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Narrator: HANNIBAL--
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\h\h\h\h\hONE OF HISTORY’S
MOST BRILLIANT LEADERS...
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00:00:04,440 --> 00:00:07,760
COMMANDER OF A LEGENDARY ARMY.
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00:00:07,800 --> 00:00:11,080
\h\hMan: HANNIBAL WAS ONE OF THE
GREATEST GENERALS OF ANTIQUITY,
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00:00:11,120 --> 00:00:14,280
AND IN FACT ONE OF THE GREATEST
GENERALS WHO EVER LIVED.
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00:00:14,320 --> 00:00:17,080
Narrator: BUT WE KNOW LITTLE
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hABOUT THE MAN.
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HOW DID HANNIBAL ASSEMBLE
\h\h\h\hAND HOLD TOGETHER
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00:00:19,800 --> 00:00:24,920
AN ARMY OF 90,000 MEN
AND 37 WAR ELEPHANTS?
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00:00:24,960 --> 00:00:27,080
WHAT DID IT TAKE
TO GET THAT ARMY
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00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:30,360
\h\hOVER ONE OF EUROPE’S
MOST TREACHEROUS RIVERS?
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00:00:33,120 --> 00:00:36,560
Woman: FOR AN ANCIENT ARMY,
\h\h\hTO CROSS A LARGE RIVER
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00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:42,040
WAS ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS
\h\h\h\h\hTHINGS IT COULD DO.
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00:00:42,080 --> 00:00:43,560
Narrator: AND HOW DID HE ACHIEVE
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00:00:43,600 --> 00:00:46,400
WHAT NO OTHER GENERAL
\h\hHAD DONE BEFORE--
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LEAD THAT ARMY ACROSS THE ALPS
TO STRIKE AT ROME’S HEARTLAND?
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00:00:51,360 --> 00:00:53,920
Woman: THEY SAW IT BASICALLY
\h\h\hAS A SUICIDE MISSION.
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Narrator: NOW, NEW DISCOVERIES
\h\h\h\hAND MODERN TECHNOLOGY
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ARE CUTTING THROUGH
\h\h\hTHE LEGEND...
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TO REVEAL THE TRUTH.
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♪
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\h\h\h\h\hEric Adler:
HANNIBAL’S REMEMBERED
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\hAS ONE OF THE GREATEST
MILITARY MEN IN HISTORY.
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HE WAS A GENIUS.
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HE WAS A STRATEGIC GENIUS,
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HE WAS A LOGISTICAL GENIUS,
\h\h\hHE WAS A GREAT LEADER,
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AND HE CAME CLOSEST
\hTO DESTROYING ROME
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IN ITS REPUBLICAN PRIME.
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Narrator: EVEN 2,000 YEARS
\h\h\h\h\hAFTER HIS DEATH,
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HANNIBAL IS STILL A ROLE MODEL.
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Sarah Brown Ferrario:
\h\h\h\h\hWAR COLLEGES
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AND EVEN PROFESSIONAL MEMBERS
\h\h\h\hOF THE MILITARY TODAY
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STILL STUDY HANNIBAL’S
\h\h\h\hGREAT BATTLES
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FOR THEIR IMAGINATIVE TACTICS,
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THEIR QUICK RESPONSE TO CHANGES
IN CIRCUMSTANCE,
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AND THEIR UNIQUE ABILITY
\h\h\hTO TAKE ADVANTAGE
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OF THE WEAKNESSES
OF HIS OPPONENTS.
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HANNIBAL WAS THE ROMANS’
\h\h\h\hWORST NIGHTMARE.
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Narrator: BUT WE ONLY KNOW
\h\h\h\h\hHANNIBAL’S STORY
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FROM HIS ENEMY’S PERSPECTIVE.
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\hKelcy Sagstetter:
ONE OF OUR PROBLEMS
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00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:16,680
IN ASSESSING THE RELIABILITY
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF THE SOURCES
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IS THAT ALL OF OUR ACCOUNTS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hARE PRO ROMAN.
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AND IT’S A CASE OF THE VICTORS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWRITING HISTORY.
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00:02:24,200 --> 00:02:27,480
BUT THE SOURCES SHOW A SORT
\h\hOF RELUCTANT ADMIRATION
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FOR HANNIBAL,
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\hBECAUSE, LET’S FACE IT,
HE WAS A MILITARY GENIUS,
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AND YOU CAN’T HIDE THAT
\h\h\h\h\h\hIN HISTORY.
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Narrator: HANNIBAL’S STORY
\h\hBEGINS IN CARTHAGE...
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A CITY ALL BUT FORGOTTEN TODAY,
BUT A SUPERPOWER IN 270 B.C.
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\hEric: CARTHAGE WAS
THE WEALTHIEST POWER
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IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
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AS A RESULT OF THEIR GREAT
\h\h\h\hSUCCESSES IN TRADE
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\h\hTHAT GOES BACK
CENTURIES, REALLY.
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00:02:53,800 --> 00:02:57,160
\h\hBUT THIS ALSO MEANS
THAT THEY ARE VERY GOOD
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AT CONTROLLING THE SEA.
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\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: AND IT REAPS
HUGE PROFITS FROM BOAT BUILDING
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\hAND ITS CONTROL
OF SHIPPING ROUTES
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ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.
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\h\h\hSarah: THIS WAS
A FULLY SOPHISTICATED
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MEDITERRANEAN SOCIETY
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WITH A HIGHLY, HIGHLY DEVELOPED
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AND EXTREMELY WEALTHY
\h\h\h\hCIVILIZATION.
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Narrator: CARTHAGE HAS AMBITIONS
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\h\h\h\h\h\hOF SEIZING CONTROL
OF THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN.
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\h\h\hBUT AS CARTHAGE EXPANDS,
SO DOES ANOTHER RISING POWER--
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ROME.
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AND ROME IS RESTLESS.
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ONCE A TINY VILLAGE,
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\h\h\hIT’S NOW A THRIVING CITY
THAT CONTROLS MOST OF ITALY--
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\h\h\h\h\h\hA POSITION GAINED
THROUGH ITS POWERFUL MILITARY.
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Sarah: THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
\hBY THE THIRD CENTURY BC
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\h\hWAS LARGELY DOMINATED BY THE
INFLUENCE OF PATRICIAN FAMILIES
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WHO HAD CONTRIBUTED TO ROMAN
POLITICAL AND MILITARY LIFE
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FOR MANY GENERATIONS.
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00:03:59,680 --> 00:04:04,960
Narrator: EVERY ROMAN CITIZEN IS
EXPECTED TO SERVE IN THE ARMY...
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\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THEY ARE
THE PREEMINENT LAND POWER.
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Kelcy: ROME HAD BEEN EXPANDING
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\h\h\h\h\h\hTHROUGHOUT
THE ITALIAN PENINSULA,
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CONQUERING ALL OF THE TRIBES
\h\h\hAND FORMING ALLIANCES,
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\h\hAND CARTHAGE WAS
THE GREAT SEA POWER.
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THE MEDITERRANEAN
WASN’T BIG ENOUGH
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TO HOLD BOTH ROME AND CARTHAGE.
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00:04:24,440 --> 00:04:27,240
Eric: THE GROWING POWER
OF CARTHAGE AND OF ROME
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00:04:27,280 --> 00:04:29,560
IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
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00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:36,000
WERE ULTIMATELY GOING TO LEAD TO
WHAT IS CALLED THE PUNIC WARS.
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Narrator: FOR CARTHAGE,
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THE FIRST PUNIC WAR ENDS
IN A HUMILIATING DEFEAT.
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\hCARTHAGE, FOR NOW,
MUST BOW TO ROME...
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PAY A HUGE TRIBUTE...
AND DREAM OF REVENGE.
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THE DEFEATED CARTHAGINIAN
\h\h\h\hLEADER, HAMILCAR,
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SWEARS TO ONE DAY
\hDESTROY HIS FOE.
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HE DEDICATES HIS LIFE--
\h\h\h\hAND HIS SON’S--
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TO ROME’S DESTRUCTION.
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THAT BOY IS HANNIBAL.
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\h\hHIS FATHER’S HATRED OF ROME
SHAPES YOUNG HANNIBAL’S DESTINY.
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00:05:09,440 --> 00:05:13,560
\h\h\hSarah: WHEN HANNIBAL WAS
A YOUNG BOY, ABOUT 9 YEARS OLD
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00:05:13,600 --> 00:05:18,920
AND ABOUT TO LEAVE FOR SPAIN
\hWITH HIS FATHER, HAMILCAR,
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THE STORY IS TOLD THAT HAMILCAR
CALLED HANNIBAL TO HIS SIDE
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00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:28,440
AND ASKED THE YOUNG BOY TO
SWEAR THAT HE WOULD REMAIN
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\h\h\h\h\hTHROUGHOUT HIS LIFE
AN ENEMY TO THE ROMAN PEOPLE.
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00:05:33,840 --> 00:05:36,960
Kelcy: WHETHER OR NOT THIS OATH
EVER ACTUALLY HAPPENED,
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00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:39,360
\hTHE ROMANS WANTED
TO PORTRAY HANNIBAL
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AS ALMOST A PREDESTINED ENEMY.
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\h\h\h\h\hTHEY WANTED TO SHOW
THAT THIS ENMITY WITH HANNIBAL
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\h\h\h\h\hWAS ALMOST PREORDAINED
IN AN ALMOST MYTHOLOGICAL SENSE.
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♪
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Narrator: TO REBUILD THE WEALTH
AND STATUS OF CARTHAGE,
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00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:04,560
\h\h\hHAMILCAR INVADES
THE IBERIAN PENINSULA,
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00:06:04,600 --> 00:06:08,000
KNOWN TODAY AS SPAIN.
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00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:12,320
HAMILCAR’S GAMBLE
\hPAYS OFF RICHLY.
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00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:15,680
\h\h\h\h\hKelcy: SPAIN WAS
A VERY ATTRACTIVE PROSPECT
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FOR THE CARTHAGINIANS
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BECAUSE IT POSSESSED
\h\hFABULOUS WEALTH
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00:06:19,120 --> 00:06:20,800
IN SILVER MINES ESPECIALLY.
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00:06:20,840 --> 00:06:25,560
BUT ALSO THINGS LIKE TIMBER
\h\h\h\hAND FURS AND AMBER.
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\h\h\hNarrator: BUT HAMILCAR
HAS TO CONQUER LOCAL TRIBES.
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00:06:29,200 --> 00:06:31,280
HE ASSEMBLES A FEARSOME ARMY...
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00:06:31,320 --> 00:06:36,000
AND WIELDS THE ANCIENT WORLD’S
\h\hVERSION OF BATTLE TANKS--
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00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:38,600
WAR ELEPHANTS.
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00:06:38,640 --> 00:06:41,280
\h\hEric: ELEPHANTS
WERE TYPICALLY USED
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00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:45,120
CHIEFLY TO FRIGHTEN THE ENEMY.
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00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:47,520
SOLDIERS WHO HAVEN’T
\h\hSEEN ELEPHANTS,
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00:06:47,560 --> 00:06:49,920
AS YOU MIGHT IMAGINE,
\h\hPANIC AS A RESULT,
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00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:53,800
AND ANIMALS THAT HAVEN’T SEEN
\h\h\hELEPHANTS BEFORE PANIC.
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\hAND ESPECIALLY BECAUSE
THEY WERE UNPREDICTABLE
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AND THEY WERE CAPABLE
\hOF TRAMPLING PEOPLE,
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THEY COULD CAUSE GREAT FEAR
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN AN ENEMY.
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00:07:03,240 --> 00:07:05,240
Narrator: HANNIBAL LEARNS
\h\h\hHOW TO LEAD AN ARMY
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00:07:05,280 --> 00:07:09,240
AND HANDLE ELEPHANTS
\h\hFROM HIS FATHER.
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00:07:09,280 --> 00:07:11,760
AND FROM HIS GREEK TUTOR,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSOSYLUS,
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00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:16,280
HE LEARNS THE ART AND HISTORY
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF WARFARE.
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00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:18,040
SOSYLUS TEACHES HANNIBAL
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00:07:18,120 --> 00:07:21,040
\h\h\h\h\h\hABOUT MYTHIC
AS WELL AS REAL HEROES--
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00:07:21,080 --> 00:07:23,400
\h\h\hGENERALS LIKE
ALEXANDER THE GREAT,
135
00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:26,200
\hWHO LED HIS ARMY
THOUSANDS OF MILES
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00:07:26,240 --> 00:07:29,520
ACROSS VAST RIVERS
\h\hAND MOUNTAINS.
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00:07:29,560 --> 00:07:32,680
\h\hKelcy: AT AGE 10 HANNIBAL
WENT WITH HIS FATHER TO SPAIN,
138
00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:35,080
AND WE HEAR THAT SOSYLUS
\h\h\h\hACCOMPANIED HIM,
139
00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:38,640
AND HE STILL WOULD HAVE TAUGHT
\h\hHIM ABOUT ANCIENT GREEKS,
140
00:07:38,680 --> 00:07:40,280
BUT FROM 235 ONWARD
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00:07:40,320 --> 00:07:43,000
HIS FATHER WOULD HAVE
APPOINTED HIM A TUTOR
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00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:44,480
IN THE ARTS OF WAR.
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00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:48,520
\hHE WOULD HAVE LEARNED
SWORDSMANSHIP, ARCHERY,
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00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:49,840
HORSEBACK RIDING,
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00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:53,200
AND SINCE HE WAS PARTLY RAISED
\h\h\h\h\h\hIN MILITARY CAMPS,
146
00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:56,320
HE PROBABLY TOOK TO THIS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH EASE.
147
00:07:56,360 --> 00:07:58,120
Narrator: HANNIBAL’S EDUCATION
148
00:07:58,160 --> 00:08:00,400
\hWOULD HAVE COVERED
ALL ASPECTS OF WAR,
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00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:02,160
FROM HOW TO HANDLE WEAPONS
150
00:08:02,200 --> 00:08:06,320
TO THE TACTICS AND STRATEGIES
\h\h\h\hOF SUCCESSFUL ARMIES.
151
00:08:06,360 --> 00:08:10,320
\h\h\hAND HE WAS CLEARLY
A NATURAL-BORN WARRIOR.
152
00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:11,520
Kelcy: THE ROMAN HISTORIAN LIVY
153
00:08:11,560 --> 00:08:13,840
\h\h\hTELLS US THAT
HANNIBAL’S ADMIRERS
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00:08:13,880 --> 00:08:16,200
\hREFERRED TO HIM
AS A SECOND MARS,
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00:08:16,240 --> 00:08:19,720
THE ROMAN GOD OF WAR.
156
00:08:19,760 --> 00:08:24,040
Sarah: FROM THE BEGINNING,
\h\h\h\h\hHIS BEING THERE
157
00:08:24,160 --> 00:08:26,200
ACCLIMATED EVERYONE TO THE FACT
158
00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:29,160
THAT HE REALLY WAS SOME KIND
\h\h\h\hOF AN HEIR APPARENT,
159
00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:30,960
AND THAT WHEN HE CAME OF AGE
160
00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:33,280
HE WOULD PUT CARTHAGE
\h\h\hBACK ON THE MAP
161
00:08:33,320 --> 00:08:35,600
AND HELP RETURN HIS CITY
162
00:08:35,640 --> 00:08:39,080
TO SOME OF ITS FORMER INFLUENCE
AND PROSPERITY
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00:08:39,120 --> 00:08:42,480
BY TAKING THE WAR RIGHT BACK
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO THE ROMANS.
164
00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:45,760
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator: AT 26,
AFTER THE DEATH OF HIS FATHER,
165
00:08:45,800 --> 00:08:50,080
\h\h\hHANNIBAL TAKES CHARGE
OF THE CARTHAGINIAN FORCES.
166
00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:52,640
HE HAS ONE GOAL IN SIGHT--
167
00:08:52,680 --> 00:08:56,040
\h\hFULFILL THE OATH
HE MADE TO HAMILCAR
168
00:08:56,080 --> 00:08:58,280
AND DESTROY ROME.
169
00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:08,880
IN 219 BC, HANNIBAL GATHERS
\h\h\h\h\hAN ENORMOUS ARMY--
170
00:09:08,920 --> 00:09:13,920
PERHAPS AS LARGE AS 90,000 MEN
\h\h\h\hAND 37 WAR ELEPHANTS--
171
00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:17,720
AND PREPARES FOR WAR WITH ROME.
172
00:09:17,760 --> 00:09:20,200
Eric: HANNIBAL CAUGHT
THE ROMANS OFF GUARD.
173
00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:22,960
\h\h\h\h\hTHEY DIDN’T REALIZE
UNTIL IT WAS A LITTLE TOO LATE
174
00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,720
\h\hTHAT HANNIBAL HAD GROWN
CARTHAGINIAN POWER IN SPAIN
175
00:09:26,760 --> 00:09:28,920
TO THE DEGREE THAT HE HAD.
176
00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:35,120
Narrator: UNAWARE OF HANNIBAL’S
GROWING POWER,
177
00:09:35,160 --> 00:09:38,240
\hROME IS CONFIDENT
IN ITS OWN STRENGTH.
178
00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:39,920
ALTHOUGH A REPUBLIC,
179
00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:44,040
ONLY A FEW NOBLE FAMILIES
\h\hCONTROL KEY POSITIONS.
180
00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:48,120
CHIEF AMONG THESE--
THE HOUSE OF SCIPIO.
181
00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:51,440
\h\h\h\h\hTHE PATRIARCH--
LUCIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO--
182
00:09:51,480 --> 00:09:53,280
\hFOUGHT AND BEAT
THE CARTHAGINIANS
183
00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:55,440
IN THE EARLIER WAR.
184
00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:58,360
NOW HIS SON, PUBLIUS,
\h\h\h\h\hAND GRANDSON
185
00:09:58,400 --> 00:10:01,280
ARE EAGER FOR THEIR CHANCE.
186
00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:03,080
AND THAT CHANCE COMES
187
00:10:03,120 --> 00:10:06,440
WHEN HANNIBAL ATTACKS
ROMAN ALLIES IN SPAIN.
188
00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:08,440
THE CITY OF SAGUNTUM IS DEEP
189
00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:10,760
IN CARTHAGINIAN TERRITORY...
190
00:10:10,800 --> 00:10:12,040
A ROMAN ALLY...
191
00:10:12,200 --> 00:10:14,240
AND A THORN IN HANNIBAL’S SIDE.
192
00:10:14,280 --> 00:10:17,160
HANNIBAL LAYS SIEGE TO THE CITY.
193
00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:19,760
\h\h\h\h\hEric: IT IS LIKELY
THAT HANNIBAL WAS IRRITATED
194
00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:21,240
BY THE FACT THAT ROME HAD
195
00:10:21,280 --> 00:10:25,920
A KIND OF ALLIANCE OR FRIENDSHIP
OR SOMETHING WITH SAGUNTUM,
196
00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:28,240
\h\h\hBECAUSE THIS WAS
THE TERRITORY IN SPAIN
197
00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:30,520
THAT WAS SUPPOSED TO BE
\h\h\h\h\h\hCARTHAGE’S,
198
00:10:30,560 --> 00:10:34,200
\h\h\hAND SO IT’S LIKELY
THAT HE ATTACKS SAGUNTUM
199
00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:36,160
\hIN PART BECAUSE
OF HIS IRRITATION
200
00:10:36,200 --> 00:10:37,840
THAT ROME WAS MEDDLING
201
00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:40,000
IN CARTHAGE’S AFFAIRS IN SPAIN.
202
00:10:42,080 --> 00:10:44,800
\h\h\hKelcy: WHEN HANNIBAL TOOK
SAGUNTUM AFTER AN 8-MONTH SIEGE,
203
00:10:44,840 --> 00:10:48,200
\h\h\hPOLYBIUS TELLS US THAT HE
OFFERED TO SPARE THE POPULATION
204
00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:50,440
IF THEY LEFT THE TOWN
\h\h\hWITH NO WEAPONS
205
00:10:50,480 --> 00:10:52,400
AND NO MORE THAN TWO GARMENTS,
206
00:10:52,440 --> 00:10:55,560
AND WHEN THEY REFUSED, HE PUT
\h\hALL OF THE MALES TO DEATH
207
00:10:55,600 --> 00:11:00,040
AND SOLD THE WOMEN AND CHILDREN
INTO SLAVERY.
208
00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:02,080
Eric: ROME SEEMS
TO HAVE EXPECTED
209
00:11:02,120 --> 00:11:03,400
THAT THE SECOND PUNIC WAR
210
00:11:03,440 --> 00:11:05,720
\hWAS GOING TO BE A LOT
LIKE THE FIRST PUNIC WAR
211
00:11:05,760 --> 00:11:08,440
IN WHICH ROME WAS LARGELY
\h\h\h\h\h\hON THE OFFENSE
212
00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:10,480
AND ATTACKING WHERE IT WANTED,
213
00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:14,680
AND HANNIBAL CAUGHT THEM
\hCOMPLETELY OFF GUARD.
214
00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:17,200
Narrator: WHEN NEWS ARRIVES
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM SPAIN,
215
00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:19,760
IT’S NOT WHAT THE ROMANS EXPECT.
216
00:11:19,800 --> 00:11:25,040
HANNIBAL, THE MESSAGE SAYS,
\h\h\h\h\h\hIS ON THE MOVE.
217
00:11:25,120 --> 00:11:28,600
HE PLANS TO BRING THE WAR
\h\h\h\h\hTO ROME ITSELF.
218
00:11:28,640 --> 00:11:32,520
ALREADY HE HAS THE ROMANS
\h\h\h\hON THE DEFENSIVE.
219
00:11:32,560 --> 00:11:34,040
Kelcy: ONE OF THE REASONS
\h\h\h\h\h\hTHAT HANNIBAL
220
00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:36,040
WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
AGAINST THE ROMANS
221
00:11:36,080 --> 00:11:39,640
IS THAT HE ALWAYS DID
\h\h\hTHE UNEXPECTED.
222
00:11:39,680 --> 00:11:44,320
HE WAS USUALLY ONE STEP AHEAD
\hOF THE ROMANS AT EVERY TURN.
223
00:11:47,080 --> 00:11:49,920
Narrator: THE EASIEST ROUTE
\h\hWOULD BE THE DIRECT ONE,
224
00:11:49,960 --> 00:11:51,040
BY SHIP.
225
00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:54,080
INSTEAD, HANNIBAL
\hWILL GO BY LAND,
226
00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:57,640
\hA ROUTE ROME THINKS
IS ALL BUT IMPOSSIBLE.
227
00:11:57,680 --> 00:12:01,360
\h\h\hSarah: THE ROMANS
CERTAINLY DID NOT EXPECT
228
00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:05,080
THAT NEARLY THE FIRST THING
\h\h\h\h\hHANNIBAL WOULD DO
229
00:12:05,120 --> 00:12:10,000
WAS STAGE AN INVASION OF ITALY,
MUCH LESS DO IT OVERLAND.
230
00:12:10,040 --> 00:12:13,120
Narrator: FEW IMAGINE THAT
HANNIBAL CAN TURN SOLDIERS
231
00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:15,240
FROM DOZENS OF DIFFERENT TRIBES
232
00:12:15,280 --> 00:12:18,520
INTO A SINGLE COHESIVE
\h\h\hFIGHTING FORCE.
233
00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:22,520
\hEric: THE CARTHAGINIAN ARMY
WAS LARGELY A MERCENARY ARMY,
234
00:12:22,560 --> 00:12:25,040
\h\h\h\hTHAT IS TO SAY,
IT’S SOLDIERS FOR HIRE.
235
00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:28,040
NOT ONLY WAS IT GOING TO BE
\h\h\h\hDIFFICULT AND COSTLY
236
00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:29,320
TO RUN SUCH AN ARMY,
237
00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:32,080
BUT IT WAS GOING TO BE
\hEXTREMELY DIFFICULT
238
00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:35,040
\h\h\h\hTO GET THE KIND
OF CAMARADERIE NECESSARY
239
00:12:35,080 --> 00:12:38,040
FOR THE WAR THAT WAS GOING
\h\h\h\h\h\hTO TAKE PLACE.
240
00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:42,160
AND THAT SHOWS THAT HANNIBAL
\h\hWAS A LEADER OF GENIUS.
241
00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:46,400
Sarah: THIS ARMY WAS NOT
\h\hFOLLOWING CARTHAGE;
242
00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:50,160
THIS ARMY WAS FOLLOWING
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHANNIBAL.
243
00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:52,600
Narrator: NUMIDIAN CAVALRY
\h\h\h\hFROM NORTH AFRICA
244
00:12:52,640 --> 00:12:55,200
ARE THE SHOCK TROOPS.
245
00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:58,760
\h\h\hON THE FRONT LINES,
SLINGERS DELIVER A BARRAGE
246
00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:02,400
OF HIGHLY ACCURATE, DEADLY
\h\h\h\hLEAD PROJECTILES.
247
00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:05,160
\h\h\h\hTHEY ARE BACKED UP
BY HEAVILY ARMORED CAVALRY
248
00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:07,560
FROM SPAIN AND FRANCE.
249
00:13:10,880 --> 00:13:17,200
AND FORMING THE ARMY’S CORE,
FOOT SOLDIERS FROM CARTHAGE.
250
00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:20,040
FROM THIS DIVERSE FORCE,
\h\h\h\hHANNIBAL CREATES
251
00:13:20,080 --> 00:13:24,160
ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL ARMIES
OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.
252
00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:26,600
Sarah: HANNIBAL’S INVASION
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF ITALY
253
00:13:26,640 --> 00:13:30,960
\hWAS AN ENORMOUSLY
COMPLICATED PROJECT.
254
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:36,600
WHEN WE THINK ABOUT HANNIBAL,
\hWE TEND TO THINK ABOUT DRAMA
255
00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:40,760
AND FURY AND POTENTIALLY
\h\h\hTHINGS LIKE ANGER,
256
00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,440
BUT HANNIBAL HAS TO HAVE BEEN
257
00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:47,440
A METICULOUS, METICULOUS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCRAFTSMAN
258
00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:49,600
OF EVERYTHING THAT HE PLANNED
259
00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:53,600
\h\h\hIN ORDER FOR SOMETHING
THIS COMPLICATED TO SUCCEED.
260
00:13:56,960 --> 00:13:59,160
Narrator: IN MAY 218 BC,
261
00:13:59,200 --> 00:14:02,040
HANNIBAL MUST SAY GOODBYE
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO HIS WIFE
262
00:14:02,080 --> 00:14:06,960
AND LEAVE HIS LIFE
\hIN SPAIN BEHIND.
263
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:11,000
\h\hTHERE IS NO WAY TO KNOW
WHEN, IF EVER, HE’LL RETURN.
264
00:14:11,040 --> 00:14:14,600
♪
265
00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:17,200
THE ARMY SETS OUT
FROM NEW CARTHAGE,
266
00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:20,640
WHAT IS NOW CARTAGENA, SPAIN.
267
00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:23,680
\h\hTO MARCH OVERLAND,
HANNIBAL AND HIS ARMY
268
00:14:23,720 --> 00:14:24,800
WILL HAVE TO CROSS
269
00:14:24,840 --> 00:14:27,760
TWO OF EUROPE’S GREATEST
\h\h\hNATURAL BARRIERS--
270
00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:33,920
\h\h\hTHE RHONE RIVER AND
THE ALPINE MOUNTAIN RANGE.
271
00:14:33,960 --> 00:14:36,920
Eric: HANNIBAL NEEDED
\h\h\h\h\hTO MAINTAIN
272
00:14:36,960 --> 00:14:38,720
THE ELEMENT OF SURPRISE.
273
00:14:38,760 --> 00:14:42,720
AND SO, IT WAS OF GREAT VALUE
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO HANNIBAL
274
00:14:42,760 --> 00:14:47,440
\hTO MAKE SURE HE COULD SHOW UP
IN ITALY AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE.
275
00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:50,120
IT WAS A MASSIVE UNDERTAKING,
276
00:14:50,160 --> 00:14:52,520
\hONE OF THE GREATEST
IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.
277
00:14:54,880 --> 00:14:56,440
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator:
END-TO-END ON THE MARCH,
278
00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:59,640
THE ARMY STRETCHES
ROUGHLY 25 MILES,
279
00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:04,320
ALMOST TWICE THE LENGTH
\h\hOF MANHATTAN ISLAND.
280
00:15:04,360 --> 00:15:05,720
HANNIBAL IS LEADING THEM
281
00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:09,120
MORE THAN A THOUSAND MILES
\h\h\h\h\hFROM THEIR HOMES
282
00:15:09,160 --> 00:15:12,960
INTO WHAT MUST HAVE FELT
\h\h\hLIKE THE UNKNOWN.
283
00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:14,280
TO MOVE QUICKLY,
284
00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:18,000
HANNIBAL MARCHES WITH AS LITTLE
BAGGAGE AS POSSIBLE.
285
00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:23,080
THIS MEANS HANNIBAL MUST TIME
\h\h\hHIS ROUTE EXACTLY RIGHT.
286
00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:25,160
Eric: FIRST, HANNIBAL
\h\h\hHAS TO MAKE SURE
287
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:27,520
THAT HE CAN ACTUALLY GET
\h\h\h\hTHROUGH THE ALPS
288
00:15:27,560 --> 00:15:29,600
AND THAT HE’S GOING TO HAVE
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSUFFICIENT
289
00:15:29,640 --> 00:15:32,640
OR POTENTIALLY SUFFICIENT
PROVISIONS FOR HIS TROOPS
290
00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:36,040
UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES.
291
00:15:36,080 --> 00:15:41,600
Sarah: HANNIBAL’S DROP DEAD DATE
IN EVERY SENSE OF THE TERM
292
00:15:41,640 --> 00:15:44,440
FOR THE COMPLETION
OF HIS EXPEDITION
293
00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:48,760
\hWOULD HAVE BEEN THE ONSET
OF TRUE WINTER IN THE ALPS.
294
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:52,720
HE WOULD HAVE HAD TO CALCULATE
\h\h\hBACKWARDS FROM THAT TIME
295
00:15:52,760 --> 00:15:57,360
\hTO FIGURE OUT HOW LATE IN THE
SEASON HE COULD AFFORD TO LEAVE.
296
00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:02,280
IF HANNIBAL LEFT TOO SOON,
297
00:16:02,320 --> 00:16:06,160
\h\h\hHE WOULD HAVE FOUND
THE HARVEST NOT COMPLETED,
298
00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:09,040
THE MARKETS NEARLY EMPTY,
299
00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:14,400
THE GRANARIES OF THE FARMS
\h\h\h\h\hNOT YET FILLED.
300
00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:16,200
Narrator: AT LEAST IN SPAIN,
301
00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:20,920
\hHE CAN COUNT ON ALLIES
PROVIDING FOR HIS ARMY.
302
00:16:20,960 --> 00:16:25,040
HARDEST OF ALL TO FEED--
\h\h\h\h\hHIS ELEPHANTS.
303
00:16:25,080 --> 00:16:31,040
EACH ELEPHANT CAN CONSUME OVER
300 POUNDS OF FOOD EVERY DAY.
304
00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:34,960
IN 1959, BRITISH RESEARCHERS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWANTED TO TEST
305
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:37,040
HOW WELL ELEPHANTS WOULD FARE
306
00:16:37,120 --> 00:16:40,960
ON A MOUNTAIN CLIMB
\h\hLIKE HANNIBAL’S.
307
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:42,760
Newsreel announcer: THE ELEPHANT
CHOSEN BY AN EXPEDITION
308
00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:44,240
FROM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
309
00:16:44,280 --> 00:16:47,600
TO FIND HOW HANNIBAL
\hCROSSED THE ALPS.
310
00:16:47,640 --> 00:16:49,760
Narrator: THEY BORROWED
AN ELEPHANT NAMED JUMBO
311
00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:53,440
\h\h\h\h\hFROM THE TURIN ZOO
AND HIKED HIM INTO THE ALPS.
312
00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:54,680
Newsreel announcer:
\hTHIS WAS THE SCENE
313
00:16:54,720 --> 00:16:57,120
AS THE PARTY LEFT MONTMÉLIAN,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN FRANCE...
314
00:16:57,160 --> 00:17:01,120
\h\h\hNarrator: UNLIKE HANNIBAL,
THE RESEARCHERS HAD PAVED ROADS
315
00:17:01,160 --> 00:17:04,440
\h\h\hAND WILLING VOLUNTEERS
WHO PROVIDED FOOD AND WATER.
316
00:17:04,480 --> 00:17:05,720
\h\h\h\hNewsreel announcer:
THE 12-DAY JOURNEY PROVOKED
317
00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:09,080
TREMENDOUS ENTHUSIASM
\hALL ALONG THE ROUTE.
318
00:17:09,120 --> 00:17:11,360
ELEPHANTS ARE EXCITING ANIMALS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hEVEN TODAY,
319
00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:13,760
BUT THINK HOW THEY MUST HAVE
\h\hSTAGGERED THE ROMAN ARMY
320
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:14,920
WHEN THEY APPEARED...
321
00:17:14,960 --> 00:17:17,080
\hNarrator: AT THE END
OF THEIR TEN-DAY TREK,
322
00:17:17,120 --> 00:17:19,480
\hTHEY’RE CHEERED
BY ITALIAN CROWDS.
323
00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:21,000
\h\h\h\hNewsreel announcer:
WHETHER THE CAMBRIDGE THEORY
324
00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:22,440
WAS RIGHT OR WRONG...
325
00:17:22,480 --> 00:17:24,920
Narrator: JUMBO MADE THE TRIP...
326
00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:30,680
\h\h\h\hBUT IN JUST 12 DAYS,
HE’S LOST 10% OF HIS WEIGHT.
327
00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:34,080
\h\hHANNIBAL’S ROUTE IS
MUCH ROUGHER AND LONGER.
328
00:17:34,120 --> 00:17:35,800
IT TAKES ALMOST FOUR MONTHS
329
00:17:35,840 --> 00:17:39,360
TO CROSS NORTHERN SPAIN
\h\hAND SOUTHERN FRANCE.
330
00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:43,000
THERE, HE COMES UP AGAINST
\h\h\h\hA NATURAL BARRIER
331
00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:45,600
THAT BRINGS HIS MARCH
\h\h\h\h\hTO A HALT--
332
00:17:45,640 --> 00:17:47,280
THE RHONE RIVER.
333
00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:51,800
Sarah: FOR AN ANCIENT ARMY
\h\hTO CROSS A LARGE RIVER
334
00:17:51,840 --> 00:17:57,520
WAS ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS
\h\h\h\h\hTHINGS IT COULD DO.
335
00:17:57,560 --> 00:18:00,720
Narrator: TODAY, THE RHONE RIVER
LOOKS CALM...
336
00:18:00,760 --> 00:18:03,040
TAMED BY CANALS AND DAMS.
337
00:18:03,080 --> 00:18:06,240
BUT IN 218 BC, IT WAS WILD,
338
00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,560
\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH STRONG,
UNPREDICTABLE CURRENTS.
339
00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:12,520
Sarah: NOT ONLY DID HANNIBAL
\h\h\h\hNEED TO GET HIS ARMY
340
00:18:12,560 --> 00:18:16,400
ACROSS THE EXCEPTIONALLY
\hDANGEROUS RHONE RIVER,
341
00:18:16,440 --> 00:18:18,720
BUT HE NEEDED TO GET
\h\h\h\h37 ELEPHANTS
342
00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:23,000
ACROSS THE EXCEPTIONALLY
\hDANGEROUS RHONE RIVER.
343
00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:26,600
Narrator: IN THE WILD, ELEPHANTS
ARE COMFORTABLE IN THE WATER...
344
00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:30,040
\h\h\h\hBUT HANNIBAL’S ELEPHANTS
MAY HAVE BEEN BRED IN CAPTIVITY
345
00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:32,280
AND NEVER LEARNED TO SWIM.
346
00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:34,480
\hHE CAN’T BE SURE
HOW THEY’LL REACT
347
00:18:34,520 --> 00:18:37,000
TO THE RHONE’S SWIFT CURRENTS.
348
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:42,400
\hON THE DANUBE RIVER,
HISTORIAN BORIS DREYER
349
00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:46,640
\h\hWANTS TO TEST HOW HANNIBAL
WAS ABLE TO ACHIEVE HIS FEAT.
350
00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:48,200
HE PLANS TO BUILD A RAFT
351
00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:50,920
THE SAME SIZE AND SHAPE
\h\h\h\h\hAS HANNIBAL’S,
352
00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:54,840
\h\hBASED ON THE ACCOUNTS
OF THE HISTORIAN POLYBIUS.
353
00:18:54,880 --> 00:18:56,360
[SPEAKING GERMAN]
354
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:58,040
Boris Dreyer, translated: YOU
CAN STUDY THE ANCIENT SOURCES
355
00:18:58,200 --> 00:18:59,480
AT YOUR DESK,
356
00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:01,680
\h\h\h\h\hFILTER OUT THE DATA
AND EVEN FIND THEM CONVINCING,
357
00:19:01,720 --> 00:19:03,360
BUT WHEN IT COMES
TO RE-ENACTING IT,
358
00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:05,640
THAT’S QUITE A DIFFERENT MATTER.
359
00:19:05,680 --> 00:19:09,240
\h\h\hNarrator: BUT DREYER’S
RECREATION ONLY GOES SO FAR.
360
00:19:09,280 --> 00:19:14,160
\h\h\h\hUNLIKE HANNIBAL, HE HAS
THE ADVANTAGE OF MODERN GEAR...
361
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:18,600
LIKE A GRAPPLE CRANE TO LIFT
AND PLACE THE HEAVY LOGS...
362
00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:21,840
AS WELL AS CHAINSAWS
\h\h\h\hTO CUT THEM.
363
00:19:21,880 --> 00:19:25,400
ALSO, HE’S NOT SURROUNDED
\h\hBY HOSTILE TRIBESMEN.
364
00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:29,120
IN FACT, LOCAL BOAT OWNERS
AND THE SECURITY SERVICES
365
00:19:29,160 --> 00:19:33,040
COME OUT IN DROVES TO HELP.
366
00:19:33,080 --> 00:19:35,320
WITH A MODERN CONCERN
\h\h\h\h\hFOR SAFETY,
367
00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:38,840
DREYER HAS THE FIRE BRIGADE
\hAND LIFEGUARDS STANDING BY
368
00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:41,400
IN CASE THERE’S AN EMERGENCY.
369
00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:45,040
IT TAKES ROUGHLY 40 LARGE LOGS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLASHED TOGETHER
370
00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:47,200
\h\h\h\hTO BUILD ONE
OF HANNIBAL’S RAFTS.
371
00:19:47,240 --> 00:19:50,240
[CHAINSAWS ROARING]
372
00:19:50,280 --> 00:19:54,000
THE CARTHAGINIANS TOPPED THEIR
\hRAFTS WITH BRANCHES AND DIRT
373
00:19:54,040 --> 00:19:57,840
\h\hTO FOOL THE ELEPHANTS INTO
THINKING IT WAS SOLID GROUND.
374
00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:02,720
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDreyer:
THE RAFT WE HAVE RECREATED
375
00:20:02,760 --> 00:20:06,600
IS EXACTLY THE SAME SIZE
\hAS THOSE OF HANNIBAL.
376
00:20:06,640 --> 00:20:10,240
ACCORDING TO OUR SOURCES,
\hHE HAD 16 OF THEM BUILT.
377
00:20:12,440 --> 00:20:15,480
Narrator: HANNIBAL ALSO BUILT
\h\h\hPIERS OUT INTO THE RIVER
378
00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:19,920
\hTO GET THE ELEPHANTS OVER PART
OF THE WATER AND ONTO THE RAFTS.
379
00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:23,240
\h\hTHE HANDLERS LIKELY LED
THE DOMINANT ELEPHANTS FIRST
380
00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:25,680
TO GET THE OTHERS TO FOLLOW.
381
00:20:25,720 --> 00:20:28,160
Eric: THE CROSSING OF THE RHONE
WAS GOING TO BE,
382
00:20:28,200 --> 00:20:31,280
\h\h\h\h\hFOR HANNIBAL,
A LOGISTICAL NIGHTMARE.
383
00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:33,160
\h\hHE WAS GOING TO
HAVE TO BUILD RAFTS
384
00:20:33,200 --> 00:20:36,440
IN ORDER TO TRY TO GET ELEPHANTS
ACROSS THE RHONE RIVER,
385
00:20:36,480 --> 00:20:39,760
AND EVEN GETTING ELEPHANTS
\hTO STEP FOOT ON A RAFT,
386
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:41,960
\hAS YOU MIGHT IMAGINE,
IS GOING TO BE SOMETHING
387
00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:44,960
THAT’S VERY DIFFICULT
\h\h\h\hTO ACCOMPLISH.
388
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:48,240
Narrator: TODAY, DREYER RELIES
\h\hON HEAVY MOVING EQUIPMENT
389
00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:50,600
TO EASE THE RAFT INTO THE RIVER.
390
00:20:54,440 --> 00:21:00,720
[CREAKING]
391
00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:05,160
IT WEIGHS 15 TONS BY ITSELF,
\h\h\h\h\hAND IT’S NOT CLEAR
392
00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:08,200
\h\h\hIF THE CURRENT
WILL PULL IT UNDER.
393
00:21:08,240 --> 00:21:12,120
IT RIDES LOW IN THE WATER,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT FLOATS.
394
00:21:12,160 --> 00:21:15,600
IN HANNIBAL’S TIME, SOLDIERS
WOULD HAVE HAD TO CONTROL IT
395
00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:18,480
WITH NOTHING MORE
THAN MUSCLE POWER.
396
00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:22,040
\h\h\h\h\h\hTODAY, LOCALS,
IN THEIR MOTORIZED BOATS,
397
00:21:22,120 --> 00:21:25,880
PUSH IT BACK UP ONTO THE BANK.
398
00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:27,520
WITHOUT AN ELEPHANT HANDY,
399
00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:33,280
DREYER USES 9,000 POUNDS
OF SAND AS A SUBSTITUTE.
400
00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:37,600
\h\h\h\hLOW IN THE WATER,
THE RAFT IS HARD TO MOVE.
401
00:21:37,640 --> 00:21:40,240
TO REPLICATE HANNIBAL’S
\h\h\h\h\hLIKELY METHOD,
402
00:21:40,280 --> 00:21:44,040
\h\h\h\hDREYER AND HIS TEAM TRY
TO PUSH IT ACROSS WITH POLES...
403
00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,760
AND PULL IT ACROSS
\h\hWITH ROWBOATS.
404
00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:52,320
EVEN A GENTLE CURRENT
\h\h\h\hIS TOO STRONG,
405
00:21:52,360 --> 00:21:54,000
AND THE POLERS AND ROWERS
406
00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:56,480
\hSTRUGGLE TO KEEP
THE RAFT ON TRACK.
407
00:21:56,520 --> 00:22:04,400
♪
408
00:22:04,440 --> 00:22:06,960
IT THREATENS TO SPIN
\hOUT OF CONTROL...
409
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:11,080
\h\h\h\h\hSO THE LIFEGUARDS SNAP
TO ATTENTION, READY FOR ACTION.
410
00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:19,920
ACCORDING TO POLYBIUS,
411
00:22:19,960 --> 00:22:24,160
MANY OF HANNIBAL’S TROOPS
\hDROWNED IN THE CROSSING.
412
00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:27,120
WHEN AN ELEPHANT SHIFTED
ITS WEIGHT, OR PANICKED,
413
00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:29,600
THE WHOLE RAFT WOULD GO OVER.
414
00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:36,120
♪
415
00:22:36,160 --> 00:22:38,720
Dreyer: IT’S VERY EXHAUSTING.
416
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,280
Narrator: THE CURRENT KEEPS
PUSHING THE RAFT DOWNSTREAM,
417
00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:51,160
AND FATIGUE STARTS TO SET IN.
418
00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:59,040
THE RAFT REACHES THE FAR BANK,
419
00:22:59,080 --> 00:23:01,200
BUT SEVERAL HUNDRED YARDS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDOWNRIVER
420
00:23:01,240 --> 00:23:04,120
FROM WHERE THEY WANTED TO LAND.
421
00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:05,560
AND DREYER HAS IT EASY
422
00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:09,040
COMPARED TO THE CHALLENGES
\h\h\hHANNIBAL DEALT WITH.
423
00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:13,680
[SPEAKING GERMAN]
424
00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:15,040
Dreyer: WE’VE MADE IT.
425
00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:16,240
WE’VE GOT THE WEIGHT
\h\h\hOF AN ELEPHANT
426
00:23:16,280 --> 00:23:18,480
ACROSS TO THE OTHER BANK.
427
00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:22,240
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator:
IT GIVES DREYER INSIGHT
428
00:23:22,280 --> 00:23:28,160
\hINTO WHAT IT MIGHT HAVE COST
HANNIBAL TO MAKE THE CROSSING.
429
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:30,040
\hDreyer: IT TELLS US
THAT HANNIBAL ACHIEVED
430
00:23:30,080 --> 00:23:32,520
\h\hA TRULY ENORMOUS
ORGANIZATIONAL FEAT,
431
00:23:32,560 --> 00:23:36,440
WITHOUT CHAINSAWS, MOTORBOATS
\h\hOR ANYTHING OF THAT KIND.
432
00:23:36,480 --> 00:23:40,680
AND ALL THIS WITH
LIVING ELEPHANTS.
433
00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:45,480
Narrator: FOR HANNIBAL, NOT
EVERYTHING WENT AS PLANNED.
434
00:23:45,520 --> 00:23:49,680
\h\h\h\hACCORDING TO POLYBIUS,
THE CROSSING TOOK SEVEN DAYS.
435
00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:53,880
♪
436
00:23:53,920 --> 00:23:58,200
Dreyer: WE KNOW THAT ALL 37
ELEPHANTS GOT ACROSS ALIVE.
437
00:23:58,240 --> 00:23:59,360
SOME, HOWEVER, LOST HOLD
438
00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:01,600
\h\h\hAND SURVIVED ONLY
THANKS TO THEIR TRUNKS,
439
00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:07,520
\hWHICH ALLOWED THEM TO BREATHE
UNDERWATER LIKE WITH A SNORKEL.
440
00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:11,280
\hBUT ALL THE MAHOUTS WHO FELL
OVERBOARD WITH THEM PERISHED.
441
00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:17,320
Narrator: ACROSS THE RHONE RIVER
AT LAST, HANNIBAL’S ARMY
442
00:24:17,360 --> 00:24:21,520
\h\hHAS BEEN ON THE MARCH
FOR ALMOST FOUR MONTHS...
443
00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:26,680
AND THE GREATEST BARRIERS
\h\h\h\h\hSTILL LIE AHEAD.
444
00:24:26,720 --> 00:24:30,040
ROME PLACES A MASSIVE ARMY
\h\h\h\h\hALONG THE COAST,
445
00:24:30,120 --> 00:24:34,040
BLOCKING HANNIBAL’S
\h\h\hEASIEST ROUTE.
446
00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:37,320
BUT, AGAIN, HANNIBAL
DOES THE UNEXPECTED.
447
00:24:37,360 --> 00:24:39,880
INSTEAD OF WAITING
\hFOR THE ROMANS,
448
00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:42,360
HE SETS OUT ON THE MARCH AGAIN.
449
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:45,240
Eric: THE ROMANS HOPED THAT THEY
WERE GOING TO BE ABLE
450
00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:47,960
\h\hTO STOP HANNIBAL
AT THE RHONE RIVER,
451
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:50,760
\h\h\h\hAND HANNIBAL,
ALWAYS ONE STEP AHEAD,
452
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:54,160
GAVE THE ROMAN ARMY THE SLIP.
453
00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:55,680
Narrator: LED BY SCIPIO,
454
00:24:55,720 --> 00:25:00,040
\h\h\h\hTHE ROMANS SEARCH
FOR HANNIBAL AND HIS ARMY.
455
00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:02,880
THEY’RE DETERMINED TO TRAP
\h\h\h\h\hAND DESTROY HIM
456
00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:06,320
BEFORE HE CAN EVEN REACH ITALY.
457
00:25:06,360 --> 00:25:09,360
BUT HANNIBAL ELUDES THEM.
458
00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:11,920
Sarah: THE ROMANS ARE ALREADY
\h\h\h\h\h\hON THE DEFENSIVE.
459
00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:16,360
\h\hTHEY KEEP TRYING TO GUESS
HANNIBAL’S LIKELY NEXT MOVE...
460
00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:18,480
AND THEY KEEP GUESSING WRONG.
461
00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:25,000
Narrator: ONCE AGAIN, THE ROMAN
ARMY UNDERESTIMATES HANNIBAL.
462
00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:29,400
♪
463
00:25:29,440 --> 00:25:32,160
THE MIGHTY ROMAN REPUBLIC
\h\h\hIS UP AGAINST A FOE
464
00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:36,120
LIKE NO OTHER IT’S FACED BEFORE.
465
00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:37,800
[HORSE NEIGHS]
466
00:25:37,840 --> 00:25:43,360
♪
467
00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:50,520
IN THE FALL OF 218 BC, HANNIBAL
ARRIVES AT THE FOOT OF THE ALPS,
468
00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:54,640
\h\h\h\h\h\hEUROPE’S TALLEST,
MOST DAUNTING MOUNTAIN RANGE.
469
00:25:54,680 --> 00:25:57,920
\hSNOW-COVERED PEAKS
STRETCH 15,000 FEET
470
00:25:57,960 --> 00:25:59,320
TO THE ROOF OF EUROPE,
471
00:25:59,360 --> 00:26:04,040
CREATING A NATURAL FORTRESS
\hPROTECTING ITALY AND ROME.
472
00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:06,120
NO ONE HAS EVER TAKEN
\h\h\h\h\hA LARGE ARMY
473
00:26:06,160 --> 00:26:11,080
THROUGH ONE OF ITS
\h\hNARROW PASSES.
474
00:26:11,120 --> 00:26:15,160
\hTHE ROMANS THINK IT WOULD BE
SUICIDE FOR HANNIBAL TO TRY...
475
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:18,400
AND HANNIBAL’S OWN TROOPS AGREE.
476
00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:27,160
IN 218 BC, HANNIBAL FACES
\h\hTHE GREATEST OBSTACLE
477
00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:30,400
ON HIS MARCH TO ROME--
\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE ALPS.
478
00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:35,160
Sarah: ANCIENT PEOPLES VIEWED
\h\h\hTHE ALPS AS A FORTRESS.
479
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:41,120
THEY FORMED AN ALMOST
\h\hIMPENETRABLE WALL.
480
00:26:41,160 --> 00:26:45,280
Eric: NO ARMY IN ANTIQUITY
\h\h\hGOT ACROSS THE ALPS,
481
00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:48,520
\h\h\h\h\hAND YET IT SEEMS
AS IF HANNIBAL RECOGNIZES
482
00:26:48,560 --> 00:26:54,080
\h\hTHAT HE’S THE GENERAL
WHO CAN ACTUALLY DO THIS.
483
00:26:54,120 --> 00:26:57,520
Kelcy: HIS ARMY WAS RELUCTANT
\h\h\h\h\h\hTO CROSS THE ALPS
484
00:26:57,560 --> 00:27:01,840
BECAUSE THEY SAW IT BASICALLY
\h\h\h\hAS A SUICIDE MISSION.
485
00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:04,240
Narrator: THEY’VE ARRIVED
\h\hAT THE EDGE OF WINTER,
486
00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:06,280
WHEN LANDSLIDES OR AVALANCHES
487
00:27:06,320 --> 00:27:09,160
\h\hCOULD TRAP THEM
IN A MOUNTAIN PASS.
488
00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:13,120
THERE, THEY COULD FREEZE
\h\hOR STARVE TO DEATH.
489
00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:17,760
BUT IF THEY’RE TO REACH ROME,
\h\hTHEY MUST SCALE THE ALPS.
490
00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:20,600
[TROOPS CHEERING]
491
00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:23,440
HANNIBAL RALLIES HIS TROOPS,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTELLING THEM:
492
00:27:23,480 --> 00:27:28,360
"NO MOUNTAIN IS TOO HIGH
\h\hFOR MAN TO CONQUER.
493
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:33,800
IF A SMALL GROUP CAN CROSS THEM,
SO CAN AN ARMY."
494
00:27:33,840 --> 00:27:35,520
BUT HOW HANNIBAL MANAGED TO GET
495
00:27:35,560 --> 00:27:38,040
TENS OF THOUSANDS
OF MEN AND HORSES,
496
00:27:38,080 --> 00:27:41,600
AS WELL AS 37 ELEPHANTS,
\h\h\h\hACROSS THE ALPS
497
00:27:41,640 --> 00:27:46,040
IS ONE OF HISTORY’S GREATEST
\h\h\h\hUNSOLVED MYSTERIES.
498
00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:51,080
\hNO ONE EVEN KNOWS
WHAT ROUTE HE TOOK.
499
00:27:51,120 --> 00:27:53,200
\hTHERE ARE THREE
POSSIBLE PASSAGES,
500
00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:57,400
AND MOST HISTORIANS CONSIDER THE
NORTHERN TWO THE MOST LIKELY.
501
00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:01,000
\hTHE SOUTHERNMOST, ACROSS
THE COL DE LA TRAVERSETTE,
502
00:28:01,040 --> 00:28:02,840
IS THE MOST DIFFICULT.
503
00:28:02,880 --> 00:28:05,240
RISING TO ALMOST 8,000 FEET,
504
00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:06,920
IT’S THE HIGHEST ROUTE
505
00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:10,280
AND CONTAINS NARROW PASSES.
506
00:28:10,320 --> 00:28:13,840
HISTORIANS HAVE GENERALLY
\h\h\h\h\h\hRULED IT OUT.
507
00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:16,400
BILL MAHANEY DISAGREES.
508
00:28:16,440 --> 00:28:20,040
HE’S SPENT THE LAST 15 YEARS
\h\h\hSEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE
509
00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:25,440
\h\h\h\hTHAT HANNIBAL CROSSED
AT THE COL DE LA TRAVERSETTE.
510
00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:29,240
MAHANEY IS A GEOMORPHOLOGIST,
\h\hWHICH MEANS HE’S AN EXPERT
511
00:28:29,280 --> 00:28:33,280
IN UNDERSTANDING HOW A LANDSCAPE
CHANGES OVER TIME.
512
00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:37,560
HE SEARCHES FOR SPOTS
\h\h\hALONG THE ROUTE
513
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:40,800
\hWHERE HE THINKS HANNIBAL
MIGHT HAVE RESTED HIS ARMY
514
00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:43,200
MORE THAN 2,000 YEARS AGO.
515
00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:45,160
\h\h\h\hBill Mahaney: I GOT VERY
INTERESTED IN THE HANNIBAL STORY
516
00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:47,160
WHEN HISTORIANS WERE TELLING ME
517
00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:49,560
THAT THEY WERE INTERESTED
\h\hIN FINDING THE ROUTE--
518
00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:50,760
THAT WAS IT.
519
00:28:50,800 --> 00:28:53,360
BUT FOR ME, IF WE COULD
\hNARROW THE ROUTE DOWN,
520
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:57,280
THEN WE COULD FOCUS
ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY.
521
00:28:57,320 --> 00:28:59,680
Narrator: MAHANEY’S HOPING
\hTO FIND ENOUGH EVIDENCE
522
00:28:59,720 --> 00:29:01,960
\h\h\hTO PROMPT OTHERS
TO TAKE A CLOSER LOOK
523
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:03,680
AT THE TRAVERSETTE.
524
00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:05,840
Mahaney: THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS
AREN’T COOPERATING TOO MUCH
525
00:29:05,880 --> 00:29:07,160
IN THIS RESPECT.
526
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:10,000
THEY HAVE FOLLOWED MORE OR LESS
THE HISTORIANS,
527
00:29:10,040 --> 00:29:13,040
\hAND THEY REALLY DON’T LIKE
THE IDEA OF THE TRAVERSETTE,
528
00:29:13,080 --> 00:29:15,200
THEY THINK IT’S TOO HIGH.
529
00:29:15,240 --> 00:29:17,960
Narrator: IN 2011,
MAHANEY TEAMED UP
530
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:22,560
\hWITH UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST
MICROBIOLOGIST CHRIS ALLEN.
531
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:25,440
TOGETHER, THEY SEARCH
\h\h\hFOR ANY BACTERIA
532
00:29:25,480 --> 00:29:30,880
\hOR OTHER CHEMICAL EVIDENCE OF
HANNIBAL’S PRESENCE FROM 218 BC.
533
00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:32,360
Chris Allen: I STARTED THINKING
AS A MICROBIOLOGIST
534
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:34,600
WHAT COULD WE LOOK FOR,
WHAT DID HANNIBAL HAVE.
535
00:29:34,640 --> 00:29:37,320
\h\hAND I KNEW THAT HE HAD
LOTS OF ANIMALS WITH HIM.
536
00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:40,320
AND ANYBODY WHO HAS WORKED
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH ANIMALS
537
00:29:40,360 --> 00:29:42,840
KNOWS THAT THEY PRODUCE
\h\h\h\h\hLOTS OF FECES.
538
00:29:42,880 --> 00:29:44,040
SO AS A MICROBIOLOGIST
539
00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:45,680
I KNEW THAT THERE WOULD BE
\h\h\h\h\hBACTERIA THERE,
540
00:29:45,720 --> 00:29:48,840
\hAND THAT THE BACTERIA COULD BE
DETECTABLE 2,000 YEARS LATER ON.
541
00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:50,560
AND THAT’S HOW I GOT INVOLVED.
542
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:52,040
Narrator: IN 2013,
543
00:29:52,120 --> 00:29:54,280
ON THE WESTERN SIDE
OF THE TRAVERSETTE,
544
00:29:54,320 --> 00:29:58,000
\h\hMAHANEY FOUND WHAT HE THINKS
MIGHT HAVE BEEN A MOUNTAIN LAKE
545
00:29:58,040 --> 00:29:59,640
2,000 YEARS AGO.
546
00:29:59,680 --> 00:30:02,040
\h\hIT WOULD HAVE BEEN
AN IDEAL RESTING SPOT
547
00:30:02,080 --> 00:30:03,400
AND A WATERING HOLE
548
00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:07,400
FOR THE CARTHAGINIAN ARMY
\hAND ITS THIRSTY HORSES.
549
00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:09,640
Mahaney: I STARTED TO FOCUS
\h\h\h\h\h\hON DEPRESSIONS,
550
00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:11,160
\h\h\hAND I THOUGHT
IN THESE DEPRESSIONS
551
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:14,040
\h\hYOU MIGHT HAVE HAD WATER AT
THE TIME HANNIBAL WENT THROUGH.
552
00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:16,360
SO I THOUGHT THEY WERE
\h\h\h\hWORTH CORING,
553
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:19,480
\h\hJUST TO SEE WHAT KIND
OF IMPRESSION THE ANIMALS,
554
00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:24,080
THE MULTIPLE OF ANIMALS,
\h\hHAD ON THE SEDIMENT.
555
00:30:24,120 --> 00:30:26,760
Narrator: THEY TAKE SAMPLES,
\h\h\h\hLOOKING FOR BACTERIA
556
00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:31,320
THAT’S NOT TYPICALLY FOUND
\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THIS SOIL.
557
00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:35,280
ONE FOCUS IS A TYPE OF BACTERIA
CALLED CLOSTRIDIA
558
00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:38,360
\h\h\hTHAT LIVES ONLY
IN HORSES’ INTESTINES.
559
00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:40,520
LONG AFTER THE CELL HAS DIED,
560
00:30:40,560 --> 00:30:45,040
ONE PART, CALLED AN ENDOSPORE,
\h\h\h\hCAN STILL BE DETECTED.
561
00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:52,040
♪
562
00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:53,720
Allen: THAT’S A REALLY NICE ONE.
563
00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:55,280
IT’S GREAT LAYERING.
564
00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:57,000
REALLY LOVELY LAYERS.
565
00:30:57,040 --> 00:30:59,040
\h\h\hIF AN ENDOSPORE
FROM THE HORSE’S GUTS
566
00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:02,200
\h\h\hFINDS HIS WAY
INTO THIS SOIL HERE,
567
00:31:02,240 --> 00:31:05,320
\hIT IS GOING TO SURVIVE
FOR ABOUT 10,000 YEARS.
568
00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:07,800
Narrator: EVEN IF THEY FIND
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAN ENDOSPORE,
569
00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:11,840
THEY NEED A WAY TO PROVE IT CAME
FROM A HORSE IN HANNIBAL’S ARMY.
570
00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:16,240
ALLEN WILL TAKE THE SOIL BACK TO
HIS LAB IN BELFAST FOR TESTING.
571
00:31:16,280 --> 00:31:19,200
\h\hFOR MAHANEY, THE RESULTS
COULD STRENGTHEN HIS THEORY
572
00:31:19,240 --> 00:31:20,760
WITH HARD SCIENCE,
573
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:24,200
SOMETHING HE THINKS IS LACKING
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN OTHERS’ WORK.
574
00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:26,920
Mahaney: THE ARCHAEOLOGISTS
\h\h\h\hVIRTUALLY HAVE DONE
575
00:31:26,960 --> 00:31:29,880
\h\hVERY LITTLE TO NOTHING
IN TERMS OF THIS QUESTION.
576
00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:31,800
\h\h\hIT’S ALL BEEN
WITH THE HISTORIANS.
577
00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:34,520
\h\hTHEY BASICALLY ARGUE
OVER THEIR OWN THEORIES.
578
00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:37,040
\h\h\h\hAND MANY OF THEM
HAVE SHIFTED DISTANCES,
579
00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:38,640
TIME MOTION HAS BEEN PLAYED WITH
580
00:31:38,680 --> 00:31:42,040
\h\hTO FIT THEIR THEORY
OF WHICH PASS WAS USED.
581
00:31:42,080 --> 00:31:44,480
\h\h\h\h\hAND IN MY CASE,
THIS IS A FORENSIC THING,
582
00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:48,040
\hA FORENSIC EXERCISE, WHERE I’M
USING ENVIRONMENTAL MILESTONES,
583
00:31:48,080 --> 00:31:51,880
\hIF YOU LIKE, TO TRY
TO PINPOINT THE ROUTE.
584
00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:54,800
\h\h\hNarrator: IF HANNIBAL
DID CHOOSE THE TRAVERSETTE,
585
00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:59,240
\h\h\h\h\hIT WOULD HAVE BEEN
THE MOST CHALLENGING ROUTE.
586
00:31:59,280 --> 00:32:02,200
HEADING INTO THE MOUNTAINS
\h\h\h\h\hIN LATE OCTOBER,
587
00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:05,400
\hTHERE’S THE RISK OF SNOW
SHUTTING DOWN THE PASSES.
588
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:07,080
EVEN IN THE BEST WEATHER,
589
00:32:07,120 --> 00:32:11,880
\hTHE PATHS THROUGH THE ALPS
ARE NARROW AND TREACHEROUS.
590
00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:15,400
THE LAND BECOMES MORE BARREN
\h\hTHE HIGHER THEY CLIMB...
591
00:32:15,440 --> 00:32:19,440
\h\h\hAND THE ANIMALS
WILL BEGIN TO STARVE.
592
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:23,320
THE ELEPHANTS HAVE TO SQUEEZE
THROUGH SOME OF THE PASSAGES.
593
00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:27,040
AND THEY SUFFER MOST
\h\h\h\hIN THE COLD.
594
00:32:27,080 --> 00:32:30,600
BELOW FREEZING, THE TIPS
OF THEIR EARS AND TAILS
595
00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:33,680
ARE PRONE TO FROSTBITE.
596
00:32:33,720 --> 00:32:35,600
Eric: GETTING ELEPHANTS
\h\h\h\hACROSS THE ALPS
597
00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:40,440
\hMUST HAVE BEEN ONE OF THE MOST
DIFFICULT LOGISTICAL CHALLENGES
598
00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:45,440
\h\hIN ANTIQUITY, CERTAINLY
UNDERTAKEN BY ANY COMMANDER.
599
00:32:45,480 --> 00:32:49,120
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNarrator:
HANNIBAL LEADS BY EXAMPLE.
600
00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:52,560
Sarah: HE WAS ABLE TO ENDURE
\h\h\h\h\h\hHARSH CONDITIONS
601
00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:55,040
RIGHT ALONGSIDE HIS MEN.
602
00:32:55,080 --> 00:33:00,720
BEING SEEN BY HIS MEN SUFFERING
THE SAME THINGS THEY DID,
603
00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:04,480
TRIUMPHING ALONGSIDE THEM
WHEN THEY WERE SUCCESSFUL,
604
00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:07,320
WOULD HAVE MADE THEM LOVE HIM,
605
00:33:07,360 --> 00:33:11,560
AND THAT WAS SUPREMELY IMPORTANT
TO HIS SUCCESS.
606
00:33:13,560 --> 00:33:15,240
\hNarrator: STILL,
HANNIBAL’S GAMBLE
607
00:33:15,280 --> 00:33:17,360
BECOMES A PUNISHING TREK...
608
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:21,480
AND FOR SOME, IT TURNS
\hINTO A DEATH MARCH.
609
00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:24,080
\h\h\hIT’S BELIEVED
THAT THOUSANDS DIED,
610
00:33:24,120 --> 00:33:30,320
MAKING THE COL DE LA TRAVERSETTE
THEIR ICY GRAVE.
611
00:33:30,360 --> 00:33:32,120
Kelcy: SUPPLIES ARE
\h\hALREADY SCARCE,
612
00:33:32,160 --> 00:33:36,480
AND THE WEATHER WAS
A VERY REAL THREAT.
613
00:33:36,520 --> 00:33:41,000
\h\h\hAND IN FACT, HANNIBAL LOST
NEARLY HALF OF THE 40,000 TROOPS
614
00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:45,120
THAT HE STARTED OUT WITH ON THAT
JOURNEY OVER THE MOUNTAINS.
615
00:33:45,160 --> 00:33:49,360
\hNarrator: IT TAKES THEM
15 GRUELING DAYS TO CROSS.
616
00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:51,720
BUT EVEN TODAY, IT’S NOT CLEAR
617
00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:57,080
EXACTLY WHERE HANNIBAL EMERGED
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM THE ALPS.
618
00:33:57,120 --> 00:34:00,200
IN 2017, CHRIS ALLEN SEARCHED
619
00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:02,280
\h\hTHE EASTERN SIDE
OF THE TRAVERSETTE,
620
00:34:02,320 --> 00:34:04,040
LOOKING FOR ANSWERS.
621
00:34:04,080 --> 00:34:06,200
AGAIN, HE FOCUSED ON AN AREA
622
00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:11,600
THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN AN ALPINE
\h\h\hLAKE IN HANNIBAL’S TIME.
623
00:34:11,640 --> 00:34:16,080
TODAY IT’S A SWAMPY AREA
\h\h\h\hKNOWN AS A MIRE.
624
00:34:16,120 --> 00:34:18,160
Allen: ON PREVIOUS EXPEDITIONS,
WE WERE ABLE TO IDENTIFY
625
00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:20,360
\h\h\h\h\hA VERY LARGE MIRE ON
THE ITALIAN SIDE OF THE ALPS.
626
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:21,720
THE THEORY THAT WE NOW HAVE
627
00:34:21,760 --> 00:34:23,960
\h\h\h\hIS THAT IF THIS EVENT
REALLY OCCURRED AT THE SITES,
628
00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:27,120
THEN THESE HORSES SHOULD BE
\hBASICALLY THE SAME HORSES.
629
00:34:27,160 --> 00:34:29,160
SO IF WE CAN LOOK
AT THE CLOSTRIDIA
630
00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:31,600
IN EQUINE GUT BACTERIA,
631
00:34:31,640 --> 00:34:33,360
OR FROM EQUINE GUT BACTERIA
\h\h\h\h\hIN THE TWO SITES,
632
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:34,800
\h\h\hTHEY SHOULD BE
VERY, VERY SIMILAR.
633
00:34:34,840 --> 00:34:38,160
SO, IN 2017 WE BASICALLY
\h\hSTARTED THAT PROCESS
634
00:34:38,200 --> 00:34:41,240
ON THE ITALIAN SIDE OF THE ALPS.
635
00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:44,720
Narrator: IF HANNIBAL’S ARMY,
WITH ITS THOUSANDS OF HORSES,
636
00:34:44,760 --> 00:34:46,480
CROSSED OVER THE TRAVERSETTE,
637
00:34:46,520 --> 00:34:49,880
\h\hALLEN THINKS THE SAMPLES
FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE PASS
638
00:34:49,920 --> 00:34:51,280
SHOULD MATCH.
639
00:34:51,320 --> 00:34:54,040
ALLEN TAKES THE SOIL SAMPLES
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO HIS LAB
640
00:34:54,160 --> 00:34:57,040
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST.
641
00:34:57,120 --> 00:35:01,680
HE’S LOOKING FOR KEY MARKERS.
642
00:35:01,720 --> 00:35:03,800
\h\h\hAllen: SO, TO NOW, WE’RE
JUST STARTING THE PROCESS NOW
643
00:35:03,840 --> 00:35:06,200
OF DNA EXTRACTIONS.
644
00:35:06,240 --> 00:35:08,880
Narrator: ALLEN FACES LONG ODDS.
645
00:35:08,920 --> 00:35:11,120
HIS TESTS HAVE TO REVEAL
\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE PRESENCE
646
00:35:11,160 --> 00:35:14,960
OF A TYPE OF CLOSTRIDIA
\hFOUND ONLY IN HORSES.
647
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:17,080
THEN HE HAS TO MATCH THE SAMPLES
648
00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:20,280
\h\hFROM BOTH SIDES
OF THE TRAVERSETTE.
649
00:35:20,320 --> 00:35:22,240
AND THEN HE HAS TO PROVE
650
00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:27,400
\hTHE BACTERIA ARE FROM
THE CORRECT TIME PERIOD.
651
00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:30,160
Allen: THE BIGGEST SURPRISE
\h\hFROM OUR INITIAL STUDIES
652
00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:31,320
WAS JUST THE SHEER QUANTITY.
653
00:35:31,360 --> 00:35:33,560
SO NORMALLY IF WE LOOK IN SOIL
654
00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:37,520
YOU MIGHT GET MAYBE LESS THAN 2%
OF THE BACTERIA PRESENT
655
00:35:37,560 --> 00:35:38,880
ARE CLOSTRIDIA.
656
00:35:38,920 --> 00:35:41,760
BUT WHEN WE LOOK IN OUR SITE,
\h\h\hWHICH WE FOUND IN FRANCE
657
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:44,920
\h\hWHERE WE EXPECTED HANNIBAL
AND HIS ARMY TO PASS THROUGH,
658
00:35:44,960 --> 00:35:46,520
WE ACTUALLY FOUND
\hTHAT THERE WERE
659
00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:50,880
\h\h\hUP TO 20% OF THE BACTERIA
IN THE SAMPLES WERE CLOSTRIDIA.
660
00:35:50,920 --> 00:35:52,200
AND THIS WAS REALLY SURPRISING.
661
00:35:52,240 --> 00:35:53,960
YOU WOULDN’T SEE THIS
\h\h\h\h\hVERY OFTEN,
662
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:55,400
\h\h\h\hBUT WHAT WAS
EVEN MORE SURPRISING
663
00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:58,800
\h\hIS THAT WE COULD TIE THIS
INCREASE IN RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
664
00:35:58,840 --> 00:36:02,920
TO THE TIME PERIOD WHEN HANNIBAL
CROSSED THROUGH THE ALPS.
665
00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:05,080
Narrator: NOT ONLY ARE THERE
\h\h\h\hHIGH CONCENTRATIONS
666
00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:06,720
OF HORSE CLOSTRIDIA,
667
00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:09,840
THE SAMPLES AT BOTH SITES
\h\h\h\h\h\hSEEM TO MATCH.
668
00:36:09,880 --> 00:36:14,040
THIS MEANS THEY VERY LIKELY CAME
FROM THE SAME ANIMALS--
669
00:36:14,080 --> 00:36:16,400
ONES THAT CROSSED
\hTHE TRAVERSETTE.
670
00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:20,160
\h\h\h\h\hAND, MOST AMAZINGLY,
CARBON DATING PUTS THE SAMPLES
671
00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:24,120
IN THE SAME TIME PERIOD
\h\hAS HANNIBAL’S MARCH.
672
00:36:24,160 --> 00:36:26,920
\h\hCHRIS ALLEN IS NOW
MORE CERTAIN THAN EVER
673
00:36:26,960 --> 00:36:30,040
THAT WHEN HE STANDS AT THE END
\h\h\h\h\h\hOF THE TRAVERSETTE
674
00:36:30,080 --> 00:36:32,520
\h\hAND LOOKS INTO
ITALY’S PO VALLEY,
675
00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:36,120
HE’S SEEING THE SAME VIEW
\h\h\h\h\h\hHANNIBAL HAD.
676
00:36:39,400 --> 00:36:41,240
AND WHILE MANY MODERN HISTORIANS
677
00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:43,560
\h\hSTILL DISAGREE
WITH BILL MAHANEY,
678
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:47,000
\hHE THINKS THE ANCIENT
CHRONICLERS BACK HIM UP.
679
00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:49,040
Mahaney: I FIRST STARTED OUT
BY LOOKING AT ALL THE COLS,
680
00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:52,040
ALL THE APPROACH ROUTES, OKAY.
681
00:36:52,080 --> 00:36:54,680
AND FREQUENTLY GOING BACK
\h\h\h\hTO PARTLY TO LIVY
682
00:36:54,720 --> 00:36:56,760
BUT MAINLY TO POLYBIUS,
683
00:36:56,800 --> 00:37:02,640
AND OUT OF THE ANCIENT TEXT
CAME THINGS LIKE PERMAFROST,
684
00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:07,840
\h\h\hFROZEN GROUND, SOIL--
FROZEN SOIL OF A THIN LAYER,
685
00:37:07,880 --> 00:37:09,000
THIS KIND OF THING.
686
00:37:09,040 --> 00:37:11,640
THE VISION INTO THE PO RIVER
\h\h\h\h\h\hIS A MAJOR THING
687
00:37:11,680 --> 00:37:13,040
BECAUSE THE ONLY COL
688
00:37:13,160 --> 00:37:15,200
WHERE YOU CAN SEE THE PO RIVER
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM ANY HEIGHT
689
00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:16,320
IS THE TRAVERSETTE.
690
00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:19,640
YOU CAN’T SEE IT FROM ANY OTHER.
691
00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:22,640
Narrator: IF HANNIBAL EMERGED
\h\h\h\h\hAT THE TRAVERSETTE,
692
00:37:22,680 --> 00:37:25,720
ITALY LAY AT HIS FEET.
693
00:37:25,760 --> 00:37:28,480
THE CARTHAGINIAN AND HIS ARMY
\h\h\h\h\h\hHAVE ACCOMPLISHED
694
00:37:28,520 --> 00:37:31,320
WHAT OTHERS THOUGHT IMPOSSIBLE.
695
00:37:31,360 --> 00:37:34,960
THEY HAVE BEEN ON THE MARCH
\hFOR MORE THAN FIVE MONTHS
696
00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:38,040
AND OVERCOME EVERY OBSTACLE--
697
00:37:38,080 --> 00:37:41,720
NOW THEY SEEM UNSTOPPABLE.
698
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:46,040
Eric: WE’RE NOT SURE WHAT ROUTE
HANNIBAL ACTUALLY TOOK.
699
00:37:46,160 --> 00:37:48,560
\h\h\h\h\h\hTO SOME DEGREE
IT’S A KIND OF MOOT POINT,
700
00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:50,600
INSOFAR AS THE ABILITY
701
00:37:50,640 --> 00:37:52,960
TO GET TROOPS ACROSS THE ALPS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO BEGIN WITH
702
00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:54,120
IS SUCH AN AMAZING FEAT,
703
00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:56,280
IT DOESN’T MAKE THAT MUCH
\h\h\h\h\hOF A DIFFERENCE.
704
00:37:56,320 --> 00:38:00,040
IF IT IS TRUE, HOWEVER, THAT HE
TOOK THE MOST DIFFICULT PASS,
705
00:38:00,080 --> 00:38:02,440
THE HIGHEST, THE NARROWEST,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND SO FORTH,
706
00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:05,240
THIS JUST SHOWS YOU EVEN MORE
707
00:38:05,280 --> 00:38:09,160
THE KIND OF MILITARY GENIUS
\h\h\h\h\hTHAT HANNIBAL WAS.
708
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:12,120
Sarah: YES, IT WAS HOW HE
\h\h\hHAD TO GET TO ITALY,
709
00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:15,360
BUT THE SHEER FACT THAT HE WAS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWILLING TO DO IT
710
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:17,560
UNDER THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES
711
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:20,280
WOULD HAVE TERRIFIED
\h\h\h\hHIS ENEMIES.
712
00:38:20,320 --> 00:38:23,520
\h\h\hHANNIBAL’S ARMY PAUSED
FOR A TIME IN NORTHERN ITALY
713
00:38:23,560 --> 00:38:26,360
TO REBUILD ITS STRENGTH
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND REST.
714
00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:29,040
\hBUT IT WASN’T LONG BEFORE
HE WAS READY TO FIGHT AGAIN.
715
00:38:30,360 --> 00:38:33,080
Narrator: HANNIBAL HAS CONQUERED
THE ALPS...
716
00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:34,520
AND ONCE IN ITALY,
717
00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:40,120
\h\hTHE CARTHAGINIANS ADVANCE
QUICKLY AND GO ON THE ATTACK.
718
00:38:40,160 --> 00:38:43,320
\h\h\h\h\hWITH HIS ELEPHANTS,
HANNIBAL CRUSHES ROMAN ARMIES
719
00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:47,560
AT THE TICINO RIVER
\hAND AT THE TREBIA.
720
00:38:47,600 --> 00:38:51,200
THIS BATTLE IS THE LAST RECORD
\h\h\hOF HIS USE OF ELEPHANTS
721
00:38:51,240 --> 00:38:53,440
IN THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN.
722
00:38:53,480 --> 00:38:58,400
A BITTERLY COLD WINTER
\hKILLS MOST OF THEM.
723
00:38:58,440 --> 00:39:02,400
\h\h\hTHE NEXT YEAR, HE BEATS
ONE ROMAN ARMY AFTER ANOTHER,
724
00:39:02,440 --> 00:39:07,160
\h\h\h\h\hSKIRTS ROME ITSELF,
AND LEADS HIS ARMY TO CANNAE.
725
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:09,760
OF ALL HANNIBAL’S
\hACCOMPLISHMENTS,
726
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:11,160
NOT EVEN CROSSING THE ALPS
727
00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:14,400
COMPARES TO WHAT HE ACHIEVES
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAT CANNAE.
728
00:39:14,440 --> 00:39:17,200
\hHIS BATTLE STRATEGY
IS STILL TAUGHT TODAY
729
00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:21,080
AS ONE OF THE MOST BRILLIANT
MANEUVERS IN ALL OF HISTORY.
730
00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:24,360
\h\hHE FACES OFF AGAINST
THE ROMAN GENERAL VARRO.
731
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:28,680
Sarah: WHEN THE ROMANS
\hLINED UP FOR BATTLE,
732
00:39:28,720 --> 00:39:34,160
VARRO’S INFANTRY ULTIMATELY
\h\hENDS UP CLOSING TOGETHER
733
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:35,880
IN THE CENTER.
734
00:39:35,920 --> 00:39:40,720
HE HAD MORE FOOT SOLDIERS MASSED
IN THE CENTER OF HIS ARMY
735
00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:43,360
THAN WAS USUAL FOR HIM.
736
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:46,600
\hAT THE SAME TIME,
ON HANNIBAL’S SIDE,
737
00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:51,400
HIS CENTER WAS SHALLOWER,
\h\hWITH FEWER MEN THERE.
738
00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:55,640
\h\hAND THE ROMANS, EXCITED THAT
THEY SEEM TO HAVE THE ADVANTAGE,
739
00:39:55,680 --> 00:39:59,760
PUSHED AGAINST THE CARTHAGINIANS
BACK, BACK, BACK.
740
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:04,720
\h\h\h\hAND IT WAS AT THAT POINT
THAT HANNIBAL’S WINGS CLOSED IN.
741
00:40:04,760 --> 00:40:08,920
\h\h\hTHE ROMANS WERE ENCIRCLED
FROM THE LEFT AND FROM THE RIGHT
742
00:40:08,960 --> 00:40:11,640
\h\h\hUNTIL THEY WERE
COMPLETELY SURROUNDED.
743
00:40:11,680 --> 00:40:15,000
\h\hAND WHAT ENSUED THEN
WAS OUTRIGHT SLAUGHTER.
744
00:40:15,040 --> 00:40:18,840
TENS OF THOUSANDS
\hOF ROMANS FELL.
745
00:40:18,880 --> 00:40:20,040
Narrator: HANNIBAL ACHIEVES
746
00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:22,760
\h\h\h\h\hONE OF HISTORY’S
MOST BRILLIANT VICTORIES,
747
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:26,640
AND HE SENDS AN EMISSARY
\hTO ROME TO TALK PEACE.
748
00:40:30,160 --> 00:40:33,760
BUT ROME REFUSES TO SURRENDER.
749
00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:38,040
HANNIBAL WILL DEFEAT THE ROMANS
IN EVERY FUTURE BATTLE,
750
00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:41,040
BUT HE CANNOT TAKE
\hTHE CITY ITSELF.
751
00:40:45,360 --> 00:40:47,720
\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE VERY THING
THAT MAKES HANNIBAL’S ARMY
752
00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:49,880
SO LETHAL IN THE FIELD--
753
00:40:49,920 --> 00:40:52,040
\h\h\h\h\h\hITS QUICK,
HARD-HITTING CAVALRY--
754
00:40:52,080 --> 00:40:56,800
IS POORLY SUITED TO LAY SIEGE
\h\hTO HEAVILY FORTIFIED ROME.
755
00:40:56,840 --> 00:41:02,320
Eric: ROME ULTIMATELY
NEUTRALIZES HANNIBAL.
756
00:41:02,360 --> 00:41:06,600
EVEN THOUGH HE HAD WON A NUMBER
OF VICTORIES AGAINST THE ROMANS,
757
00:41:06,640 --> 00:41:07,800
HE HAD BEEN INCAPABLE
758
00:41:07,840 --> 00:41:10,080
OF GETTING A SUFFICIENT NUMBER
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF ROME’S ALLIES
759
00:41:10,120 --> 00:41:15,040
TO TURN ON ROME AND TO JOIN
\h\h\hTHE CARTHAGINIAN SIDE.
760
00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:18,040
Narrator: THE WAR RAGES
\h\h\h\h\hFOR 15 YEARS,
761
00:41:18,080 --> 00:41:20,680
\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH HANNIBAL
ALWAYS WINNING BATTLES...
762
00:41:20,720 --> 00:41:23,200
BUT NEVER SUBDUING ROME.
763
00:41:25,480 --> 00:41:29,240
YOUNG PUBLIUS SCIPIO TAKES
COMMAND OF THE ROMAN ARMY,
764
00:41:29,280 --> 00:41:33,480
\hAND HE DELIVERS A BLOW
WORTHY OF HIS OPPONENT.
765
00:41:33,520 --> 00:41:36,160
HE LEADS THE ROMAN ARMY
\h\h\h\hACROSS THE OCEAN
766
00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:38,240
TO HANNIBAL’S HOMELAND.
767
00:41:38,280 --> 00:41:41,600
DESPERATE, THE CARTHAGINIANS
\h\h\h\h\h\hRISK THEIR FLEET
768
00:41:41,640 --> 00:41:44,200
AND BRING HANNIBAL BACK.
769
00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:49,160
Sarah: WHEN ROME INVADED AFRICA,
HANNIBAL WAS QUICKLY RECALLED
770
00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:51,280
TO DEFEND HIS HOME CITY.
771
00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:55,080
\h\h\h\h\h\hHE LEFT ITALY
AND RETURNED TO CARTHAGE.
772
00:41:55,120 --> 00:41:59,600
HE WAS IN COMMAND AT THE FINAL
\h\h\hBATTLE THERE IN AFRICA,
773
00:41:59,640 --> 00:42:01,960
THE BATTLE OF ZAMA.
774
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,200
Narrator: AT ZAMA,
OUTSIDE CARTHAGE,
775
00:42:04,240 --> 00:42:10,720
\h\h\hHANNIBAL LOSES TO ROME
FOR THE FIRST AND ONLY TIME.
776
00:42:10,760 --> 00:42:13,520
ROME IS AN UNFORGIVING FOE.
777
00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:16,040
CARTHAGE IS DRIVEN
\h\hTO BANKRUPTCY,
778
00:42:16,080 --> 00:42:18,760
\hAND ROMAN SENATORS
TAKE UP THE REFRAIN,
779
00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:21,080
"CARTHAGE MUST BE DESTROYED!"
780
00:42:23,880 --> 00:42:26,240
\h\h50 YEARS AFTER
HANNIBAL’S DEFEAT,
781
00:42:26,280 --> 00:42:29,040
THE ROMANS SACK AND DESTROY
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE CITY
782
00:42:29,080 --> 00:42:31,280
AND SOW ITS FIELDS WITH SALT
783
00:42:31,320 --> 00:42:36,680
TO MAKE IT UNINHABITABLE
\h\h\h\hFOR GENERATIONS.
784
00:42:36,720 --> 00:42:40,720
HANNIBAL HELD THIS ENEMY
\h\hAT BAY FOR 15 YEARS,
785
00:42:40,760 --> 00:42:44,920
BUT EVEN HE COULD NOT STOP
\h\h\hTHE ASCENDANT ROME.
786
00:42:44,960 --> 00:42:46,080
Eric: HANNIBAL’S LEGACY IS
787
00:42:46,120 --> 00:42:48,240
ONE OF THE GREATEST GENERALS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF ANTIQUITY,
788
00:42:48,280 --> 00:42:51,440
AND IN FACT ONE OF THE GREATEST
GENERALS WHO EVER LIVED.
789
00:42:51,480 --> 00:42:55,000
Sarah: HANNIBAL WAS THE ROMANS’
WORST NIGHTMARE.
790
00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:57,200
AND EVEN HUNDREDS OF YEARS LATER
791
00:42:57,240 --> 00:43:01,240
\hHE’S STILL REMEMBERED
IN THE ROMAN IMAGINATION
792
00:43:01,280 --> 00:43:05,720
\h\h\h\hAS THE ONE PERSON
WHO NEARLY DESTROYED THEM.
793
00:43:05,760 --> 00:43:10,240
Narrator: ROME WILL NOT REST
\h\hUNTIL HANNIBAL IS DEAD.
794
00:43:10,280 --> 00:43:15,160
\h\hHE FLEES TO THE EAST,
BUT THE ROMANS PURSUE HIM.
795
00:43:15,200 --> 00:43:21,160
FINALLY, CORNERED, HANNIBAL
\hFACES CAPTURE OR SUICIDE.
796
00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:24,240
HE CHOOSES DEATH.
797
00:43:24,280 --> 00:43:26,600
ONE OF HISTORY’S
GREATEST LEADERS
798
00:43:26,640 --> 00:43:31,080
SLIPS OUT OF MEMORY
\h\hAND INTO MYTH...
799
00:43:31,120 --> 00:43:34,120
\h\h\hONLY RECREATIONS
OF HIS GREATEST FEATS
800
00:43:34,160 --> 00:43:37,760
\hAND EVIDENCE OF WHAT WAS
ONCE CONSIDERED IMPOSSIBLE
801
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:42,920
\h\hARE ALL THAT’S LEFT TO BRING
THE REAL HANNIBAL BACK TO LIFE.
802
00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:51,200
♪
803
00:43:51,240 --> 00:43:59,360
♪
804
00:43:59,360 --> 00:44:01,360
�moov lmvhd �
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