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http://Scene-RLS.net
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I'm Bettany Hughes,
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and I want to take you on the
ultimate adventure
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across the Greek islands.
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This has to be one of the most
exciting places on Earth, a place
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full of mystery and wonder
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and tens of thousands of years
of history and human experience.
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A cradle of civilisation,
the Greece of the ancient world
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hot-housed everything from democracy
to medicine.
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It gave us the Olympics, engineering
triumphs and some of the most epic
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stories of all time.
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Stories that have been passed down
for thousands of years
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and that still influence us today.
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One of the very greatest centres
on the Greek hero, Odysseus,
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the legendary warrior whose cunning
won the Trojan War.
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After the victory, he begins
a long journey home
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to the far west of Greece across
the seas.
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His story, The Odyssey,
is a brilliant tale of triumph
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over adversity and danger, inspiring
books, movies and adventures.
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And on my personal odyssey,
I'm following Odysseus' path
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from east to west.
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I want to try to experience
what he experienced.
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Whoa!
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Make amazing new discoveries.
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It's just perfect. Still bright
yellow, isn't it?
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Enjoy the delights of ancient Greece
today... Mmm!
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..and uncover the truths behind
these fabulous myths and legends...
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And this is almost certainly
the killer blow.
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..to see how they can help us
understand the world and ourselves.
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Join me on this epic voyage,
my Greek odyssey.
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I'm crossing the Mediterranean,
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following Odysseus' trail from Troy
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in modern-day Turkey to his home
island of Ithaca.
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Last time I travelled to Santorini,
where I braved a volcano,
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and now my voyage takes me
to the largest island in Greece.
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For 5,000 years, the Greek islands
have seen powers come and go,
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civilisations rise and fall.
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And the place I'm heading to next
has witnessed more action than most.
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It's Crete, or as the ancient Greeks
called it, Magali Mythos.
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The Big Island.
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In ancient history, Crete
was a superpower and in myth
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it was a famous birthplace
of gods and heroes.
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On this stop in my odyssey,
I'm going to explore
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the extraordinary 4,000-year-old
palace of Knossos, where fact
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and fantasy collide and come
face-to-face with the darkest side
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of ancient Greece -
virgin sacrifice.
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I first came Crete 30 years ago.
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Only then I was hitching a ride
on the back of fishing boats
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and sleeping on the decks
of ferries overnight.
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And now I'm doing it in slightly
more style.
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We're being told that the weather
is really setting in.
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So it's going to be quite
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interesting to see what Crete
has in store.
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It's good to be reaching the safety
of this historic harbour
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because overnight the weather
goes from bad to worse.
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A massive sea storm blew up
last night.
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So thank goodness I arrived because
there is no way
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I'd have got on or off this island
in conditions like this.
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The port of Chania in the north
of Crete has been a safe haven
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for brave sailors since the age
of Odysseus.
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In wild weather conditions
like this, you can really understand
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how Odysseus and his crew
had to form this kind of tight bond
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cos they would have completely
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depended on one another for their
survival.
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And in an old boat yard here,
there's been a brilliant experiment
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in shipbuilding that would've worked
out what it would be like to be on
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the sea in the Bronze Age.
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Because here a replica boat has been
built from the age of Odysseus.
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Great to see this, because I first
came here almost 20 years ago
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when they'd on only just started
the project.
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And they've been really
painstakingly doing
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it just using the materials
that were available
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over 3,000 years ago.
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Odysseus' boats, often described
as his black boats,
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so the outside of the hull
is covered in resin
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to keep it waterproof.
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That beautiful mast is made of pine
and the sail is made of linen.
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It's just gorgeous, isn't it?
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It's actually quite sad looking
at this empty boat because we know
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that Odysseus Troy with a squadron
of 12 ships
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and an each one there would've
been around 50 or 60 men.
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But they met so many challenges
along the way, they all die.
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And by the time he gets home,
he's the only one left.
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The Odyssey describes the terrible
power of storms from the north.
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Exactly like this one right now.
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Battering the seas, tearing
sails to rags,
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anxiety gnawing at the hearts
of sailors fearing for their lives.
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So to get a safe vantage point,
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I've convinced Chania's
harbour master
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to help me get access
to their historic lighthouse.
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Oh, my God, this is very exciting
to get up here.
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OK, to go in, Stelios? Yes. OK.
Efharisto.
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I'm wondering if this was such
a good idea. This lighthouse
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has guided sailors along the Cretan
coast for hundreds of years,
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but it's physically shaking today.
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Wow. Oh, my God.
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Wow, this is pretty amazing
to be up here because no
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one's normally allowed up.
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This is one of the oldest
light houses still standing.
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It was built around 500 years ago.
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And then it was lit just
by a naked flame.
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But there have always been beacons
like this here because Crete
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was described as a thalassocracy -
a sea power.
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And you can see this is quite
a power to be in charge of.
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And we know that even in Odysseus'
time, they would have beacons
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that would light ships
in and out of this port.
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So amazing being here.
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I'm thinking what it would've been
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like for men like him 3,000
years ago.
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Although, I know I shouldn't
really admit this to you,
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it's also really scary.
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And I've never had this before,
but my knees are actually trembling.
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So I'm going to stay up here
for a little bit and then I'm going
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to make my way back to shore.
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I time my visit to Crete
for the Epiphany Festival,
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which in the Greek Orthodox Church
celebrates Jesus' baptism
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in the River Jordan and our
relationship with water, but also
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echoes the way ancient Greeks
worshipped the waves.
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CHANTING
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Normally after the church service,
the entire town parades
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down to the port so that the priest
can bless the water, but the issue
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is today there's been a severe
weather warning and people
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have been told they have to stay
indoors.
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But I've heard there are some
determined priests who really want
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to make the sea sacred
and they're just up here.
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Kalimera!
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You do believe that it brings
blessings to the water?
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In the ancient times they believed
the same thing.
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So they would make an offering
to the water, maybe wine, sometimes
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throw in wooden boats. It's
long tradition.
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So these boys...they dive
in to get the cross. Wow.
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This aquatic ritual takes place
across Greece on January sixth.
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HE RECITES PRAYER OWN LANGUAGE
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He's making prayers to bless
the sea,
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and there's these little goblins
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that they think inhabit the sea,
Kallikantzaroi.
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He's trying to banish them so that
people can go out sailing again.
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HE RECITES PRAYER IN OWN LANGUAGE
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I'm really cold, I'm really
cold!
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HE CONTINUES RECITING
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Retrieving a cross from the water
earns a special blessing.
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And these guys certainly deserve
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some kind of reward for going in
today.
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HE SPEAKS GREEK
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Will that bring him blessings for
the year?
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This guy found it.
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Was it cold? OK...
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SHE CHUCKLES
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Well done, boys.
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Go back in without it, then!
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Take your wet suits of then, if you
feel... Ah, well done.
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Isn't that brilliant
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that they're still determined
to be here to witness the blessing
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of the seas and get the cross?
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And that will bring them luck to the
rest of the year.
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And it is exactly like Odysseus and
his companions did.
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Next on my journey, I'm travelling
eastwards on this big island
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to discover the facts behind one
of the most terrifying myths
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in all of ancient Greece.
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My Greek island odyssey
has brought me to Crete, the biggest
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island in Greece and a hub of human
activity for at least 9,000 years.
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A few miles from the modern capital,
Heraklion, as a prehistoric centre
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of power, one of the most visited
sites in Greece.
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It gives us clues to the exotic
palaces of the Odyssey, bridging
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the gap between myth and reality.
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Welcome to the Palace of Knossos.
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A lost wonder of the ancient world,
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much of it unearthed a century
ago by British
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archaeologist, Arthur Evans.
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This was a huge palace that covered
over six acres, that's around four
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football pitches, and some
of the buildings were three or even
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four storeys high.
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Evans spent 25 years excavating,
revealing a trading superpower
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that connected Europe, Asia
and Africa.
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This place was at its height
when ancient Egypt
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was also flourishing.
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And if you look at how it was
decorated you can really see that
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there was a connection between
the two.
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So you have to imagine this place
basically a riot of colour
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with all the walls and rooms
decorated with gorgeous
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frescoes like this.
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There are images of bulls everywhere
here and Evans suggested this palace
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belonged to the legendary
King Minos, minus a monarch plagued
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by a bull-like monster.
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Crete is home to one of the most
famous legends of all time,
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the myth of the Minotaur -
half man, half bull.
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The story starts when a beautiful
white bull appears from the sea.
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And the king of this island, King
Minos, says that he is going to give
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it his sacrifice to Poseidon.
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00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:37,080
But then Minos really wants to keep
that beautiful creature for himself.
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00:14:37,080 --> 00:14:40,400
And he substitutes an inferior
bull in its place.
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This is a big mistake.
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You cannot kid the gods like that.
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Poseidon is furious and sent
a terrible curse
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on Minos and his family.
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He manages to inspire in Minos'
wife, Pasiphae, a longing and lust
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for the bull.
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She made love to it and the result
of the unholy union
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was the Minotaur - half human,
half animal.
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The monster was hidden here
in the Palace of Knossos,
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in underground labyrinth
where it was kept as a dirty secret.
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The Minotaur might be pure fantasy,
but the palace complex
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is a labyrinth, a maze of rooms
and corridors.
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Up to 25,000 people lived here in a
society where women enjoyed
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status and power, rivalling
that of the men.
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They were often beautiful things
like this to wear.
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It's a pendant with two bees
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putting some honey in a piece
of comb.
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00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:52,760
And isn't that just incredible
to think of women
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three and a half thousand years ago
wearing something like this?
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It's just too beautiful.
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And I would definitely wear it
today.
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There's a good story about
the excavation of this room.
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When it was first discovered, the
archaeologists of Arthur Evans
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00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:18,840
decided that this wooden seat was a
throne and not
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00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:23,160
just any old throne, but a queen's
throne, because that stone seat,
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there was the right shape
to accommodate
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a woman's ample backside.
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I have to say I think
that's complete nonsense,
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but he was on to something
because the fact that there
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are griffins either side
tells us almost certainly
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that this was where a priestess sat
and that during religious rituals
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00:16:42,760 --> 00:16:46,200
she would take on the soul
of a goddess.
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Arthur Evans and his team
reconstructed much of Knossos.
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Now it's teams of researchers
and virtual reality designers
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00:17:01,880 --> 00:17:04,480
who transport us deep into the past.
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00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:11,120
There is this brilliant
new little bit of technology here,
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which is that putting it back
into 3D. So...
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Oh, here we go.
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OK, so you get a sense of the
colours.
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00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:24,120
And then one of the things
that they did here was...
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00:17:24,120 --> 00:17:26,360
Oh, here is, there's the bull.
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00:17:26,360 --> 00:17:30,160
So they were bull leaping
contests here.
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00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:32,120
You know, this was a kind of rite
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00:17:32,120 --> 00:17:34,160
of passage and a test of strength
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00:17:34,160 --> 00:17:36,480
and agility and a real bonding
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experience for the...
238
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:41,720
Here we go, here we go, he's
going to leap!
239
00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:45,720
That's great. That's so cool.
240
00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:48,840
So there's these really tall kinds
of bulls called aurochs, which are
241
00:17:48,840 --> 00:17:52,440
now extinct, about one and a half
metres at the shoulder.
242
00:17:52,440 --> 00:17:54,880
So this was a really,
really dangerous sport.
243
00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:57,800
Off he goes again. My God, that's
fantastic. That's great.
244
00:18:04,120 --> 00:18:07,440
We know the palace would have looked
something like this,
245
00:18:07,440 --> 00:18:11,760
a vast complex of around 1,300
rooms,
246
00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:15,400
grand courtyards, aqueducts,
247
00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:20,680
piped water and way before the
Romans, even a flushing loo.
248
00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:33,560
The scale and sophistication here is
mirrored by the scale
249
00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:35,600
of the location's finds.
250
00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:44,880
I think you're going to absolutely
love this place.
251
00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:47,360
This is the Knossos Research
Centre.
252
00:18:47,360 --> 00:18:50,200
And it is a hub of activity.
253
00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:54,440
Hi. Hi. Sorry to bother you. Hi.
Sorry to bother you, hi.
254
00:18:54,440 --> 00:18:59,360
So this is physically where the
finds are jigsaw puzzled together.
255
00:18:59,360 --> 00:19:02,880
And there is a huge amount
of material to work on.
256
00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:07,520
So here there are 7,000
of these boxes all packed high
257
00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:09,400
with shards and fragments.
258
00:19:09,400 --> 00:19:13,960
And that is only 20% of the material
that was originally found.
259
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:28,280
Here you feel incredibly connected
to the individuals of the past
260
00:19:28,280 --> 00:19:30,640
because you've got their
fingerprints on this pot.
261
00:19:30,640 --> 00:19:35,800
I can feel them there and they press
down the base and then run
262
00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:39,240
their fingers around to smooth edge.
263
00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:41,640
That is absolutely fabulous.
264
00:19:56,920 --> 00:20:01,440
Just on this one table alone,
there's a whole horde of treasuries.
265
00:20:01,440 --> 00:20:04,480
This is particularly exciting.
266
00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:07,840
So this is actually from a later
period, but it's a stamp
267
00:20:07,840 --> 00:20:09,280
on a bit of clay.
268
00:20:09,280 --> 00:20:14,440
And the image that has been stamped
on it is the image of a labyrinth.
269
00:20:14,440 --> 00:20:18,680
So we know that the people here were
telling one another stories
270
00:20:18,680 --> 00:20:20,640
of the Minotaur and his lair.
271
00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:39,520
In the Odyssey you hear a huge
amount about feasting and drinking
272
00:20:39,520 --> 00:20:42,640
and you get the sense that this was
something that really mattered
273
00:20:42,640 --> 00:20:46,360
to the heroes and warriors
of the day, and the wonderful thing
274
00:20:46,360 --> 00:20:48,760
is that the archaeology
backs that up, too.
275
00:20:48,760 --> 00:20:52,840
So this is all equipment used
for feasting and drinking back
276
00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:54,480
in the Bronze Age.
277
00:20:54,480 --> 00:20:57,840
There were hundreds and hundreds
of these cups.
278
00:20:57,840 --> 00:20:59,200
You almost have to sort of think
279
00:20:59,200 --> 00:21:01,800
of them perhaps like the disposable
cups of today.
280
00:21:01,800 --> 00:21:04,760
So they'd be used sometimes
and then thrown away after one use.
281
00:21:04,760 --> 00:21:06,920
Not every time, but sometimes.
282
00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:09,400
And then these amazing things.
283
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:12,360
This is used to pour the wine
284
00:21:12,360 --> 00:21:16,560
into a fabulous cup like this.
285
00:21:16,560 --> 00:21:20,320
This is really the ultimate quality.
286
00:21:23,120 --> 00:21:29,200
And I'm holding something which is
3,500 years old.
287
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:30,720
Just imagine it.
288
00:21:30,720 --> 00:21:33,680
The heroes like Odysseus
would have lifted cups
289
00:21:33,680 --> 00:21:38,920
like this to their lips to have a
drink of wine in the Bronze Age.
290
00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:40,680
Amazing. It's amazing.
291
00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:47,560
At these feasts, Greeks across the
Mediterranean
292
00:21:47,560 --> 00:21:51,800
would have told tales of heroes
and monsters, including stories
293
00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,920
about Knossos' very own Minotaur,
294
00:21:54,920 --> 00:21:58,720
the half man, half bull
with a bloody appetite.
295
00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:09,000
Every year, King Minos demands
a terrible tribute.
296
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:11,240
Seven young girls and seven boys
297
00:22:11,240 --> 00:22:15,480
to be brought here and given as
human sacrifice to the beast.
298
00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:17,880
A gruesome gift for the Minotaur.
299
00:22:19,480 --> 00:22:23,360
One year, the son of the king
of Athens, the hero Theseus, decides
300
00:22:23,360 --> 00:22:26,840
that enough is enough,
and he volunteers for duty,
301
00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:29,640
determined to kill the beast.
302
00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:34,280
He comes here to Knossos and,
fortunately, catches the eye of the
303
00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:38,120
beautiful Princess Ariadne,
the daughter of King Minos.
304
00:22:38,120 --> 00:22:41,640
She decides that she's going to help
him in his quest and gives him
305
00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:45,080
a sword to kill the Minotaur
and a ball of thread
306
00:22:45,080 --> 00:22:48,320
so that he can find his way
back through the labyrinth.
307
00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:51,800
Theseus ventures into the heart
of darkness.
308
00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:58,400
He kills him, and Ariadne
and Theseus
309
00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:01,280
then make a desperate escape
from Crete.
310
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:08,360
These myths might seem pretty
full-on, but I'm about to discover
311
00:23:08,360 --> 00:23:12,440
they're nothing in comparison
to the savage reality of life
312
00:23:12,440 --> 00:23:14,080
3,000 years ago.
313
00:23:15,080 --> 00:23:16,360
Wow.
314
00:23:22,680 --> 00:23:26,920
I'm in Crete uncovering the
realities behind the Greek myths
315
00:23:26,920 --> 00:23:29,160
and exploring its rich history.
316
00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:35,080
In the age of Odysseus,
the islanders thought natural
317
00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:40,760
disasters like storms, earthquakes
and tsunamis were punishments sent
318
00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:42,200
by angry gods.
319
00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:46,440
To appease them they resorted to
sacrifice.
320
00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:50,920
These are the backstreets
behind Chania port.
321
00:23:50,920 --> 00:23:52,840
When they were doing work here
322
00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:55,880
they discovered a prehistoric
crime scene.
323
00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:08,400
Archaeologist
Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki
324
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:13,600
helped piece together the shocking
events of 3,000 years ago.
325
00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:17,320
Hi, Maria? Hi.
326
00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:20,560
It's amazing to come down here.
327
00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:23,120
Look at this place, Maria.
328
00:24:23,120 --> 00:24:26,640
This is just absolutely brilliant.
329
00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:30,360
I read you discovered something
A bit surprising here.
330
00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:47,560
so you can tell there's
been an earthquake here.
331
00:24:47,560 --> 00:24:49,800
Can you actually see the cracks
on the floor?
332
00:24:54,560 --> 00:24:55,800
Directly here? Yes.
333
00:24:55,800 --> 00:24:58,640
It must have been absolutely
petrifying because,
334
00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:00,600
cos they don't know this is science.
335
00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:03,640
For them, this is just the anger
of the gods.
336
00:25:08,840 --> 00:25:10,000
Yes.
337
00:25:15,360 --> 00:25:18,360
So this is...? It's a human,
it's a girl?
338
00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:25,720
So you have photos... Just the...
339
00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:29,120
Wow. There's been this terrible
trauma.
340
00:25:29,120 --> 00:25:31,480
Many people have died horribly
341
00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:33,880
if there's been an earthquake.
342
00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:35,520
So they think sacrifice means
343
00:25:35,520 --> 00:25:37,040
to make something sacred.
344
00:25:37,040 --> 00:25:39,280
So, in a way, they're making
345
00:25:39,280 --> 00:25:41,160
this young girl sacred
346
00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:44,320
for the gods to try to appease them.
347
00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:49,120
Well, this is the most remarkable
place, Maria.
348
00:25:49,120 --> 00:25:53,880
And it has a very sad story to tell.
349
00:25:53,880 --> 00:25:55,280
Very macabre.
350
00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:06,040
Virgin sacrifice actually features
in the tale of the Trojan War.
351
00:26:06,040 --> 00:26:07,760
Odysseus' comrade in arms,
352
00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:13,120
King Agamemnon, kills his own
daughter, so the gods send winds
353
00:26:13,120 --> 00:26:15,520
for him to sail to Troy.
354
00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:19,520
But when the Greeks get there,
the atrocities keep coming.
355
00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:24,120
Some at the hands of the legendary
Achilles.
356
00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:34,320
Achilles was the ultimate hero.
357
00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:35,920
Part God, part man.
358
00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:39,040
He was the greatest warrior the
world had ever known.
359
00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:42,040
He was perfectly beautiful
and fearless.
360
00:26:42,040 --> 00:26:47,840
But the one thing he loved above all
other was his comrade, Patroclus.
361
00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:50,960
But Patroclus was slain
on the battlefield.
362
00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:02,760
Achilles was desperate with despair.
363
00:27:02,760 --> 00:27:06,120
He clawed at the ground
and tore his hair and covered
364
00:27:06,120 --> 00:27:08,280
his face with dirt.
365
00:27:08,280 --> 00:27:11,080
And then he ordered the creation
366
00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:15,800
of a massive funerary pyre,
100 feet long.
367
00:27:20,440 --> 00:27:23,320
There was an orgy of slaughter.
368
00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:28,960
Sheep and cattle and dogs and horses
while they were still alive.
369
00:27:28,960 --> 00:27:33,200
And then 12 Trojans were killed
in retribution
370
00:27:33,200 --> 00:27:35,120
for Patroclus' death.
371
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:43,840
The stories of the Trojan War
and the adventures of Odysseus
372
00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:45,680
are stories of revenge.
373
00:27:45,680 --> 00:27:48,800
Revenge for the capture of Helen
of Troy,
374
00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:53,960
and then revenge for the terrible,
horrific, brutal acts of war
375
00:27:53,960 --> 00:27:55,880
on both sides.
376
00:27:55,880 --> 00:27:58,080
The moral was clear.
377
00:27:58,080 --> 00:28:03,800
Do terrible things and terrible
things will be done to you.
378
00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:12,000
Now, there's conclusive evidence
that these stories
379
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:13,480
have roots in reality.
380
00:28:15,120 --> 00:28:18,480
Back in the 1980s, Greek
archaeologists uncovered
381
00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:20,640
an extraordinary site.
382
00:28:20,640 --> 00:28:22,880
The city of Eleutherna.
383
00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:27,760
Professor Stampolidis led the dig
and made an incredible discovery,
384
00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:31,520
now kept here at the
Museum of Ancient Eleutherna.
385
00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:38,720
Professor. How lovely. Thank you.
386
00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:42,000
What a view. Yes, indeed.
387
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:44,280
This is Zeus' place. It is.
388
00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:46,240
And what a place. And this is
the museum.
389
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:54,400
So, please, Professor, talk me
through this, because I know
390
00:28:54,400 --> 00:28:58,120
this is absolutely unique,
what we're looking at.
391
00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:03,160
This is the original pyre,
funeral pyre
392
00:29:03,160 --> 00:29:06,120
of a princely warrior of Eleutherna
393
00:29:06,120 --> 00:29:08,760
of the 8th century BC.
394
00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:12,800
So the earth I'm looking at here,
so this is 2,700 years old. Yes.
395
00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:15,360
Even the earth. Yes. Incredible.
396
00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:21,080
It was a pyre for a very high
rank man.
397
00:29:21,080 --> 00:29:23,960
We know he was a warrior
398
00:29:23,960 --> 00:29:28,600
because of his sword, the knives
and the spear.
399
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:32,080
And we know through the
anthropological investigation
400
00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:35,120
that he was a man very robust
401
00:29:35,120 --> 00:29:38,560
and at around 30 to 35 years old.
402
00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:42,400
But this is, it's so exciting
to see this because we hear
403
00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:44,880
about these funerary pyres
in the stories of Odysseus
404
00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:49,280
and the heroes. And Homer.
And Homer, exactly.
405
00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:54,080
So especially, of course,
this great pyre that Achilles built
406
00:29:54,080 --> 00:29:56,120
for his soul mate's...
407
00:29:56,120 --> 00:29:58,960
Beloved friend, yes.
Beloved Patroclus.
408
00:30:00,920 --> 00:30:05,840
Professor Stampolidis has also
uncovered a more grisly similarity.
409
00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:09,000
We found another skeleton.
410
00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:13,520
The position of this man's back bone
indicates he was executed,
411
00:30:13,520 --> 00:30:17,880
put to death as he knelled
by the funeral pyre.
412
00:30:17,880 --> 00:30:22,120
Legs and hands together...
Like that.
413
00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:25,480
..so they slaughtered him
414
00:30:25,480 --> 00:30:28,280
and he rests there forever.
415
00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:30,760
This is the only way to do it.
416
00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:34,280
Yeah, but are you saying
it would have been a kind of ritual
417
00:30:34,280 --> 00:30:36,440
killing, an act of vengeance? Yes.
418
00:30:36,440 --> 00:30:39,560
A warrior of Eleutherna died
419
00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:44,120
in a battle and they have captured
420
00:30:44,120 --> 00:30:50,440
one of their enemies, killed him
in front of this pyre.
421
00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:55,920
This is so important because it
tells us that behind those myths,
422
00:30:55,920 --> 00:30:58,360
there are these kernels of truth.
423
00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:01,320
So in the stories of the great
heroes, of Odysseus, and Achilles
424
00:31:01,320 --> 00:31:06,000
and Agamemnon, we have some fact
as well as the fiction.
425
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:07,600
Exactly.
426
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:15,360
Here in Crete, the reality that
inspires myths and legends
427
00:31:15,360 --> 00:31:16,840
lives on in the land.
428
00:31:19,520 --> 00:31:20,800
Oh, my God.
429
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:23,560
So I've just got to stop and tell
you something. The...
430
00:31:23,560 --> 00:31:25,240
Sorry, everybody.
431
00:31:25,240 --> 00:31:28,920
So these goats, these goats
are written about in The Odyssey
432
00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:33,160
and there are hardly any of them
and they're native to Crete
433
00:31:33,160 --> 00:31:35,400
and it's very rare to see them.
434
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:39,040
Crete's goats get a shout-out
in myth.
435
00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:41,680
The ancient tradition of
cheesemaking is described
436
00:31:41,680 --> 00:31:43,560
here in high caves.
437
00:31:43,560 --> 00:31:47,440
So I've hitched a lift up into
the mountains with a priest
438
00:31:47,440 --> 00:31:50,480
who is also a shepherd
and a cheese maker.
439
00:31:51,560 --> 00:31:55,000
Possibly bitten off more than
I can chew because I find myself
440
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:58,760
on the back of a pick-up truck on a
dirt road somewhere on the mountain.
441
00:31:58,760 --> 00:32:02,240
You know, it's kind of a bit of an
adventure.
442
00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:04,840
Oh, my God. Like...
443
00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:06,600
Like Odysseus had adventures.
444
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:14,400
Aww!
445
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:15,680
BLEATING
446
00:32:15,680 --> 00:32:17,720
It's a little baby.
447
00:32:17,720 --> 00:32:19,560
Hello, darling. Hello.
448
00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:23,080
BLEATING
Oh!
449
00:32:24,760 --> 00:32:26,720
Hello, darling.
450
00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:35,520
Father Andreas uses the milk
from his large flock to make cheese
451
00:32:35,520 --> 00:32:37,680
in the traditional Cretan way.
452
00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:48,320
This is the most incredible
sheppard's cave.
453
00:32:48,320 --> 00:32:50,520
This is Amazing. So this is, um,
454
00:32:50,520 --> 00:32:52,560
this is one these really
traditional, isn't it?
455
00:32:52,560 --> 00:32:54,800
A mitato? A mitato.
456
00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:58,360
Yeah. It's called a mitato,
these stone buildings.
457
00:32:58,360 --> 00:33:01,960
And they've been around since
the Stone Age here.
458
00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:05,120
OK, so there's white wine
vinegar that's gonna go in,
459
00:33:05,120 --> 00:33:07,000
and when he pours it in
460
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:10,920
at that moment it becomes cheese
and that's it.
461
00:33:15,920 --> 00:33:19,160
So they also encourage cobwebs,
here, don't you?
462
00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:24,040
So the spiders, so there's no fly
issue at all.
463
00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:27,680
So they let the spiders spin their
webs up in that little hole at the
464
00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:30,520
top so that the flies all get
eaten by spiders.
465
00:33:31,760 --> 00:33:35,120
Father, you are the quickest
cheesemaker I've ever met.
466
00:33:46,640 --> 00:33:49,600
Ah, OK, that sounds good.
467
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:52,040
So you made it this morning? OK.
468
00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:54,440
Inevitably a drink. I bet this
is Raki.
469
00:33:54,440 --> 00:33:56,760
Doesn't matter what time of day.
470
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:03,000
Efharisto. Yamas. Yamas.
471
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:04,280
OK, down in one.
472
00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:09,080
Hah! Huh-ha-ha-ha!
473
00:34:09,080 --> 00:34:12,280
Ooh, that's very straight
down to my stomach.
474
00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:14,120
Thank you. Lovely fresh cheese.
475
00:34:14,120 --> 00:34:16,680
Oh, thank you.
476
00:34:16,680 --> 00:34:19,000
I eat this as well.
477
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:20,360
Uh, yeah.
478
00:34:22,320 --> 00:34:23,920
Mmm.
479
00:34:23,920 --> 00:34:26,360
Mmm! Ah.
480
00:34:26,360 --> 00:34:27,760
Efharisto, efharisto.
481
00:34:31,920 --> 00:34:35,320
These sheperd huts haven't
just been used for cheesemaking.
482
00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:39,120
during the Second World War they
served a very different purpose.
483
00:34:39,120 --> 00:34:41,160
I'm about to discover what.
484
00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:48,720
During World War II, Crete
was strategically important to both
485
00:34:48,720 --> 00:34:50,480
Britain and Germany.
486
00:34:50,480 --> 00:34:54,080
Shepherd huts and caves
in these mountains would be used
487
00:34:54,080 --> 00:34:56,440
to hide resistance fighters.
488
00:34:56,440 --> 00:35:02,280
In May 1941, the island
became a battleground.
489
00:35:02,280 --> 00:35:07,680
Hitler sent in elite squads
of parachutists, paratroopers,
490
00:35:07,680 --> 00:35:11,520
who started to drop from the sky
around here.
491
00:35:11,520 --> 00:35:16,080
Local Cretans, often only armed
with very antiquated weapons
492
00:35:16,080 --> 00:35:20,600
and British and allied forces
started to pick them off.
493
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:22,440
But this would be the beginning
494
00:35:22,440 --> 00:35:25,680
of what would come to be called
the Battle of Crete.
495
00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:32,280
Many British troops were forced
to flee.
496
00:35:32,280 --> 00:35:39,160
Royal Navy caught in the straits
by 1,200 German planes,
497
00:35:39,160 --> 00:35:41,360
driving the Royal Navy
to Alexandria.
498
00:35:49,120 --> 00:35:53,360
After the battle, the Germans
occupied Crete for the next four
499
00:35:53,360 --> 00:35:55,520
years and many of the islanders
500
00:35:55,520 --> 00:35:58,840
fought on as a civilian
resistance force.
501
00:35:58,840 --> 00:36:02,560
The Nazis responded with ruthless
brutality.
502
00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:12,920
By the end of the war, 18,000
Commonwealth troops
503
00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:17,480
had been evacuated,
12,000 had been taken prisoner.
504
00:36:17,480 --> 00:36:19,720
2,000 had died.
505
00:36:19,720 --> 00:36:23,560
And 1,500 of them are
commemorated here.
506
00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:37,640
Eight decades on remnants
507
00:36:37,640 --> 00:36:41,320
of World War II are still strewn
across the island.
508
00:36:49,320 --> 00:36:53,320
Historian and collector Stelios
dedicates much of his spare time
509
00:36:53,320 --> 00:36:55,880
hunting for relics from the war.
510
00:37:02,240 --> 00:37:04,240
He's amassed a hoard, which he makes
511
00:37:04,240 --> 00:37:07,760
available for the public to see
in his own home.
512
00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:09,400
Hello! Stelios?
513
00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:14,520
This man is legendary for his mania,
514
00:37:14,520 --> 00:37:18,360
for collecting things and
bringing them to your house.
515
00:37:18,360 --> 00:37:20,080
Now I know what they were
talking about.
516
00:37:20,080 --> 00:37:22,600
This presumably was his sitting
room at some point.
517
00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:32,000
How many things do you have in
total?
518
00:37:34,840 --> 00:37:36,160
Yeah?
519
00:37:39,520 --> 00:37:41,720
What of this have you found
recently?
520
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:52,640
There must be a lot left
by the Germans.
521
00:37:58,640 --> 00:38:00,000
Oh, my God.
522
00:38:01,880 --> 00:38:03,240
Yeah.
523
00:38:03,240 --> 00:38:06,200
Look. 1941 And there's the swastika
524
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:09,280
and the Luftwaffe sign of the eagle.
525
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:15,520
What survives on Crete aren't
just artefacts, but eyewitnesses.
526
00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:20,640
Journalist Vicky Arvelaki has
brought me to the martyr village
527
00:38:20,640 --> 00:38:27,480
of Afthonidis, to meet 95-year-old
Michalis, who aged just 15,
528
00:38:27,480 --> 00:38:30,880
narrowly escaped a German
firing squad.
529
00:38:35,760 --> 00:38:38,800
Mr Michalis. Thank you.
VICKI SPEAKS GREEK
530
00:38:58,880 --> 00:39:02,840
Saying he was only 13, an officer
took pity on Michalis
531
00:39:02,840 --> 00:39:05,000
and let him slip away.
532
00:39:08,280 --> 00:39:11,160
Wow, it's so terrible.
533
00:39:19,120 --> 00:39:21,960
It's a shell from the executions.
Yes.
534
00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:24,440
And he founded last year.
535
00:39:24,440 --> 00:39:28,680
Miraculously, Michalis survived
the shooting, but when a group
536
00:39:28,680 --> 00:39:30,400
of villagers, including his father,
537
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:33,920
went back to the massacre site
to bury their dead,
538
00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:35,760
the Germans were waiting.
539
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:40,360
So another 22 people were executed.
540
00:39:43,480 --> 00:39:44,520
Your father?
541
00:39:46,680 --> 00:39:50,240
Nobody should have to see
something like that.
542
00:39:50,240 --> 00:39:52,800
Do you still miss your father?
543
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:54,960
VICKY SPEAKS GREEK
544
00:39:54,960 --> 00:39:59,480
It's very important to keep
remembering these stories.
545
00:40:05,200 --> 00:40:08,360
Well, thank you for sharing
the story.
546
00:40:08,360 --> 00:40:12,680
One good thing that survived
from the past, even from the time
547
00:40:12,680 --> 00:40:15,840
of the Trojan War, is that there's
a tradition here
548
00:40:15,840 --> 00:40:18,000
of welcoming strangers.
549
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:21,200
And you've made me feel
very welcome.
550
00:40:42,840 --> 00:40:46,720
Crete's reminded me how stories
speak to people across decades,
551
00:40:46,720 --> 00:40:49,200
centuries, even millennia.
552
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:52,320
And that's why they're worth
retelling, because they're legends
553
00:40:52,320 --> 00:40:56,040
from the past that help us
live now.
554
00:40:56,040 --> 00:40:58,080
Nice to see you. Is it OK, to get
on? Yeah, sure.
555
00:40:58,080 --> 00:41:00,280
Look at the amazing rainbow.
OK, anywhere. Yeah.
556
00:41:00,280 --> 00:41:01,880
Thanks.
557
00:41:03,440 --> 00:41:06,120
Just before the weather turns
on me, I've got to head
558
00:41:06,120 --> 00:41:08,520
across the waters towards Ithaca.
559
00:41:13,560 --> 00:41:16,360
Amazing to have that rainbow
in the sky.
560
00:41:16,360 --> 00:41:19,880
Because the Greeks thought that
rainbows were actually a goddess
561
00:41:19,880 --> 00:41:23,520
called Iris who took messages
to and from the other gods
562
00:41:23,520 --> 00:41:26,200
and mortals up from Mount Olympus.
563
00:41:26,200 --> 00:41:27,680
So I wonder what message
564
00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:30,640
I'm being sent for the next leg
of my journey.
565
00:41:42,520 --> 00:41:44,760
Crete is such a jewel of a place.
566
00:41:44,760 --> 00:41:47,320
In some ways and can understand why
567
00:41:47,320 --> 00:41:51,000
everyone is from the Nazis to the
Romans to the Minoans
568
00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:54,040
thought it was worth killing
and dying for.
569
00:41:54,040 --> 00:41:57,800
And there've been some
really beautiful moments,
570
00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:00,840
but it's also been quite sobering.
571
00:42:00,840 --> 00:42:04,080
I kind of feel I have learnt about
the darker sides of both
572
00:42:04,080 --> 00:42:07,080
Mother Nature and human nature.
573
00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:09,840
But the journey doesn't stop.
574
00:42:09,840 --> 00:42:13,200
I've got to carry on with my
odyssey. And just like Odysseus,
575
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:17,440
there are definitely going to be
some more adventurous in store.
576
00:42:22,440 --> 00:42:26,120
Next time I go in search
of shipwrecks,
577
00:42:26,120 --> 00:42:29,280
seek out 3,000-year-old
golden treasures...
578
00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:33,320
That's so cool! It's so amazing.
579
00:42:33,320 --> 00:42:38,400
..and discover how the warrior
spirit of Odysseus' age lives on.
580
00:42:43,440 --> 00:42:51,440
http://Scene-RLS.net
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