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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,275 --> 00:00:02,942 {\an8}(film clacking) 2 00:00:05,274 --> 00:00:08,024 (birds chirping) 3 00:00:10,144 --> 00:00:12,644 (eerie music) 4 00:00:17,230 --> 00:00:19,950 From 1914 to 1918, 5 00:00:19,950 --> 00:00:22,023 Europe was at war with herself. 6 00:00:23,680 --> 00:00:26,250 Just one year after the outbreak of war, 7 00:00:26,250 --> 00:00:28,440 two million men have already died 8 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:30,260 and many more have been amputated, 9 00:00:30,260 --> 00:00:33,200 gassed, or as the men shown here, 10 00:00:33,200 --> 00:00:35,260 shellshocked and damaged for life 11 00:00:35,260 --> 00:00:36,740 by the deadly machine gun attacks. 12 00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:37,573 (whistles whistling) (men shouting) 13 00:00:37,573 --> 00:00:40,073 (guns firing) 14 00:00:44,184 --> 00:00:45,017 (bombs exploding) 15 00:00:45,017 --> 00:00:48,800 By late 1915, the French and British chiefs of staff 16 00:00:48,800 --> 00:00:51,160 and their German and Austro-Hungarian enemies 17 00:00:51,160 --> 00:00:55,040 all believe that only more cannons and shells 18 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:56,313 will break the stalemate. 19 00:00:57,741 --> 00:01:00,443 (cannon firing) 20 00:01:00,443 --> 00:01:03,941 (explosions booming) 21 00:01:03,941 --> 00:01:08,050 {\an8}In 1916, with the battles of Verdun and of the Somme, 22 00:01:08,050 --> 00:01:10,350 {\an8}the war enters the industrial era 23 00:01:10,350 --> 00:01:14,323 {\an8}and the 20th Century is drawn into unprecedented horror. 24 00:01:15,446 --> 00:01:18,960 (explosion booming) (men shouting) 25 00:01:18,960 --> 00:01:22,109 In Verdun, French soldier Henri Evain, 26 00:01:22,109 --> 00:01:24,890 66th Infantry Regiment, writes, 27 00:01:24,890 --> 00:01:27,057 (tense music) 28 00:01:27,057 --> 00:01:28,873 "We are in the kingdom of the dead. 29 00:01:29,770 --> 00:01:31,641 Lightning flashes atop the ridges. 30 00:01:31,641 --> 00:01:32,474 (cannons firing) 31 00:01:32,474 --> 00:01:35,230 The night blazes with the flames of hell. 32 00:01:35,230 --> 00:01:38,620 Suddenly, the darkness is torn in two. 33 00:01:38,620 --> 00:01:40,600 Across the horizon burst forth 34 00:01:40,600 --> 00:01:42,790 the lights of the apocalypse." 35 00:01:42,790 --> 00:01:47,790 (dramatic music) (explosions booming) 36 00:02:15,471 --> 00:02:18,721 (tense drumming music) 37 00:02:22,472 --> 00:02:24,620 During the Battle of Verdun, 38 00:02:24,620 --> 00:02:27,750 Joseph Abadie, a 33-year-old French soldier, 39 00:02:27,750 --> 00:02:31,093 {\an8}writes a last to his wife before he is killed. 40 00:02:32,557 --> 00:02:34,680 {\an8}"Who knows what to expect. 41 00:02:34,680 --> 00:02:36,041 {\an8}The slaughter will begin again. 42 00:02:36,041 --> 00:02:38,170 {\an8}(guns firing) 43 00:02:38,170 --> 00:02:41,733 Good luck to he who will resume his life after battle. 44 00:02:42,610 --> 00:02:44,630 Kiss our child for me. 45 00:02:44,630 --> 00:02:46,343 Be brave, my darling Sophie. 46 00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:49,027 A thousand farewells." 47 00:02:52,797 --> 00:02:55,880 (explosions booming) 48 00:02:56,990 --> 00:03:00,122 34-year-old German soldier Fritz Moseler writes, 49 00:03:00,122 --> 00:03:01,727 (tense music) 50 00:03:01,727 --> 00:03:03,560 "My dearest sister, 51 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:07,080 I can take no more of the horror and the fatigue. 52 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:09,750 I don't want to describe what I have lived through here. 53 00:03:09,750 --> 00:03:13,770 At times, I'm not sure if I'm dead or alive. 54 00:03:13,770 --> 00:03:16,110 Those who make it home safe and sound 55 00:03:16,110 --> 00:03:17,667 will owe thanks to God." 56 00:03:19,566 --> 00:03:21,630 (men chattering) 57 00:03:21,630 --> 00:03:24,761 Has God abandoned these men? (somber music) 58 00:03:24,761 --> 00:03:25,594 (guns firing) 59 00:03:25,594 --> 00:03:26,823 Did they have a choice? 60 00:03:33,010 --> 00:03:34,373 How did they continue? 61 00:03:36,170 --> 00:03:39,423 How did they manage to hold onto their humanity? 62 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:43,263 Through their love of country, 63 00:03:46,170 --> 00:03:47,003 pride, 64 00:03:52,530 --> 00:03:54,363 or their daily ration of wine? 65 00:03:57,080 --> 00:03:58,542 What kept them alive? 66 00:03:58,542 --> 00:04:00,580 (men chattering) 67 00:04:00,580 --> 00:04:03,623 Was it the long awaited mail that brought a glimmer of hope? 68 00:04:08,520 --> 00:04:10,027 Was it the comradery? 69 00:04:15,550 --> 00:04:17,203 Was it simply luck? 70 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:21,940 Why does this particular battle, 71 00:04:21,940 --> 00:04:25,880 the Battle of Verdun, where over 300,000 perished, 72 00:04:25,880 --> 00:04:30,577 still resonate so loudly 100 years later? 73 00:04:30,577 --> 00:04:33,650 (tense music) 74 00:04:33,650 --> 00:04:37,233 Six months before the battle, the summer of 1915. 75 00:04:39,500 --> 00:04:42,840 The German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires 76 00:04:42,840 --> 00:04:46,360 confront the Russian Empire, the United Kingdom, 77 00:04:46,360 --> 00:04:49,730 Italy, Serbia, and particularly France, 78 00:04:49,730 --> 00:04:51,710 where the front has settled into a stalemate 79 00:04:51,710 --> 00:04:54,320 across 700 kilometers of trenches 80 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:56,883 from occupied Belgium to Alsace. 81 00:04:58,550 --> 00:05:01,692 The Germans occupy 10 French departments, 82 00:05:01,692 --> 00:05:03,050 (bells tolling) 83 00:05:03,050 --> 00:05:06,440 like here in Lubine, a small village the Vosges, 84 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:08,260 where the German commanding officer 85 00:05:08,260 --> 00:05:11,270 organizes two Sunday masses. 86 00:05:11,270 --> 00:05:13,720 One for the French civilian population, 87 00:05:13,720 --> 00:05:15,563 the other for the German troops. 88 00:05:15,563 --> 00:05:17,100 (tense music) 89 00:05:17,100 --> 00:05:19,393 Rare footage of the Prussian Order. 90 00:05:23,570 --> 00:05:25,790 The invader takes over the resources 91 00:05:25,790 --> 00:05:28,770 belonging to the population with whom he maintains 92 00:05:28,770 --> 00:05:30,790 good or bad relations. 93 00:05:30,790 --> 00:05:34,723 Here a family provides a German officer with accommodations. 94 00:05:35,570 --> 00:05:39,090 Behind a careful smile, Clemence Martin complains 95 00:05:39,090 --> 00:05:42,010 {\an8}of unwillingly contributing to the German war effort. 96 00:05:42,010 --> 00:05:46,094 {\an8}In her words, "We live like exiles. 97 00:05:46,094 --> 00:05:48,220 {\an8}(people chattering) 98 00:05:48,220 --> 00:05:50,120 We are forced to work for the Germans. 99 00:05:51,790 --> 00:05:53,303 Everything is requisitioned. 100 00:05:56,830 --> 00:06:00,200 What are we to say when our poor children cry out, 101 00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:01,397 Mother, I'm hungry?" 102 00:06:01,397 --> 00:06:03,897 (baby crying) 103 00:06:05,720 --> 00:06:08,150 {\an8}In France, behind the lines, 104 00:06:08,150 --> 00:06:10,260 everything is done to compensate the loss 105 00:06:10,260 --> 00:06:13,460 of the north's industries and to make up the backlog 106 00:06:13,460 --> 00:06:15,153 in German armament production. 107 00:06:16,250 --> 00:06:18,310 The factories run day and night. 108 00:06:18,310 --> 00:06:20,283 The men have been replaced by women. 109 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:23,250 Trade unionist, Marcel Kapie, 110 00:06:23,250 --> 00:06:25,423 describes their hell to perfection. 111 00:06:27,247 --> 00:06:31,020 "Women in their 20s with pretty faces and frail figures, 112 00:06:31,020 --> 00:06:33,903 fire, smoke, and the deafening rumble of the towers. 113 00:06:36,140 --> 00:06:39,830 Pale arms suddenly appear from under a rolled up sleeve. 114 00:06:39,830 --> 00:06:42,270 The worker always standing lifts the shell. 115 00:06:42,270 --> 00:06:44,340 It weighs seven kilos. 116 00:06:44,340 --> 00:06:49,340 2,500 shells are lifted twice a day, 35,000 kilos. 117 00:06:49,450 --> 00:06:52,400 In one year, she's lifted 900,000 shells, 118 00:06:52,400 --> 00:06:54,670 seven million kilos. 119 00:06:54,670 --> 00:06:56,110 Once strong and healthy, 120 00:06:56,110 --> 00:06:58,870 now she's just a thin, exhausted young woman. 121 00:06:58,870 --> 00:07:01,430 One, two, three in the morning, 122 00:07:01,430 --> 00:07:03,660 dawn washes across the windows. 123 00:07:03,660 --> 00:07:07,520 Crumbled faces, sunken eyes, hollowed cheeks, 124 00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:10,592 bruised arms begging for mercy." 125 00:07:10,592 --> 00:07:14,580 (machines clanging) (tense music) 126 00:07:14,580 --> 00:07:17,730 In 1915, the women of the warring nations 127 00:07:17,730 --> 00:07:19,743 unite to demand peace. 128 00:07:20,807 --> 00:07:24,310 "We protest against the madness and the horror of war 129 00:07:24,310 --> 00:07:26,770 involving as it does a reckless sacrifice 130 00:07:26,770 --> 00:07:29,300 of human life and the destruction of so much 131 00:07:29,300 --> 00:07:32,100 that humanity has labored through centuries to build. 132 00:07:32,100 --> 00:07:35,350 War is commonly brought about not by the mass of the people 133 00:07:35,350 --> 00:07:38,317 but by groups representing particular interests." 134 00:07:39,810 --> 00:07:41,710 To placate public opinion, 135 00:07:41,710 --> 00:07:43,850 a munition factory's childcare center 136 00:07:43,850 --> 00:07:45,683 is featured in the newsreels. 137 00:07:46,520 --> 00:07:49,760 However, many of these children are abandoned 138 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:53,841 and raised in poverty like one million other war orphans. 139 00:07:53,841 --> 00:07:56,780 (somber music) 140 00:07:56,780 --> 00:07:58,820 In those days, France's school children 141 00:07:58,820 --> 00:08:00,583 parade behind the flag. 142 00:08:01,730 --> 00:08:05,200 They march in step, brought up to hate the German, 143 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:09,593 the kraut, who stole Alsace and Lorraine in 1871. 144 00:08:11,720 --> 00:08:14,510 The lost provinces must be recovered. 145 00:08:14,510 --> 00:08:17,780 This idea is drummed into the heads of France's youth. 146 00:08:17,780 --> 00:08:20,625 We must be ready to die for our country. 147 00:08:20,625 --> 00:08:24,458 (singing in foreign language) 148 00:08:36,090 --> 00:08:39,160 Children lie about their age and find themselves 149 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:41,340 in the trenches. (patriotic music) 150 00:08:41,340 --> 00:08:43,760 {\an8}Like 15-year-old Jean Fendrich, 151 00:08:43,760 --> 00:08:45,200 {\an8}a young man from Lorraine, 152 00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:49,223 {\an8}who was wounded five times and received the War Cross. 153 00:08:53,143 --> 00:08:55,600 (people chattering) (tense music) 154 00:08:55,600 --> 00:08:58,803 The German troops celebrate Christmas of 1915. 155 00:09:00,610 --> 00:09:02,823 They're on their home turf in Alsace. 156 00:09:05,530 --> 00:09:09,730 They feel justified because Alsace and the Moselle 157 00:09:09,730 --> 00:09:11,320 have been annexed. 158 00:09:11,320 --> 00:09:14,800 This land is now part of the Reich, the German Empire, 159 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:16,083 where it belongs. 160 00:09:20,530 --> 00:09:23,110 The Germans build better trenches than the French 161 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:26,353 because now they're in a defensive position. 162 00:09:31,560 --> 00:09:34,778 Their leader is a cautious, respected Prussian aristocrat, 163 00:09:34,778 --> 00:09:35,650 (somber music) 164 00:09:35,650 --> 00:09:39,760 {\an8}54-year-old General Erich von Falkenhayn. 165 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:43,170 {\an8}He speaks French and admires French culture 166 00:09:43,170 --> 00:09:47,340 but he considers France to be a second-rate military power. 167 00:09:47,340 --> 00:09:50,510 To him, England is the real enemy. 168 00:09:50,510 --> 00:09:53,710 He wants to dissociate the two allied adversaries, 169 00:09:53,710 --> 00:09:57,270 defeat them separately, and negotiate. 170 00:09:57,270 --> 00:09:59,450 Falkenhayn's spies have informed him 171 00:09:59,450 --> 00:10:01,720 that the English and the French are preparing 172 00:10:01,720 --> 00:10:05,350 a huge offensive in the Somme. (tense music) 173 00:10:05,350 --> 00:10:07,670 His best play is to attack first, 174 00:10:07,670 --> 00:10:09,673 somewhere else along the front. 175 00:10:10,690 --> 00:10:11,723 He chooses Verdun, 176 00:10:13,540 --> 00:10:16,113 a quiet, poorly-defended zone. 177 00:10:18,500 --> 00:10:20,430 Falkenhayn has gathered his information 178 00:10:20,430 --> 00:10:22,683 through a series of reconnaissance flights. 179 00:10:29,660 --> 00:10:33,630 The Zeiss lens factory supplies photographic equipment 180 00:10:33,630 --> 00:10:37,320 {\an8}to fearless aviators like Lieutenant Hermann Goering 181 00:10:37,320 --> 00:10:39,260 {\an8}who will become the highest official 182 00:10:39,260 --> 00:10:43,030 {\an8}in Hitler's Reich 20 years down the line. 183 00:10:43,030 --> 00:10:46,400 At 22, Goering receives the Iron Cross 184 00:10:46,400 --> 00:10:48,160 in honor of his reconnaissance work 185 00:10:48,160 --> 00:10:50,833 in the Verdun area and on the Meuse River. 186 00:10:55,460 --> 00:10:58,573 Falkenhayn feels confident of his plan to attack at Verdun. 187 00:10:59,504 --> 00:11:01,420 (wind whistling) 188 00:11:01,420 --> 00:11:03,658 His starting positions are ideal. 189 00:11:03,658 --> 00:11:04,880 (tense music) He has the benefit 190 00:11:04,880 --> 00:11:07,423 of excellent natural observation posts 191 00:11:07,423 --> 00:11:09,870 such as the Romagna crest 192 00:11:09,870 --> 00:11:12,050 hidden from sight by the forests. 193 00:11:12,050 --> 00:11:15,330 He will be able to transport his troops and artillery, 194 00:11:15,330 --> 00:11:18,110 displace the French, scale the hills, 195 00:11:18,110 --> 00:11:20,550 and seize the highest spots defended 196 00:11:20,550 --> 00:11:22,723 by forts like Douaumont. 197 00:11:26,270 --> 00:11:28,780 Falkenhayn knows that these forts have been disarmed 198 00:11:28,780 --> 00:11:31,193 to provide additional artillery for the Somme. 199 00:11:32,500 --> 00:11:34,270 He will be able to push the French back 200 00:11:34,270 --> 00:11:36,800 to the Verdun Citadel and the Meuse River 201 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:39,110 where they will trapped and cut off 202 00:11:39,110 --> 00:11:40,043 from their backup. 203 00:11:48,610 --> 00:11:50,650 The name of Falkenhayn's plan 204 00:11:50,650 --> 00:11:53,214 {\an8}is Gericht, Operation Judgment. 205 00:11:53,214 --> 00:11:54,120 {\an8}(tense music) 206 00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:56,350 {\an8}This will clear the way to Paris, 207 00:11:56,350 --> 00:11:59,437 only 230 kilometers away. 208 00:11:59,437 --> 00:12:01,040 (wind whistling) 209 00:12:01,040 --> 00:12:03,280 Germany is fighting on two fronts, 210 00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:05,150 in the east and the west. 211 00:12:05,150 --> 00:12:07,280 She will have to use her troops sparingly 212 00:12:07,280 --> 00:12:09,690 and destroy the French in one shot 213 00:12:09,690 --> 00:12:14,180 in an unprecedented avalanche of millions of shells. 214 00:12:14,180 --> 00:12:17,090 Falkenhayn has the necessary resources. 215 00:12:17,090 --> 00:12:19,320 His artillery is the best in the world, 216 00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:21,990 much improved since 1914. 217 00:12:21,990 --> 00:12:25,510 The 100,000 workers in steel factories like Krupp 218 00:12:25,510 --> 00:12:29,023 produce hundreds of highly-powerful heavy cannons per month. 219 00:12:35,661 --> 00:12:37,100 (train whistle tooting) The German High Command 220 00:12:37,100 --> 00:12:40,690 also has access to a very elaborate railway network 221 00:12:40,690 --> 00:12:43,883 unlike the French in Verdun who are very isolated. 222 00:12:45,210 --> 00:12:48,650 In order to come as close as possible to the attack zone, 223 00:12:48,650 --> 00:12:51,993 the German train tracks are extended by several kilometers, 224 00:12:54,390 --> 00:12:57,500 enabling hundreds of trains to continuously supply 225 00:12:57,500 --> 00:12:58,962 the first lines of battle. 226 00:12:58,962 --> 00:13:03,962 (train rumbling) (tense music) 227 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:16,240 2 1/2 million shells are hidden two kilometers 228 00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:18,280 from the French front lines, 229 00:13:18,280 --> 00:13:21,753 enough for six days of uninterrupted artillery bombing. 230 00:13:25,969 --> 00:13:29,219 (tense drumming music) 231 00:13:30,690 --> 00:13:35,640 140,000 soldiers are assembled in small, discrete groups. 232 00:13:35,640 --> 00:13:38,160 They are wearing the new steel helmet, 233 00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:39,960 the famous Stahlhelm 234 00:13:39,960 --> 00:13:42,953 which will come to symbolize the invading German soldier. 235 00:13:50,420 --> 00:13:53,670 The army's schedule to attack Verdun is led by the son 236 00:13:53,670 --> 00:13:56,000 of Emperor Wilhelm II, (lively classical music) 237 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:58,863 {\an8}The Kronprinz Wilhelm of Prussia. 238 00:14:00,750 --> 00:14:03,610 {\an8}Despite the intimidating skull and crossbones, 239 00:14:03,610 --> 00:14:05,780 which are actually the Hussar's emblem, 240 00:14:05,780 --> 00:14:08,373 the Kronprinz isn't a fearsome warrior. 241 00:14:11,950 --> 00:14:14,210 He has spent his life in lavish parlors 242 00:14:15,690 --> 00:14:19,017 and has only used a rifle to shoot pheasants. 243 00:14:19,017 --> 00:14:20,260 (wings flapping) 244 00:14:20,260 --> 00:14:23,040 (rifle firing) 245 00:14:23,040 --> 00:14:26,423 20 years later, he will actively support Hitler. 246 00:14:28,041 --> 00:14:29,440 (tense music) 247 00:14:29,440 --> 00:14:33,300 Emperor Wilhelm II braves the cold winter of 1916 248 00:14:33,300 --> 00:14:37,030 and comes to Verdun to congratulate his son in person 249 00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:38,960 and to make sure he is surrounded 250 00:14:38,960 --> 00:14:41,033 by highly competent generals. 251 00:14:42,106 --> 00:14:44,856 (wind whistling) 252 00:14:45,930 --> 00:14:48,820 A victory at Verdun will strengthen his stature 253 00:14:48,820 --> 00:14:51,023 and the prestige of the German Empire. 254 00:14:56,540 --> 00:14:58,630 But all preparations for this campaign 255 00:14:58,630 --> 00:15:00,053 must remain secret. 256 00:15:01,070 --> 00:15:04,120 In the German-occupied villages around Verdun, 257 00:15:04,120 --> 00:15:07,160 French civilians are evacuated to dispel rumors 258 00:15:07,160 --> 00:15:08,908 of an impending assault. 259 00:15:08,908 --> 00:15:11,491 (somber music) 260 00:15:21,590 --> 00:15:23,200 The German troops are exhausted 261 00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:26,570 from building gigantic underground shelters. 262 00:15:26,570 --> 00:15:29,280 These can accommodate up to 4,000 men 263 00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:32,073 undetected by the French until the very end. 264 00:15:35,775 --> 00:15:37,520 (tense music) 265 00:15:37,520 --> 00:15:38,960 A German propaganda film 266 00:15:38,960 --> 00:15:41,910 shows the Kronprinz hammering home a message 267 00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:44,500 to his troops, the (speaking in foreign language). 268 00:15:44,500 --> 00:15:45,910 Their mission is crucial 269 00:15:45,910 --> 00:15:47,200 to the (speaking in foreign language), 270 00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:50,340 the Fatherland, the nation. 271 00:15:50,340 --> 00:15:53,050 In order to destroy whoever survives the bombings, 272 00:15:53,050 --> 00:15:56,740 a new and terrifying weapon is now at their disposal, 273 00:15:56,740 --> 00:15:57,933 the flame thrower. 274 00:16:07,181 --> 00:16:08,495 (eerie music) 275 00:16:08,495 --> 00:16:13,040 Late January 1916, one month before the battle, 276 00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:15,053 German troops continue to arrive. 277 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:21,710 The atmosphere is increasingly tense. 278 00:16:21,710 --> 00:16:25,400 Everyone senses something decisive is in the works 279 00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:27,813 and everyone hopes it will end the war. 280 00:16:31,050 --> 00:16:33,956 26-year-old Lieutenant Werner Beumelburg writes, 281 00:16:33,956 --> 00:16:36,657 (tense music) 282 00:16:36,657 --> 00:16:39,720 "Like beasts of burden, the men are loaded down 283 00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:43,260 with grenades, their rifle, tools, helmet, 284 00:16:43,260 --> 00:16:46,050 and bandoliers full of ammunition. 285 00:16:46,050 --> 00:16:47,150 Not a word is spoken." 286 00:16:48,502 --> 00:16:51,585 (suspenseful music) 287 00:16:54,860 --> 00:16:59,273 The attack is set for February 11th, 1916, at dawn. 288 00:17:05,330 --> 00:17:08,073 A few kilometers away, on the banks of the Meuse, 289 00:17:09,570 --> 00:17:12,480 the French, behind their camouflage netting, 290 00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:15,816 seem unaware of what the Germans have in store. 291 00:17:15,816 --> 00:17:18,316 (eerie music) 292 00:17:24,116 --> 00:17:27,116 (suspenseful music) 293 00:17:36,660 --> 00:17:39,593 {\an8}Verdun is calm like the waters of the Meuse. 294 00:17:41,190 --> 00:17:44,220 Most of its inhabitants left at the onset of the war 295 00:17:44,220 --> 00:17:46,133 to seek refuge in the countryside. 296 00:17:49,370 --> 00:17:52,253 These units have a quiet station where they can rest. 297 00:17:58,760 --> 00:18:01,440 This sense of security has prompted the commander 298 00:18:01,440 --> 00:18:04,250 to set up close to town a big hospital 299 00:18:04,250 --> 00:18:06,090 specifically for treating the diseases 300 00:18:06,090 --> 00:18:07,660 brought back by soldiers (somber music) 301 00:18:07,660 --> 00:18:10,003 who have spent too much time in the trenches, 302 00:18:11,390 --> 00:18:14,710 such as frostbitten feet requiring amputation 303 00:18:14,710 --> 00:18:16,710 or dysentery caused by dirty water 304 00:18:16,710 --> 00:18:18,683 where corpses have been left to rot. 305 00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:23,970 Arrogant military doctors with inflated male egos 306 00:18:23,970 --> 00:18:26,883 avoid treating these cases of bloody diarrhea. 307 00:18:30,730 --> 00:18:32,000 They have handed this task 308 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:35,090 over to the French Army's only female doctor, 309 00:18:35,090 --> 00:18:36,677 {\an8}Dr. Nicole Mangin. 310 00:18:37,990 --> 00:18:40,840 {\an8}This 30-year-old Parisian woman successfully achieved 311 00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:44,010 a feminist tour de force by getting herself drafted 312 00:18:44,010 --> 00:18:44,953 into the army. 313 00:18:46,280 --> 00:18:49,180 She explains, "I spend weeks with people 314 00:18:49,180 --> 00:18:51,030 who treat me like I have the plague." 315 00:18:52,340 --> 00:18:55,960 At the of the war, Nicole Mangin commits suicide 316 00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:58,003 out of fatigue and despair. 317 00:18:58,940 --> 00:19:01,770 In 1916, on the Verdun front, 318 00:19:01,770 --> 00:19:04,560 she checks up relentlessly on the soldiers, 319 00:19:04,560 --> 00:19:07,043 accompanied by her dog Dun, for Verdun, 320 00:19:08,010 --> 00:19:10,393 who occasionally protects her from the men. 321 00:19:11,677 --> 00:19:13,320 (singing in foreign language) 322 00:19:13,320 --> 00:19:15,960 These soldiers are so sexually deprived 323 00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:17,250 that they perform sketches 324 00:19:17,250 --> 00:19:19,763 using pathetic female substitutes. 325 00:19:33,240 --> 00:19:36,620 With no Germans to kill, they kill time instead. 326 00:19:36,620 --> 00:19:39,590 They occupy themselves by practicing their trade 327 00:19:39,590 --> 00:19:41,790 like this craftsman who uses 328 00:19:41,790 --> 00:19:43,130 the bronze shell casings (singing in foreign language) 329 00:19:43,130 --> 00:19:45,243 to make rings for faraway wives. 330 00:19:46,540 --> 00:19:50,373 (men laughing and chattering) 331 00:20:16,074 --> 00:20:18,574 (tense music) 332 00:20:20,210 --> 00:20:25,210 North of Verdun, 10 kilometers before Fort Douaumont, 333 00:20:27,830 --> 00:20:30,423 the Caures forest is on the French front line. 334 00:20:36,570 --> 00:20:38,810 Like the rest of this forgotten front, 335 00:20:38,810 --> 00:20:41,790 the Caures forest isn't heavily defended. 336 00:20:41,790 --> 00:20:44,780 The French soldiers wander around carefree, 337 00:20:44,780 --> 00:20:47,033 mere meters from the German lines. 338 00:20:53,150 --> 00:20:56,960 {\an8}Their leader is 61-year-old Colonel Emile Driant, 339 00:20:56,960 --> 00:21:00,360 {\an8}who will play a crucial role in upcoming events. 340 00:21:00,360 --> 00:21:03,040 After leaving the army, Driant became deputy 341 00:21:03,040 --> 00:21:06,370 for the part of the Lorraine region that remained French. 342 00:21:06,370 --> 00:21:09,140 A devoted patriot, he has volunteered to fight 343 00:21:09,140 --> 00:21:11,440 along with 200 other deputies. 344 00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:13,060 17 will be killed. 345 00:21:13,060 --> 00:21:14,444 Many others will be wounded. 346 00:21:14,444 --> 00:21:17,194 (men chattering) 347 00:21:21,740 --> 00:21:24,683 Driant is stationed in the quiet Verdun sector. 348 00:21:26,690 --> 00:21:31,150 {\an8}In February 1916, he commands 2,200 infantrymen 349 00:21:31,150 --> 00:21:32,890 known as Chasseurs. 350 00:21:32,890 --> 00:21:36,530 He lives among them and they all call him Father Driant. 351 00:21:36,530 --> 00:21:41,080 He has adopted a war orphan, 14-year-old Germain Baron, 352 00:21:41,080 --> 00:21:42,843 who is the battalion's mascot. 353 00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:47,510 Driant notices suspicious activity 354 00:21:47,510 --> 00:21:50,132 on the German lines in the woods. 355 00:21:50,132 --> 00:21:52,288 (bird cawing) 356 00:21:52,288 --> 00:21:54,871 (man shouting) 357 00:21:56,650 --> 00:21:57,830 He is convinced 358 00:21:57,830 --> 00:21:58,663 that they are related (tense music) 359 00:21:58,663 --> 00:22:01,200 to the preparation of a widespread attack on Verdun. 360 00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:05,580 He attempts to reinforce his defensive line 361 00:22:05,580 --> 00:22:07,713 with whatever means are at his disposal. 362 00:22:10,690 --> 00:22:12,600 New communication trenches are dug 363 00:22:13,510 --> 00:22:15,623 and makeshift shelters are constructed. 364 00:22:17,740 --> 00:22:20,960 On several occasions, Driant shares his concerns 365 00:22:20,960 --> 00:22:23,683 about Verdun's weak defenses with headquarters. 366 00:22:25,410 --> 00:22:27,453 But his warnings go unheeded. 367 00:22:29,190 --> 00:22:31,800 So he decides to abandon his post 368 00:22:31,800 --> 00:22:35,010 {\an8}and don his deputy's attire so that he can alert 369 00:22:35,010 --> 00:22:37,790 {\an8}the army commission. (tense music) 370 00:22:37,790 --> 00:22:39,720 The war minister demands explanations 371 00:22:39,720 --> 00:22:41,623 {\an8}of Commander-in-Chief General Joffre. 372 00:22:44,100 --> 00:22:47,200 {\an8}In the public eye, 64-year-old Joseph Joffre 373 00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,310 is the man who won the Battle of the Marne 374 00:22:49,310 --> 00:22:50,980 which saved Paris. 375 00:22:50,980 --> 00:22:54,640 {\an8}He appears to wield more power than Raymond Poincare, 376 00:22:54,640 --> 00:22:56,463 {\an8}President of the French Republic. 377 00:23:00,580 --> 00:23:03,120 {\an8}Joffre threatens to resign. 378 00:23:03,120 --> 00:23:06,857 He replies contemptuously to Driant's accusations. 379 00:23:06,857 --> 00:23:09,160 "I will not tolerate military officers 380 00:23:09,160 --> 00:23:12,090 informing the government of complaints or claims 381 00:23:12,090 --> 00:23:14,937 pertaining to the execution of my orders." 382 00:23:17,380 --> 00:23:19,300 The French Army's main headquarters at Chantilly 383 00:23:19,300 --> 00:23:24,300 in the north of Paris is truly a state within a state. 384 00:23:24,530 --> 00:23:26,800 Joffre has decided to ignore the warnings 385 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:28,423 which have increased in numbers. 386 00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:34,890 Such as this one, expressed by the head of secret services, 387 00:23:34,890 --> 00:23:36,253 General Charles Dupont. 388 00:23:37,887 --> 00:23:40,190 "Our intelligence is formal. 389 00:23:40,190 --> 00:23:42,940 The Germans are constantly increasing their numbers 390 00:23:42,940 --> 00:23:45,280 and strengthening their artillery. 391 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:47,840 I am struggling to persuade General Joffre 392 00:23:47,840 --> 00:23:51,000 of the imminence of a tremendous attack on Verdun 393 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,684 and yet, I've never had such trouble convincing him before." 394 00:23:54,684 --> 00:23:57,890 (tense drumming music) 395 00:23:57,890 --> 00:23:59,370 Why? 396 00:23:59,370 --> 00:24:01,830 Because an alert of this kind is common 397 00:24:01,830 --> 00:24:04,133 on a 700-kilometer-long front. 398 00:24:08,710 --> 00:24:12,633 For Joffre, the real battle is in the Somme. 399 00:24:13,930 --> 00:24:16,976 Nothing must overshadow this great offensive. 400 00:24:16,976 --> 00:24:20,393 (military trumpet music) 401 00:24:24,070 --> 00:24:28,020 (men chattering) (wind whistling) 402 00:24:28,020 --> 00:24:31,353 (plane engine rumbling) 403 00:24:33,530 --> 00:24:35,310 On the other side of the front, 404 00:24:35,310 --> 00:24:37,420 {\an8}on the evening of February 10th, 405 00:24:37,420 --> 00:24:39,040 {\an8}the Germans are awaiting the signal 406 00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:41,033 {\an8}to launch their offensive on Verdun. 407 00:24:42,578 --> 00:24:45,380 (tense music) 408 00:24:45,380 --> 00:24:49,270 The Kronprinz, the Emperor's son, appears one last time 409 00:24:49,270 --> 00:24:50,683 to motivate his troops. 410 00:24:55,450 --> 00:24:59,050 At that very moment, a small group of Alsatians desert 411 00:24:59,050 --> 00:25:03,653 including Emile Didier of Germany's 143rd Infantry Regiment. 412 00:25:06,170 --> 00:25:08,530 He successfully makes it to the French trenches 413 00:25:08,530 --> 00:25:10,547 and alerts the troops. (suspenseful music) 414 00:25:10,547 --> 00:25:13,667 "By 5 am, the Prussians will be here." 415 00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:19,710 {\an8}These Alsatian deserters are taken in by Driant's soldiers. 416 00:25:19,710 --> 00:25:23,460 {\an8}Driant immediately grasps the urgency of the situation. 417 00:25:23,460 --> 00:25:25,760 He decides to evacuate a few men. 418 00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:29,710 {\an8}He sadly bids farewell to his mascot, young Germain Baron 419 00:25:29,710 --> 00:25:32,370 {\an8}and entrusts his wedding band to his secretary 420 00:25:32,370 --> 00:25:33,853 to deliver to his wife. 421 00:25:35,030 --> 00:25:35,863 But a storm (wind whistling) 422 00:25:35,863 --> 00:25:37,523 delays the German offensive. 423 00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:46,350 Over a two-day period, the forest is engulfed 424 00:25:46,350 --> 00:25:48,290 in 50 centimeters of snow, 425 00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:50,310 providing Driant's Chasseurs 426 00:25:50,310 --> 00:25:54,173 and all those defending Verdun with an unexpected reprieve. 427 00:25:56,270 --> 00:25:59,150 Joffre finally decides to react. 428 00:25:59,150 --> 00:26:02,270 All available units around Verdun receive the order 429 00:26:02,270 --> 00:26:03,103 to make their way (somber music) 430 00:26:03,103 --> 00:26:04,053 to the front lines. 431 00:26:04,053 --> 00:26:06,354 (wind whistling) 432 00:26:06,354 --> 00:26:09,104 (men chattering) 433 00:26:10,380 --> 00:26:13,910 A French soldier from the 288th Infantry Regiment, 434 00:26:13,910 --> 00:26:15,763 Anatol Kasteks, writes, 435 00:26:18,137 --> 00:26:20,320 "Here we are since last night 436 00:26:20,320 --> 00:26:23,900 right next to the krauts who are just 80 meters away. 437 00:26:23,900 --> 00:26:25,490 The weather is awful. 438 00:26:25,490 --> 00:26:28,733 We are here as backup because an attack is expected. 439 00:26:28,733 --> 00:26:29,700 (suspenseful music) 440 00:26:29,700 --> 00:26:32,300 All furloughs have been suspended. 441 00:26:32,300 --> 00:26:34,120 Every night we dig trenches 442 00:26:34,120 --> 00:26:36,493 and plant barbed wire everywhere." 443 00:26:47,690 --> 00:26:50,070 On the other side, German soldiers 444 00:26:50,070 --> 00:26:53,720 who were prepared to attack are depleting their rations 445 00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:55,493 in order to withstand the cold. 446 00:26:56,670 --> 00:27:00,170 Paul Ettighoffer, a young Alsatian serving Germany 447 00:27:00,170 --> 00:27:01,603 describes the scene. 448 00:27:03,097 --> 00:27:05,040 "Water runs off our helmets 449 00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:07,853 spreading an unbearable cold throughout the body. 450 00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:11,600 The drops fall mercilessly 451 00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:13,830 wetting our hands and faces, 452 00:27:13,830 --> 00:27:15,623 bouncing off the cans of food. 453 00:27:16,970 --> 00:27:17,990 The monotonous sound 454 00:27:17,990 --> 00:27:20,817 feels like the ticking of death's clock." 455 00:27:24,058 --> 00:27:26,117 Driant tells his men, (suspenseful music) 456 00:27:26,117 --> 00:27:30,163 "Tomorrow a massive German assault is likely to be launched. 457 00:27:31,040 --> 00:27:34,588 We must be prepared to die where we stand." 458 00:27:34,588 --> 00:27:36,840 (clock ticking) 459 00:27:36,840 --> 00:27:41,370 The day of the attack, 7:15 am, February 21st, 1916. 460 00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:43,723 The sun is shining. 461 00:27:45,020 --> 00:27:47,330 The great German offensive designed to change 462 00:27:47,330 --> 00:27:49,308 the course of the war is unleashed. 463 00:27:49,308 --> 00:27:52,190 (man shouting) (artillery firing) 464 00:27:52,190 --> 00:27:55,150 A storm of steel and a tornado of fire 465 00:27:55,150 --> 00:27:57,190 rage for 10 straight hours. 466 00:27:57,190 --> 00:28:00,520 1,300 cannons fire one million shells 467 00:28:00,520 --> 00:28:02,240 over a 20-kilometer front, 468 00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:04,830 destroying the entire Caures forest zone. 469 00:28:04,830 --> 00:28:07,913 (explosions booming) 470 00:28:21,170 --> 00:28:25,130 At 5 pm on February 21st, 1916, 471 00:28:25,130 --> 00:28:26,960 the bombing stops. 472 00:28:26,960 --> 00:28:28,750 The German assault troops advance, 473 00:28:28,750 --> 00:28:30,500 taking possession of a stretch of land 474 00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:33,510 that should be devoid of all living beings. 475 00:28:33,510 --> 00:28:37,570 But against all odds, some French soldiers have survived. 476 00:28:37,570 --> 00:28:41,540 Amongst them, Driant's Chasseurs. 477 00:28:41,540 --> 00:28:43,340 Despite terrible losses, (guns firing) 478 00:28:43,340 --> 00:28:45,550 the survivors rally courageously 479 00:28:45,550 --> 00:28:47,173 and resist with all their might. 480 00:28:48,020 --> 00:28:50,720 The flame throwers force the French out into the open. 481 00:28:58,380 --> 00:29:00,540 Running from one ditch to the next, 482 00:29:00,540 --> 00:29:02,053 they relentlessly retaliate. 483 00:29:02,053 --> 00:29:02,970 (explosion booming) 484 00:29:02,970 --> 00:29:05,420 By nightfall, practically all the trenches 485 00:29:05,420 --> 00:29:08,756 overtaken by the Germans are now back in French hands. 486 00:29:08,756 --> 00:29:10,530 (artillery firing) (men shouting) 487 00:29:10,530 --> 00:29:15,530 The following day, on February 22nd, 1916, at 5 am, 488 00:29:15,703 --> 00:29:19,060 Driant's infantry men endure another crushing attack. 489 00:29:19,060 --> 00:29:20,880 The assault is just as violent 490 00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:24,670 but this time the Germans have added gas shells. 491 00:29:24,670 --> 00:29:26,680 Suffocating and overpowered, 492 00:29:26,680 --> 00:29:29,380 the defenders are unable to stop the German offensive. 493 00:29:30,580 --> 00:29:31,720 (guns firing) 494 00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:33,453 Driant sends out a final message. 495 00:29:34,477 --> 00:29:36,400 "I'm down to my last reserves. 496 00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:37,520 Send backup. 497 00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:39,509 I'll defend my line to the very end." 498 00:29:39,509 --> 00:29:42,592 (explosions booming) 499 00:29:44,210 --> 00:29:46,153 Following a final counterattack, 500 00:29:47,140 --> 00:29:50,010 Driant orders the retreat and leaves last 501 00:29:50,010 --> 00:29:51,054 to protect his men. 502 00:29:51,054 --> 00:29:53,554 (guns firing) 503 00:29:55,683 --> 00:29:57,540 (artillery firing) 504 00:29:57,540 --> 00:29:59,663 A few survivors make their way back. 505 00:30:00,686 --> 00:30:02,760 (men chattering) 506 00:30:02,760 --> 00:30:04,450 They manage to reach the aid station 507 00:30:04,450 --> 00:30:06,763 where Dr. Nicole Mangin is waiting. 508 00:30:08,270 --> 00:30:11,463 She recalls, (tense music) 509 00:30:12,587 --> 00:30:14,890 "They came from all sides, 510 00:30:14,890 --> 00:30:18,090 pointing to their injured limbs and faces. 511 00:30:18,090 --> 00:30:20,280 They claimed that the Caures forest had fallen 512 00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:22,950 into enemy hands and that Driant's men 513 00:30:22,950 --> 00:30:24,960 had been exterminated. 514 00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:27,630 Colonel Driant was dead according to some, 515 00:30:27,630 --> 00:30:29,940 or a prisoner according to others. 516 00:30:29,940 --> 00:30:31,440 We didn't know what to think." 517 00:30:32,830 --> 00:30:34,743 Emile Driant was shot in the head. 518 00:30:35,924 --> 00:30:38,080 (somber music) 519 00:30:38,080 --> 00:30:40,700 Like him, these men that he photographed 520 00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:43,373 a few days prior to the attack did not survive. 521 00:30:46,490 --> 00:30:50,970 Out of 2,200 men, 1,700 died. 522 00:30:50,970 --> 00:30:54,390 Their sacrifice made the Germans lose an entire day. 523 00:30:54,390 --> 00:30:56,830 Was this delay decisive? 524 00:30:56,830 --> 00:30:59,080 Thanks to the heroes of the Caures forest, 525 00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:01,320 the first backups were able to get there 526 00:31:01,320 --> 00:31:04,609 and France's artillery is now concentrated in the area. 527 00:31:04,609 --> 00:31:07,526 (artillery firing) 528 00:31:09,020 --> 00:31:11,370 300 French cannons let loose. 529 00:31:11,370 --> 00:31:13,680 The artillery me don't bother to aim. 530 00:31:13,680 --> 00:31:16,649 They just shower the Kronprinz's troops with shells. 531 00:31:16,649 --> 00:31:18,020 (men shouting) 532 00:31:18,020 --> 00:31:20,283 German soldier Richard Muller writes, 533 00:31:21,757 --> 00:31:23,310 "We're caught in the crossfire. 534 00:31:23,310 --> 00:31:25,590 Retreating is as dangerous as advancing. 535 00:31:25,590 --> 00:31:28,840 We're surrounded by a horrifying chaos of human debris. 536 00:31:28,840 --> 00:31:30,230 We hear moaning that seems to come 537 00:31:30,230 --> 00:31:31,800 from the bowels of the Earth. 538 00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,150 It's the poor souls who have been buried alive. 539 00:31:34,150 --> 00:31:36,859 How can we escape the French artillery fire?" 540 00:31:36,859 --> 00:31:39,260 (artillery firing) 541 00:31:39,260 --> 00:31:41,220 Despite the terrible losses, 542 00:31:41,220 --> 00:31:42,240 the Germans continue (suspenseful music) 543 00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:43,690 their relentless progression. 544 00:31:47,820 --> 00:31:52,410 On the second day of the attack, February 23rd, 1916, 545 00:31:52,410 --> 00:31:53,910 they storm the Cote-du-Poivre. 546 00:31:56,710 --> 00:31:58,370 They are only five kilometers 547 00:31:58,370 --> 00:32:00,930 from the impenetrable Fort Douaumont, 548 00:32:00,930 --> 00:32:03,080 the highest point from which they would dominate 549 00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:04,513 the entire battlefield. 550 00:32:07,070 --> 00:32:09,350 Fort Douaumont is gigantic. (tense drumming music) 551 00:32:09,350 --> 00:32:11,690 It's a 400-meter-wide hexagon, 552 00:32:11,690 --> 00:32:16,393 spanning 7.5 acres, surrounded by six-meter-thick walls. 553 00:32:18,590 --> 00:32:21,850 Its underground passages, built at various depths, 554 00:32:21,850 --> 00:32:25,020 run several kilometers long and can provide shelter 555 00:32:25,020 --> 00:32:29,000 to 3,000 soldiers, although there are only four toilets. 556 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:32,087 The tunnels are lit by gas lamps and candles. 557 00:32:32,087 --> 00:32:35,660 (footsteps clacking) 558 00:32:35,660 --> 00:32:38,820 The men defending it are a few territorials, 559 00:32:38,820 --> 00:32:41,193 older soldiers who have been called back up. 560 00:32:42,160 --> 00:32:44,020 These forts, built to defend France 561 00:32:44,020 --> 00:32:47,203 after the defeat of 1870, are still imposing. 562 00:32:48,410 --> 00:32:50,980 French propaganda turns them into strongholds 563 00:32:50,980 --> 00:32:53,640 that can block the access to Paris. 564 00:32:53,640 --> 00:32:55,123 But for how long? 565 00:32:57,950 --> 00:32:59,570 The French are very worried 566 00:32:59,570 --> 00:33:01,690 about the fall of the Cote-du-Poivre 567 00:33:01,690 --> 00:33:03,473 and the threat to Fort Douaumont. 568 00:33:04,540 --> 00:33:06,610 {\an8}Commander-in-chief General Joffre 569 00:33:06,610 --> 00:33:09,270 {\an8}gives the order to hold position. 570 00:33:09,270 --> 00:33:10,410 (tense drumming music) 571 00:33:10,410 --> 00:33:14,580 He writes, "Any commander who, in our current situation 572 00:33:14,580 --> 00:33:17,380 gives an order to retreat, will be summoned to appear 573 00:33:17,380 --> 00:33:18,857 before a war council." 574 00:33:20,650 --> 00:33:23,673 Reinforcements converge on the great slaughterhouse. 575 00:33:27,810 --> 00:33:31,020 Joffre is now ready to sacrifice any number of men 576 00:33:31,020 --> 00:33:32,773 to block the road to Paris. 577 00:33:35,690 --> 00:33:36,610 (tense music) 578 00:33:36,610 --> 00:33:39,410 Five days after the beginning of the German attack, 579 00:33:39,410 --> 00:33:42,270 February 26th, 1916, 580 00:33:42,270 --> 00:33:44,350 200 kilometers from Verdun, 581 00:33:44,350 --> 00:33:46,540 Clemence Martin is in her village, 582 00:33:46,540 --> 00:33:48,490 occupied by the Germans. 583 00:33:48,490 --> 00:33:52,150 She understands that serious events are taking place. 584 00:33:52,150 --> 00:33:54,890 She writes, "We can hear the cannons. 585 00:33:54,890 --> 00:33:57,220 The Germans tell us it's coming from Verdun. 586 00:33:57,220 --> 00:33:58,500 I can't believe it. 587 00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:00,312 That's 200 kilometers away. 588 00:34:00,312 --> 00:34:01,670 (lively victory music) 589 00:34:01,670 --> 00:34:03,160 They're celebrating. 590 00:34:03,160 --> 00:34:05,163 Their flags are hoisted in victory. 591 00:34:06,280 --> 00:34:08,683 They ring the bells at noon to sing their joy. 592 00:34:10,620 --> 00:34:12,317 To me it sounds like a death knell. 593 00:34:12,317 --> 00:34:13,150 (men chattering) (bells tolling) 594 00:34:13,150 --> 00:34:15,400 They claim one of the Verdun forts has been seized 595 00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:17,460 which seems unbelievable. 596 00:34:17,460 --> 00:34:18,867 Is that even possible?" 597 00:34:20,773 --> 00:34:23,523 (dramatic music) 598 00:34:24,730 --> 00:34:26,330 {\an8}Douaumont. 599 00:34:26,330 --> 00:34:28,470 This famous German propaganda film 600 00:34:28,470 --> 00:34:31,950 celebrates the great feat, the taking of the fort, 601 00:34:31,950 --> 00:34:34,170 even though there was no real resistance 602 00:34:34,170 --> 00:34:36,800 because it wasn't heavily defended. 603 00:34:36,800 --> 00:34:40,253 But conquering Fort Douaumont has huge repercussions. 604 00:34:45,604 --> 00:34:46,950 (men chattering) 605 00:34:46,950 --> 00:34:49,393 German soldier Paul Ettighoffer writes, 606 00:34:50,461 --> 00:34:51,497 (somber music) (artillery booming) 607 00:34:51,497 --> 00:34:54,930 "To us, the fall of Douaumont is the symbol of victory, 608 00:34:54,930 --> 00:34:56,460 and hopefully, peace." 609 00:34:56,460 --> 00:34:58,260 (tense music) 610 00:34:58,260 --> 00:35:00,870 Emperor Wilhelm II has the press publish 611 00:35:00,870 --> 00:35:02,223 a communique announcing, 612 00:35:03,947 --> 00:35:07,000 "Verdun's main fort has fallen." 613 00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:10,040 It makes the headlines of the world's newspapers. 614 00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:11,620 The "Sunday Pictorial", 615 00:35:11,620 --> 00:35:14,350 the most important English newspaper of the time, 616 00:35:14,350 --> 00:35:16,070 with a circulation of two million, 617 00:35:16,070 --> 00:35:17,897 runs the headline 618 00:35:17,897 --> 00:35:20,056 "Will the Germans Break Through in Verdun?" 619 00:35:20,056 --> 00:35:23,170 (somber music) 620 00:35:23,170 --> 00:35:25,233 English public opinion and King George V 621 00:35:25,233 --> 00:35:28,230 both believe that if the French front gives way, 622 00:35:28,230 --> 00:35:30,420 the war may be is lost. (crowd cheering) 623 00:35:30,420 --> 00:35:33,260 As it is, so many men have left their families 624 00:35:33,260 --> 00:35:34,443 to fight in the Somme. 625 00:35:40,860 --> 00:35:42,970 The French press purposely doesn't report 626 00:35:42,970 --> 00:35:44,780 on the status of Douaumont 627 00:35:44,780 --> 00:35:47,590 so as not to discourage the population. 628 00:35:47,590 --> 00:35:49,530 Instead, it announces (tense music) 629 00:35:49,530 --> 00:35:53,063 the arrival of the Emperor, the Kaiser, on the Verdun front. 630 00:35:55,950 --> 00:35:59,070 Wilhelm II must be concerned about the many losses 631 00:35:59,070 --> 00:36:03,787 suffered by his army, 20,000 men in less than one week. 632 00:36:03,787 --> 00:36:07,093 "We must persevere," pleads his son the Kronprinz. 633 00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:09,930 According to German Command, 634 00:36:09,930 --> 00:36:12,690 the artillery now set up in the hills of Douaumont, 635 00:36:12,690 --> 00:36:14,950 less than 10 kilometer from Verdun, 636 00:36:14,950 --> 00:36:16,733 will be able to reach the city. 637 00:36:20,557 --> 00:36:23,381 {\an8}(artillery firing) (tense music) 638 00:36:23,381 --> 00:36:25,510 {\an8}Verdun has been hit hard. 639 00:36:25,510 --> 00:36:28,588 Its cathedral was 1,000 years old. 640 00:36:28,588 --> 00:36:29,421 (suspenseful music) 641 00:36:29,421 --> 00:36:31,800 The city has been partially evacuated 642 00:36:32,880 --> 00:36:35,643 and the German shells don't claim many victims. 643 00:36:38,430 --> 00:36:39,630 But the French High Command (somber music) 644 00:36:39,630 --> 00:36:42,330 understands the gravity of the situation. 645 00:36:42,330 --> 00:36:44,993 The protective ring of forts is about to give way. 646 00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:51,883 The villagers around Verdun are forced to leave their homes. 647 00:36:53,910 --> 00:36:57,170 They pass by soldiers and medics under terrible stress 648 00:36:57,170 --> 00:36:58,903 going in the opposite direction. 649 00:37:00,832 --> 00:37:01,950 (people chattering) 650 00:37:01,950 --> 00:37:04,090 Surgeon Georges Duhamel will become 651 00:37:04,090 --> 00:37:06,280 one of the greatest French authors. 652 00:37:06,280 --> 00:37:10,580 He writes, "They push wretched animals 653 00:37:10,580 --> 00:37:14,400 and shaky carts carrying mattresses, quilts, 654 00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:16,463 whatever is needed to sleep and eat. 655 00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,520 From village to village, they look for accommodations 656 00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:26,653 that don't exist, yet they never complain. 657 00:37:30,940 --> 00:37:33,000 Groups of people with minor injuries limp 658 00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:36,483 towards the ambulance, a doctor approaches us. 659 00:37:37,504 --> 00:37:39,010 (bombs whistling) 660 00:37:39,010 --> 00:37:41,200 We are immediately struck by the stench 661 00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:43,055 and the complaints of the wounded. 662 00:37:43,055 --> 00:37:44,370 (artillery firing) 663 00:37:44,370 --> 00:37:47,520 A wave of formaldehyde tears at our throats 664 00:37:47,520 --> 00:37:50,530 but can't mask the vile odor of men crowded together. 665 00:37:50,530 --> 00:37:51,900 (man coughing) 666 00:37:51,900 --> 00:37:55,610 We see them in different rooms, huddled around frying pans 667 00:37:55,610 --> 00:37:58,359 or stretched out on cots and hallway tiles. 668 00:37:58,359 --> 00:38:01,380 (men shouting) 669 00:38:01,380 --> 00:38:04,384 We hurry to divide up the work and allocate roles. 670 00:38:04,384 --> 00:38:06,200 (men screaming) 671 00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:09,410 The cries and the suffering overpower the explosions 672 00:38:09,410 --> 00:38:11,300 of the tremendous cannonade." 673 00:38:19,010 --> 00:38:19,987 Georges Duhamel (somber music) 674 00:38:19,987 --> 00:38:21,380 and the three other surgeons 675 00:38:21,380 --> 00:38:23,750 of Ambulance 93 carry out 676 00:38:23,750 --> 00:38:26,423 over a hundred emergency operations per day. 677 00:38:29,230 --> 00:38:32,450 They sort the wounded by the seriousness of their injuries, 678 00:38:32,450 --> 00:38:35,690 amputating wherever gangrene has developed. 679 00:38:35,690 --> 00:38:38,343 They see to the burial of those they couldn't save. 680 00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:48,170 Six days after the attack on February 27th, 1916, 681 00:38:48,170 --> 00:38:50,660 while Georges Duhamel is trying to save lives 682 00:38:50,660 --> 00:38:52,470 in the suburbs of Verdun, 683 00:38:52,470 --> 00:38:55,690 the situation on the battlefield remains critical. 684 00:38:55,690 --> 00:38:56,830 The French have lost Douaumont 685 00:38:56,830 --> 00:38:59,690 but they desperately try to hold onto the village 686 00:38:59,690 --> 00:39:00,577 behind the fort. 687 00:39:00,577 --> 00:39:02,690 (artillery firing) 688 00:39:02,690 --> 00:39:05,330 The 95th Infantry Regiment tries to resist 689 00:39:05,330 --> 00:39:07,123 and even attempts to attack. 690 00:39:08,735 --> 00:39:13,700 (guns firing) (artillery firing) 691 00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:16,370 The soldiers await their turn in the central trench 692 00:39:16,370 --> 00:39:18,043 that leads to the front line. 693 00:39:21,786 --> 00:39:24,667 (men shouting) (guns firing) 694 00:39:24,667 --> 00:39:27,917 (eerie piercing music) 695 00:39:36,031 --> 00:39:41,004 The regiment loses 800 men out of 1,000 in a single day. 696 00:39:41,004 --> 00:39:43,620 Eugene Lemercier, a French fighter, 697 00:39:43,620 --> 00:39:45,570 describes this never-ending hell 698 00:39:45,570 --> 00:39:47,857 in a letter to his mother. (tense music) 699 00:39:47,857 --> 00:39:50,563 "You have no idea what man can do to his fellow man. 700 00:39:52,300 --> 00:39:54,533 My feet are covered with human brain matter. 701 00:39:55,580 --> 00:39:59,473 I crush thoraxes and walk over entrails. 702 00:40:01,640 --> 00:40:03,163 The regiment was heroic, 703 00:40:05,210 --> 00:40:06,993 but we have no more officers. 704 00:40:13,731 --> 00:40:16,460 When all the officers have died, one after the other, 705 00:40:16,460 --> 00:40:19,220 the noncommissioned officers take command 706 00:40:19,220 --> 00:40:23,117 and the combat continues until no man is left standing." 707 00:40:24,370 --> 00:40:25,860 Those who survive are the ones 708 00:40:25,860 --> 00:40:27,780 who have been there the longest. 709 00:40:27,780 --> 00:40:30,480 They have been fighting for almost two years 710 00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:32,140 and have learned their trade. 711 00:40:32,140 --> 00:40:34,310 Even in the shell holes and humidity, 712 00:40:34,310 --> 00:40:35,747 in the cold and ice, 713 00:40:35,747 --> 00:40:38,300 they know small ways to create 714 00:40:38,300 --> 00:40:43,090 a semblance of comfort. (suspenseful music) 715 00:40:43,090 --> 00:40:45,560 They've been ordered to hold their position. 716 00:40:45,560 --> 00:40:47,770 Above all, their commanding general 717 00:40:47,770 --> 00:40:49,693 wants to reassure the allies. 718 00:41:11,159 --> 00:41:14,520 Joffre sends as many reinforcements as he can. 719 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:16,310 To lead the defense of Verdun, 720 00:41:16,310 --> 00:41:20,443 {\an8}he names a recognized and available leader, Philippe Petain. 721 00:41:25,030 --> 00:41:29,000 The problem is that Petain is in Paris and can't be located. 722 00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:31,520 One of his officers familiar with his habits 723 00:41:31,520 --> 00:41:33,600 goes round to the brothels and hotels 724 00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:35,513 that Petain frequently visits. 725 00:41:35,513 --> 00:41:38,326 (lively French music) 726 00:41:38,326 --> 00:41:39,680 Petain is found in a room 727 00:41:39,680 --> 00:41:42,020 at the Hotel Terminus Gare du Nord 728 00:41:42,020 --> 00:41:44,440 in the company of Eugenie Hardon, 729 00:41:44,440 --> 00:41:46,420 a 39-year-old divorcee. 730 00:41:46,420 --> 00:41:48,340 She's considered his steady girl 731 00:41:48,340 --> 00:41:50,380 because there are others too 732 00:41:50,380 --> 00:41:52,253 just as pretty but younger. 733 00:41:56,810 --> 00:41:58,110 One week after the onset (tense music) 734 00:41:58,110 --> 00:41:59,460 of the German attack, 735 00:41:59,460 --> 00:42:02,390 Petain and his general staff settle into the City Hall 736 00:42:02,390 --> 00:42:06,020 at Souilly, 20 kilometers from Verdun. 737 00:42:06,020 --> 00:42:09,430 General Petain is 60, a farmer's son. 738 00:42:09,430 --> 00:42:12,330 Heavily affected by the defeat of 1870, 739 00:42:12,330 --> 00:42:14,970 he establishes his authority through his composure 740 00:42:14,970 --> 00:42:16,423 and sense of leadership. 741 00:42:19,680 --> 00:42:22,313 But will he succeed in turning the situation around? 742 00:42:25,140 --> 00:42:28,180 His men claim he has the spirit of a foot soldier. 743 00:42:28,180 --> 00:42:30,560 He is concerned about their existence. 744 00:42:30,560 --> 00:42:33,250 He dares to say, "Firepower kills," 745 00:42:33,250 --> 00:42:34,873 which is rare for a general. 746 00:42:37,240 --> 00:42:39,247 He also advises his men, 747 00:42:39,247 --> 00:42:41,160 "Be heroic by all means, 748 00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:43,734 but most importantly, stay alive." 749 00:42:43,734 --> 00:42:45,400 (men chattering) (horse snorting) 750 00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:47,440 He does everything in his power to improve 751 00:42:47,440 --> 00:42:50,673 the daily existence of the Poilus, or hairy beasts. 752 00:42:51,690 --> 00:42:53,540 He is concerned with irregularity 753 00:42:53,540 --> 00:42:54,970 and the quality of the meals 754 00:42:55,820 --> 00:42:57,983 and never skimps on the red wine. 755 00:42:59,610 --> 00:43:02,030 There is always more wine than water 756 00:43:02,030 --> 00:43:05,713 which is in serious shortage. (lively music) 757 00:43:07,341 --> 00:43:10,910 (singing in foreign language) 758 00:43:10,910 --> 00:43:13,640 The red wine is brought all the way to the front, 759 00:43:13,640 --> 00:43:17,203 bringing courage to these men ready to die for the homeland. 760 00:43:27,593 --> 00:43:30,176 (lively music) 761 00:43:38,757 --> 00:43:41,507 (wind whistling) 762 00:43:44,241 --> 00:43:46,824 (somber music) 763 00:44:21,250 --> 00:44:24,583 {\an8}(dramatic somber music) 764 00:45:03,005 --> 00:45:05,755 (dramatic music) 765 00:45:15,440 --> 00:45:18,690 (tense drumming music) 766 00:45:32,944 --> 00:45:35,611 {\an8}(gentle music) 58512

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