All language subtitles for Big Bigger Biggest Collection 1 Part 5 International Space Station 1080p

[Music]

it circles the planet 16 times a day 350

it circles the planet 16 times a day 350

it circles the planet 16 times a day 350
kilometers above our heads

okay great direction x1 everything the

okay great direction x1 everything the

okay great direction x1 everything the
International Space Station is the

International Space Station is the

International Space Station is the
largest man-made object in the sky and

largest man-made object in the sky and

largest man-made object in the sky and
is home to a crew of 10 astronauts

they are carrying out experiments to

they are carrying out experiments to

they are carrying out experiments to
investigate how life might be moved off

investigate how life might be moved off

investigate how life might be moved off
the planet she was here instead by such

the planet she was here instead by such

the planet she was here instead by such
work may one day allow us to colonize

work may one day allow us to colonize

work may one day allow us to colonize
the moon or even bombs

for landmark spacecraft lie behind the

for landmark spacecraft lie behind the

for landmark spacecraft lie behind the
success of the International Space

success of the International Space

success of the International Space
Station at the heart of each structure

Station at the heart of each structure

Station at the heart of each structure
lies a major technological break that

lies a major technological break that

lies a major technological break that
allowed engineers to build bigger

allowed engineers to build bigger

allowed engineers to build bigger
spaceships one by one traveling up the

spaceships one by one traveling up the

spaceships one by one traveling up the
scale will reveal the stories behind

scale will reveal the stories behind

scale will reveal the stories behind
these incredible machines

five ingenious leaps forward that

five ingenious leaps forward that

five ingenious leaps forward that
enabled Space Station's to grow from big

enabled Space Station's to grow from big

enabled Space Station's to grow from big
to bigger into the world's biggest

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[Music]

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10 9 8 gopher mated to start 7 6 main

10 9 8 gopher mated to start 7 6 main

10 9 8 gopher mated to start 7 6 main
engine ignition

engine ignition

engine ignition
three

both space shuttle Atlantis as Columbus

both space shuttle Atlantis as Columbus

both space shuttle Atlantis as Columbus
set sail voyager science to the space

set sail voyager science to the space

set sail voyager science to the space
station

there's been now :

there's been now :

there's been now :
Lanice all February 2008 space shuttle

Lanice all February 2008 space shuttle

Lanice all February 2008 space shuttle
Atlantis begins a 13 day mission to

Atlantis begins a 13 day mission to

Atlantis begins a 13 day mission to
deliver the latest component to the

deliver the latest component to the

deliver the latest component to the
continually evolving International Space

continually evolving International Space

continually evolving International Space
Station Kennedy Space Center traveling

Station Kennedy Space Center traveling

Station Kennedy Space Center traveling
2,000 miles an hour for the past 11

2,000 miles an hour for the past 11

2,000 miles an hour for the past 11
years astronauts have been piecing

years astronauts have been piecing

years astronauts have been piecing
together the structure in space by the

together the structure in space by the

together the structure in space by the
time it's finished it will consist of 14

time it's finished it will consist of 14

time it's finished it will consist of 14
modules including science laboratory's

modules including science laboratory's

modules including science laboratory's
and living quarters and will weigh 400

and living quarters and will weigh 400

and living quarters and will weigh 400
tons one meter to go at a cost of a

tons one meter to go at a cost of a

tons one meter to go at a cost of a
hundred billion dollars it is the most

hundred billion dollars it is the most

hundred billion dollars it is the most
expensive and challenging construction

expensive and challenging construction

expensive and challenging construction
project ever undertaken

to understand how it became possible to

to understand how it became possible to

to understand how it became possible to
build something so ambitious we must

build something so ambitious we must

build something so ambitious we must
travel back in time

our story begins at the height of the

our story begins at the height of the

our story begins at the height of the
Cold War to build the world's first

Cold War to build the world's first

Cold War to build the world's first
space station Salyut Soviet engineers

space station Salyut Soviet engineers

space station Salyut Soviet engineers
must first conquer the pull of gravity

must first conquer the pull of gravity

must first conquer the pull of gravity
[Music]

June 1969 America beats the Soviet Union

June 1969 America beats the Soviet Union

June 1969 America beats the Soviet Union
in the race to put a man on the moon go

in the race to put a man on the moon go

in the race to put a man on the moon go
ahead mr. president to the seats

ahead mr. president to the seats

ahead mr. president to the seats
announce hello Neil and Buzz this

announce hello Neil and Buzz this

announce hello Neil and Buzz this
certainly has to be the most historic

certainly has to be the most historic

certainly has to be the most historic
telephone call ever made

the Soviets are determined not to be

the Soviets are determined not to be

the Soviets are determined not to be
beaten again they want to put a man in

beaten again they want to put a man in

beaten again they want to put a man in
space for longer than ever before

scientists don't know how the human body

scientists don't know how the human body

scientists don't know how the human body
will cope over time in this extreme

will cope over time in this extreme

will cope over time in this extreme
environment so they decide to put a

environment so they decide to put a

environment so they decide to put a
laboratory in space to find out Salyut

laboratory in space to find out Salyut

laboratory in space to find out Salyut
will hold a crew of three cosmonauts the

will hold a crew of three cosmonauts the

will hold a crew of three cosmonauts the
pressurized compartments will have a

pressurized compartments will have a

pressurized compartments will have a
control room and living quarters the

control room and living quarters the

control room and living quarters the
plan is for the cosmonauts to spend

plan is for the cosmonauts to spend

plan is for the cosmonauts to spend
three weeks there

but to stay in orbit that long Salyut

but to stay in orbit that long Salyut

but to stay in orbit that long Salyut
must travel at 28,000 kilometers per

must travel at 28,000 kilometers per

must travel at 28,000 kilometers per
hour for the duration of the mission

astronaut leroy chiao veteran of four

astronaut leroy chiao veteran of four

astronaut leroy chiao veteran of four
Space Station missions knows the danger

Space Station missions knows the danger

Space Station missions knows the danger
of taking your foot off the gas if

of taking your foot off the gas if

of taking your foot off the gas if
you're not going fast enough and you're

you're not going fast enough and you're

you're not going fast enough and you're
going up into space you're just going to

going up into space you're just going to

going up into space you're just going to
fall right back down so you've got to

fall right back down so you've got to

fall right back down so you've got to
get into what we know as orbital

get into what we know as orbital

get into what we know as orbital
velocity and in that way the force due

velocity and in that way the force due

velocity and in that way the force due
to acceleration is going to be exactly

to acceleration is going to be exactly

to acceleration is going to be exactly
balancing the gravitational pull when

balancing the gravitational pull when

balancing the gravitational pull when
those forces are equal then the object

those forces are equal then the object

those forces are equal then the object
will stay that distance from the earth

will stay that distance from the earth

will stay that distance from the earth
or whatever object it's orbiting to

or whatever object it's orbiting to

or whatever object it's orbiting to
reach orbital velocity 28,000 kilometers

reach orbital velocity 28,000 kilometers

reach orbital velocity 28,000 kilometers
per hour

per hour

per hour
Russians strap Salyut to a proton rocket

once the rocket is in orbit and Salyut

once the rocket is in orbit and Salyut

once the rocket is in orbit and Salyut
is released there should be nothing to

is released there should be nothing to

is released there should be nothing to
stop it maintaining to speak space is a

stop it maintaining to speak space is a

stop it maintaining to speak space is a
vacuum there is no air resistance to

vacuum there is no air resistance to

vacuum there is no air resistance to
slow it down but unfortunately this

slow it down but unfortunately this

slow it down but unfortunately this
vacuum is not completely empty on

vacuum is not completely empty on

vacuum is not completely empty on
principle if you didn't have any

principle if you didn't have any

principle if you didn't have any
friction at all then you would Swanson

friction at all then you would Swanson

friction at all then you would Swanson
orbit you would stay in orbit in the

orbit you would stay in orbit in the

orbit you would stay in orbit in the
case of the earth we have an atmosphere

case of the earth we have an atmosphere

case of the earth we have an atmosphere
of air of course and so even at an

of air of course and so even at an

of air of course and so even at an
altitude of several hundred miles

altitude of several hundred miles

altitude of several hundred miles
there's still some air molecules up

there's still some air molecules up

there's still some air molecules up
there even molecules of air hitting

there even molecules of air hitting

there even molecules of air hitting
Salyers are enough to create drag and

Salyers are enough to create drag and

Salyers are enough to create drag and
slow the spacecraft down

if the speed drops below orbital

if the speed drops below orbital

if the speed drops below orbital
velocity gravity will pull the craft

velocity gravity will pull the craft

velocity gravity will pull the craft
back to the earth to disastrous effect

so periodically the space station and

so periodically the space station and

so periodically the space station and
other spacecraft need to be reboosted by

other spacecraft need to be reboosted by

other spacecraft need to be reboosted by
lighting rocket engines and moving your

lighting rocket engines and moving your

lighting rocket engines and moving your
orbit up higher again in order to

orbit up higher again in order to

orbit up higher again in order to
counteract that effective drag but using

counteract that effective drag but using

counteract that effective drag but using
a rocket to boost sound and risky

they go off with a bang and burn out

they go off with a bang and burn out

they go off with a bang and burn out
quickly an uncontained blast can send

quickly an uncontained blast can send

quickly an uncontained blast can send
salutary ring into deep space engineers

salutary ring into deep space engineers

salutary ring into deep space engineers
need a rockets they can keep in check

the answer comes from an unexpected

the answer comes from an unexpected

the answer comes from an unexpected
place

during the Korean War the US Army wants

during the Korean War the US Army wants

during the Korean War the US Army wants
to move their soldiers quickly around

to move their soldiers quickly around

to move their soldiers quickly around
the battlefield engineers come up with a

the battlefield engineers come up with a

the battlefield engineers come up with a
gizmo straight out of damned air a

rocket pack

the rocket man can hover because his a

the rocket man can hover because his a

the rocket man can hover because his a
jet is powered by a chemical reaction

jet is powered by a chemical reaction

jet is powered by a chemical reaction
which he can easily control chemist and

which he can easily control chemist and

which he can easily control chemist and
Rashid Lowe demonstrates how to generate

Rashid Lowe demonstrates how to generate

Rashid Lowe demonstrates how to generate
thrust from a simple chemical reaction

when hydrogen peroxide decomposes it

when hydrogen peroxide decomposes it

when hydrogen peroxide decomposes it
releases oxygen and water in a form of

releases oxygen and water in a form of

releases oxygen and water in a form of
steam as I press the syringe like this a

steam as I press the syringe like this a

steam as I press the syringe like this a
small amount goes in and out comes a

small amount goes in and out comes a

small amount goes in and out comes a
puff of steam

puff of steam

puff of steam
another small squirt another puff of

another small squirt another puff of

another small squirt another puff of
steam now this is controllability it's

steam now this is controllability it's

steam now this is controllability it's
the addition of a precise amount of

the addition of a precise amount of

the addition of a precise amount of
hydrogen peroxide immediate response

hydrogen peroxide immediate response

hydrogen peroxide immediate response
giving off a small amount of steam and

giving off a small amount of steam and

giving off a small amount of steam and
oxygen

oxygen

oxygen
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the Soviets fit chemical motors similar

the Soviets fit chemical motors similar

the Soviets fit chemical motors similar
to those pioneered on the rocket pack to

to those pioneered on the rocket pack to

to those pioneered on the rocket pack to
their space station

these allow the cosmonauts to give their

these allow the cosmonauts to give their

these allow the cosmonauts to give their
shipper controlled bursts of power to

shipper controlled bursts of power to

shipper controlled bursts of power to
boost its speed and send it back into

boost its speed and send it back into

boost its speed and send it back into
orbit this way the crew managed to

orbit this way the crew managed to

orbit this way the crew managed to
circle the earth for 23 days a new world

circle the earth for 23 days a new world

circle the earth for 23 days a new world
record go ahead there come out of the

record go ahead there come out of the

record go ahead there come out of the
way

way

way
it's day three of the shuttles mission

it's day three of the shuttles mission

it's day three of the shuttles mission
to deliver a new module to the

to deliver a new module to the

to deliver a new module to the
International Space Station

International Space Station

International Space Station
you get good sweat okay

even after it is docked the shuttle may

even after it is docked the shuttle may

even after it is docked the shuttle may
be required to perform another crucial

be required to perform another crucial

be required to perform another crucial
task

the International Space Station does not

the International Space Station does not

the International Space Station does not
use its own thrusters to boost it back

use its own thrusters to boost it back

use its own thrusters to boost it back
up to orbital velocity

instead it uses thrusters on a docked

instead it uses thrusters on a docked

instead it uses thrusters on a docked
craft such as the shuttle

the space station also has to constantly

the space station also has to constantly

the space station also has to constantly
correct its position to keep its solar

correct its position to keep its solar

correct its position to keep its solar
panels facing the Sun the panel's

panels facing the Sun the panel's

panels facing the Sun the panel's
provide all its power to make these fine

provide all its power to make these fine

provide all its power to make these fine
adjustments astronauts rely not on

adjustments astronauts rely not on

adjustments astronauts rely not on
rocket power but on this a gyroscope

rocket power but on this a gyroscope

rocket power but on this a gyroscope
[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
space scientist Kevin Fong demonstrates

space scientist Kevin Fong demonstrates

space scientist Kevin Fong demonstrates
how a spinning wheel can move a space

how a spinning wheel can move a space

how a spinning wheel can move a space
station this is a gyroscope it's very

station this is a gyroscope it's very

station this is a gyroscope it's very
crude example of the sort of thing they

crude example of the sort of thing they

crude example of the sort of thing they
have on Space Station now like all

have on Space Station now like all

have on Space Station now like all
gyroscopes once it's up and spinning it

gyroscopes once it's up and spinning it

gyroscopes once it's up and spinning it
wants to stay where it is and if you

wants to stay where it is and if you

wants to stay where it is and if you
imagine that this plate here is the

imagine that this plate here is the

imagine that this plate here is the
frictionless weightless environment of

frictionless weightless environment of

frictionless weightless environment of
space if you can and we get on top of it

space if you can and we get on top of it

space if you can and we get on top of it
if I turn the wheel it steers me and if

if I turn the wheel it steers me and if

if I turn the wheel it steers me and if
I turn it back the other way and don't

I turn it back the other way and don't

I turn it back the other way and don't
fall off it turns me back again and that

fall off it turns me back again and that

fall off it turns me back again and that
is a very crude demonstration of how

is a very crude demonstration of how

is a very crude demonstration of how
control moment gyros copes steer the

control moment gyros copes steer the

control moment gyros copes steer the
space station engineers fit the

space station engineers fit the

space station engineers fit the
International Space Station with four

International Space Station with four

International Space Station with four
gyrus claws

gyrus claws

gyrus claws
[Music]

as engineers on the ground adjust the

as engineers on the ground adjust the

as engineers on the ground adjust the
tilt of these spinning wheels they exert

tilt of these spinning wheels they exert

tilt of these spinning wheels they exert
a force on the space dish which makes it

a force on the space dish which makes it

a force on the space dish which makes it
move the gyroscopes make constant tiny

move the gyroscopes make constant tiny

move the gyroscopes make constant tiny
adjustments to ensure the craft solar

adjustments to ensure the craft solar

adjustments to ensure the craft solar
panels always face the Sun giving the

panels always face the Sun giving the

panels always face the Sun giving the
crew the power they need to carry out

crew the power they need to carry out

crew the power they need to carry out
their experiments astronaut Mike Fink

their experiments astronaut Mike Fink

their experiments astronaut Mike Fink
has been onboard the space station for a

has been onboard the space station for a

has been onboard the space station for a
hundred days it's his second home so

hundred days it's his second home so

hundred days it's his second home so
again excuse our mess we're in the

again excuse our mess we're in the

again excuse our mess we're in the
middle of building a lot of a lot of

middle of building a lot of a lot of

middle of building a lot of a lot of
things in my work area it's a little bit

things in my work area it's a little bit

things in my work area it's a little bit
cluttered right now but this is kind of

cluttered right now but this is kind of

cluttered right now but this is kind of
my desk it doesn't sit out horizontally

my desk it doesn't sit out horizontally

my desk it doesn't sit out horizontally
but it sits but it has everything I need

but it sits but it has everything I need

but it sits but it has everything I need
on it here's my crewmate URI launcher

on it here's my crewmate URI launcher

on it here's my crewmate URI launcher
cuff exercising on the treadmill

cuff exercising on the treadmill

cuff exercising on the treadmill
oh my goodness it's beautiful up there

back in 1971 thrusters keep Salyut in

back in 1971 thrusters keep Salyut in

back in 1971 thrusters keep Salyut in
orbit for 23 days

the Americans aim to beat that record

the Americans aim to beat that record

the Americans aim to beat that record
with an enormous laboratory space but

with an enormous laboratory space but

with an enormous laboratory space but
first they must devise a way for their

first they must devise a way for their

first they must devise a way for their
lab to stay in touch with earth

in the late 1960s NASA scientists plan a

in the late 1960s NASA scientists plan a

in the late 1960s NASA scientists plan a
series of unique experiments to be

series of unique experiments to be

series of unique experiments to be
conducted in space their laboratory will

conducted in space their laboratory will

conducted in space their laboratory will
be a 100-ton Space Station called Skylab

three astronauts will be there human

three astronauts will be there human

three astronauts will be there human
guinea pigs the scientists want to

guinea pigs the scientists want to

guinea pigs the scientists want to
investigate the tremendous toll that

investigate the tremendous toll that

investigate the tremendous toll that
living in zero-gravity takes on the

living in zero-gravity takes on the

living in zero-gravity takes on the
human body they will monitor their

human body they will monitor their

human body they will monitor their
experiments from Earth via a

experiments from Earth via a

experiments from Earth via a
communications link

spending time in space can leave

spending time in space can leave

spending time in space can leave
astronauts without the muscle power to

astronauts without the muscle power to

astronauts without the muscle power to
stand up when they return to Earth space

stand up when they return to Earth space

stand up when they return to Earth space
is a uniquely hostile environment but

is a uniquely hostile environment but

is a uniquely hostile environment but
one of the things that makes it very

one of the things that makes it very

one of the things that makes it very
challenging is the weightlessness

challenging is the weightlessness

challenging is the weightlessness
there's lots of systems in your body

there's lots of systems in your body

there's lots of systems in your body
that depend upon gravity just for their

that depend upon gravity just for their

that depend upon gravity just for their
normal upkeep your muscles and bones but

normal upkeep your muscles and bones but

normal upkeep your muscles and bones but
also your heart which is essentially a

also your heart which is essentially a

also your heart which is essentially a
muscle pump without the constant force

muscle pump without the constant force

muscle pump without the constant force
of Earth's gravity to work against

of Earth's gravity to work against

of Earth's gravity to work against
muscles like the heart begin to waste

muscles like the heart begin to waste

muscles like the heart begin to waste
away and the longer the human body stays

away and the longer the human body stays

away and the longer the human body stays
in space the more muscle power it loses

scientists must overcome this problem

scientists must overcome this problem

scientists must overcome this problem
for humans to live on planets where the

for humans to live on planets where the

for humans to live on planets where the
pull of gravity is less than on earth

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[Music]
the success of the Skylab mission relies

the success of the Skylab mission relies

the success of the Skylab mission relies
on scientists being able to monitor the

on scientists being able to monitor the

on scientists being able to monitor the
astronauts vital signs from Earth but

astronauts vital signs from Earth but

astronauts vital signs from Earth but
there's a problem Houston plans to use

there's a problem Houston plans to use

there's a problem Houston plans to use
radio waves to communicate with Skylab

but radio waves can only travel in

but radio waves can only travel in

but radio waves can only travel in
straight lines

straight lines

straight lines
it takes Skylab 90 minutes to orbit

it takes Skylab 90 minutes to orbit

it takes Skylab 90 minutes to orbit
Earth so this gives the scientists on

Earth so this gives the scientists on

Earth so this gives the scientists on
the ground a narrow window of just six

the ground a narrow window of just six

the ground a narrow window of just six
minutes to monitor the crew as they fly

minutes to monitor the crew as they fly

minutes to monitor the crew as they fly
over Houston not long enough to collect

over Houston not long enough to collect

over Houston not long enough to collect
the data they need

so NASA establishes 11 additional ground

so NASA establishes 11 additional ground

so NASA establishes 11 additional ground
stations around the globe to assist

stations around the globe to assist

stations around the globe to assist
Houston

but that still leaves large areas of

but that still leaves large areas of

but that still leaves large areas of
ocean with no receivers so they fit some

ocean with no receivers so they fit some

ocean with no receivers so they fit some
to the deck of a ship to try to track

to the deck of a ship to try to track

to the deck of a ship to try to track
the space station as it flies over the

the space station as it flies over the

the space station as it flies over the
sea

but that's a lot of ocean for one ship

but that's a lot of ocean for one ship

but that's a lot of ocean for one ship
to cover it's impossible for any ship to

to cover it's impossible for any ship to

to cover it's impossible for any ship to
travel fast enough to keep up with

travel fast enough to keep up with

travel fast enough to keep up with
Scylla

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NASA needs radio receivers that are more

NASA needs radio receivers that are more

NASA needs radio receivers that are more
mobile

mobile

mobile
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[Music]

[Music]
so they fit them to aircraft Michael

so they fit them to aircraft Michael

so they fit them to aircraft Michael
Kylie was one of the pilots assigned to

Kylie was one of the pilots assigned to

Kylie was one of the pilots assigned to
fly these special planes because of the

fly these special planes because of the

fly these special planes because of the
capabilities of the aircraft we could

capabilities of the aircraft we could

capabilities of the aircraft we could
position these anywhere in the world

position these anywhere in the world

position these anywhere in the world
based on the orbit of the spacecraft

based on the orbit of the spacecraft

based on the orbit of the spacecraft
enable real-time continuous full-time

enable real-time continuous full-time

enable real-time continuous full-time
communications with the astronauts

a 2-meter radio receiver dish is housed

a 2-meter radio receiver dish is housed

a 2-meter radio receiver dish is housed
in the nose electric motors enable the

in the nose electric motors enable the

in the nose electric motors enable the
dish to move around so it can aim at any

dish to move around so it can aim at any

dish to move around so it can aim at any
point in the sky as the space station

point in the sky as the space station

point in the sky as the space station
passes overhead an operator inside the

passes overhead an operator inside the

passes overhead an operator inside the
aircraft can adjust the angle of the

aircraft can adjust the angle of the

aircraft can adjust the angle of the
dish to pick up skylabs radio signal

as Skylab passes out of range of one

as Skylab passes out of range of one

as Skylab passes out of range of one
aircraft another takes over

aircraft another takes over

aircraft another takes over
it takes a fleet of eight aircraft

it takes a fleet of eight aircraft

it takes a fleet of eight aircraft
flying around the globe to maintain

flying around the globe to maintain

flying around the globe to maintain
unbroken contact with skylabs crew

flying these aircraft requires great

flying these aircraft requires great

flying these aircraft requires great
skill

you had to be an actual position for the

you had to be an actual position for the

you had to be an actual position for the
spacecraft coming over horizon with the

spacecraft coming over horizon with the

spacecraft coming over horizon with the
antenna and the airplane pointed towards

antenna and the airplane pointed towards

antenna and the airplane pointed towards
where the spacecraft was coming up track

where the spacecraft was coming up track

where the spacecraft was coming up track
the spacecraft or as long as you could

the spacecraft or as long as you could

the spacecraft or as long as you could
to get the maximum amount of data

to get the maximum amount of data

to get the maximum amount of data
relayed back to Houston

relayed back to Houston

relayed back to Houston
thanks to pilots like Michael Kylie the

thanks to pilots like Michael Kylie the

thanks to pilots like Michael Kylie the
earthbound experts are able to keep a

earthbound experts are able to keep a

earthbound experts are able to keep a
constant check on their subject in space

the scientists tried to strengthen

the scientists tried to strengthen

the scientists tried to strengthen
wasted muscles by getting the astronauts

wasted muscles by getting the astronauts

wasted muscles by getting the astronauts
to exercise against the resistance of

to exercise against the resistance of

to exercise against the resistance of
elastic roots they give underused hearts

elastic roots they give underused hearts

elastic roots they give underused hearts
a workout by cocooning crew members in a

a workout by cocooning crew members in a

a workout by cocooning crew members in a
machine that simulates the gravity of

machine that simulates the gravity of

machine that simulates the gravity of
Earth after enduring such trials for

Earth after enduring such trials for

Earth after enduring such trials for
eighty-four days the Skylab crew proves

eighty-four days the Skylab crew proves

eighty-four days the Skylab crew proves
that the human body now has a fighting

that the human body now has a fighting

that the human body now has a fighting
chance to survive without gravity

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
today on the International Space Station

today on the International Space Station

today on the International Space Station
scientists have worked out that

scientists have worked out that

scientists have worked out that
astronauts need to exercise for

astronauts need to exercise for

astronauts need to exercise for
precisely two-and-a-half hours each day

precisely two-and-a-half hours each day

precisely two-and-a-half hours each day
to keep their muscles healthy

but in this orbiting laboratory the

but in this orbiting laboratory the

but in this orbiting laboratory the
astronauts themselves are no longer the

astronauts themselves are no longer the

astronauts themselves are no longer the
prime focus of scientific experiments

prime focus of scientific experiments

prime focus of scientific experiments
[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
the astronauts are also investigating

the astronauts are also investigating

the astronauts are also investigating
how crops might be grown and how animals

how crops might be grown and how animals

how crops might be grown and how animals
might be thread in a gravity free

might be thread in a gravity free

might be thread in a gravity free
environment as with Skylab specialists

environment as with Skylab specialists

environment as with Skylab specialists
on the ground keep in regular contact

on the ground keep in regular contact

on the ground keep in regular contact
with the astronauts today they

with the astronauts today they

with the astronauts today they
communicate via satellite rather than

communicate via satellite rather than

communicate via satellite rather than
aircraft

9 satellites circle the globe thousands

9 satellites circle the globe thousands

9 satellites circle the globe thousands
of kilometres above the space station

of kilometres above the space station

of kilometres above the space station
they are locked in orbit at fixed points

they are locked in orbit at fixed points

they are locked in orbit at fixed points
around the earth's equator together the

around the earth's equator together the

around the earth's equator together the
satellites give Mission Control almost

satellites give Mission Control almost

satellites give Mission Control almost
uninterrupted contact with the space

uninterrupted contact with the space

uninterrupted contact with the space
station as it orbits below when the

station as it orbits below when the

station as it orbits below when the
space station transmits a signal the

space station transmits a signal the

space station transmits a signal the
nearest satellite picks it up and relays

nearest satellite picks it up and relays

nearest satellite picks it up and relays
it to earth from where it is beamed to

it to earth from where it is beamed to

it to earth from where it is beamed to
Mission Control in Houston

and go ahead with you that'd be good

and go ahead with you that'd be good

and go ahead with you that'd be good
everyone thank we see that's not a

everyone thank we see that's not a

everyone thank we see that's not a
problem

problem

problem
thanks for the heads up back in 1973 a

thanks for the heads up back in 1973 a

thanks for the heads up back in 1973 a
fleet of aircraft allowed the Americans

fleet of aircraft allowed the Americans

fleet of aircraft allowed the Americans
Skylab to stay in touch with ground

Skylab to stay in touch with ground

Skylab to stay in touch with ground
control

but to make a bigger space dish it would

but to make a bigger space dish it would

but to make a bigger space dish it would
require the marriage of two sworn

require the marriage of two sworn

require the marriage of two sworn
enemies and the union of two

enemies and the union of two

enemies and the union of two
incompatible spacecraft

in 1975 the United States and the Soviet

in 1975 the United States and the Soviet

in 1975 the United States and the Soviet
Union make an announcement that shakes

Union make an announcement that shakes

Union make an announcement that shakes
the world they will pool their resources

the world they will pool their resources

the world they will pool their resources
to create a single Space Station

this joint effort will be a symbol of

this joint effort will be a symbol of

this joint effort will be a symbol of
the thawing of the Cold War and bring an

the thawing of the Cold War and bring an

the thawing of the Cold War and bring an
end to the tensions of the space race

here's the plan

here's the plan

here's the plan
the Soviet Union will launch a Soyuz

the Soviet Union will launch a Soyuz

the Soviet Union will launch a Soyuz
spaceship from Baikonur cosmodrome in

spaceship from Baikonur cosmodrome in

spaceship from Baikonur cosmodrome in
Kazakhstan simultaneously the USA will

Kazakhstan simultaneously the USA will

Kazakhstan simultaneously the USA will
launch an Apollo spaceship from Cape

launch an Apollo spaceship from Cape

launch an Apollo spaceship from Cape
Canaveral

both craft will dock in orbit 220

both craft will dock in orbit 220

both craft will dock in orbit 220
kilometers above you here the American

kilometers above you here the American

kilometers above you here the American
astronauts will meet the Soviet

astronauts will meet the Soviet

astronauts will meet the Soviet
cosmonauts and together they will

cosmonauts and together they will

cosmonauts and together they will
conduct the first-ever international

conduct the first-ever international

conduct the first-ever international
space mission one of the American

space mission one of the American

space mission one of the American
astronauts was Vance brand I thought it

astronauts was Vance brand I thought it

astronauts was Vance brand I thought it
was going to be a very interesting

was going to be a very interesting

was going to be a very interesting
flight with a obviously an international

flight with a obviously an international

flight with a obviously an international
flavor a lot of challenges something

flavor a lot of challenges something

flavor a lot of challenges something
that we had to do right but the bigger

that we had to do right but the bigger

that we had to do right but the bigger
challenge was getting together with our

challenge was getting together with our

challenge was getting together with our
well I guess you'd say back then our

well I guess you'd say back then our

well I guess you'd say back then our
enemies and pulling off a successful

enemies and pulling off a successful

enemies and pulling off a successful
space mission but a huge engineering

space mission but a huge engineering

space mission but a huge engineering
challenge also emerges the Russian and

challenge also emerges the Russian and

challenge also emerges the Russian and
American spacecraft are a mechanical

American spacecraft are a mechanical

American spacecraft are a mechanical
mismatch both were designed at the

mismatch both were designed at the

mismatch both were designed at the
height of the Cold War behind a veil of

height of the Cold War behind a veil of

height of the Cold War behind a veil of
secrecy and in one crucial aspect they

secrecy and in one crucial aspect they

secrecy and in one crucial aspect they
are incompatible with one another

are incompatible with one another

are incompatible with one another
[Music]

the air pressure in the two ships is

the air pressure in the two ships is

the air pressure in the two ships is
completely different the air in the

completely different the air in the

completely different the air in the
Russian Soyuz craft is maintained at the

Russian Soyuz craft is maintained at the

Russian Soyuz craft is maintained at the
same pressure as our earth

but on the american apollo craft the

but on the american apollo craft the

but on the american apollo craft the
astronauts breathe pure oxygen stored at

astronauts breathe pure oxygen stored at

astronauts breathe pure oxygen stored at
a much lower pressure

if the Americans open the hatch the

if the Americans open the hatch the

if the Americans open the hatch the
sudden change in air pressure could have

sudden change in air pressure could have

sudden change in air pressure could have
a devastating effect on their Russian

a devastating effect on their Russian

a devastating effect on their Russian
counterparts it would cause the nitrogen

counterparts it would cause the nitrogen

counterparts it would cause the nitrogen
normally dissolved in that blood to

normally dissolved in that blood to

normally dissolved in that blood to
reform as a bubbles of gas and these

reform as a bubbles of gas and these

reform as a bubbles of gas and these
bubbles could kill the cosmonauts this

bubbles could kill the cosmonauts this

bubbles could kill the cosmonauts this
condition also afflicts deep-sea divers

condition also afflicts deep-sea divers

condition also afflicts deep-sea divers
if they resurface too quickly

if they resurface too quickly

if they resurface too quickly
[Music]

they can prevent it by sitting in a

they can prevent it by sitting in a

they can prevent it by sitting in a
chamber where the air pressure is

chamber where the air pressure is

chamber where the air pressure is
gradually decreased Engineers borrow

gradually decreased Engineers borrow

gradually decreased Engineers borrow
this idea and fix a decompression

this idea and fix a decompression

this idea and fix a decompression
chamber to the front of the Apollo ship

once the two craft dock the American

once the two craft dock the American

once the two craft dock the American
astronauts will leave Apollo and enter

astronauts will leave Apollo and enter

astronauts will leave Apollo and enter
the chamber they will wait there for

the chamber they will wait there for

the chamber they will wait there for
three hours until the air pressure

three hours until the air pressure

three hours until the air pressure
equalizes to match the pressure inside

equalizes to match the pressure inside

equalizes to match the pressure inside
Soyuz

then the astronauts should be able to

then the astronauts should be able to

then the astronauts should be able to
safely enter the Russian spacecraft for

safely enter the Russian spacecraft for

safely enter the Russian spacecraft for
a momentous handshake

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
15th of July 1975 Vance brand and the

15th of July 1975 Vance brand and the

15th of July 1975 Vance brand and the
Apollo crew set off on their mission

please don't forget about less than 5

please don't forget about less than 5

please don't forget about less than 5
meters distance contact when we

meters distance contact when we

meters distance contact when we
connected why if there was a slight

connected why if there was a slight

connected why if there was a slight
lurch and latches made and that we were

lurch and latches made and that we were

lurch and latches made and that we were
we were elated meant that we'd gotten

we were elated meant that we'd gotten

we were elated meant that we'd gotten
there successfully nothing had gone

there successfully nothing had gone

there successfully nothing had gone
wrong and we'd accomplished step one of

wrong and we'd accomplished step one of

wrong and we'd accomplished step one of
our mission step 2 the Americans wait

our mission step 2 the Americans wait

our mission step 2 the Americans wait
for their bodies to acclimatize tensions

for their bodies to acclimatize tensions

for their bodies to acclimatize tensions
run high on both sides of this Iron

run high on both sides of this Iron

run high on both sides of this Iron
Curtain

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
when the hatch in their spacecraft was

when the hatch in their spacecraft was

when the hatch in their spacecraft was
open why there were sort of cheers and

open why there were sort of cheers and

open why there were sort of cheers and
shaking hands and hugging and all that

shaking hands and hugging and all that

shaking hands and hugging and all that
it was really a base that was put in

it was really a base that was put in

it was really a base that was put in
place to improve future international

place to improve future international

place to improve future international
cooperation especially between Eastern

cooperation especially between Eastern

cooperation especially between Eastern
Bloc countries and the West it maybe

Bloc countries and the West it maybe

Bloc countries and the West it maybe
almost forgotten now

almost forgotten now

almost forgotten now
but we made steps that improve world

but we made steps that improve world

but we made steps that improve world
relations and we dot developed a pretty

relations and we dot developed a pretty

relations and we dot developed a pretty
neat new docking system to

this extraordinary meeting sets the tone

this extraordinary meeting sets the tone

this extraordinary meeting sets the tone
for future worldwide cooperation on the

for future worldwide cooperation on the

for future worldwide cooperation on the
even more ambitious international space

even more ambitious international space

even more ambitious international space
station today space shuttle Atlantis

station today space shuttle Atlantis

station today space shuttle Atlantis
with its precious cargo approaches the

with its precious cargo approaches the

with its precious cargo approaches the
International Space Station

right here we go in a cellar position

right here we go in a cellar position

right here we go in a cellar position
after a three-day journey the shuttle

after a three-day journey the shuttle

after a three-day journey the shuttle
prepares to dock movin it to the right

prepares to dock movin it to the right

prepares to dock movin it to the right
about maybe 15 minutes or so my

about maybe 15 minutes or so my

about maybe 15 minutes or so my
controllers standing by for contact and

controllers standing by for contact and

controllers standing by for contact and
capture of get a National Space Station

capture of get a National Space Station

capture of get a National Space Station
the new module has arrived safe and

the new module has arrived safe and

the new module has arrived safe and
sound so too has the multinational crew

bought a china shop yeah

the station has maintained a permanent

the station has maintained a permanent

the station has maintained a permanent
human presence in space for nearly a

human presence in space for nearly a

human presence in space for nearly a
decade that's largely thanks to the

decade that's largely thanks to the

decade that's largely thanks to the
engineers who have found a way to

engineers who have found a way to

engineers who have found a way to
recycle humankind's most precious

recycle humankind's most precious

recycle humankind's most precious
resource

water

at Marshall Space Center in Alabama

at Marshall Space Center in Alabama

at Marshall Space Center in Alabama
scientists have built a mock-up of a

scientists have built a mock-up of a

scientists have built a mock-up of a
Space Station module to perfect the

Space Station module to perfect the

Space Station module to perfect the
latest water recycling techniques and

latest water recycling techniques and

latest water recycling techniques and
they move civilian volunteers into the

they move civilian volunteers into the

they move civilian volunteers into the
sealed chamber to live just like

sealed chamber to live just like

sealed chamber to live just like
astronauts we use this chamber to help

astronauts we use this chamber to help

astronauts we use this chamber to help
us generate real-life wastewater is

us generate real-life wastewater is

us generate real-life wastewater is
representative as possible of the

representative as possible of the

representative as possible of the
wastewater that the astronaut to

wastewater that the astronaut to

wastewater that the astronaut to
generate while they're in the space

generate while they're in the space

generate while they're in the space
station extractor fans suck in warm air

station extractor fans suck in warm air

station extractor fans suck in warm air
laden with perspiration and collect the

laden with perspiration and collect the

laden with perspiration and collect the
sweat evaporating from wet clothes

sweat evaporating from wet clothes

sweat evaporating from wet clothes
the scientists give this sweaty fluid a

the scientists give this sweaty fluid a

the scientists give this sweaty fluid a
polite name humidity condensate

they also managed to recover the water

they also managed to recover the water

they also managed to recover the water
in urine urine not surprisingly is more

in urine urine not surprisingly is more

in urine urine not surprisingly is more
contaminated than the humidity

contaminated than the humidity

contaminated than the humidity
condensate so we put that through it's

condensate so we put that through it's

condensate so we put that through it's
an initial distillation process we can

an initial distillation process we can

an initial distillation process we can
recover about eighty-five percent of the

recover about eighty-five percent of the

recover about eighty-five percent of the
water that's inherently in urine the

water that's inherently in urine the

water that's inherently in urine the
recycling system on the space station

recycling system on the space station

recycling system on the space station
manages to recover an incredible 94

manages to recover an incredible 94

manages to recover an incredible 94
percent of the wastewater produced by

percent of the wastewater produced by

percent of the wastewater produced by
the astronauts

and the crew not only drink this water

and the crew not only drink this water

and the crew not only drink this water
they breathe it too

inside the Space Station's life-support

inside the Space Station's life-support

inside the Space Station's life-support
system electricity is passed through

system electricity is passed through

system electricity is passed through
tanks of recycled water

this charge of energy splits the water

this charge of energy splits the water

this charge of energy splits the water
into its chemical components hydrogen

into its chemical components hydrogen

into its chemical components hydrogen
and oxygen

pumps channel the oxygen through pipes

pumps channel the oxygen through pipes

pumps channel the oxygen through pipes
that run throughout the craft to carry

that run throughout the craft to carry

that run throughout the craft to carry
the life-giving gas to the fruit

fresh air from sweat and you

this technology is vital for future

this technology is vital for future

this technology is vital for future
manned missions to Mars a return trip

manned missions to Mars a return trip

manned missions to Mars a return trip
could take two years during which time a

could take two years during which time a

could take two years during which time a
crew of four would use over 36,000

crew of four would use over 36,000

crew of four would use over 36,000
liters of water so it's crucial space

liters of water so it's crucial space

liters of water so it's crucial space
scientists learn how to recycle every

scientists learn how to recycle every

scientists learn how to recycle every
last drop to minimize the amount the

last drop to minimize the amount the

last drop to minimize the amount the
crew have to carry onboard back in 1975

crew have to carry onboard back in 1975

crew have to carry onboard back in 1975
the meeting of American and Soviet minds

the meeting of American and Soviet minds

the meeting of American and Soviet minds
produces a spacecraft that's a world

produces a spacecraft that's a world

produces a spacecraft that's a world
leader

but to move up to the next level

but to move up to the next level

but to move up to the next level
the Soviets decides to go in front

to build an even bigger Space Station

to build an even bigger Space Station

to build an even bigger Space Station
they must master the art of the space

they must master the art of the space

they must master the art of the space
book

in February 1986 a Soviet rocket takes

in February 1986 a Soviet rocket takes

in February 1986 a Soviet rocket takes
off carrying the first section of an

off carrying the first section of an

off carrying the first section of an
enormous spacecraft

once complete the MIR Space Station will

once complete the MIR Space Station will

once complete the MIR Space Station will
weigh around 130 tons too heavy to be

weigh around 130 tons too heavy to be

weigh around 130 tons too heavy to be
carried into space on a single rocket so

carried into space on a single rocket so

carried into space on a single rocket so
it must be sent up in six separate

it must be sent up in six separate

it must be sent up in six separate
sections construction work will be

sections construction work will be

sections construction work will be
carried out by a team of space walking

carried out by a team of space walking

carried out by a team of space walking
cosmonauts a radical idea

they were cutting new ground this was a

they were cutting new ground this was a

they were cutting new ground this was a
new thing they said well gosh let's see

new thing they said well gosh let's see

new thing they said well gosh let's see
if we can build a bigger Space Station

if we can build a bigger Space Station

if we can build a bigger Space Station
what can we do what are the problems

what can we do what are the problems

what can we do what are the problems
that might come up and what can we learn

that might come up and what can we learn

that might come up and what can we learn
the first challenge is working outside

the first challenge is working outside

the first challenge is working outside
in such a hostile environment up here

in such a hostile environment up here

in such a hostile environment up here
temperatures can range from over 275

temperatures can range from over 275

temperatures can range from over 275
degrees in the Sun to minus 275 in the

degrees in the Sun to minus 275 in the

degrees in the Sun to minus 275 in the
shade shed

shade shed

shade shed
NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik reveals how

NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik reveals how

NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik reveals how
a spacesuit fed with cold liquid

a spacesuit fed with cold liquid

a spacesuit fed with cold liquid
benefits the space Walker

the liquid cooling garment is the mesh

the liquid cooling garment is the mesh

the liquid cooling garment is the mesh
looking with all these tubes a few

looking with all these tubes a few

looking with all these tubes a few
hundred yards of tubing they actually

hundred yards of tubing they actually

hundred yards of tubing they actually
have the water cooling that cycles

have the water cooling that cycles

have the water cooling that cycles
through the whole thing you can adjust

through the whole thing you can adjust

through the whole thing you can adjust
to control your body temperature so when

to control your body temperature so when

to control your body temperature so when
it's you know minus 275

it's you know minus 275

it's you know minus 275
you can turn up the temperature and stay

you can turn up the temperature and stay

you can turn up the temperature and stay
warm and then when it's plus 275 degrees

warm and then when it's plus 275 degrees

warm and then when it's plus 275 degrees
you could turn the cooling up and and

you could turn the cooling up and and

you could turn the cooling up and and
cool down so we need the suit to

cool down so we need the suit to

cool down so we need the suit to
basically make a a little individual

basically make a a little individual

basically make a a little individual
space craft and when you're outside B

space craft and when you're outside B

space craft and when you're outside B
I'll do the work

in early space the liquid that cools the

in early space the liquid that cools the

in early space the liquid that cools the
content along with the oxygen we breathe

content along with the oxygen we breathe

content along with the oxygen we breathe
and the electricity that keeps his

and the electricity that keeps his

and the electricity that keeps his
systems running are fed from space

systems running are fed from space

systems running are fed from space
station to space suit through a long

station to space suit through a long

station to space suit through a long
umbilical cord but this court poses a

umbilical cord but this court poses a

umbilical cord but this court poses a
problem for the cosmonauts building Mir

problem for the cosmonauts building Mir

problem for the cosmonauts building Mir
not only does it limit their

not only does it limit their

not only does it limit their
maneuverability around the station but

maneuverability around the station but

maneuverability around the station but
if it snags and springs a leak it could

if it snags and springs a leak it could

if it snags and springs a leak it could
spell disaster for the cosmonaut

to overcome this problem russian

to overcome this problem russian

to overcome this problem russian
designers remove the umbilical cord and

designers remove the umbilical cord and

designers remove the umbilical cord and
replace it with a portable backpack it

replace it with a portable backpack it

replace it with a portable backpack it
contains tanks of oxygen batteries and

contains tanks of oxygen batteries and

contains tanks of oxygen batteries and
cooling and eating fluids that feed

cooling and eating fluids that feed

cooling and eating fluids that feed
straight into the spacesuit the

straight into the spacesuit the

straight into the spacesuit the
designers supply two of each component

designers supply two of each component

designers supply two of each component
in case one fails the cosmonaut can't

in case one fails the cosmonaut can't

in case one fails the cosmonaut can't
bend his head far enough to see the

bend his head far enough to see the

bend his head far enough to see the
control panel on his chest

so the designers have thoughtfully

so the designers have thoughtfully

so the designers have thoughtfully
supplied him with a built-in mirror

supplied him with a built-in mirror

supplied him with a built-in mirror
you

this way cosmonauts can assemble mere

this way cosmonauts can assemble mere

this way cosmonauts can assemble mere
unimpeded

despite their increased agility it takes

despite their increased agility it takes

despite their increased agility it takes
them 10 years to complete the space

them 10 years to complete the space

them 10 years to complete the space
station

but the new spacesuit makes it far

but the new spacesuit makes it far

but the new spacesuit makes it far
easier to build a structure of almost

easier to build a structure of almost

easier to build a structure of almost
any shape and size out in space

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
today at the International Space Station

today at the International Space Station

today at the International Space Station
the time has come to bolt on the new

the time has come to bolt on the new

the time has come to bolt on the new
module a prefabricated Science

module a prefabricated Science

module a prefabricated Science
Laboratory astronaut Rex whoa hey checks

Laboratory astronaut Rex whoa hey checks

Laboratory astronaut Rex whoa hey checks
his spacesuit before his seven hour

his spacesuit before his seven hour

his spacesuit before his seven hour
spacewalk to fix the module onto the

spacewalk to fix the module onto the

spacewalk to fix the module onto the
station's home we copy the expected

station's home we copy the expected

station's home we copy the expected
messages Newmar still just waiting on

messages Newmar still just waiting on

messages Newmar still just waiting on
climate reefer ecstasy to prepare for

climate reefer ecstasy to prepare for

climate reefer ecstasy to prepare for
this Rex has undergone over 200 hours of

this Rex has undergone over 200 hours of

this Rex has undergone over 200 hours of
intense training on earth okay copy with

intense training on earth okay copy with

intense training on earth okay copy with
anybody this water tank at the Johnson

anybody this water tank at the Johnson

anybody this water tank at the Johnson
Space Center creates a near weightless

Space Center creates a near weightless

Space Center creates a near weightless
environment for the astronauts to Train

environment for the astronauts to Train

environment for the astronauts to Train
[Music]

[Music]

[Music]
and call this facility the neutral

and call this facility the neutral

and call this facility the neutral
buoyancy laboratory because in the water

buoyancy laboratory because in the water

buoyancy laboratory because in the water
we can wear the same suit basically that

we can wear the same suit basically that

we can wear the same suit basically that
we wear in space through our spacewalks

we wear in space through our spacewalks

we wear in space through our spacewalks
and the divers that assist us can add

and the divers that assist us can add

and the divers that assist us can add
weights or styrofoam to our suits and

weights or styrofoam to our suits and

weights or styrofoam to our suits and
make us neutrally buoyant which feels a

make us neutrally buoyant which feels a

make us neutrally buoyant which feels a
little bit like being weightless in the

little bit like being weightless in the

little bit like being weightless in the
bottom of this pool sits a replica of

bottom of this pool sits a replica of

bottom of this pool sits a replica of
the space station underwater astronauts

the space station underwater astronauts

the space station underwater astronauts
get to grips with maneuvering themselves

get to grips with maneuvering themselves

get to grips with maneuvering themselves
around its hull

they have limited mobility in their

they have limited mobility in their

they have limited mobility in their
spacesuits there's a compression issue

spacesuits there's a compression issue

spacesuits there's a compression issue
with the typical of the cumbersome

with the typical of the cumbersome

with the typical of the cumbersome
spacesuit makes even the simplest tasks

spacesuit makes even the simplest tasks

spacesuit makes even the simplest tasks
such as turning a wrench extremely

such as turning a wrench extremely

such as turning a wrench extremely
challenging

his helmet is touching a lighter you had

his helmet is touching a lighter you had

his helmet is touching a lighter you had
a for that poor clamp and cutting back

a for that poor clamp and cutting back

a for that poor clamp and cutting back
at the real space station Rex's first

at the real space station Rex's first

at the real space station Rex's first
task is to unload the module from the

task is to unload the module from the

task is to unload the module from the
shuttles hold the 10-ton laboratory may

shuttles hold the 10-ton laboratory may

shuttles hold the 10-ton laboratory may
be weightless in space but to move this

be weightless in space but to move this

be weightless in space but to move this
awkward shape he needs a helping hand

luckily for Rex the Canadian Space

luckily for Rex the Canadian Space

luckily for Rex the Canadian Space
Agency has developed a special arm made

Agency has developed a special arm made

Agency has developed a special arm made
from seven motorized lineage

the arm is firmly anchored into

the arm is firmly anchored into

the arm is firmly anchored into
portholes on the station's hull a

detachable hand enables it to lift

detachable hand enables it to lift

detachable hand enables it to lift
objects and assist in construction

the crew used the arm to lift the

the crew used the arm to lift the

the crew used the arm to lift the
laboratory out of the cargo bay good job

laboratory out of the cargo bay good job

laboratory out of the cargo bay good job
we must continue to protect a little

we must continue to protect a little

we must continue to protect a little
down there the arm bends to line the

down there the arm bends to line the

down there the arm bends to line the
module up with its docking port one

module up with its docking port one

module up with its docking port one
meter to go Abby

Rex then bolts the laboratory in place

Rex then bolts the laboratory in place

Rex then bolts the laboratory in place
by hand okay let's go back in just a few

by hand okay let's go back in just a few

by hand okay let's go back in just a few
days time the laboratory will be up and

days time the laboratory will be up and

days time the laboratory will be up and
running great job guide in 1986 Soviet

running great job guide in 1986 Soviet

running great job guide in 1986 Soviet
engineers cracked the problem of

engineers cracked the problem of

engineers cracked the problem of
building in space and assemble a space

building in space and assemble a space

building in space and assemble a space
station of unprecedented scale

but a structure as big as the

but a structure as big as the

but a structure as big as the
International Space Station presents a

International Space Station presents a

International Space Station presents a
new challenge its size makes it an easy

new challenge its size makes it an easy

new challenge its size makes it an easy
target for accidental collisions today

target for accidental collisions today

target for accidental collisions today
the crew of the International Space

the crew of the International Space

the crew of the International Space
Station lived the constant threat of

Station lived the constant threat of

Station lived the constant threat of
being hit by a flying object over

being hit by a flying object over

being hit by a flying object over
100,000 pieces of discarded rockets and

100,000 pieces of discarded rockets and

100,000 pieces of discarded rockets and
satellites litter the space stations

satellites litter the space stations

satellites litter the space stations
path this is a real-time image of the

path this is a real-time image of the

path this is a real-time image of the
deadly orbiting space junk

NASA use radar to track the largest

NASA use radar to track the largest

NASA use radar to track the largest
pieces of wreckage and steer the station

pieces of wreckage and steer the station

pieces of wreckage and steer the station
out of harm's way

but the greatest threat comes from

but the greatest threat comes from

but the greatest threat comes from
debris that's too small to see something

debris that's too small to see something

debris that's too small to see something
is minut as a grain of sand traveling at

is minut as a grain of sand traveling at

is minut as a grain of sand traveling at
orbital speed would have enough momentum

orbital speed would have enough momentum

orbital speed would have enough momentum
to rupture the station's hull caused it

to rupture the station's hull caused it

to rupture the station's hull caused it
to depressurize and kill those on board

at Johnson Space Center scientists can

at Johnson Space Center scientists can

at Johnson Space Center scientists can
replicate such a debris strike they load

replicate such a debris strike they load

replicate such a debris strike they load
a tiny fragment of aluminium into a

a tiny fragment of aluminium into a

a tiny fragment of aluminium into a
special gun and fire it at 25,000

special gun and fire it at 25,000

special gun and fire it at 25,000
kilometers per hour at the sample of the

kilometers per hour at the sample of the

kilometers per hour at the sample of the
space station's home this shows a full

space station's home this shows a full

space station's home this shows a full
sample this is the impacted side and

sample this is the impacted side and

sample this is the impacted side and
this is the bubble on the backside the

this is the bubble on the backside the

this is the bubble on the backside the
bubble has basically burst on the back

bubble has basically burst on the back

bubble has basically burst on the back
like a balloon little pieces come off at

like a balloon little pieces come off at

like a balloon little pieces come off at
high speed like a hand grenade so if you

high speed like a hand grenade so if you

high speed like a hand grenade so if you
have this would be the inside of the

have this would be the inside of the

have this would be the inside of the
vehicle if you have equipment here or

vehicle if you have equipment here or

vehicle if you have equipment here or
personnel and these pieces come off it

personnel and these pieces come off it

personnel and these pieces come off it
can be very damaging or an injury to the

can be very damaging or an injury to the

can be very damaging or an injury to the
crew Engineers have found that one thick

crew Engineers have found that one thick

crew Engineers have found that one thick
sheet of aluminium offers less

sheet of aluminium offers less

sheet of aluminium offers less
protection than two thin sheets

protection than two thin sheets

protection than two thin sheets
separated by a gap you can see the entry

separated by a gap you can see the entry

separated by a gap you can see the entry
hole there the particle will come in and

hole there the particle will come in and

hole there the particle will come in and
it hits this and because of the high

it hits this and because of the high

it hits this and because of the high
velocity that the particle is moving as

velocity that the particle is moving as

velocity that the particle is moving as
it goes through this layer it shocks the

it goes through this layer it shocks the

it goes through this layer it shocks the
particle basically fragments it and as

particle basically fragments it and as

particle basically fragments it and as
it exits on this side it's moving a

it exits on this side it's moving a

it exits on this side it's moving a
little bit slower but it forms a debris

little bit slower but it forms a debris

little bit slower but it forms a debris
cloud it looks like a kind of a balloon

cloud it looks like a kind of a balloon

cloud it looks like a kind of a balloon
of particulate material and that spreads

of particulate material and that spreads

of particulate material and that spreads
out and you can see by the time it hits

out and you can see by the time it hits

out and you can see by the time it hits
the wall that we're trying to protect it

the wall that we're trying to protect it

the wall that we're trying to protect it
spread out quite a bit

spread out quite a bit

spread out quite a bit
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to enhance this protective paneling

to enhance this protective paneling

to enhance this protective paneling
engineers pad the gap with the same

engineers pad the gap with the same

engineers pad the gap with the same
material used for bulletproof vests

material used for bulletproof vests

material used for bulletproof vests
Kevlar

Kevlar

Kevlar
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now as an object penetrates the outer

now as an object penetrates the outer

now as an object penetrates the outer
layer the Kevlar takes the sting out of

layer the Kevlar takes the sting out of

layer the Kevlar takes the sting out of
the cloud of debris leaving the inner

the cloud of debris leaving the inner

the cloud of debris leaving the inner
layer unharmed

engineers fit shielding around the most

engineers fit shielding around the most

engineers fit shielding around the most
vulnerable areas of the space station

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they even fit shutters to protect the

they even fit shutters to protect the

they even fit shutters to protect the
windows when they're not in use

this technology could one day be used to

this technology could one day be used to

this technology could one day be used to
protect outposts on the Moon or Mars

protect outposts on the Moon or Mars

protect outposts on the Moon or Mars
which unlike earth have little or no

which unlike earth have little or no

which unlike earth have little or no
atmosphere to absorb the impacts of

atmosphere to absorb the impacts of

atmosphere to absorb the impacts of
falling dust of rocks

secure behind his aluminium and Kevlar

secure behind his aluminium and Kevlar

secure behind his aluminium and Kevlar
shield Mike Fincke and his team can now

shield Mike Fincke and his team can now

shield Mike Fincke and his team can now
get to work inside the new Columbus

get to work inside the new Columbus

get to work inside the new Columbus
laboratory here we are in the Columbus

laboratory here we are in the Columbus

laboratory here we are in the Columbus
module the pride of the European Space

module the pride of the European Space

module the pride of the European Space
Agency this is exactly how we work and

Agency this is exactly how we work and

Agency this is exactly how we work and
live in space and I hope you enjoyed the

live in space and I hope you enjoyed the

live in space and I hope you enjoyed the
tour does Mike Fink saying goodbye and

tour does Mike Fink saying goodbye and

tour does Mike Fink saying goodbye and
thanks the International Space Station

thanks the International Space Station

thanks the International Space Station
paves the way for human beings to

paves the way for human beings to

paves the way for human beings to
inhabit other worlds it really is the

inhabit other worlds it really is the

inhabit other worlds it really is the
ultimate spacecraft until someone builds

ultimate spacecraft until someone builds

ultimate spacecraft until someone builds
an even bigger one

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