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(ship honking)
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February 1919, In New York,
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the return of African-American soldiers is a celebration.
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(trumpets playing)
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(whooshing)
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Their bandleader James Reese recalls.
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Heroes were shouted from windows, from roofs,
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from the street.
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(crowds cheering)
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As the regiment moved along,
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they were joined by mothers, sweethearts and brothers.
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The 369th regiment was nicknamed, the Harlem Hellfighters.
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The French had pulled them from their deployment
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on the loading docks and rail lines to fight alongside them
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and they had fought heroically.
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(trumpets playing)
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One of the great activists of their (mumbles),
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{\an8}Marcus Garvey proclaims,
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"We believe the Negro should not be deprived of any
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"of those rights or privileges common
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"to other human beings."
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(crowd cheering)
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President Wilson, however,
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believes in the segregation of Blacks from Whites.
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At the same time outside the US, he defends the right
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of peoples to self determination.
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Back in the US, he embarks on a long tour
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to mobilize public opinion in favor
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of the Treaty of Versailles.
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Wilson knows that in Washington,
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the Senate remains deeply reluctant.
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He knows that voters of German origin are furious
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about the clauses of the treaty, that they find insulting,
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unfair to their former homeland.
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(crowd cheering)
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Wilson also knows that the Senate is hostile
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to the founding covenant of the League of Nations.
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It imposes a mutual defense pact on member states.
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This could potentially lead
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to a new American military intervention, which nobody wants.
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Wilson tries to hold back the tide.
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He says, "Failure to back the League of Nations,
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"would break the heart of the world."
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Wilson works to the point of exhaustion
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and suffers a stroke that leaves him paralyzed and mute.
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(dramatic music)
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What will the US Senate do?
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If it rejects the Treaty of Versailles
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and the League of Nations, will Peace be possible?
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{\an8}While awaiting ratification by the Americans,
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Europe's most urgent priority is rebuilding.
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Belgium and Serbia are severely damaged.
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But in France, the destruction is far worse.
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The North and East of France are devastated.
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(gentle music)
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Stefan Zweig writes, "All the livid steeds
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"of the apocalypse have reared up."
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Revolution and famine, terror, epidemics
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and above all else, that arch plague nationalism,
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which has poisoned our European culture.
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(gentle music)
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The war destroyed 1/3 of France's wealth.
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The numbers are staggering.
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Of villages wiped off the map, of unexploded shells
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and land mines of fields contaminated with toxic gas.
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The earth must be cleansed of this ocean of poisons.
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A long and dangerous tasks as these farmers
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and pickerdy shell, whose fields are littered with shells,
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they must dispose of.
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(gentle music)
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(loud blasting)
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In spite of everything, they resume their lives
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as they always have in centuries past.
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(gentle music)
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The French order German prisoners of war
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to de-mine the country, in violation
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of the Geneva Convention,
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the International agreement that protects captured forces.
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There is still 300,000 of these unfortunate men in France,
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interned at the horrible Somme camp near Verdun.
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The German soldier helmet court writes,
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"I have the impression I'm considered a criminal.
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"Every hour it becomes clear.
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"The cynicism of the French and their hatred of us,
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"they now want us to pay."
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(faint thudding)
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22,105 prisoners die in the ruins or simply from hunger.
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(men chattering)
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But the French suffer too.
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In the markets, the price of beans and potatoes
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is four times higher than before the war.
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(chattering)
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Rich Americans come to the aid of the French,
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{\an8}like the heiress of a large bank.
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{\an8}Anne Morgan, who along with Dr. Anne Murray Dike,
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{\an8}founded this first NGO,
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the American Committee for Devastated France.
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(trumpets playing)
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They replant forests destroyed by shells.
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They transform a Chateau into a dispensary.
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Anne Morgan writes to her mother,
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"Our work is a joy, we are useful here."
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These people lived under the German occupation.
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Their only food was beetroot that is fed to cows.
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They slept at night on bare floors in the bitter cold.
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They are now coming back to life.
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(bright classical music)
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(cow mooing)
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(children crying)
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6 million orphans are adrift in Europe.
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(violin playing)
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These Polish children who miraculously survived
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the many battles in their homeland,
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are welcomed to the United States.
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(crowd cheering)
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In Paris, the sparring orphans of MoMA are spared
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from misery as the French government makes them
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Wards of the State, until they reach adulthood.
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{\an8}Russia has untold numbers of orphans,
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especially after the Civil War.
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The victory of the Communists in 1922 brings the GULAGs,
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the concentration camps of Lenin and then Stalin.
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And so more orphans are thrown
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into the streets, becoming block noise, little criminals.
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{\an8}(bright folk music)
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Britain has its own urgent problem of orphan delinquents.
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The solution is radical.
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A one-way ticket on the first ship
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to the farms in the wide open spaces of Western Canada.
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In Ottawa, Member of Parliament J.S Woodsworth points out,
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"We are turning children into cheap laborers."
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Today, one in 10 Canadians is a descendant
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of these displaced children.
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In a similar vein, the UK begins exporting young women
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who now cannot find husbands.
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These so called surplus women
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from the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps
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are headed to Australia.
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(cheering)
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(gentle music)
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How will the survivors mourn?
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One of Lithuania's greatest poets, Oscar Milosz
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expresses what the parents, widows
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and children feel walking through the endless rows
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of graves marked by the cross Star of David
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or crescent moon.
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He says, "Oh, the dead, the dead,
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"the dead are at least less dead than I."
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Many families seek to repatriate their dead,
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to be able to visit their loved ones grave
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in the local cemetery.
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But first, the remains must be dug up.
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Special units of the American Army are filmed carrying out
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this grim task.
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230,000 bodies are returned to their families
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and France where most
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of the military cemetery are located.
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They remain to this day the graves of 700,000 French
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and colonial soldiers, 750,000 German soldiers,
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300,000 British soldiers, including 60,000 Canadians,
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and 34,000 Americans.
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(bird chirping)
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Everywhere people try desperately to get in touch
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with the spirits of the dead.
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(lively upbeat music)
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Spiritualism has been very popular since the 19th century.
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The high priest of spiritualism at the time
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is a certain Leon Vini, he writes,
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"Innumerable legions of souls hover over us eager
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"to communicate."
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Those who died in battle seek only to manifest themselves
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to their loved ones on earth.
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(gentle music)
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Sadly, these seances are just another swindle.
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To remember the dead, honor them
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and unite the people in their memory.
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Every country, every city,
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every village must have a memorial.
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They can celebrate heroism and combat, pacifism,
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or dignified strength.
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Like this bronze caribou,
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a tribute to 814 men from Newfoundland,
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then part of the British Empire who died serving in the war
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and who had no known grave.
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(upbeat music)
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(faint thudding)
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Around the world, sculptors work day and night
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to fill the thousands of orders for war memorials.
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(crowd cheering)
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{\an8}London, November 11th, 1920.
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King George V and his sons,
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the future sovereigns begin the first ceremony honoring
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the Unknown Soldier.
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(gentle music)
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In this coffin lie the remains of an unidentified body,
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chosen at random to commemorate the 500,000 missing
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and unburied and all through the British Empire who died.
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The French had learned a month earlier that the ceremony
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was being organized.
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The government had not planned a similar commemoration
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and the press was indignant.
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A leftist Member of Parliament recorded a vengeful speech.
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One of the first films of sound.
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{\an8}(foreign language)
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{\an8}(crowd cheering)
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France's Unknown Soldier lies beneath the Arc de Triomphe
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with an eternal flame over his grave.
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Many other countries also adopted this powerful symbol.
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{\an8}In Belgium, the soldier King Albert I
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turns the dedication into a ceremony of unity
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for his people.
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(gentle music)
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(crowd chattering)
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{\an8}Washington, the 11th of November, 1921.
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The ceremony for the Unknown American Soldier
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is attended by Marshall Ferdinand Foch,
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the Supreme Allied Commander at the end of the war.
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{\an8}This is the Crow Chief, Plenty Coups
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{\an8}who only 30 years before had allied with the American Army
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and the tragic Indian Wars against the Sioux Nation.
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(faint drumming)
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At Arlington National Cemetery near Washington,
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Plenty Coups presents the Unknown Soldier with a coup stick,
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a warriors Weapon of Bravery.
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(ululating)
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(crowd cheering)
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Foch tells the former commander of American Forces
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in France, General Pershing,
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"I want to see the tribes of the Wild West."
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In North Dakota, he meets the Crow Nation's mortal enemy,
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the Sioux chief, Red Tomahawk.
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A welcoming committee gives him a fur coat,
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and a peace pipe.
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(men vocalizing)
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General Foce is given the name, charging thunder.
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(crowd cheering)
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In Washington, President Wilson severely weakened
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by his stroke is devastated by a defeat in Congress.
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The United States refuses to ratify
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the Treaty of Versailles.
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The vote reflects American public opinion,
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which is deeply isolationist.
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The American people no longer want to get involved
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in the affairs of others, nor go to war again.
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(bright upbeat music)
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Typical of this 1920s generation,
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here's how Zelda Fitzgerald, the young wife
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of novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald, describes her peers.
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The Flapper awakes from her lethargy of sub-deb-ism,
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bobs her hair, put on her choicest pair of earrings
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in a great deal of audacity and rage and goes into battle.
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She flirts because it is fun to flirt
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and wears a one-piece bathing suit
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because she has a good figure, and she refuses to be bored,
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chiefly because she isn't boring.
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She is conscious that the things she does
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are the things she has always wanted to do.
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(trumpets playing)
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(metal ringing)
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But happiness is fragile.
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By refusing to sign the Treaty of Versailles,
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the United States Senate has jeopardized Wilson's
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other dream of the League of Nations.
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The league however, has already been established
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in the country of neutrality, Switzerland
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00:16:03,530 --> 00:16:04,980
{\an8}on the shores of Lake Geneva.
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00:16:07,300 --> 00:16:09,610
But without America, will this precursor
268
00:16:09,610 --> 00:16:11,920
of the United Nations, assembled for most
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00:16:11,920 --> 00:16:14,852
of the world's countries be able to keep the peace.
270
00:16:14,852 --> 00:16:17,602
(dramatic music)
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00:16:21,380 --> 00:16:24,530
The various treaties that follow the Treaty of Versailles
272
00:16:24,530 --> 00:16:26,563
will set off endless conflicts.
273
00:16:27,870 --> 00:16:30,190
The treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1919
274
00:16:30,190 --> 00:16:33,280
and Trianon in 1920, will break up
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00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:37,910
the Austro-Hungarian Empire by creating new nation states,
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00:16:37,910 --> 00:16:42,410
such as a smaller Austria, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia,
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00:16:42,410 --> 00:16:44,583
and also reshape Hungary and Romania.
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00:16:47,230 --> 00:16:48,810
The famous right of People's
279
00:16:48,810 --> 00:16:51,823
to Self Determination, has not really been respected.
280
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Germans are now in Poland and Czechoslovakia,
281
00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:59,600
Hungarians in Romania, Croatians in Yugoslavia,
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00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:02,220
the Austro-Hungarian empire in hope to gather
283
00:17:02,220 --> 00:17:04,143
all these people in relative peace.
284
00:17:09,410 --> 00:17:12,070
Similarly, the Ottoman Empire had prevented
285
00:17:12,070 --> 00:17:15,193
various Arab tribes from tearing each other apart.
286
00:17:17,070 --> 00:17:21,620
But at Treaty of Sèvres August 10th, 1920,
287
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the Ottoman Empire,
288
00:17:23,010 --> 00:17:25,700
severely punished for having supported Germany
289
00:17:25,700 --> 00:17:28,290
is stripped down to the Turkey of today,
290
00:17:28,290 --> 00:17:30,793
minus the Greek Enclave of the city of Smyrna.
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00:17:32,680 --> 00:17:36,573
The map of the Middle East is redrawn by England and France.
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00:17:38,150 --> 00:17:41,230
The French want to expand their colonial territories
293
00:17:41,230 --> 00:17:43,353
by taking control of Syria and Lebanon.
294
00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:49,080
The British create new countries, Transjordan,
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now Jordan, Palestine, and crucially Iraq,
296
00:17:53,450 --> 00:17:55,743
giving themselves control of oil production.
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00:17:57,120 --> 00:17:59,950
Wilson had supported the creation of a Kurdish State
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and for a few months, it did exist, before disappearing,
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00:18:03,240 --> 00:18:04,773
swept away by the Turks.
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{\an8}(gentle music)
301
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{\an8}In Palestine, the Romans had driven the Jews out
302
00:18:11,370 --> 00:18:13,533
of Jerusalem 2000 years earlier.
303
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The Arabs now 600,000 strong are less than welcoming
304
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to Jewish Zion's who have been fleeing
305
00:18:21,290 --> 00:18:23,880
to the promised land since the late 19th century
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00:18:23,880 --> 00:18:26,430
to escape persecution in Central Europe and Russia.
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00:18:32,580 --> 00:18:34,840
During the war, the British,
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like the famous Colonel T. E. Lawrence seen here
309
00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:39,600
at the Treaty of Sykes-Picot
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made many promises to the Arabs
311
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in exchange for their support against the Turks,
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00:18:43,850 --> 00:18:46,213
one being to halt Jewish immigration.
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00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:53,600
But Lawrence of Arabia had been manipulated
314
00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:55,703
and the promises made will not be kept.
315
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The British authorized the creation of a Jewish homeland.
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00:19:01,020 --> 00:19:04,313
The three decades later, will become the State of Israel.
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00:19:06,220 --> 00:19:10,090
Its first president Chaim Weizmann calls for emigration.
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00:19:10,090 --> 00:19:13,667
He says, "We must make Palestine as Jewish,
319
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"as England is English and America is American."
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It is the beginning of a war without end.
321
00:19:25,380 --> 00:19:29,800
{\an8}In 1920, in a defeated turkey in Constantinople,
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{\an8}now Istanbul, the situation is tense.
323
00:19:34,270 --> 00:19:36,440
The Allies still occupied both the city
324
00:19:36,440 --> 00:19:37,900
and part of the country,
325
00:19:37,900 --> 00:19:40,310
which is unacceptable to the Nationalists
326
00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:42,393
and leads to a large scale insurrection.
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00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,830
At its head is General Mustapha Kemal, who in 1915,
328
00:19:50,830 --> 00:19:53,393
had resisted British and French landing in Turkey.
329
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:57,980
This revered officer refuses to accept the Treaty of Sèvres
330
00:19:57,980 --> 00:20:00,210
and the loss of the city of Smyrna.
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00:20:00,210 --> 00:20:04,097
He says, "If we give in to all the Allied demands,
332
00:20:04,097 --> 00:20:07,367
"it will be impossible to curb their greedy intentions."
333
00:20:08,880 --> 00:20:11,820
Mustafa Kemal raises an army of volunteers,
334
00:20:11,820 --> 00:20:14,390
then fights the allies and Greeks for two years
335
00:20:14,390 --> 00:20:16,695
to recover the territory they occupy.
336
00:20:16,695 --> 00:20:19,907
(horse neighing)
337
00:20:19,907 --> 00:20:22,225
(water splashing)
338
00:20:22,225 --> 00:20:24,558
(screaming)
339
00:20:25,808 --> 00:20:28,475
(loud blasting)
340
00:20:29,671 --> 00:20:32,254
(guns blazing)
341
00:20:34,055 --> 00:20:36,722
(loud blasting)
342
00:20:38,362 --> 00:20:40,640
{\an8}On September 9th, 1922,
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his army enters the last stronghold occupied
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00:20:43,360 --> 00:20:45,644
by the Greeks, Smyrna.
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00:20:45,644 --> 00:20:48,394
{\an8}(dramatic music)
346
00:20:49,570 --> 00:20:51,643
{\an8}The city is set on fire.
347
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The Turks want to drive out not only the Greeks,
348
00:21:06,710 --> 00:21:09,620
but also all non-Muslim minorities,
349
00:21:09,620 --> 00:21:11,203
especially the Armenians.
350
00:21:15,410 --> 00:21:17,840
Only a lucky few are able to escape
351
00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:19,553
and embark for exile in Europe.
352
00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:29,260
{\an8}In Geneva, the League of Nations,
353
00:21:29,260 --> 00:21:32,810
though it has failed to put an end to war and slaughter,
354
00:21:32,810 --> 00:21:36,070
nonetheless succeeds at rescuing millions of people.
355
00:21:36,070 --> 00:21:39,580
Thanks to an extraordinary man, Fridtjof Nansen,
356
00:21:39,580 --> 00:21:41,370
a Norwegian polar explorer
357
00:21:41,370 --> 00:21:43,840
who became the High Commissioner for Refugees,
358
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and who will be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
359
00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:49,640
(audience clapping)
360
00:21:51,060 --> 00:21:53,123
He creates the Nansen passport,
361
00:21:54,190 --> 00:21:56,993
a precious document for all those who are stateless.
362
00:21:58,240 --> 00:22:00,150
Like the painter, Marc Chagall
363
00:22:00,150 --> 00:22:02,063
and the the composer Igor Stravinsky,
364
00:22:03,090 --> 00:22:05,143
it enables them to cross borders.
365
00:22:08,440 --> 00:22:12,913
9 million men, women and children become peace refugees.
366
00:22:14,050 --> 00:22:16,563
Many of them want to leave for the United States.
367
00:22:17,840 --> 00:22:20,290
They all end up at the Port of Cherbourg
368
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in the North of France, which becomes a bottleneck.
369
00:22:26,790 --> 00:22:29,403
The French build the famous Hotel Atlantique,
370
00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:32,890
a transit center for immigrants,
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00:22:32,890 --> 00:22:35,623
with its own medical and administrative services.
372
00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:45,063
And the long voyage can begin.
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(gentle music)
374
00:22:50,040 --> 00:22:53,060
America has always welcomed the world's castaways,
375
00:22:53,060 --> 00:22:56,173
such as the Irish, the Italians, the Jews.
376
00:23:00,370 --> 00:23:02,490
On the Pedestal of the Statue of Liberty,
377
00:23:02,490 --> 00:23:05,800
created by the French sculptor, Auguste Bartholdi
378
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:09,323
are engraved the words of the Jewish poet, Emma Lazarus,
379
00:23:10,437 --> 00:23:12,507
"Give me your tired, your poor,
380
00:23:12,507 --> 00:23:15,007
"your huddled massage yearning to breathe free,
381
00:23:15,007 --> 00:23:17,547
"the wretched refuse of your teeming shore."
382
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:24,900
{\an8}In Montreal, 30,000 Jews demonstrate to draw attention
383
00:23:24,900 --> 00:23:27,203
to the fate of those left behind in Ukraine.
384
00:23:29,876 --> 00:23:32,459
{\an8}(gentle music)
385
00:23:33,769 --> 00:23:37,560
{\an8}100,000 Jews were murdered, trapped in the civil war
386
00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:39,850
between the White Russians, the Czarist
387
00:23:39,850 --> 00:23:41,300
and the Reds, the Communists.
388
00:23:49,510 --> 00:23:51,330
After four years of fighting,
389
00:23:51,330 --> 00:23:54,400
the Reds, the Bolsheviks eventually prevail
390
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:57,393
because they are even more ruthless than their opponents.
391
00:24:01,365 --> 00:24:05,115
{\an8}December 22nd, 1922, Russia becomes the Union
392
00:24:06,010 --> 00:24:10,060
of Soviet Socialist Republics, the USSR.
393
00:24:10,060 --> 00:24:13,363
A massive portion of the planet becomes Communist.
394
00:24:15,260 --> 00:24:18,660
{\an8}The USSR's entire economy has collapsed.
395
00:24:18,660 --> 00:24:21,683
The harvest had been requisitioned to feed the troops.
396
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:29,333
It's first great famine in 1922 leaves 5 million dead.
397
00:24:34,810 --> 00:24:37,983
Humanitarian aid pours in from all over the world.
398
00:24:39,760 --> 00:24:42,080
A member of the American relief administration
399
00:24:42,080 --> 00:24:44,020
who will save thousands of lives,
400
00:24:44,020 --> 00:24:46,003
William schaffrath recounts,
401
00:24:47,017 --> 00:24:49,837
"People have been reduced to eating weeds mixed
402
00:24:49,837 --> 00:24:52,350
"with ground bones, tree bark and clay
403
00:24:53,657 --> 00:24:57,147
"as well as horses, dogs, cats, rats
404
00:24:57,147 --> 00:24:58,737
"and the straw from roofs."
405
00:25:02,940 --> 00:25:07,570
I see emaciated little skeletons with gaunt faces
406
00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:08,973
and toothpick legs.
407
00:25:11,390 --> 00:25:14,110
Every day a dozen of them die.
408
00:25:14,110 --> 00:25:16,013
The stench is nauseating.
409
00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:19,543
(gentle music)
410
00:25:24,893 --> 00:25:26,330
(bright folk music)
411
00:25:26,330 --> 00:25:28,190
At the end of the Civil War,
412
00:25:28,190 --> 00:25:30,893
one and 1/2 million Russians escaped the country,
413
00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:35,500
400,000 White Russians settled in Nice,
414
00:25:35,500 --> 00:25:36,950
on the French Riviera
415
00:25:36,950 --> 00:25:39,513
or Paris in well-to-do neighborhoods.
416
00:25:39,513 --> 00:25:41,400
{\an8}(cars racing)
417
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:43,330
{\an8}Those who have escaped with their fortunes
418
00:25:43,330 --> 00:25:45,788
can live like kings, and indeed they do.
419
00:25:45,788 --> 00:25:48,788
(bright folk music)
420
00:25:51,160 --> 00:25:53,280
Prince Yusupov one of the assassins
421
00:25:53,280 --> 00:25:55,140
of Rasputin, shadowy advisor,
422
00:25:55,140 --> 00:25:57,563
of Tsar Nicholas II, writes,
423
00:25:58,397 --> 00:26:01,157
"How can one not feel confident in Paris,
424
00:26:01,157 --> 00:26:03,677
"which knows well how to lift a stranger spirits
425
00:26:03,677 --> 00:26:04,657
"with a smile."
426
00:26:06,570 --> 00:26:08,180
The prince has a lover,
427
00:26:08,180 --> 00:26:11,890
{\an8}the young Grand Duke Dimitri, who was himself living
428
00:26:11,890 --> 00:26:15,698
{\an8}with the already famous fashion designer, Coco Chanel.
429
00:26:15,698 --> 00:26:18,698
{\an8}(lively folk music)
430
00:26:19,940 --> 00:26:23,210
When she decides to launch her perfume, Chanel number five,
431
00:26:23,210 --> 00:26:25,930
Dimitri convinces her to adopt for its bottle,
432
00:26:25,930 --> 00:26:29,148
the shape of the vodka flask used by Russian officers.
433
00:26:29,148 --> 00:26:32,565
(lively classical music)
434
00:26:40,770 --> 00:26:43,050
But it's not just (indistinct),
435
00:26:43,050 --> 00:26:46,630
who remains deep to their devotion to the last Tsar,
436
00:26:46,630 --> 00:26:50,420
Yusupov notes in his memoirs, everywhere once
437
00:26:50,420 --> 00:26:53,080
his Russian businesses is springing up.
438
00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:56,500
Restaurants, shops, New Orthodox Churches with their schools
439
00:26:56,500 --> 00:26:57,623
and retirement homes.
440
00:26:59,690 --> 00:27:02,783
Paris is becoming a natural destination for immigrants.
441
00:27:05,240 --> 00:27:07,380
The Czar's generals and former officers
442
00:27:07,380 --> 00:27:11,280
of the Imperial Guard have no skills beyond the military,
443
00:27:11,280 --> 00:27:13,736
but they can drive and so become taxi drivers.
444
00:27:13,736 --> 00:27:15,010
(men vocalizing)
445
00:27:15,010 --> 00:27:17,950
They will long be part of provision folklore.
446
00:27:17,950 --> 00:27:21,933
The last will retire in 1970 at the age of 92.
447
00:27:27,620 --> 00:27:30,380
White Russians like this taxi driver watch
448
00:27:30,380 --> 00:27:33,616
with concern the spread of Soviet influence in the world.
449
00:27:33,616 --> 00:27:36,366
(crowd chanting)
450
00:27:39,467 --> 00:27:44,467
Exorbitant wartime spending has led to deep social tensions.
451
00:27:44,550 --> 00:27:47,250
People everywhere are joining Communist Parties
452
00:27:47,250 --> 00:27:50,820
with their vision of common prosperity in London,
453
00:27:50,820 --> 00:27:53,837
Berlin, New York, Milan, and Rome.
454
00:27:53,837 --> 00:27:56,587
(crowd chanting)
455
00:27:58,290 --> 00:28:02,140
The Italian Communist leader Antonio Gramsci returns
456
00:28:02,140 --> 00:28:03,970
from Moscow and takes his place
457
00:28:03,970 --> 00:28:06,063
as an early Marxist theoretician.
458
00:28:07,020 --> 00:28:09,997
He says, "To live is to be Partisan."
459
00:28:14,160 --> 00:28:17,240
Opposing the Communist, war veterans initially band
460
00:28:17,240 --> 00:28:19,610
together behind a fiery poet,
461
00:28:19,610 --> 00:28:22,423
a war hero, Gabriele d'Annunzio.
462
00:28:24,840 --> 00:28:26,950
He has denounced the Treaty of Versailles
463
00:28:26,950 --> 00:28:29,000
because in redrawing the map of Europe,
464
00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:31,410
the allies have handed to Yugoslavia,
465
00:28:31,410 --> 00:28:34,867
territory is populated by Italians, including Dalmatia
466
00:28:34,867 --> 00:28:36,677
and the city of Fiume.
467
00:28:36,677 --> 00:28:39,440
(foreign language)
468
00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:41,407
Gabriele d'Annunzio laments,
469
00:28:41,407 --> 00:28:43,567
"Our victory has been mutilated."
470
00:28:44,443 --> 00:28:47,360
(foreign language)
471
00:28:48,650 --> 00:28:51,197
He launches his militia proclaiming,
472
00:28:51,197 --> 00:28:54,797
"Italy your hour has come, wonderful years.
473
00:28:54,797 --> 00:28:56,847
"I hear the thunder of Eagles which
474
00:28:56,847 --> 00:28:59,466
"with their talents tear up the night."
475
00:28:59,466 --> 00:29:02,216
(crowd cheering)
476
00:29:03,380 --> 00:29:06,563
Gabriele d'Annunzio is able to seize the city of Fiume.
477
00:29:08,384 --> 00:29:11,134
{\an8}(crowd chanting)
478
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:19,093
The regular army then drives him out, but respectfully.
479
00:29:21,500 --> 00:29:24,490
For the Communist Gramsci, this tragic comedy
480
00:29:24,490 --> 00:29:26,250
is yet another sign of the decadence
481
00:29:26,250 --> 00:29:27,563
of the Bourgeois State.
482
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:31,467
He says, "The old world is dying.
483
00:29:31,467 --> 00:29:33,687
"The new world struggles to be born.
484
00:29:33,687 --> 00:29:37,367
"And in this twilight, monsters suddenly appear."
485
00:29:40,340 --> 00:29:42,993
{\an8}That monster is Benito Mussolini.
486
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:48,937
{\an8}His wife Rachele writes, "His eyes were phosphorescent,
487
00:29:48,937 --> 00:29:53,937
"his gaze piercing, his pupils seemed to flash lightning.
488
00:29:53,997 --> 00:29:57,577
"He knew that his eyes held incredible power over everyone."
489
00:29:59,330 --> 00:30:03,440
{\an8}Mussolini began his career as a socialist journalist.
490
00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:05,823
{\an8}He became a Nationalist during the war.
491
00:30:09,270 --> 00:30:12,710
In 1919, he created the Fascist Movement,
492
00:30:12,710 --> 00:30:16,133
named after his Fasci di Combattimento, fighting squads.
493
00:30:20,270 --> 00:30:24,350
Mussolini rides on the prestige of Gabriele D'Annunzio,
494
00:30:24,350 --> 00:30:26,270
copying everything.
495
00:30:26,270 --> 00:30:31,270
The black shirts, the Roman salute, the race dagger
496
00:30:31,300 --> 00:30:32,350
and the cry,
497
00:30:32,350 --> 00:30:37,350
annoy, to us, to us.
(crowd chanting)
498
00:30:37,770 --> 00:30:42,173
But Gabriele D'Annunzio had 2500 men in 1919,
499
00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:46,713
Mussolini has 300,000 in 1922.
500
00:30:48,290 --> 00:30:53,050
With his populist slogans, Mussolini unites veterans,
501
00:30:53,050 --> 00:30:57,690
war invalids, the unemployed, the middle class,
502
00:30:57,690 --> 00:30:59,860
and even the feeble minded
503
00:30:59,860 --> 00:31:02,010
who have trouble making the Fascist salute,
504
00:31:02,850 --> 00:31:06,630
And all the underclass who after their street fights,
505
00:31:06,630 --> 00:31:10,443
right on their bandages, Menefrego, I don't care.
506
00:31:12,870 --> 00:31:15,800
Mussolini promises to restore social order.
507
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:17,720
He gives his squads a weapon,
508
00:31:17,720 --> 00:31:20,430
a wooden cane to beat the Communists,
509
00:31:20,430 --> 00:31:23,918
and set fire to their Houses of the People.
510
00:31:23,918 --> 00:31:26,668
(dramatic music)
511
00:31:35,050 --> 00:31:37,817
Mussolini says, "I will restore discipline
512
00:31:37,817 --> 00:31:39,137
"in the factories."
513
00:31:40,820 --> 00:31:42,940
Which pleases the big industrialists,
514
00:31:42,940 --> 00:31:45,260
like Agneli the founder of Fiat,
515
00:31:45,260 --> 00:31:47,836
and Pirelli the Tyre manufacturer.
516
00:31:47,836 --> 00:31:50,419
(gentle music)
517
00:31:54,225 --> 00:31:56,239
(laughing)
518
00:31:56,239 --> 00:31:58,822
(gentle music)
519
00:32:08,073 --> 00:32:08,950
(crowd cheering)
520
00:32:08,950 --> 00:32:13,650
Mussolini organizes on October 28, 1922,
521
00:32:13,650 --> 00:32:17,286
{\an8}a show of force pumpously called the March on Rome.
522
00:32:17,286 --> 00:32:20,203
(foreign language)
523
00:32:30,940 --> 00:32:35,283
He himself arrives in comfort on the train from Milan.
524
00:32:35,283 --> 00:32:38,200
(foreign language)
525
00:32:43,040 --> 00:32:46,170
He has exchanged his black shirt for a suit and tie,
526
00:32:46,170 --> 00:32:48,340
meant to be more statesmen like in the midst
527
00:32:48,340 --> 00:32:49,543
of his Fascist henchmen.
528
00:32:55,070 --> 00:32:59,070
King Victor Emanuel 111, hands him the reins of power,
529
00:32:59,070 --> 00:33:01,763
much to the misfortune of the Italian people.
530
00:33:06,420 --> 00:33:09,520
Supported by the church, Mussolini makes clever use
531
00:33:09,520 --> 00:33:12,280
of propaganda and fills concentration camps
532
00:33:12,280 --> 00:33:13,630
with his opponents,
533
00:33:13,630 --> 00:33:16,843
ushering in an authoritarian anti-communist regime.
534
00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:26,490
{\an8}One year later, in 1923, German veterans also unite
535
00:33:26,490 --> 00:33:30,220
around their wartime leader, General Ludendorff
536
00:33:30,220 --> 00:33:33,313
{\an8}who now supports the leader of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler.
537
00:33:38,240 --> 00:33:42,407
Hitler says, "Our people are subjects to such misery,
538
00:33:42,407 --> 00:33:44,267
"that if we do not act now,
539
00:33:44,267 --> 00:33:45,967
"they will join the Communists."
540
00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:51,680
The allies will assist Hitler through a series
541
00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:55,770
of blunders like the Belgian and French occupation
542
00:33:55,770 --> 00:33:57,713
of Germany's war mining region,
543
00:33:59,390 --> 00:34:02,083
where coal is seized in forced reparations,
544
00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:06,533
which leads to an economic crisis and staggering inflation.
545
00:34:09,200 --> 00:34:12,010
With banknotes being printed as fast as possible,
546
00:34:12,010 --> 00:34:14,753
the currency depreciates at an unimaginable rate.
547
00:34:15,690 --> 00:34:19,853
A loaf of bread costs 460 billion Marks.
548
00:34:22,460 --> 00:34:26,013
A 13-year old German girl, Erma Lange recounts,
549
00:34:27,137 --> 00:34:29,777
"When our father comes home with the day's wages,
550
00:34:29,777 --> 00:34:33,737
"we rush right out to spend it, otherwise in no time,
551
00:34:33,737 --> 00:34:35,047
"it would be worthless."
552
00:34:39,490 --> 00:34:41,960
Between the Germans of the war and the French
553
00:34:41,960 --> 00:34:44,563
and Belgian occupiers, tension is rising.
554
00:34:49,540 --> 00:34:52,170
{\an8}On March 10th, 1923,
555
00:34:52,170 --> 00:34:54,910
the French officers strikes German onlookers,
556
00:34:54,910 --> 00:34:57,500
who failed to remove their hats for the funeral cortege
557
00:34:57,500 --> 00:34:58,853
of a victim of an attack.
558
00:35:00,950 --> 00:35:04,350
Amid such instability, Hitler tries to seize power
559
00:35:04,350 --> 00:35:06,183
on November 9th, 1923.
560
00:35:08,120 --> 00:35:11,680
{\an8}But the army and police remain loyal to the German Republic
561
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:13,073
and the putsch fails.
562
00:35:15,280 --> 00:35:19,060
Hitler is imprisoned for now,
563
00:35:19,060 --> 00:35:22,157
Stefan Zweig speaks for many when he writes,
564
00:35:22,157 --> 00:35:26,167
"In this year 1923, the Swastikas have disappeared,
565
00:35:26,167 --> 00:35:27,707
"the stormtroopers and the name
566
00:35:27,707 --> 00:35:30,837
"of Adolf Hitler have all fallen into oblivion."
567
00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:37,920
But Zweig is terribly wrong.
568
00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:41,580
From his cell, Hitler will prepare his revenge.
569
00:35:41,580 --> 00:35:45,600
He writes his book, "Mein Kampf" my struggle,
570
00:35:45,600 --> 00:35:48,803
a screed against the Treaty of Versailles and France.
571
00:35:52,390 --> 00:35:55,230
{\an8}The Totalitarian Menace is real.
572
00:35:55,230 --> 00:35:58,150
In Spain. General Primo de Rivera
573
00:35:58,150 --> 00:36:00,490
also inspired by Mussolini
574
00:36:00,490 --> 00:36:04,090
seizes power on September 23rd, 1923,
575
00:36:04,090 --> 00:36:06,333
and establishes a dictatorship.
576
00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:10,893
{\an8}This military coup delights an ambitious young officer,
577
00:36:11,850 --> 00:36:13,113
{\an8}Francisco Franco.
578
00:36:17,100 --> 00:36:19,580
Noted for his discipline and ferocity,
579
00:36:19,580 --> 00:36:24,200
Franco, at 33 will become the youngest General in Europe,
580
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:26,033
and the next dictator of Spain.
581
00:36:30,990 --> 00:36:34,030
In 1921, he is one of the leaders
582
00:36:34,030 --> 00:36:36,390
of the Spanish Foreign Legion,
583
00:36:36,390 --> 00:36:39,940
responsible for maintaining order in the Rif,
584
00:36:39,940 --> 00:36:42,743
an area of Morocco controlled by Spain.
585
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:45,800
The French dominate the rest of the country.
586
00:36:47,890 --> 00:36:51,050
During the World War and the iron mines of the region,
587
00:36:51,050 --> 00:36:53,500
Moroccans were forced to work beyond exhaustion
588
00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:56,170
to supply French munitions factories.
589
00:36:56,170 --> 00:36:58,803
The Moroccan people rebel against this exploitation.
590
00:37:00,896 --> 00:37:03,729
(horses neighing)
591
00:37:06,050 --> 00:37:09,300
{\an8}A Nationalist leader emerges in the Arab world,
592
00:37:09,300 --> 00:37:11,780
{\an8}his name is Abd el-Krim.
593
00:37:11,780 --> 00:37:15,140
He is a well read scholar about 50 years old.
594
00:37:15,140 --> 00:37:18,205
He has successfully unified the Berber tribes around him.
595
00:37:18,205 --> 00:37:20,360
(gentle music)
596
00:37:20,360 --> 00:37:22,660
He begins by inflicting a crushing defeat
597
00:37:22,660 --> 00:37:25,140
on the Spanish at the Battle of Annual,
598
00:37:25,140 --> 00:37:26,988
on July 21st, 1921.
599
00:37:26,988 --> 00:37:29,655
{\an8}(loud blasting)
600
00:37:34,017 --> 00:37:34,850
(horse neighing)
601
00:37:34,850 --> 00:37:37,825
20,000 Spaniards are defeated by the Rif tribesmen.
602
00:37:37,825 --> 00:37:40,720
13,000 of them are killed or wounded,
603
00:37:40,720 --> 00:37:42,703
the survivors retreat in chaos.
604
00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:49,108
The French intervene to fight alongside the Spaniards.
605
00:37:49,108 --> 00:37:51,775
(loud blasting)
606
00:37:53,460 --> 00:37:56,003
Is this the beginning of the end of colonization?
607
00:38:00,760 --> 00:38:04,403
The Rif War foreshadows all the horrors of the future.
608
00:38:06,940 --> 00:38:11,063
Here, a Moroccan soldier has beheaded his rebel brother.
609
00:38:13,640 --> 00:38:16,713
There is an escalation of atrocities on both sides.
610
00:38:19,440 --> 00:38:22,550
The French and Spanish use every weapon in their arsenal,
611
00:38:22,550 --> 00:38:24,159
including aerial attacks.
612
00:38:24,159 --> 00:38:27,422
(airplane racing)
613
00:38:27,422 --> 00:38:28,700
(loud blasting)
614
00:38:28,700 --> 00:38:31,840
Some bombs are loaded with the same horrific mustard gas
615
00:38:31,840 --> 00:38:33,853
used by the Germans in 1917.
616
00:38:36,773 --> 00:38:38,290
(loud blasting)
617
00:38:38,290 --> 00:38:41,120
Landing their forces behind enemy lines,
618
00:38:41,120 --> 00:38:42,493
and advancing with tanks,
619
00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:45,283
they finally defeat Abd el-Krim.
620
00:38:47,410 --> 00:38:51,363
He surrenders to the French on May 27th, 1926.
621
00:38:52,810 --> 00:38:55,560
His surrender is filmed for movie house newsreel,
622
00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:58,330
which seek to reassure viewers proclaiming,
623
00:38:58,330 --> 00:39:01,400
his elderly father and his family placed themselves
624
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:03,273
under the protection of the victors.
625
00:39:08,450 --> 00:39:10,760
The Rif War will become the inspiration
626
00:39:10,760 --> 00:39:15,040
for every subsequent war of decolonization in Africa
627
00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:16,113
and around the world.
628
00:39:17,519 --> 00:39:18,760
(dramatic music)
629
00:39:18,760 --> 00:39:21,480
It also marks a decisive turning point.
630
00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:24,010
From now on, the world will be structured
631
00:39:24,010 --> 00:39:25,427
around a new fault line.
632
00:39:25,427 --> 00:39:26,710
(gun blazing)
633
00:39:26,710 --> 00:39:28,950
People have lost their religious bearings,
634
00:39:28,950 --> 00:39:31,450
and their identity during the war.
635
00:39:31,450 --> 00:39:35,190
They will find new meaning, a new project, a vocation
636
00:39:35,190 --> 00:39:36,703
and political engagement.
637
00:39:36,703 --> 00:39:38,600
{\an8}(crowd cheering)
638
00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:42,350
{\an8}1926, Fascist fever rises everywhere,
639
00:39:42,350 --> 00:39:44,030
{\an8}like here in England.
640
00:39:44,030 --> 00:39:48,176
{\an8}Communists fever also rises everywhere, even in New York.
641
00:39:48,176 --> 00:39:50,759
{\an8}(guns blazing)
642
00:39:51,610 --> 00:39:54,770
The United States tries to expel its Communists,
643
00:39:54,770 --> 00:39:57,270
they will be given a one-way ticket to the homeland
644
00:39:57,270 --> 00:40:00,863
of socialism on this boat renamed The Soviet Ark.
645
00:40:03,317 --> 00:40:05,900
(ship honking)
646
00:40:06,844 --> 00:40:07,677
Bye.
647
00:40:08,827 --> 00:40:10,850
(bright jazz music)
648
00:40:10,850 --> 00:40:12,760
In addition to the Red Scare,
649
00:40:12,760 --> 00:40:14,853
Americans are dealing with prohibition.
650
00:40:17,510 --> 00:40:21,320
By banning alcohol, Conservatives hope to impose morality
651
00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:23,103
on a society at full roar.
652
00:40:26,630 --> 00:40:29,210
And so begins the wild pursuit of smugglers
653
00:40:29,210 --> 00:40:34,000
of every type of alcohol, distilled in Canada or at home.
654
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,640
American police resort to all the means at their disposal
655
00:40:37,640 --> 00:40:39,793
to destroy the contraband.
656
00:40:39,793 --> 00:40:42,034
(metals cracking)
657
00:40:42,034 --> 00:40:45,117
(glasses shuttering)
658
00:40:46,960 --> 00:40:49,710
(faint thudding)
659
00:40:51,284 --> 00:40:53,951
(water running)
660
00:40:56,514 --> 00:40:59,976
(glasses shuttering)
661
00:40:59,976 --> 00:41:02,976
(bright jazz music)
662
00:41:05,760 --> 00:41:08,930
Prohibition is a boon for the Italian-American mafia,
663
00:41:08,930 --> 00:41:11,293
now strengthening its grip on America.
664
00:41:12,660 --> 00:41:16,383
Al Capone takes center stage in the history of gangsterism.
665
00:41:18,230 --> 00:41:20,143
Americans are giddy with life.
666
00:41:21,370 --> 00:41:23,130
The rhythms of jazz give rise
667
00:41:23,130 --> 00:41:25,308
to new dances like the Charleston.
668
00:41:25,308 --> 00:41:27,300
(bright jazz music)
669
00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:28,730
They wanna forget everything,
670
00:41:28,730 --> 00:41:31,100
they don't wanna have to think anymore.
671
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:34,330
The American writer John Dos Passos projects,
672
00:41:34,330 --> 00:41:36,800
The 20th century will be American,
673
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:40,330
American thought will dominate it, American Progress,
674
00:41:40,330 --> 00:41:42,690
will give it color and direction.
675
00:41:42,690 --> 00:41:45,290
The regeneration of the world physical as well
676
00:41:45,290 --> 00:41:47,320
as moral has begun,
677
00:41:47,320 --> 00:41:49,969
and revolutions never move backwards.
678
00:41:49,969 --> 00:41:51,242
(plane engine roaring)
679
00:41:51,242 --> 00:41:54,242
(bright jazz music)
680
00:41:55,960 --> 00:41:58,153
Jazz has crossed the Atlantic.
681
00:41:59,410 --> 00:42:02,970
{\an8}In Paris, Josephine Baker sets the tone.
682
00:42:02,970 --> 00:42:05,770
{\an8}When the French writer (indistinct) first sees her,
683
00:42:05,770 --> 00:42:09,904
he exclaims, "Eroticism has just found it's style."
684
00:42:09,904 --> 00:42:12,630
(bright jazz music)
685
00:42:12,630 --> 00:42:14,730
These are the roaring 20s of (indistinct).
686
00:42:17,340 --> 00:42:19,297
Ernest Hemingway's Paris memoir,
687
00:42:19,297 --> 00:42:22,200
"A Moveable Feast" will be his last book.
688
00:42:22,200 --> 00:42:26,977
He writes, "Living in Paris is like having a great treasure
689
00:42:26,977 --> 00:42:28,049
"given to you."
690
00:42:28,049 --> 00:42:31,049
(bright jazz music)
691
00:42:33,110 --> 00:42:34,890
{\an8}In Berlin too, the rhythms
692
00:42:34,890 --> 00:42:36,763
of the Charleston echo every year.
693
00:42:37,850 --> 00:42:41,510
Stefan Zweig writes in his book, "The world of Yesterday."
694
00:42:41,510 --> 00:42:43,460
As the value of money dwindled,
695
00:42:43,460 --> 00:42:45,483
all other values began to crumble.
696
00:42:46,860 --> 00:42:49,180
It was a time of high ecstasy,
697
00:42:49,180 --> 00:42:52,283
a singular mixture of unrest and fanaticism.
698
00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:56,960
Everything that was extravagant and uncontrollable,
699
00:42:56,960 --> 00:42:58,647
experienced a golden age.
700
00:43:03,160 --> 00:43:06,150
In the madness of these post-war years,
701
00:43:06,150 --> 00:43:08,000
someone to feel alive,
702
00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:11,733
to bury once and for all the memory of disaster and death.
703
00:43:13,050 --> 00:43:15,280
Others will wait for Hitler to put an end
704
00:43:15,280 --> 00:43:18,053
to the Treaty of Versailles by rearming Germany.
705
00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:22,690
Financial crises will weaken democracies
706
00:43:22,690 --> 00:43:26,100
and another World War, which ones seemed unthinkable,
707
00:43:26,100 --> 00:43:29,333
then a distinct threat could become inevitable.
708
00:43:30,947 --> 00:43:33,940
(crowd chanting)
709
00:43:33,940 --> 00:43:37,260
And yet, after November 11th, 1919,
710
00:43:37,260 --> 00:43:40,610
people everywhere proved their tremendous capacity
711
00:43:40,610 --> 00:43:41,973
to start living again.
712
00:43:43,680 --> 00:43:45,950
Will they know how to fight to ensure
713
00:43:45,950 --> 00:43:48,743
that the next war will finally be the last?
714
00:43:49,741 --> 00:43:51,763
And Will they be able to keep the peace?
715
00:43:54,478 --> 00:43:57,228
(dramatic music)
716
00:44:03,327 --> 00:44:05,577
(laughing)
717
00:44:06,651 --> 00:44:09,401
(dramatic music)
55790
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