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Military cemeteries dot the landscape
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between Chunuk Bair and Cape Helles.
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Turkish, Australian, British, French.
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The legends of the Gallipoli campaign
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have been woven into the founding narratives
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of Turkey and Australia,
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but today, what actually happened here can be fully told.
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(dramatic music)
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The first glimmer of dawn over the Dardanelles.
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The Kilid Bahr fortress
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controls the narrowest place in this sea lane
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between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
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On the other side of the straits is Asia
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and the city of Canakkale.
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The marine traffic that passes through
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is the vital lifeline of trade
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with the whole of southeastern Europe and Russia.
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Turkey has controlled the straits for 500 years.
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Here in 1915, the vestiges of the oriental empire
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defeated the most powerful forces of the West.
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This is a victory, almost, East defeating the West.
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Defeating the biggest and best navy in the world,
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the Royal Navy.
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Defeating the best army in the world, the British army.
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The idea was to finish this in three days.
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They underestimated Turkish troops,
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and they thought a civilized European soldier
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could defeat an uneducated Turkish soldier very easily here.
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But actually, 99% of Turkish soldiers
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were from Anatolia, peasants,
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so peasants armies are very difficult to defeat.
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In the century after the Gallipoli campaign,
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much was written about the military and political failures
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that led to one of Britain's
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most disastrous military campaigns.
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But little has been said
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about the role the battle has played
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in building Turkish national pride.
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(lively music)
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The British underestimated the Turks,
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largely due to imperial ethnic prejudices.
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Kenan Celik is one of the most
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knowledgeable Turkish historians.
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The statue of Mustafa Kemal, founder of modern Turkey,
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dominates this strategic height, Chunuk Bair.
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{\an8}This is like a British arrogance, you know?
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{\an8}Always underestimating Turks.
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"Ah, we were defeated by our generals,"
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and, "Ah, this caused us the defeat."
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So rather than keep saying this,
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they should recognize and say and give some credit
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to the Turkish young man who fought here
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for the home country.
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{\an8}Well, I think a young lieutenant colonel,
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{\an8}George S. Patton, in staff college, the U.S. army,
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sums it up brilliantly.
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This was before he became
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the famous general in World War II,
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and he did a study of the Gallipoli campaign.
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And he stressed the importance of having the right officers
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in the right place at the right time,
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for being on the offense and also defense.
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And he suggested that it was not the Ottoman army
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that defeated the British at Suvla Bay,
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it was von Sanders, it was Major Willmer, and Mustafa Kemal.
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They defeated Stopford, Ian Hamilton, and General Sitwell.
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So he suggested that if they swapped those commanders,
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Gallipoli would've been a great success for the British
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instead of the dismal failure it ended out to be.
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Although the Ottoman Empire's frontiers in 1900
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extended far into Europe and Africa,
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by the outbreak of war in 1914
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it had lost Romania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Libya
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and was in debt with Britain, France, Germany and Russia,
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who controlled most of the trade.
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When war broke out, Turkey was neutral
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and in the throes of internal upheaval,
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with a new government intent on modernizing and westernizing
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a corrupt, inefficient state.
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The most powerful man in Turkey at the time
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was the megalomaniac war minister Enver Pasha.
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Enver Pasha took the command
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of chief of staff, war minister,
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so under his control a few portfolios, like ministries,
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so he carried out big change in Turkish army.
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About 1,300 officers, mostly old generation,
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and who were held responsible for Balkan disaster,
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Balkan defeat, they were sacked.
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Then all the academy graduates were appointed
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to replace old people.
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For example, Mustafa Kemal was one of them,
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and only 35 years old, and he commanded 12,000 men.
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Another man with an extraordinary ego
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changed the course of Turkish history.
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When then-British Navy Minister Winston Churchill
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ordered that two battleships built in Britain
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but paid for by the Ottoman government
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be requisitioned by the British navy,
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the Germans eagerly donated two of their own.
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They offered the Goeben and Breslau to the Ottoman Empire,
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but when the new warships were used
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to attack Russian ports in the Black Sea,
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this prompted the Allies to declare war on Turkey.
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Churchill saw an opportunity to gain control
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of the most vital seaway in Europe, the Dardanelles,
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and persuaded the government
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and the war minister, Lord Horatio Kitchener,
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to agree to a naval attack that he believed
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would be decisive in winning the war.
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On the 19th of February 1915,
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British and French ships sailed up the Dardanelles
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to destroy the forts at the entrance to the straits.
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But when the main attack on the straits began
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on the 18th of March at Canakkale,
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three ships were sunk
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and three others were severely damaged
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by Turkish fire and undetected mines.
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The fortress at Mecidiye
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on the European side of the Dardanelles
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was the backdrop to a memorable episode of Turkish heroism.
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The Ottoman mobile artillery
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was wreaking havoc on French and British battleships,
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but they were running out of ammunition.
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On the other hand, the heavy guns at Canakkale
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were a fixed target for the Allied ships.
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Here at Mecidiye fortress,
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the gun crane had been destroyed.
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Rather than cease firing,
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legend has it that the Turkish solder Seyit Ali Cabuk
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took it on himself to carry three 275-kilogram shells
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to be loaded into the gun breech,
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one of which would reportedly sink a French battleship.
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Although it seems practically impossible
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for him to do this alone,
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Corporal Seyit became one of Turkey's greatest heroes,
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an icon of Turkish resistance.
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His feats are just the first of a series
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of Gallipoli campaign legends that live on today.
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With the navies in retreat,
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preparations began for large-scale troop landings
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on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
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(tense music)
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Unable to penetrate the Dardanelles Straits
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with ships alone,
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military strategists plotted
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to capture Constantinople by land.
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The plan was simple enough:
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50,000 troops from Britain,
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Australia and New Zealand, India, and France
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would land and quickly capture the high ground
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behind the forts commanding the straits
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and allow the fleet to penetrate the Dardanelles.
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Britain's best general, Ian Hamilton, was given command.
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Steve Chambers is a historian and author
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specialized in the Gallipoli campaign.
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{\an8}Sir Ian Hamilton, as a case in example,
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{\an8}was probably one of the best general officers,
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if not in Britain, in the world at that time,
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and this is something the Germans actually say of him.
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He had probably fought in every single campaign
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from the late 1870s.
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He had written books on musketry and modern warfare,
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and this was quite rare in the British army at that time.
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They had understood that the war was changing.
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Commanding on the other side of the battle
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was one of Germany's best generals, Otto Liman von Sanders,
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the cool-headed and decisive Prussian advisor
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to the Ottoman government.
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Heading up the 19th Division
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was 34-year-old Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal.
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{\an8}British thought mostly old people, old generation,
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{\an8}but Turks all graduates of academies.
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They go to these ranks through aptitude tests
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and very hard exams.
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When you look at their diplomas and marks in the classes,
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they are like mathematicians,
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their points between 95 and 100.
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So best brains we apply in Turkish army.
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However hastily drawn up,
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the plan still gave the defenders four weeks to prepare.
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Ian Hamilton was also given inferior tools to do the job.
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The only unit of professional troops was the 29th Division.
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The best units the British had here at Gallipoli
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was the 29th Division.
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They were a regular division.
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However, they've never really trained together.
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They had been put together
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from different parts of the empire.
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Some were serving in India, some were serving in the U.K,
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and together they never trained above brigade level.
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And this brought challenges
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for the officers commanding them.
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And a lot of these were fast promoted
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from colonel to brigadier general to command a brigade,
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or even major general to command a division.
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So even though they had a lot of experience
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commanding smaller units, or maybe as big as a brigade,
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command of the division was something completely different.
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The British territorial units
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and the brand-new Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
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that came in to support the offensive were undertrained.
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The government wanted to win the campaign on the cheap,
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and the commander received
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second-rate officers and soldiers.
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The equipment of the territorials
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was lesser than that of the regulars.
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It was inferior quality, still effective,
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but not as good as the regular equipment.
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Also, the rifles were certainly inferior as well.
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Where the regulars had the modern SMLE,
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the Short Magazine Lee-Enfield, a very, very good rifle
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that they could fire 15 rounds per minute through,
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the territorials had old, antiquated rifles
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from the Boer War, the old, long Lee-Enfield.
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Still a very, very good weapon,
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but not as good as the SMLE.
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The defending Ottoman army was well-trained.
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The Turkish soldiers fighting in Gallipoli
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were well-equipped with Mauser M1903 bolt-action rifles,
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although many carried the 1883 version.
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We got German rifles, Mauser.
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Not quick when you compare it to Lee-Enfield,
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the British rifle, but snipers would prefer a German Mauser.
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I talked to Turkish veterans who said to me,
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"We had snipers, Turkish snipers,
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we used to put a coin between our fingers like this,
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then hold it like this."
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There were Turkish snipers who shoot and get the coin
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without hurting the fingers.
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We say three things in a man's life are so important:
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horse, a woman, and a rifle.
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The 25th and 57th Turkish regiments
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were among the best the empire could field.
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These hardened Turkish soldiers
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had already fought in many wars
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during the Balkan crises of the past decade.
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They were not just conscripts
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drawn from the vast plains of Anatolia.
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These were men who were fighting
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to save the jewel in the Ottoman crown:
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Constantinople itself.
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Turks put their best troops on the peninsula
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before British landed here.
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So experienced it and trained,
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and the organization was okay.
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And then Istanbul did their best to help the Turks here.
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In terms of food supply, it was okay,
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like heart of the country.
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If Turks lost Gallipoli,
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then they could lose Istanbul, the capital,
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and then today, most probably,
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there would be no Turkish existence in Europe.
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Bad weather and the need to train
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the Australian and New Zealand volunteers in Egypt
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were a boon for Liman von Sanders,
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who had four whole weeks to prepare land defenses.
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At 4 a.m. on the 25th of April, 1915,
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the troop landings began.
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The Australian and New Zealand corps, or ANZAC,
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were tugged ashore by small steamers
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and had to row the last few meters.
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They had been spotted by Turkish commanders
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00:13:56,460 --> 00:13:59,963
who underestimated the size of the invading force.
264
00:14:00,860 --> 00:14:04,060
So Turkish headquarters, 9th Division headquarters,
265
00:14:04,060 --> 00:14:06,360
didn't expect any landing from this spot.
266
00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:09,700
And then moon set, and then Turks lost sight of the ships,
267
00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:11,470
so under the cover of darkness,
268
00:14:11,470 --> 00:14:14,370
without any naval bombardment, they came.
269
00:14:14,370 --> 00:14:17,240
And when they were, say, 100 yards, 200 years of the beach,
270
00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:18,640
then Turks saw them.
271
00:14:18,640 --> 00:14:20,230
Right on the beach where they landed,
272
00:14:20,230 --> 00:14:23,510
nearly 500 yards they covered in the initial landing.
273
00:14:23,510 --> 00:14:26,010
3rd Brigade from Australia landed three battalions,
274
00:14:26,010 --> 00:14:29,000
1,500 strong, from three warships.
275
00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:32,810
And then 86th Guards had to deal with these people.
276
00:14:32,810 --> 00:14:34,700
They stood their ground.
277
00:14:34,700 --> 00:14:38,210
They could hear bushes moving below us.
278
00:14:38,210 --> 00:14:39,950
They could hear the scramble of troops
279
00:14:39,950 --> 00:14:42,320
coming up the cliff face.
280
00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:43,840
They lay down fire.
281
00:14:43,840 --> 00:14:46,910
Very, very quickly, the Anzacs, Australians predominantly,
282
00:14:46,910 --> 00:14:48,310
for the first part of the landings,
283
00:14:48,310 --> 00:14:50,030
got to the top of the cliff.
284
00:14:50,030 --> 00:14:54,500
In little less than 15 minutes, 20 minutes at the outside,
285
00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:57,160
overwhelmed the Ottoman defenders here at the top
286
00:14:57,160 --> 00:14:58,440
and pushed them back.
287
00:14:58,440 --> 00:15:00,140
Over on the other side,
288
00:15:00,140 --> 00:15:03,690
the Australians pushed right over towards 400 Plateau
289
00:15:03,690 --> 00:15:05,990
and down the other side towards the 3rd Ridge.
290
00:15:06,850 --> 00:15:08,710
The first waves of Anzacs
291
00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:10,550
pushed up the steep hills,
292
00:15:10,550 --> 00:15:14,230
sweeping the light Ottoman defenses off the ridges
293
00:15:14,230 --> 00:15:16,260
and reaching an arc of hills
294
00:15:16,260 --> 00:15:18,820
they gave distinctive names to:
295
00:15:18,820 --> 00:15:23,033
Baby 700, Russell's Top, The Neck.
296
00:15:24,370 --> 00:15:27,070
However, they found that the only way up
297
00:15:27,070 --> 00:15:30,730
to the higher ground was along narrow ridges,
298
00:15:30,730 --> 00:15:32,963
where the defenders had the advantage.
299
00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:37,740
By 7 in the morning, the company of Turkish defenders
300
00:15:37,740 --> 00:15:39,263
had finished their ammunition.
301
00:15:40,470 --> 00:15:44,640
Mustafa Kemal was at the head of the 57th Regiment
302
00:15:44,640 --> 00:15:46,133
rushing up to support.
303
00:15:47,080 --> 00:15:49,890
He saw Australian infantry advancing
304
00:15:49,890 --> 00:15:51,410
and then the Turks retreating,
305
00:15:51,410 --> 00:15:53,340
so he just intercepted them.
306
00:15:53,340 --> 00:15:57,690
And then he said, "Why are you retreating?"
307
00:15:57,690 --> 00:16:01,357
They pointed to the hill where Anzacs coming.
308
00:16:01,357 --> 00:16:03,377
"An enemy," they said.
309
00:16:03,377 --> 00:16:06,920
"But you have bayonets. Take out, fix and lie down."
310
00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:08,410
And then Turks stopped.
311
00:16:08,410 --> 00:16:10,540
Seeing this, Australian infantry also stopped.
312
00:16:10,540 --> 00:16:13,820
This not only saved the day, but the entire campaign,
313
00:16:13,820 --> 00:16:15,850
and then future of the country.
314
00:16:15,850 --> 00:16:18,680
More waves of troops disembarked,
315
00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:21,823
but Ottoman guns began firing at the beach.
316
00:16:22,680 --> 00:16:27,060
The legendary Ottoman 57th Regiment swung into action,
317
00:16:27,060 --> 00:16:31,870
while the 27th blocked the Australian advance to the south.
318
00:16:31,870 --> 00:16:35,927
In his order he said, because it was so significant,
319
00:16:35,927 --> 00:16:37,830
"I then ordered to attack or to die.
320
00:16:37,830 --> 00:16:39,980
In the time which passes until we die,
321
00:16:39,980 --> 00:16:42,017
others can come here and reinforce us."
322
00:16:42,870 --> 00:16:45,950
Resistance was so important at that stage, crucial.
323
00:16:45,950 --> 00:16:47,940
The ultimate objective of this landing
324
00:16:47,940 --> 00:16:51,920
was, one, to hold the 3rd Ridge,
325
00:16:51,920 --> 00:16:54,080
the 3rd Ridge goes from Gabe Tepe
326
00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:55,880
right all the way up to the Sari Bair ridge,
327
00:16:55,880 --> 00:16:58,000
and push from the hills
328
00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:00,290
close to where we're standing at the moment
329
00:17:00,290 --> 00:17:03,320
over to the plain of Maidos
330
00:17:03,320 --> 00:17:06,210
to capture the narrowest part of the peninsula.
331
00:17:06,210 --> 00:17:08,990
When Mustafa Kemal and the 57th Regiment
332
00:17:08,990 --> 00:17:11,420
came over the ridge around Chunuk Bair,
333
00:17:11,420 --> 00:17:13,823
they were able to stop the Australian advance
334
00:17:13,823 --> 00:17:17,090
and then bayonet attack and push them back.
335
00:17:17,090 --> 00:17:18,670
By the end of the day,
336
00:17:18,670 --> 00:17:22,073
they were pinned down in this tiny stretch of shoreline.
337
00:17:23,180 --> 00:17:26,240
The commanding officer, General William Birdwood,
338
00:17:26,240 --> 00:17:27,773
proposed evacuation.
339
00:17:28,670 --> 00:17:32,230
At Cape Helles, the British attacked this beach,
340
00:17:32,230 --> 00:17:36,173
known to them as V Beach, at 6:30 in the morning.
341
00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:39,910
They had planned to land three regiments,
342
00:17:39,910 --> 00:17:42,540
two aboard the coal ship River Clyde
343
00:17:42,540 --> 00:17:44,690
that was to have been rammed ashore,
344
00:17:44,690 --> 00:17:48,370
allowing the 2,000 troops inside to disembark,
345
00:17:48,370 --> 00:17:49,720
while another regiment
346
00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:52,400
was to be brought ashore in rowing boats.
347
00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:54,660
The landing here at V Beach
348
00:17:54,660 --> 00:17:57,170
was going to be what we call a noisy landing.
349
00:17:57,170 --> 00:18:00,170
They were not coming in at night like at Anzac.
350
00:18:00,170 --> 00:18:02,580
Here was a full daylight landing,
351
00:18:02,580 --> 00:18:04,350
and the reason for that was
352
00:18:04,350 --> 00:18:07,310
the Royal Navy needed to see their targets.
353
00:18:07,310 --> 00:18:08,830
So what Hunter-Weston,
354
00:18:08,830 --> 00:18:11,480
who's commanding the operation here, relied upon,
355
00:18:11,480 --> 00:18:13,750
was the full weight of a naval bombardment
356
00:18:13,750 --> 00:18:16,563
to destroy and neutralize the Turkish defenses.
357
00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:20,670
The ridge overlooking the beach was fortified
358
00:18:20,670 --> 00:18:22,950
with trenches and barbed wire,
359
00:18:22,950 --> 00:18:26,263
although little more than a company of men defended it.
360
00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:29,650
The naval bombardment was ineffective
361
00:18:29,650 --> 00:18:32,460
due to the flat trajectory of the shells
362
00:18:32,460 --> 00:18:35,040
that landed either too far behind
363
00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:37,830
or in front of the defenses.
364
00:18:37,830 --> 00:18:42,830
We landed, first of all, the first wave, in rowing boats.
365
00:18:43,310 --> 00:18:46,710
These comprise of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.
366
00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:49,070
Turkish rifle fire fell down
367
00:18:49,070 --> 00:18:51,660
onto the victims in those boats.
368
00:18:51,660 --> 00:18:53,340
Those who did manage to climb out
369
00:18:53,340 --> 00:18:58,340
in full pack, full equipment weighing up to 70, 75 pounds,
370
00:18:58,370 --> 00:18:59,760
fell into the water.
371
00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:04,310
Some drowned. Others stumbled ashore with or without rifle.
372
00:19:04,310 --> 00:19:06,460
Those with rifles who could get to the sandbank
373
00:19:06,460 --> 00:19:09,030
then found their rifles to be inoperable.
374
00:19:09,030 --> 00:19:10,800
Luckily, there's a sandbank,
375
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:13,680
a small cliff, or shelf rather,
376
00:19:13,680 --> 00:19:16,130
about five feet from up from the beach,
377
00:19:16,130 --> 00:19:18,430
and that enabled them to shelter from the rifle fire
378
00:19:18,430 --> 00:19:20,923
from the Turks in the trenches behind me.
379
00:19:21,790 --> 00:19:23,420
The River Clyde collier
380
00:19:23,420 --> 00:19:26,720
was supposed to have been akin to a Trojan horse,
381
00:19:26,720 --> 00:19:30,450
ramming the beach and allowing 2,000 men it carried
382
00:19:30,450 --> 00:19:33,610
to land directly onto dry land.
383
00:19:33,610 --> 00:19:35,800
It got stuck on the rocks,
384
00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:38,310
and Turkish soldiers could pick the men off
385
00:19:38,310 --> 00:19:40,193
as they left the sally ports.
386
00:19:41,290 --> 00:19:43,890
The first 50 men out of the River Clyde,
387
00:19:43,890 --> 00:19:45,730
led by one officer,
388
00:19:45,730 --> 00:19:48,020
48 of them were killed or wounded.
389
00:19:48,020 --> 00:19:49,600
Only two got to the beach.
390
00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:51,850
So you have this cluster of bodies
391
00:19:51,850 --> 00:19:53,330
fallen from the River Clyde
392
00:19:53,330 --> 00:19:55,650
onto the rock spit you see behind me.
393
00:19:55,650 --> 00:19:58,790
One of the heroes of the day was a Commander Unwin,
394
00:19:58,790 --> 00:20:01,070
who was the commander also of the River Clyde.
395
00:20:01,070 --> 00:20:05,670
He dived into the ocean, all under fire,
396
00:20:05,670 --> 00:20:08,140
connected up these boats by just manpower,
397
00:20:08,140 --> 00:20:11,040
taking the ropes from each boat,
398
00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:13,150
pulling them together with the manpower,
399
00:20:13,150 --> 00:20:16,310
tying 'em together to allow this bridge
400
00:20:16,310 --> 00:20:18,010
to connect the shore.
401
00:20:18,010 --> 00:20:21,140
He did this several times under fierce enemy fire.
402
00:20:21,140 --> 00:20:24,400
At 9 a.m. the landing was stopped,
403
00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:26,800
but just two kilometers north,
404
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:29,223
another slaughter was unfolding.
405
00:20:31,550 --> 00:20:35,580
On this beautiful, sandy beach, known as W,
406
00:20:35,580 --> 00:20:38,710
where still today the remains of British hardware
407
00:20:38,710 --> 00:20:41,290
rust under the Gallipoli sun,
408
00:20:41,290 --> 00:20:43,020
the Lancashire Fusiliers,
409
00:20:43,020 --> 00:20:45,780
soldiers from rural Northern England,
410
00:20:45,780 --> 00:20:48,473
were killed before they even made it ashore.
411
00:20:49,490 --> 00:20:51,480
{\an8}There was barbed wire on the beach,
412
00:20:51,480 --> 00:20:56,140
{\an8}and then, again, traps in the water, like landmines,
413
00:20:56,140 --> 00:20:58,930
and then, just on top, the Turkish trenches.
414
00:20:58,930 --> 00:21:01,610
Of the 200 men in the first wave,
415
00:21:01,610 --> 00:21:04,180
only 21 survived,
416
00:21:04,180 --> 00:21:07,950
the heaviest death toll of all the landings.
417
00:21:07,950 --> 00:21:11,800
But the defenders were outflanked by a landing further north
418
00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:14,230
and eventually forced to retreat.
419
00:21:14,230 --> 00:21:17,323
They were told to wait till 400 yards range and open fire,
420
00:21:17,323 --> 00:21:19,310
and it was very costly,
421
00:21:19,310 --> 00:21:21,830
more costly than V Beach around the corner.
422
00:21:21,830 --> 00:21:24,570
{\an8}At dawn they were able to charge up from the beaches,
423
00:21:24,570 --> 00:21:26,800
{\an8}where two more Victoria Crosses were won
424
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,210
from a Captain Walford, Royal Artillery,
425
00:21:29,210 --> 00:21:31,370
and Lieutenant Colonel Charles Doughty-Wylie,
426
00:21:31,370 --> 00:21:33,600
VC, Royal Welsh Fusiliers.
427
00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:35,000
They took their men forward.
428
00:21:35,990 --> 00:21:37,670
Actually, they didn't take their men forward.
429
00:21:37,670 --> 00:21:38,840
They weren't supposed to be there.
430
00:21:38,840 --> 00:21:40,150
These were staff officers.
431
00:21:40,150 --> 00:21:42,430
The staff officers took these men forward
432
00:21:42,430 --> 00:21:44,870
because of the huge amount of officer casualties
433
00:21:44,870 --> 00:21:46,660
in the infantry battalions,
434
00:21:46,660 --> 00:21:48,360
stormed these trenches.
435
00:21:48,360 --> 00:21:50,800
At the time the Turks were pulling back.
436
00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:52,590
They realized that the game was probably over
437
00:21:52,590 --> 00:21:53,910
now at that stage,
438
00:21:53,910 --> 00:21:57,010
'cause they're being enfiladed from the W Beach landing.
439
00:21:57,010 --> 00:21:58,830
Overlooking V Beach
440
00:21:58,830 --> 00:22:01,400
are the remains of two fortresses,
441
00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:04,790
the ancient Ottoman fort Sedd el Bahr,
442
00:22:04,790 --> 00:22:06,080
and on the other side,
443
00:22:06,080 --> 00:22:09,493
the powerful guns of its 20th century counterpart.
444
00:22:10,540 --> 00:22:13,090
Behind it, the Turkish cemetery,
445
00:22:13,090 --> 00:22:15,693
and below that, the British graveyard.
446
00:22:16,540 --> 00:22:18,680
Close to this tragic site
447
00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:22,563
lies the only lone grave of the whole campaign:
448
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:25,780
Charles Doughty-Wylie.
449
00:22:25,780 --> 00:22:27,070
We're here at the grave
450
00:22:27,070 --> 00:22:31,370
of Colonel Charles Doughty-Wylie, VC,
451
00:22:31,370 --> 00:22:33,210
He was in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers
452
00:22:33,210 --> 00:22:35,440
and attached to the general staff.
453
00:22:35,440 --> 00:22:40,010
He led the charge with his walking cane in hand.
454
00:22:40,010 --> 00:22:43,460
He vowed never to take arms against the Turks
455
00:22:43,460 --> 00:22:46,070
'cause he was a friend to the Turks prior to the war.
456
00:22:46,070 --> 00:22:49,460
At the moment of glory he got to the top of this hill,
457
00:22:49,460 --> 00:22:50,700
captured the fort,
458
00:22:50,700 --> 00:22:53,850
and then unfortunately got shot by a Turkish sharpshooter.
459
00:22:53,850 --> 00:22:55,930
Charles Doughty-Wylie's wife
460
00:22:55,930 --> 00:22:58,700
was a nurse on a nearby island,
461
00:22:58,700 --> 00:23:01,630
but he also had a romantic liaison
462
00:23:01,630 --> 00:23:04,890
with one of the most famous women of the Middle East,
463
00:23:04,890 --> 00:23:08,330
explorer and spy Gertrude Bell.
464
00:23:08,330 --> 00:23:11,180
There was one woman visitor to this grave
465
00:23:11,180 --> 00:23:13,320
during the campaign.
466
00:23:13,320 --> 00:23:14,720
It's important to understand there were no women
467
00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:15,920
fighting on Gallipoli.
468
00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:18,270
There were no women nurses on Gallipoli.
469
00:23:18,270 --> 00:23:21,320
So who was this lone woman who came to visit this grave,
470
00:23:21,320 --> 00:23:23,590
allegedly in around November 1915?
471
00:23:24,474 --> 00:23:26,640
(tense music)
472
00:23:26,640 --> 00:23:28,820
French and other smaller forces
473
00:23:28,820 --> 00:23:33,150
had landed at Morto Bay, or S Beach as it was known,
474
00:23:33,150 --> 00:23:37,023
and at X and Y beaches almost unopposed.
475
00:23:37,910 --> 00:23:41,120
Now the Allies were able to consolidate their positions
476
00:23:41,120 --> 00:23:43,870
on the tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula,
477
00:23:43,870 --> 00:23:46,640
but the shock of the losses on the landings
478
00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:48,471
had taken its toll.
479
00:23:48,471 --> 00:23:51,520
(somber music)
480
00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:54,380
The sun sets on the Cape Helles monument
481
00:23:54,380 --> 00:23:55,613
to the British dead.
482
00:23:56,830 --> 00:24:01,300
In just two days, three battalions had been decimated
483
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:05,293
and the heights of Achi Baba were still out of reach.
484
00:24:10,260 --> 00:24:14,450
Three days after the landings, on the 28th of April,
485
00:24:14,450 --> 00:24:17,410
the French and British forces at Cape Helles
486
00:24:17,410 --> 00:24:19,760
made their first concerted effort
487
00:24:19,760 --> 00:24:22,570
to move forward to capture Achi Baba
488
00:24:22,570 --> 00:24:25,313
and then to attack the fortress at Kilid Bahr.
489
00:24:27,330 --> 00:24:29,700
This Turkish village now stands
490
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:32,740
where the Greek village of Krithia once stood,
491
00:24:32,740 --> 00:24:35,783
razed to the ground by British guns.
492
00:24:37,642 --> 00:24:41,580
Here the local British commander, Aylmer Hunter-Weston,
493
00:24:41,580 --> 00:24:43,330
planned a daylight attack
494
00:24:43,330 --> 00:24:45,773
covered by artillery on land and sea.
495
00:24:46,980 --> 00:24:48,940
It was a disaster,
496
00:24:48,940 --> 00:24:50,610
and over the next weeks,
497
00:24:50,610 --> 00:24:53,813
the same tactic was repeated twice more.
498
00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:59,670
British, French, and Turkish soldiers were slaughtered
499
00:24:59,670 --> 00:25:02,373
as attack was followed by counterattack.
500
00:25:03,430 --> 00:25:06,010
The French were slightly more successful
501
00:25:06,010 --> 00:25:09,440
on the eastern edge of the line on the 21st of June,
502
00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:13,273
supported by heavy artillery in a rolling barrage.
503
00:25:14,560 --> 00:25:16,230
On the 28th of June
504
00:25:16,230 --> 00:25:18,920
the British gained a kilometer of terrain
505
00:25:18,920 --> 00:25:21,930
during the Battle of Gully Ravine,
506
00:25:21,930 --> 00:25:26,053
but from then on the Helles front was a stalemate.
507
00:25:26,980 --> 00:25:30,523
The forts at Kilid Bahr were unreachable.
508
00:25:32,230 --> 00:25:34,800
The little farming village of Bashyal
509
00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:37,633
was completely destroyed during the campaign.
510
00:25:38,770 --> 00:25:41,740
The villagers were recruited into the Ottoman army.
511
00:25:41,740 --> 00:25:44,963
Their families moved to the land behind the lines.
512
00:25:46,350 --> 00:25:48,970
Hassan is the grandson of a soldier
513
00:25:48,970 --> 00:25:51,853
sent twice to the front here in Gallipoli.
514
00:25:52,950 --> 00:25:56,650
That young soldier was stable boy to Enver Pasha
515
00:25:56,650 --> 00:25:59,853
when the war minister came to see the massacre for himself,
516
00:26:01,150 --> 00:26:03,380
Enver stopped the frontal attacks,
517
00:26:03,380 --> 00:26:07,044
which were killing too many Ottoman soldiers.
518
00:26:07,044 --> 00:26:09,310
{\an8}(speaking Turkish)
519
00:26:09,310 --> 00:26:10,440
{\an8}Well, my grandfather
520
00:26:10,440 --> 00:26:11,970
{\an8}was too young to join the army.
521
00:26:11,970 --> 00:26:14,530
He was taken by Enver Pasha
522
00:26:14,530 --> 00:26:17,080
as a stable boy and dispatch writer.
523
00:26:17,080 --> 00:26:19,010
He helped Enver Pasha by showing him
524
00:26:19,010 --> 00:26:21,000
the roads and the water wells.
525
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:24,110
And then, when his elder brother was shot in the war,
526
00:26:24,110 --> 00:26:27,120
the younger one released to go back home for a while,
527
00:26:27,120 --> 00:26:29,563
and then recalled back for duty.
528
00:26:31,330 --> 00:26:35,070
{\an8}So total loss we suffered in six battles here,
529
00:26:35,070 --> 00:26:37,530
{\an8}known as Six Battles of Krithia,
530
00:26:37,530 --> 00:26:38,550
three battles of Krithia,
531
00:26:38,550 --> 00:26:41,150
and then one battle with the English in Gully Ravine
532
00:26:41,150 --> 00:26:43,310
and then two with French on the left.
533
00:26:43,310 --> 00:26:46,810
Roughly 150,000 Turkish losses suffered,
534
00:26:46,810 --> 00:26:49,540
and more than 100,000 British losses suffered.
535
00:26:49,540 --> 00:26:52,870
French lost nearly 30,000 men, nearly half dead.
536
00:26:52,870 --> 00:26:55,570
They were buried in a single cemetery in Gallipoli today.
537
00:26:55,570 --> 00:27:00,050
So total loss, nearly, Allies lost 200,000 men here,
538
00:27:00,050 --> 00:27:01,863
and to both sides,
539
00:27:02,870 --> 00:27:04,647
nearly half a million people
540
00:27:04,647 --> 00:27:07,210
in Gallipoli campaign, total loss.
541
00:27:07,210 --> 00:27:11,050
{\an8}Hunter-Weston was probably,
542
00:27:11,050 --> 00:27:14,090
{\an8}as some people say, was one of these donkey generals.
543
00:27:14,090 --> 00:27:16,520
I don't know if that's strictly true,
544
00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:17,980
that he was a bit of a butcher
545
00:27:17,980 --> 00:27:20,950
and threw men into action aimlessly
546
00:27:20,950 --> 00:27:23,270
in these frontal attacks with bayonets only,
547
00:27:23,270 --> 00:27:24,793
facing the Turkish guns.
548
00:27:25,890 --> 00:27:27,960
But Hunter-Weston was not stupid.
549
00:27:27,960 --> 00:27:29,390
That was really the only options
550
00:27:29,390 --> 00:27:31,330
available to him at that time.
551
00:27:31,330 --> 00:27:34,600
Here Turkish army suffered more casualties than Allies.
552
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:39,080
And the main reason was, for that country, not much cover.
553
00:27:39,080 --> 00:27:42,100
And before every battle,
554
00:27:42,100 --> 00:27:44,460
and then navy bombarded Turkish lines,
555
00:27:44,460 --> 00:27:46,420
so devastated Turkish trenches.
556
00:27:46,420 --> 00:27:49,230
Mostly they tried to advance along the flanks,
557
00:27:49,230 --> 00:27:51,240
getting support from the navy,
558
00:27:51,240 --> 00:27:52,327
rather in the middle.
559
00:27:52,327 --> 00:27:54,780
But Turks knew this very well,
560
00:27:54,780 --> 00:27:56,390
so they attack in the middle.
561
00:27:56,390 --> 00:27:59,060
So when the lines advance on the flank,
562
00:27:59,060 --> 00:28:00,810
but Turks made a breach in the middle,
563
00:28:00,810 --> 00:28:02,280
then British had to move back
564
00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:05,040
to make a line with that area,
565
00:28:05,040 --> 00:28:07,320
so then had to retreat to the back.
566
00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:09,400
The Allied troops were ill-equipped
567
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,620
to face the battles that were to follow.
568
00:28:12,620 --> 00:28:14,453
Logistics were a nightmare.
569
00:28:15,310 --> 00:28:18,570
A shortage of shells forced the British artillery
570
00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:22,340
to limit themselves to firing just one shell a day
571
00:28:22,340 --> 00:28:26,100
in order to save ammunition for big offensives.
572
00:28:26,100 --> 00:28:28,050
British artillery here was very ineffective.
573
00:28:28,050 --> 00:28:29,950
One, we didn't have enough guns,
574
00:28:29,950 --> 00:28:31,843
and two, we didn't have enough shell.
575
00:28:33,410 --> 00:28:38,410
The shell we did have, or the majority, was shrapnel shell.
576
00:28:38,480 --> 00:28:42,060
Shrapnel shell is okay to use with troops in the open,
577
00:28:42,060 --> 00:28:44,150
where it would spray the canister of shell,
578
00:28:44,150 --> 00:28:45,730
the ball bearings inside,
579
00:28:45,730 --> 00:28:48,570
and splatter the fields in front of us.
580
00:28:48,570 --> 00:28:53,230
However, to destroy wire, to destroy trenches,
581
00:28:53,230 --> 00:28:54,850
to destroy machine gun emplacements
582
00:28:54,850 --> 00:28:57,530
which were fortified with sandbags and dug in well,
583
00:28:57,530 --> 00:28:59,330
you needed high explosives.
584
00:28:59,330 --> 00:29:03,490
Life for the Allied infantryman was miserable.
585
00:29:03,490 --> 00:29:07,590
There was nowhere for troops off duty to really rest,
586
00:29:07,590 --> 00:29:09,750
and too few men to keep the British
587
00:29:09,750 --> 00:29:11,913
military machine working properly.
588
00:29:12,860 --> 00:29:16,260
Food an sanitation were poor.
589
00:29:16,260 --> 00:29:19,090
Disease was rampant.
590
00:29:19,090 --> 00:29:20,330
The British had only advanced
591
00:29:20,330 --> 00:29:21,930
a maximum of four miles here at Gallipoli,
592
00:29:21,930 --> 00:29:24,680
at the Helles side of the peninsula,
593
00:29:24,680 --> 00:29:26,180
so they could go back to the beaches,
594
00:29:26,180 --> 00:29:28,850
but still under Turkish shellfire.
595
00:29:28,850 --> 00:29:30,820
They would also be use for labor.
596
00:29:30,820 --> 00:29:34,090
They would be building piers and digging trenches.
597
00:29:34,090 --> 00:29:35,800
It was very, very hard work
598
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:38,260
in a climate that is very hot.
599
00:29:38,260 --> 00:29:40,190
They would've been on poor rations,
600
00:29:40,190 --> 00:29:43,210
predominantly bully beef and biscuits.
601
00:29:43,210 --> 00:29:46,780
Bully beef, during the summer, would melt in the tins.
602
00:29:46,780 --> 00:29:49,893
It turned into liquid. It was horrible.
603
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:54,870
Hassan's memories of his grandfather
604
00:29:54,870 --> 00:29:59,870
bring to life the horror and humanity of the war here.
605
00:29:59,919 --> 00:30:02,880
(speaking Turkish)
606
00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:04,630
Personally, I was a little boy
607
00:30:04,630 --> 00:30:07,720
and my grandfather didn't speak much about the war,
608
00:30:07,720 --> 00:30:09,520
but he did say that the soldiers
609
00:30:09,520 --> 00:30:12,260
did not have a bad relationship with each other.
610
00:30:12,260 --> 00:30:15,180
They threw tobacco and water to each other,
611
00:30:15,180 --> 00:30:17,940
they looked after each other when they were wounded,
612
00:30:17,940 --> 00:30:20,510
but when their commanders ordered them to shoot,
613
00:30:20,510 --> 00:30:22,313
they had to obey orders.
614
00:30:24,180 --> 00:30:26,900
The geography of the Gallipoli Peninsula
615
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:29,550
played a decisive part in the stalemate
616
00:30:29,550 --> 00:30:31,603
that followed the Allied landings.
617
00:30:32,850 --> 00:30:36,263
The terrain was rugged. Roads were bad.
618
00:30:37,210 --> 00:30:41,640
At Anzac, the mountain ranges that slope towards the sea
619
00:30:41,640 --> 00:30:43,790
have steep escarpments
620
00:30:43,790 --> 00:30:46,730
and the ridges are diagonal to the shoreline,
621
00:30:46,730 --> 00:30:49,810
so they had to be stormed one by one
622
00:30:49,810 --> 00:30:52,570
by the Australian and New Zealand troops
623
00:30:52,570 --> 00:30:55,400
before they could take advantage of the gullies
624
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:59,103
that eventually afforded them protection from enemy snipers.
625
00:31:00,980 --> 00:31:05,523
Here, in Shrapnel Gully, the phenomenon is abundantly clear.
626
00:31:06,730 --> 00:31:09,440
The Australian eventually occupied a line
627
00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:12,330
below the ridge, beyond the gully,
628
00:31:12,330 --> 00:31:14,670
but only a few yards away,
629
00:31:14,670 --> 00:31:17,893
the Ottomans had built impregnable trenches.
630
00:31:18,810 --> 00:31:22,350
The only way out of the enclave was upwards,
631
00:31:22,350 --> 00:31:24,793
northeasterly towards Chunuk Bair.
632
00:31:26,170 --> 00:31:30,980
Machine gun fire mowed down troops engaged in mass attacks
633
00:31:30,980 --> 00:31:35,130
while sniper fire killed individual soldiers at random
634
00:31:35,130 --> 00:31:36,583
on a daily basis.
635
00:31:37,850 --> 00:31:40,660
We're standing here in the Australian front line.
636
00:31:40,660 --> 00:31:42,920
This is on 400 Plateau.
637
00:31:42,920 --> 00:31:45,920
Over to the right-hand side is Johnston's Jolly,
638
00:31:45,920 --> 00:31:49,680
and behind me is the memorial above Lone Pine.
639
00:31:49,680 --> 00:31:51,530
And this was 400 Plateau,
640
00:31:51,530 --> 00:31:53,340
one of the objectives of the landing,
641
00:31:53,340 --> 00:31:55,253
which was overrun very, very quickly.
642
00:31:56,190 --> 00:31:58,220
Course, first days of the landings,
643
00:31:58,220 --> 00:32:00,660
there were no trenches here, these were dug later.
644
00:32:00,660 --> 00:32:04,590
When this impasse happened, trench warfare, we all dug in,
645
00:32:04,590 --> 00:32:07,630
it became this holding pen for the ANZAC division.
646
00:32:07,630 --> 00:32:12,110
24,000 men, two divisions, were penned in here.
647
00:32:12,110 --> 00:32:14,590
Behind me, the road you can just see
648
00:32:14,590 --> 00:32:16,730
represents the front line.
649
00:32:16,730 --> 00:32:20,750
Between here and up towards Quinn's Post,
650
00:32:20,750 --> 00:32:24,110
the road represents the front line, how narrow it was
651
00:32:24,110 --> 00:32:26,960
between the Australian and New Zealand trenches
652
00:32:26,960 --> 00:32:30,223
and those of the Ottomans on the other side of the road.
653
00:32:31,280 --> 00:32:34,830
Both sides were constantly being reinforced,
654
00:32:34,830 --> 00:32:39,330
and now, with a massive army of 42,000 men,
655
00:32:39,330 --> 00:32:42,670
Mustafa Kemal believed he could push the Australians
656
00:32:42,670 --> 00:32:45,073
out of Anzac Cove altogether.
657
00:32:46,230 --> 00:32:47,400
The attack was launched
658
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:49,653
less than a month after the landings.
659
00:32:51,040 --> 00:32:53,420
A quarter of his men died,
660
00:32:53,420 --> 00:32:56,450
and still the Australian and New Zealand troops
661
00:32:56,450 --> 00:32:58,690
resisted the attack.
662
00:32:58,690 --> 00:33:02,010
It was ANZAC's most heroic day,
663
00:33:02,010 --> 00:33:04,350
the day Australian stretcher bearer
664
00:33:04,350 --> 00:33:07,440
John Simpson Kirkpatrick and his mule
665
00:33:07,440 --> 00:33:11,313
were killed and entered the Australian book of heroes.
666
00:33:12,370 --> 00:33:14,970
There's lots of myth about John Simpson.
667
00:33:14,970 --> 00:33:16,280
The myth really comes along
668
00:33:16,280 --> 00:33:18,600
about how many people he saved,
669
00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:22,360
and we get quotes from 2- to 3- to even 400 men
670
00:33:22,360 --> 00:33:24,400
he's bringing down from the lines.
671
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:25,680
Seeing he only operated here
672
00:33:25,680 --> 00:33:28,750
between the 25th of April and the 19th of May,
673
00:33:28,750 --> 00:33:30,760
how many men would that be per day?
674
00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:34,563
Roughly works out to be 12 or 14 casualties per day.
675
00:33:36,090 --> 00:33:37,450
The Turks and Australians
676
00:33:37,450 --> 00:33:39,963
arranged a truce to bury the dead.
677
00:33:41,570 --> 00:33:45,320
In these photos, the blindfolded Turkish officer
678
00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:49,850
is taken to ANZAC headquarters to negotiate a truce.
679
00:33:49,850 --> 00:33:54,380
For the first time, they see each other for what they are:
680
00:33:54,380 --> 00:33:58,960
desperate men forced into a pointless battle.
681
00:33:58,960 --> 00:34:01,377
Audrey Herbert, an intelligence officer
682
00:34:01,377 --> 00:34:04,630
and later a politician, who spoke Turkish,
683
00:34:04,630 --> 00:34:06,233
was present that day.
684
00:34:07,310 --> 00:34:09,447
Aubrey Herbert says in his memoirs,
685
00:34:09,447 --> 00:34:11,750
"There was a Turkish captain beside me
686
00:34:11,750 --> 00:34:14,350
while walking along no man's land,
687
00:34:14,350 --> 00:34:16,670
row after row, bodies lying.
688
00:34:16,670 --> 00:34:19,370
He said, 'Look at this. This is diplomacy.
689
00:34:19,370 --> 00:34:20,970
Look at this. This is politics.
690
00:34:20,970 --> 00:34:22,460
We are poor soldiers here.
691
00:34:22,460 --> 00:34:24,720
May Allah protect all of us here.'"
692
00:34:24,720 --> 00:34:26,010
The men who fought here
693
00:34:26,010 --> 00:34:28,400
on the Anzac front in Gallipoli
694
00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:32,700
were neither all Australians nor all young farmers,
695
00:34:32,700 --> 00:34:35,380
despite Australian mass media myths
696
00:34:35,380 --> 00:34:37,620
that sometimes suggest otherwise.
697
00:34:37,620 --> 00:34:39,560
If you look at the occupations,
698
00:34:39,560 --> 00:34:41,960
a vast majority worked in the city.
699
00:34:41,960 --> 00:34:44,080
They were bankers, clerks,
700
00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:46,820
they were shopkeepers, cobblers, et cetera.
701
00:34:46,820 --> 00:34:49,790
So very few, actually, were from the farms, the outbacks.
702
00:34:49,790 --> 00:34:53,000
Saying that, they were fairly fit, a lot of 'em.
703
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:54,960
They were also fairly young,
704
00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:58,130
but not as young as a lot of accounts do make out.
705
00:34:58,130 --> 00:34:59,900
You do hear about these boy soldiers.
706
00:34:59,900 --> 00:35:02,910
There were no boy soldiers here during the landings.
707
00:35:02,910 --> 00:35:05,200
The average age of the Australian foot soldier
708
00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:07,570
was 28 years old in 1915.
709
00:35:07,570 --> 00:35:09,060
In terms of health,
710
00:35:09,060 --> 00:35:12,080
Turks were better physically, stronger,
711
00:35:12,080 --> 00:35:15,300
than the British troops here in Gallipoli.
712
00:35:15,300 --> 00:35:17,010
And Birdwood, later on,
713
00:35:17,010 --> 00:35:18,920
when he was questioned by Dardanelles Commission,
714
00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:20,350
he accepted this truth.
715
00:35:20,350 --> 00:35:24,200
He said Turks were stronger than British here in Gallipoli.
716
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:26,540
The Australian and New Zealand soldiers
717
00:35:26,540 --> 00:35:28,350
in the Anzac enclave
718
00:35:28,350 --> 00:35:31,160
were led by Australian General Birdwood,
719
00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:33,893
who answered directly to Ian Hamilton.
720
00:35:35,230 --> 00:35:39,720
The staff officers lived and worked close to enemy lines.
721
00:35:39,720 --> 00:35:43,380
General Bridges was shot in the leg by a Turkish sniper
722
00:35:43,380 --> 00:35:44,863
and died of gangrene.
723
00:35:45,830 --> 00:35:49,283
Too many men were penned into this tiny place.
724
00:35:50,650 --> 00:35:53,300
One of the other myths is British officers
725
00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:55,410
led these Australians to their death,
726
00:35:55,410 --> 00:35:58,780
they were sacrificed on this British empire's altar.
727
00:35:58,780 --> 00:35:59,883
Totally not true.
728
00:36:00,780 --> 00:36:04,060
The ANZAC corps, with the New Zealanders as well,
729
00:36:04,060 --> 00:36:06,550
were commanded by Australian generals.
730
00:36:06,550 --> 00:36:09,530
In charge of the corps was General Birdwood.
731
00:36:09,530 --> 00:36:11,080
He was actually born in India,
732
00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:13,360
but again, became the Australian corps commander,
733
00:36:13,360 --> 00:36:15,370
and held in high respect by the Australians
734
00:36:15,370 --> 00:36:16,870
and New Zealanders.
735
00:36:16,870 --> 00:36:18,530
Bridges, another Australian there,
736
00:36:18,530 --> 00:36:20,450
commanded the 1st Australian Division.
737
00:36:20,450 --> 00:36:22,880
By the end of June 1915,
738
00:36:22,880 --> 00:36:25,333
there was stalemate on both fronts.
739
00:36:29,120 --> 00:36:33,250
With stalemate at Cape Helles and at Anzac Cove,
740
00:36:33,250 --> 00:36:36,450
Ian Hamilton asked London for more troops
741
00:36:36,450 --> 00:36:37,873
to break the deadlock.
742
00:36:38,760 --> 00:36:42,110
He planned to allow the Australians and New Zealanders
743
00:36:42,110 --> 00:36:44,760
to break out of the Anzac enclave
744
00:36:44,760 --> 00:36:47,740
by making massive diversionary attacks
745
00:36:47,740 --> 00:36:50,140
at Helles, the southern Anzac,
746
00:36:50,140 --> 00:36:53,583
and on a new front to the north at Suvla Bay.
747
00:36:54,780 --> 00:36:57,960
Once again, he was handed a wildcard,
748
00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:01,680
in the shape of the elderly General Frederick Stopford,
749
00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:05,380
a bumbling and inexperienced British officer.
750
00:37:05,380 --> 00:37:07,860
The landings were planned to coincide
751
00:37:07,860 --> 00:37:10,250
with attacks by the New Zealand brigade
752
00:37:10,250 --> 00:37:13,670
towards the lightly defended Chunuk Bair,
753
00:37:13,670 --> 00:37:16,213
while the Australians attacked at The Neck.
754
00:37:17,150 --> 00:37:21,260
As diversions, the British attacked Krithia once more;
755
00:37:21,260 --> 00:37:24,093
the Australians attacked Lone Pine Ridge.
756
00:37:24,960 --> 00:37:28,800
{\an8}On the 6th of August, in the afternoon at 5 o'clock,
757
00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:30,510
{\an8}the Australians went over the top
758
00:37:30,510 --> 00:37:32,780
from positions on this reverse slope,
759
00:37:32,780 --> 00:37:35,120
and they pushed the Turks back,
760
00:37:35,120 --> 00:37:37,763
they overran three or four trenches,
761
00:37:38,620 --> 00:37:40,490
and dug in on the far side,
762
00:37:40,490 --> 00:37:41,960
overlooking the Turkish lines
763
00:37:41,960 --> 00:37:44,360
of communication and reserves.
764
00:37:44,360 --> 00:37:46,640
The Lone Pine fighting was very ferocious,
765
00:37:46,640 --> 00:37:48,900
very hand-to-hand, bitter fighting
766
00:37:48,900 --> 00:37:51,960
with bayonets, trench clubs, and bombs,
767
00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:55,960
and they fought on for three days and four nights.
768
00:37:55,960 --> 00:37:59,200
General Stopford's 10th and 11th divisions
769
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:03,100
landed at Suvla Bay under the cover of darkness,
770
00:38:03,100 --> 00:38:05,263
but chaos reigned supreme.
771
00:38:06,650 --> 00:38:10,910
By daylight on the 7th of August, rather than push forward,
772
00:38:10,910 --> 00:38:13,963
the British troops had lost contact with their general.
773
00:38:14,920 --> 00:38:16,650
Communication is only as good as the people
774
00:38:16,650 --> 00:38:19,580
who are receiving the message or sending the message,
775
00:38:19,580 --> 00:38:21,760
and this is where so many elements
776
00:38:21,760 --> 00:38:24,190
of the Gallipoli campaign fell down.
777
00:38:24,190 --> 00:38:27,180
One example of that was Hamilton
778
00:38:27,180 --> 00:38:30,240
was adamant that communication was set up
779
00:38:30,240 --> 00:38:32,980
very, very early for the Suvla landings.
780
00:38:32,980 --> 00:38:35,820
So what he did was run cables from the island of Imbros,
781
00:38:35,820 --> 00:38:37,660
from headquarters, to Suvla here.
782
00:38:37,660 --> 00:38:39,400
And unfortunately, Stopford decided
783
00:38:39,400 --> 00:38:40,700
to move his headquarters
784
00:38:41,930 --> 00:38:44,600
during the day of the landing,
785
00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:47,770
so even though they managed to get cable across,
786
00:38:47,770 --> 00:38:49,830
there was no Stopford to talk to.
787
00:38:49,830 --> 00:38:51,170
He had disappeared.
788
00:38:51,170 --> 00:38:52,890
The British soldiers had landed
789
00:38:52,890 --> 00:38:56,810
on the most advanced landing craft available at the time,
790
00:38:56,810 --> 00:38:58,823
the so-called Beetles.
791
00:39:00,190 --> 00:39:02,223
Standing on the remains of a lighter.
792
00:39:03,220 --> 00:39:05,760
The lighters were used during the landings at Suvla,
793
00:39:05,760 --> 00:39:08,480
during the night of the 6th of August, 1915,
794
00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:11,380
and also for the final evacuation as well.
795
00:39:11,380 --> 00:39:15,880
In front of it there were two antennas, almost,
796
00:39:15,880 --> 00:39:17,870
but this is where they got the nickname Beetle,
797
00:39:17,870 --> 00:39:19,450
these big, black antennas.
798
00:39:19,450 --> 00:39:22,140
And attached to that would be a wooden ramp,
799
00:39:22,140 --> 00:39:24,700
steel reinforced and held to the top
800
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:26,543
of the antennas by chains.
801
00:39:28,050 --> 00:39:30,630
The Australians attacked Lone Pine
802
00:39:30,630 --> 00:39:34,020
is a brutal battle that raged for four days
803
00:39:34,020 --> 00:39:37,140
in bloody hand-to-hand fighting.
804
00:39:37,140 --> 00:39:40,623
They gained a fine view over the Ottoman lines of supply.
805
00:39:41,780 --> 00:39:43,320
The main thrust, however,
806
00:39:43,320 --> 00:39:47,280
was to be between Chunuk Bair and The Neck.
807
00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:52,280
For the Allies, here again, precious time was lost.
808
00:39:52,357 --> 00:39:55,800
Chunuk Bair was so important to the Allies
809
00:39:55,800 --> 00:39:58,150
because it afforded two things.
810
00:39:58,150 --> 00:40:00,610
One, by capturing this summit,
811
00:40:00,610 --> 00:40:03,720
you deny the view from the Turkish side
812
00:40:03,720 --> 00:40:06,960
of the British positions and ANZAC positions behind.
813
00:40:06,960 --> 00:40:09,400
As you see behind me, you've got the jewel there,
814
00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:11,610
you've got what the objective was:
815
00:40:11,610 --> 00:40:13,210
the Dardanelles Straits.
816
00:40:13,210 --> 00:40:14,940
The plan was to rush
817
00:40:14,940 --> 00:40:18,560
the lightly defended defenses at 4:30 a.m.
818
00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:20,940
to take the Ottomans by surprise.
819
00:40:20,940 --> 00:40:25,160
The capture of Chunuk Bair was not without problems.
820
00:40:25,160 --> 00:40:28,380
They were to get up here on the 7th of August
821
00:40:28,380 --> 00:40:30,980
at 0430 in the morning by dawn.
822
00:40:30,980 --> 00:40:32,003
That never happened.
823
00:40:32,970 --> 00:40:35,410
Colonel Johnston, who was the brigade commander,
824
00:40:35,410 --> 00:40:39,363
stopped his men short and had tea,
825
00:40:40,480 --> 00:40:44,300
which was absolutely unforgivable
826
00:40:44,300 --> 00:40:47,360
'cause he was only 500 meters from the summit.
827
00:40:47,360 --> 00:40:49,740
On the summit where we're standing today,
828
00:40:49,740 --> 00:40:51,940
there were no Turkish defenders.
829
00:40:51,940 --> 00:40:55,330
By the time Johnston pushed his troops forward,
830
00:40:55,330 --> 00:40:56,820
it was too late.
831
00:40:56,820 --> 00:40:59,380
The Ottomans had occupied the summit
832
00:40:59,380 --> 00:41:02,550
before the New Zealanders could get there,
833
00:41:02,550 --> 00:41:04,820
and now there was no option
834
00:41:04,820 --> 00:41:07,690
but for a costly frontal attack.
835
00:41:07,690 --> 00:41:09,450
He then ordered the Wellingtons,
836
00:41:09,450 --> 00:41:12,440
under a Colonel William Malone, to take the top.
837
00:41:12,440 --> 00:41:16,640
He refused, he refused the order of his commanding officer,
838
00:41:16,640 --> 00:41:18,820
and he said he will not do it in daylight.
839
00:41:18,820 --> 00:41:21,680
He will do it at dawn where he's afforded cover,
840
00:41:21,680 --> 00:41:23,700
he can plan the attack properly,
841
00:41:23,700 --> 00:41:26,680
and use the bombardment prior to the attack
842
00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:29,040
to capture the top of the hill.
843
00:41:29,040 --> 00:41:30,650
That's exactly what happened.
844
00:41:30,650 --> 00:41:32,970
During the morning of the 8th of August,
845
00:41:32,970 --> 00:41:36,020
Wellington Battalion, commanded by William Malone,
846
00:41:36,020 --> 00:41:38,170
stormed up to the top of this hill,
847
00:41:38,170 --> 00:41:42,540
took the trenches, and started digging in.
848
00:41:42,540 --> 00:41:45,930
The breakout was planned for the 7th of August,
849
00:41:45,930 --> 00:41:48,690
and Chunuk Bair was the highest point
850
00:41:48,690 --> 00:41:50,543
of the Ottoman defenses.
851
00:41:51,500 --> 00:41:55,810
If it could be captured while the Turks were busy elsewhere,
852
00:41:55,810 --> 00:41:59,573
there was a chance of cutting the peninsula in half.
853
00:42:00,510 --> 00:42:02,510
The New Zealanders held the heights
854
00:42:02,510 --> 00:42:05,890
for as long as they could, but they arrived too late
855
00:42:05,890 --> 00:42:08,390
to support another attempt at breakout
856
00:42:08,390 --> 00:42:11,250
by the Australians at The Neck.
857
00:42:11,250 --> 00:42:12,970
He held on for two days.
858
00:42:12,970 --> 00:42:15,210
He was supported by other New Zealand battalions.
859
00:42:15,210 --> 00:42:17,360
The New Zealand Mounted Rifles came up,
860
00:42:17,360 --> 00:42:19,470
two British battalions as well,
861
00:42:19,470 --> 00:42:21,250
but they could just hold the reverse slope,
862
00:42:21,250 --> 00:42:22,660
but not the summit.
863
00:42:22,660 --> 00:42:24,360
So even though they had a brief glimpse
864
00:42:24,360 --> 00:42:26,200
of the Dardanelles very early that morning
865
00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:27,510
on the 8th of August,
866
00:42:27,510 --> 00:42:29,890
that was lost to 'em later on that day,
867
00:42:29,890 --> 00:42:31,053
never to be seen again.
868
00:42:32,360 --> 00:42:34,270
While the senior officers
869
00:42:34,270 --> 00:42:36,283
lost the initiative here on Chunuk Bair,
870
00:42:37,550 --> 00:42:40,023
the soldiers fought heroically.
871
00:42:42,840 --> 00:42:44,310
The fighting up at Chunuk Bair
872
00:42:44,310 --> 00:42:48,050
was probably the most fierce of all Gallipoli battles.
873
00:42:48,050 --> 00:42:50,620
The New Zealand regiments that were involved in here,
874
00:42:50,620 --> 00:42:52,670
the Wellington Battalion for example,
875
00:42:52,670 --> 00:42:55,050
the mounted rifles, suffered hugely.
876
00:42:55,050 --> 00:42:57,560
And if you can imagine the ground around us here
877
00:42:57,560 --> 00:43:01,750
just being full of dead and dying soldiers of both sides.
878
00:43:01,750 --> 00:43:03,790
The Wellington Battalion, for example,
879
00:43:03,790 --> 00:43:06,790
came up to the top of the hill with 700 men.
880
00:43:06,790 --> 00:43:09,460
It came down from the hill with 35,
881
00:43:09,460 --> 00:43:10,960
which gives you an illustration
882
00:43:10,960 --> 00:43:13,010
just how heavy the casualties were.
883
00:43:13,010 --> 00:43:14,780
That battalion ceased to exist.
884
00:43:14,780 --> 00:43:16,340
They lost their commanding officer.
885
00:43:16,340 --> 00:43:18,200
They lost all their company commanders.
886
00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:19,980
They lost the vast majority of their officers.
887
00:43:19,980 --> 00:43:22,140
Hardly anyone came down at all.
888
00:43:22,140 --> 00:43:24,940
Meanwhile, the troops at Suvla Bay
889
00:43:24,940 --> 00:43:28,410
had made no move towards the semicircle of hills
890
00:43:28,410 --> 00:43:30,650
overlooking the coast,
891
00:43:30,650 --> 00:43:33,520
although they knew that within 48 hours,
892
00:43:33,520 --> 00:43:35,773
Ottoman reserves would be arriving.
893
00:43:36,640 --> 00:43:41,060
Mustafa Kemal replaced the sick local commander.
894
00:43:41,060 --> 00:43:42,950
{\an8}On the 8th of August in the afternoon,
895
00:43:42,950 --> 00:43:46,680
{\an8}finally Turkish columns started reaching from long march
896
00:43:46,680 --> 00:43:49,343
from the neck of peninsula, nearly 60 kilometers.
897
00:43:50,385 --> 00:43:52,310
The Turkish 16th Army Corps,
898
00:43:52,310 --> 00:43:54,050
12th Division and 7th Division.
899
00:43:54,050 --> 00:43:56,500
Mustafa Kemal and his men were successful.
900
00:43:56,500 --> 00:43:59,090
He said, "I am very grateful to British General Stopford,
901
00:43:59,090 --> 00:44:01,640
because he waited for me two days till I get ready."
902
00:44:01,640 --> 00:44:03,900
Suvla was not aimed to do anything more
903
00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:05,750
than secure the base.
904
00:44:05,750 --> 00:44:07,300
Once that was secure,
905
00:44:07,300 --> 00:44:09,800
they would then use the forces ashore,
906
00:44:09,800 --> 00:44:13,010
part of General Stopford's 9th Corps,
907
00:44:13,010 --> 00:44:16,010
to support the ANZAC operation to break out of Anzac
908
00:44:16,010 --> 00:44:18,320
where we're standing here, on the ridge,
909
00:44:18,320 --> 00:44:20,460
push over the Sari Bair ridge,
910
00:44:20,460 --> 00:44:23,230
and then try and cut the peninsula in half.
911
00:44:23,230 --> 00:44:25,970
It's really the same plan as the 25th of April.
912
00:44:25,970 --> 00:44:27,720
It hadn't changed that much.
913
00:44:27,720 --> 00:44:30,470
It was just more men were available to do it this time,
914
00:44:30,470 --> 00:44:32,700
which was something Hamilton wanted.
915
00:44:32,700 --> 00:44:34,350
Now he has the men.
916
00:44:34,350 --> 00:44:36,390
Now, additionally, he has the resource.
917
00:44:36,390 --> 00:44:37,253
Could he do it?
918
00:44:38,530 --> 00:44:40,690
The 48-hour delay
919
00:44:40,690 --> 00:44:44,460
condemned the Suvla landings to failure.
920
00:44:44,460 --> 00:44:46,490
When the British did move forward
921
00:44:46,490 --> 00:44:50,070
and occupied some of the Anafarta hills,
922
00:44:50,070 --> 00:44:52,353
they found the Turks were waiting for them.
923
00:44:53,720 --> 00:44:56,413
Tantalizingly close was Chunuk Bair,
924
00:44:57,520 --> 00:44:59,820
the high point where the New Zealanders
925
00:44:59,820 --> 00:45:01,393
were fighting to the death.
926
00:45:03,730 --> 00:45:08,040
Suvla Bay had become another useless enclave
927
00:45:08,040 --> 00:45:10,483
of British troops in the Gallipoli campaign.
928
00:45:11,830 --> 00:45:14,450
Ian Hamilton decided that it should at least
929
00:45:14,450 --> 00:45:16,497
be linked with Anzac Bay,
930
00:45:16,497 --> 00:45:19,843
and the Turks pushed back from their dominating position.
931
00:45:21,540 --> 00:45:25,980
Between the 21st and the 27th of August 1915,
932
00:45:25,980 --> 00:45:29,100
one of the most complex battles of the campaign
933
00:45:29,100 --> 00:45:31,660
raged around Hill 60,
934
00:45:31,660 --> 00:45:33,690
where the Australian Light Horse
935
00:45:33,690 --> 00:45:36,970
managed to capture the frontline Turkish trenches
936
00:45:36,970 --> 00:45:39,040
and take prisoners with the help
937
00:45:39,040 --> 00:45:42,023
of Indian and New Zealand troops on the flanks.
938
00:45:43,920 --> 00:45:45,310
They ran out of resources
939
00:45:45,310 --> 00:45:48,400
before they could exploit their slight advantage,
940
00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:50,790
and the Ottoman forces reoccupied
941
00:45:50,790 --> 00:45:52,653
much of the ground they had lost.
942
00:45:53,960 --> 00:45:57,270
The British troops at Suvla supported the action
943
00:45:57,270 --> 00:46:00,020
by advancing on the Anafarta hills,
944
00:46:00,020 --> 00:46:02,253
in particular Scimitar Hill.
945
00:46:04,410 --> 00:46:07,060
Where hills, for example Scimitar Hill,
946
00:46:07,060 --> 00:46:10,660
had been in British hands earlier on that day,
947
00:46:10,660 --> 00:46:13,730
they had evacuated it in some confusion.
948
00:46:13,730 --> 00:46:15,970
When they come back to capture Scimitar Hill,
949
00:46:15,970 --> 00:46:17,240
it was in Ottoman hands.
950
00:46:17,240 --> 00:46:19,380
There was also a lot of heavy brush,
951
00:46:19,380 --> 00:46:21,340
and that became so tinder-dry
952
00:46:21,340 --> 00:46:24,130
that any sort of spark set it off.
953
00:46:24,130 --> 00:46:27,095
Very sadly, what happened to Scimitar Hill
954
00:46:27,095 --> 00:46:29,990
and the surrounding area, it all caught fire,
955
00:46:29,990 --> 00:46:32,760
not on the Turkish side, on the British side.
956
00:46:32,760 --> 00:46:34,160
And the troops that were trying
957
00:46:34,160 --> 00:46:35,340
to fight their way through it
958
00:46:35,340 --> 00:46:38,070
were consumed very, very quickly by the fire.
959
00:46:38,070 --> 00:46:40,670
It was the last battle of the campaign.
960
00:46:41,620 --> 00:46:44,960
In September, Bulgaria entered the war,
961
00:46:44,960 --> 00:46:46,990
giving Turkey direct access
962
00:46:46,990 --> 00:46:50,600
to supplies of guns and shells from Germany,
963
00:46:50,600 --> 00:46:54,943
and General Hamilton was replaced by General Charles Monro.
964
00:46:56,010 --> 00:46:58,310
There were to be no more attacks in Gallipoli.
965
00:46:59,500 --> 00:47:01,970
The Allies and Ottomans made life
966
00:47:01,970 --> 00:47:05,950
as unpleasant for each other as possible by sniping,
967
00:47:05,950 --> 00:47:07,990
even using periscopes to allow them
968
00:47:07,990 --> 00:47:09,783
to keep their own heads down.
969
00:47:11,210 --> 00:47:14,160
The campaign had been a dismal failure,
970
00:47:14,160 --> 00:47:16,350
but the British and ANZAC troops
971
00:47:16,350 --> 00:47:19,973
still had to survive and defend their positions.
972
00:47:21,060 --> 00:47:23,420
They built tunnels and dugouts
973
00:47:23,420 --> 00:47:25,993
to watch and listen for Turkish attacks.
974
00:47:27,430 --> 00:47:30,300
Steve Chambers has found one of them
975
00:47:30,300 --> 00:47:34,263
just below the machine gun post known as The Apex.
976
00:47:35,440 --> 00:47:38,480
We know a lot about the war on top, in the trenches,
977
00:47:38,480 --> 00:47:39,780
but at Gallipoli we don't know much
978
00:47:39,780 --> 00:47:41,440
about the war underground.
979
00:47:41,440 --> 00:47:43,030
This is a New Zealand tunnel
980
00:47:43,030 --> 00:47:45,010
built towards the end of the campaign
981
00:47:45,010 --> 00:47:47,780
by the New Zealand engineers and infantry.
982
00:47:47,780 --> 00:47:49,870
Where it goes is from the Rhododendron Ridge,
983
00:47:49,870 --> 00:47:53,540
from their front line, right under the Turkish positions.
984
00:47:53,540 --> 00:47:55,190
It had two purposes:
985
00:47:55,190 --> 00:47:58,350
one, as an observation post for the Turkish trenches
986
00:47:58,350 --> 00:48:01,720
over on Battleship Hill, on the other side of this spur;
987
00:48:01,720 --> 00:48:05,830
and also to listen to the Turks in their frontline trench.
988
00:48:05,830 --> 00:48:07,260
The Turks would've been
989
00:48:07,260 --> 00:48:11,320
probably 150 to 200 meters along this track,
990
00:48:11,320 --> 00:48:13,660
under a defensive position called The Apex.
991
00:48:13,660 --> 00:48:16,300
The tunnel proceeds for 100 meters
992
00:48:16,300 --> 00:48:19,803
and then branches off to the left and downwards.
993
00:48:20,850 --> 00:48:23,040
You know, the sandstone, the sediment here,
994
00:48:23,040 --> 00:48:25,430
that has almost made this like concrete.
995
00:48:25,430 --> 00:48:27,580
So even though it's under Fingorn Farm,
996
00:48:27,580 --> 00:48:31,780
it's quite solid and holds together fairly well.
997
00:48:31,780 --> 00:48:34,430
It's amazing to think this is 100 years old.
998
00:48:34,430 --> 00:48:36,400
For the Allied soldiers,
999
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:40,293
the August heat was almost more lethal than the Turks.
1000
00:48:41,870 --> 00:48:45,690
Water was scarce, washing was complicated,
1001
00:48:45,690 --> 00:48:49,763
and flies infested the rotting corpses in no man's land.
1002
00:48:51,080 --> 00:48:54,240
Human refuse could not be washed away
1003
00:48:54,240 --> 00:48:58,090
and intestinal diseases spread like wildfire,
1004
00:48:58,090 --> 00:49:00,560
with the hellish sanitation conditions
1005
00:49:00,560 --> 00:49:03,953
making controlling the epidemics impossible.
1006
00:49:04,990 --> 00:49:07,460
Wounds became infected easily,
1007
00:49:07,460 --> 00:49:09,953
and hospital ships were soon overcrowded.
1008
00:49:11,050 --> 00:49:13,620
And yet, worse was to come
1009
00:49:13,620 --> 00:49:15,763
as the Allied invasion petered out.
1010
00:49:16,617 --> 00:49:19,660
(somber music)
1011
00:49:19,660 --> 00:49:22,980
The Allied troops were now essentially stranded
1012
00:49:22,980 --> 00:49:24,473
and useless to the war.
1013
00:49:25,940 --> 00:49:28,810
General Monro assessed the situation
1014
00:49:28,810 --> 00:49:30,963
and recommended evacuation.
1015
00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:34,700
Failures here and elsewhere
1016
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:37,420
caused the British government to foam,
1017
00:49:37,420 --> 00:49:40,993
and Winston Churchill lost his job as navy minister.
1018
00:49:42,640 --> 00:49:45,410
Lord Kitchener came to see for himself,
1019
00:49:45,410 --> 00:49:48,263
and soon afterwards ordered evacuation.
1020
00:49:49,450 --> 00:49:51,710
Slowly and secretly,
1021
00:49:51,710 --> 00:49:55,180
British and Australian troops were withdrawn,
1022
00:49:55,180 --> 00:49:57,780
not before the winter set in
1023
00:49:57,780 --> 00:50:02,283
and yet more soldiers fell to frostbite and flash floods.
1024
00:50:05,480 --> 00:50:07,320
When Sir Ian Hamilton was given this job,
1025
00:50:07,320 --> 00:50:09,050
it was a real tough nut to crack
1026
00:50:09,050 --> 00:50:09,940
with the resources available,
1027
00:50:09,940 --> 00:50:12,620
but what he didn't have available were the troops.
1028
00:50:12,620 --> 00:50:14,390
You can blame Kitchener for that.
1029
00:50:14,390 --> 00:50:17,890
He didn't have the support of the navy when he needed it.
1030
00:50:17,890 --> 00:50:20,150
You can blame Winston Churchill for that.
1031
00:50:20,150 --> 00:50:22,380
General Sir Ian Hamilton, as an officer,
1032
00:50:22,380 --> 00:50:24,600
always hoped that one more push
1033
00:50:24,600 --> 00:50:27,670
would change the balance to his favor.
1034
00:50:27,670 --> 00:50:29,540
Unfortunately, he had several pushes
1035
00:50:29,540 --> 00:50:31,130
and all of those were failure,
1036
00:50:31,130 --> 00:50:32,460
and he was letting Kitchener know
1037
00:50:32,460 --> 00:50:34,220
that yes, we're almost there,
1038
00:50:34,220 --> 00:50:36,280
one more push and we'll be okay,
1039
00:50:36,280 --> 00:50:38,420
so he was withholding the truth, really,
1040
00:50:38,420 --> 00:50:39,330
from Earl Kitchener.
1041
00:50:39,330 --> 00:50:41,660
There was one Australian doctor,
1042
00:50:41,660 --> 00:50:43,610
Charles Ryan, good example.
1043
00:50:43,610 --> 00:50:48,200
This man was in Ottoman-Russian war in 1877,
1044
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:50,030
in Pleven, in Bulgaria.
1045
00:50:50,030 --> 00:50:53,210
He was given Turkish medal, the Medjidie medal,
1046
00:50:53,210 --> 00:50:54,590
and he was in ANZAC,
1047
00:50:54,590 --> 00:50:56,920
he was director of hospitals from Australia.
1048
00:50:56,920 --> 00:50:59,720
And when they said this would be easy victory
1049
00:50:59,720 --> 00:51:02,387
and just go to Istanbul, he was saying,
1050
00:51:02,387 --> 00:51:05,600
"No, no, this will be very bloody, very bloody.
1051
00:51:05,600 --> 00:51:08,510
You don't know the Turks. Turks very determined people.
1052
00:51:08,510 --> 00:51:10,500
They will fight you until the last man."
1053
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:12,610
He was right, actually.
1054
00:51:12,610 --> 00:51:15,070
In January 1916,
1055
00:51:15,070 --> 00:51:17,913
the last Allied troops were evacuated.
1056
00:51:19,150 --> 00:51:21,950
Now and for the next century,
1057
00:51:21,950 --> 00:51:25,240
the blame game raged among the British,
1058
00:51:25,240 --> 00:51:29,620
while the Turks consecrated this rugged land
1059
00:51:29,620 --> 00:51:31,707
as the birthplace of a nation.
1060
00:51:32,778 --> 00:51:35,445
(somber music)
83610
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