In the heat of the day,
540
00:49:51,633 --> 00:49:55,333
the pitcher's waxy walls
even keep its guest cool.
541
00:49:55,366 --> 00:50:00,533
♪♪
542
00:50:00,566 --> 00:50:06,466
♪♪
543
00:50:06,500 --> 00:50:08,166
How the plant benefits
544
00:50:08,200 --> 00:50:10,433
only becomes apparent
545
00:50:10,466 --> 00:50:11,866
at dusk.
546
00:50:21,133 --> 00:50:24,200
The nocturnal guest awakens...
547
00:50:24,233 --> 00:50:31,200
♪♪
548
00:50:31,233 --> 00:50:38,166
♪♪
549
00:50:38,200 --> 00:50:45,166
♪♪
550
00:50:45,200 --> 00:50:47,900
...leaving behind its payment.
551
00:50:50,633 --> 00:50:54,500
Once again, it's nutrient-rich
bat droppings,
552
00:50:54,533 --> 00:50:58,366
and this plant has ensured
its very own supply...
553
00:50:58,400 --> 00:51:00,000
delivered daily.
554
00:51:07,833 --> 00:51:14,366
♪♪
555
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:16,900
Living in its impoverished home,
556
00:51:16,933 --> 00:51:20,466
this extraordinary plant,
like all life on Borneo,
557
00:51:20,500 --> 00:51:23,366
has been shaped by
its struggle to survive.
558
00:51:26,933 --> 00:51:28,433
[ Chain saws buzzing ]
559
00:51:28,466 --> 00:51:31,566
But with the arrival of
industrial logging and farming
560
00:51:31,600 --> 00:51:34,000
in the last 50 years,
561
00:51:34,033 --> 00:51:36,600
all this has changed.
562
00:51:44,566 --> 00:51:49,700
Today, over half its ancient
rainforests have been cleared.
563
00:51:49,733 --> 00:51:56,200
♪♪
564
00:51:56,233 --> 00:51:57,833
Felled for timber,
565
00:51:57,866 --> 00:52:01,033
much of the land has been
turned into vast plantations
566
00:52:01,066 --> 00:52:03,966
for crops such as palm oil.
567
00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:08,733
♪♪
568
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:13,833
With the destruction
of the forests,
569
00:52:13,866 --> 00:52:16,266
researchers like Twentinolosa
570
00:52:16,300 --> 00:52:19,433
are increasingly concerned
571
00:52:19,466 --> 00:52:23,666
about the future of Borneo's
most iconic resident...
572
00:52:25,700 --> 00:52:28,133
...the orangutan.
573
00:52:28,166 --> 00:52:34,666
♪♪
574
00:52:34,700 --> 00:52:37,500
[ Twentinolosa speaking
native language ]
575
00:52:56,666 --> 00:53:02,066
♪♪
576
00:53:02,100 --> 00:53:08,166
♪♪
577
00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:11,466
Despite the challenges
of this island,
578
00:53:11,500 --> 00:53:15,233
orangutans,
like so much life on Borneo,
579
00:53:15,266 --> 00:53:19,866
have survived in these forests
for thousands of years.
580
00:53:19,900 --> 00:53:23,900
But they may not withstand
the impact of the modern world.
581
00:53:23,933 --> 00:53:30,666
♪♪
582
00:53:30,700 --> 00:53:33,066
From its bustling coral reefs...
583
00:53:35,966 --> 00:53:37,600
...ancient forests...
584
00:53:39,633 --> 00:53:42,133
...and remote mountain peaks...
585
00:53:42,166 --> 00:53:45,200
♪♪
586
00:53:45,233 --> 00:53:49,000
...Borneo may appear a paradise.
587
00:53:49,033 --> 00:53:55,600
But to survive here, life has
had to adapt in extreme ways...
588
00:53:55,633 --> 00:53:59,033
leading to almost
unparalleled diversity...
589
00:54:01,366 --> 00:54:03,866
...and making Borneo a unique,
590
00:54:03,900 --> 00:54:07,666
but fragile, Island of Wonder.
591
00:54:10,633 --> 00:54:14,066
♪♪
592
00:54:14,100 --> 00:54:18,600
We explore the most remote
island chain on Earth...
593
00:54:18,633 --> 00:54:22,100
Hawaii.
594
00:54:22,133 --> 00:54:24,233
From lush forests
595
00:54:24,266 --> 00:54:26,733
to shallow sandbars
596
00:54:26,766 --> 00:54:29,500
and tropical reefs,
597
00:54:29,533 --> 00:54:32,566
Hawaii is home
to extraordinary wildlife
598
00:54:32,600 --> 00:54:35,700
that's made a life,
against all odds,
599
00:54:35,733 --> 00:54:37,800
in this Island of Wonder.
600
00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:46,933
♪♪
601
00:54:46,966 --> 00:54:49,133
To order "Islands of Wonder"
on DVD,
602
00:54:49,166 --> 00:54:52,966
visit ShopPBS.org
or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.
603
00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:56,866
This program is also available
on Amazon Prime Video.
604
00:54:56,900 --> 00:55:03,500
♪♪
605
00:55:03,533 --> 00:55:09,533
♪♪
606
00:55:09,533 --> 00:55:11,533
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