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(explosions)
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For four years, from 1914 to 1918,
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Europe seemed hell bent on self destruction.
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(dramatic music)
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In 1914, the Germans attacked.
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War spread, like the Grim Reaper wielding his scythe,
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all over the planet
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but mostly in Russia, Belgium, Italy, France,
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the near East and the Balkans.
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The First World War was a massacre of humanity.
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A monstrous crime.
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10 million people died.
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In France alone, more than a quarter
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of all men in their twenties were killed.
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In 1915, an anonymous soldier
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dares to film a burial brigade at work.
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In 1916, a survivor of the Battle of Verdun writes,
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"Emotion itself has died."
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Widows orphans, desperate mothers number in the millions,
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{\an8}but on November 11th, 1918, Madam Diaz in Bourges, France
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learns of the ceasefire.
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The Armistice has just been signed.
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{\an8}Corporal Pierre Sellier, sounding his bugle,
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{\an8}is the first to signal an end to the fighting.
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For 1,562 days they have waited for this moment.
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They dig a makeshift grave
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for the last of the war's artillery shells.
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A billion shells have been fired.
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The First World War costs the equivalent
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of $6 trillion in all.
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On the 11th of November, 1918,
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these men and women dream of another kind of world,
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fair and just where their children will be happy.
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One of the greatest minds of the 20th century,
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Austrian writer Stefan Zweig, writes,
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"The war was over but it wasn't over.
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We just didn't know it."
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(dramatic music)
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The soldiers of the British Empire,
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the United States,
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France and its colonies,
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Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Romania, Russia,
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and so many other countries have defeated the German empire,
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the Austro-Hungarian Empire
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and the Ottoman Empire, pre-cursor of Turkey.
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{\an8}The war is over.
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The crowds roar as their leaders proclaim
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that the side of the good has won.
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Novelist Albert Simonin is witness
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to the jubilation in the streets.
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He writes, "In the crowd factory girls
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and fashionable ladies alike we're caught up in the hugging.
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With hands everywhere, on backsides and bodices,
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kissing on the lips."
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Everyone believes it's the end of what they call
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the War to End All Wars.
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Private Louis Botas writes,
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"I was free.
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I had finally escaped the clutches of militarism
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for which I'd developed a hatred
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that I will instill in my children, my friends, my family.
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I will tell them that fatherland, glory, military honor
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are but so many words intended to conceal the fact
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that war is unspeakably horrible, ugly and cruel."
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{\an8}Which of the great empires will survive?
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The war that killed so many people
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has also fanned yearnings for independence.
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The British Empire has been rocked since 1916
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by attacks in Ireland, still part of the United Kingdom.
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The English force Irish rebels
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to parade through the streets, attached to the British flag.
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The defeated empires implode.
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The Austro-Hungarian empire and its many peoples
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seethe with the fever of independence.
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{\an8}Checks, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes
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{\an8}all want their own state
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{\an8}and are counting on American support.
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The President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson
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has won the war and now wants to win the peace.
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He promises national independence
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proclaiming the right of peoples to self-determination.
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Wilson wants to give everyone the right
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to choose their nation, their borders, their government.
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Empires collapse, people revolt,
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Kings flee.
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Charles I, the last Emperor of Austria-Hungary,
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{\an8}and his beautiful princess, Zita,
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{\an8}give up their palaces for a much less glorious exile.
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{\an8}In Turkey, Sultan Mehmed VI
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submits to the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.
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And from its ruins, the Arab world emerges.
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{\an8}Those who resisted return home as heroes.
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{\an8}In Belgium, the soldier King Albert I,
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with Elisabeth German born,
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but whose war work earned her the title of The Nurse Queen,
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are acclaimed by their subjects.
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King Albert introduces universal suffrage to men.
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{\an8}On this 11th day of November, 1918,
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the Belgians erupt with joy after four years of occupation.
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(celebratory music)
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They pay tribute to their liberator's, the Canadians,
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the principle victors of the Hundred Days Offensive,
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The last battle of the war,
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which added 2 million wounded and dead to the massacre.
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The war seems to come to a sudden standstill.
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In Flanders, Scots discover a German train
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with thousands of stick hand grenades.
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In the North of France, the Germans have withdrawn
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leaving an apocalyptic scene behind.
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They have methodically destroyed
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the factories and their machinery.
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Life is reborn after the Armistice.
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The numbers from that day are memorable,
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November 11th at 11:00 AM,
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the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.
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But what is an Armistice?
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It's not peace.
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Only a suspension of the fighting
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while a treaty is being negotiated,
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which promises to be difficult.
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The novelist Henri Fauconnier writes to his fiance,
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"I fear that we are hardly more ready
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for peace than we were for war.
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We are entering the most critical period.
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Fortunately, we are the victors."
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But do the Germans really feel defeated?
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They must evacuate Belgium and the North of France,
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which they've occupied since 1914,
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they retreat to the left bank of the Rhine,
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abandoning even Alsace Lorraine.
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{\an8}A few days later,
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a symbolic demonstration is organized
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in Paris' Place de la Concorde
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by the far right movement, L'Action Francaise.
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Soldiers who fought in the trenches,
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scatter dirt from Alsace to honor its return to France.
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In 1870, France had lost Alsace, along with part of Lorraine
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following a disastrous war with the German Empire.
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{\an8}In Alsace, once again French,
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veterans defeated 50 years earlier
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demonstrate their loyalty to France.
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{\an8}(singing in foreign language)
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And schoolchildren in traditional costume,
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along with their mothers, kiss the flag.
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{\an8}(singing in foreign language)
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Not everyone shares this enthusiasm
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at the return of the French.
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The German government protected Catholics
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better than the anticlerical French Republic.
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And many Alsatians had appreciated Germanic efficiency
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and order during the last half century.
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But no one asks their opinion.
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The President of the French Republic,
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Raymond Poincare, is from Lorraine.
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When, by late 1914, the death toll had already exceeded
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anything that France had ever known,
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Poincare should have done everything in his power
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to halt what would become the biggest butchery in history.
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But all attempts at peace failed
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because Germany would not give up Alsace Lorraine
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and so the carnage continued.
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(dramatic music)
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The Germans returned to their country
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in strict order and with a smile.
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But they will find Germany deeply shaken.
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{\an8}Their Kaiser Wilhelm II, who declared war on France in 1914,
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has just abdicated and left
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for a comfortable exile in the Netherlands.
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His departure is one of the conditions
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of the Armistice that, for Germany, is so humiliating.
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{\an8}Returning to their cities and villages,
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German soldiers are met by cheering throngs.
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They do not feel they have lost the war.
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For them, the Armistice is a stab in the back.
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{\an8}A bitterness that Corporal Adolf Hitler
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{\an8}will masterfully exploit.
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The soldiers feel betrayed by the politicians
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who took power and proclaimed Germany a Republic.
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As does the Socialist Phillip Scheidemann.
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{\an8}(speaking foreign language)
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{\an8}The German Marxist revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg proclaims,
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"Bourgeois society calls itself
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order peace and the legal state, but it wades in blood.
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It is stained, dishonored.
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The Russian Revolution saved the honor
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of international socialism."
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(singing in foreign language)
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{\an8}In Russia, Lenin and the Bolsheviks
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{\an8}have taken power and launched the Red Terror
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and a bloody civil war to eliminate the anticommunists.
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In their propaganda films, the Bolsheviks show prisoners,
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among them, English, French and American soldiers
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who had come to Russia to fight alongside
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the anticommunist forces.
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Lenin denounces this foreign intervention
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in a rare recording.
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{\an8}(speaking foreign language)
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Lenin's call rouses an entire generation
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in Russia and in Europe.
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{\an8}In Hungary, the rumble of revolution is also swelling.
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Ultra violent communists, the Lenin Fiuk,
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or Lenin boys will, in a matter of weeks,
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be responsible for nearly a thousand deaths.
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Funded and organized by the Russians,
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they are instructed to make mincemeat
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of the counter-revolutionaries,
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suffocate them in their own blood
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before they stifle the revolution.
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An allied intervention will put an end
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to their murderous frenzy and to their lives.
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{\an8}Toward the end of 1918, Central Europe is in flames.
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After Russia and Hungary, Germany.
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{\an8}The Communists begin their attacks.
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{\an8}They call themselves the Spartacus League
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after the rebel slaves of ancient Rome.
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Fighting against them are the Freikorps,
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paramilitary groups, volunteers recruited from the army
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to stamp out the Communist revolt and execute its leaders,
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including Rosa Luxemburg.
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Some German families still feel nostalgia for the war,
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but most want to return to peace and prosperity.
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Yet what fate awaits their sons
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20 years later at the Battle of Stalingrad
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in the snows of Russia?
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What fate awaits this Jewish family?
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{\an8}On December 1st, 1918, the Allied Forces,
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in accordance with the Armistice Agreement,
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enter Germany to occupy the entire region along the Rhine.
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The Rhine is a natural border,
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the valley of all invasions, the very symbol
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of the confrontation between France and Germany.
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Many Germans welcome the French troops
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with a sense of relief.
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Anything is better than chaos.
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But soon resentment and hostility resurface.
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Among these German children
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is the future film director, Max Ophuls.
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In his memoirs he recalls his feelings and his tears
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at seeing the cruel brutality of the French soldiers.
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Some African soldiers are accused of rape.
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In 1940, the Germans will exact cruel revenge
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on the French colonial POWs.
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And Hitler will sterilize the children
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born of mixed race unions.
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{\an8}In the Allied occupation of 1918,
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the Germans dislike the British army too.
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Including the Canadians, whose only wish is to return home.
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The war years have seen the rise in Canadians
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of a deep national sentiment
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against the British empire to which they still belong.
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Feelings towards the 100,000 Americans
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stationed on the banks of the Rhine are quite different.
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Uncle Sam's troops, the Sammies, are much more popular.
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One of them writes, "We fought against the krauts,
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the sauerkrauts as we called them,
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but they didn't invade the United States
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and New York had not come under siege.
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We had no desire for revenge, all we wanted was peace
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and a great many of us were of German origin."
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{\an8}As Christmas of 1918 approaches,
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a historic event is announced.
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The arrival of the first President of the United States
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00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:07,663
ever to leave the Americas, Woodrow Wilson,
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{\an8}seen here with Franklin D Roosevelt,
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then Under Secretary for the Navy and future president.
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Wilson has come for the peace conference.
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{\an8}He arrives in Paris on December 14th, 1918
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with his wife, Edith,
269
00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:32,950
the great, great granddaughter
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of the Native American princess Pocahontas.
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Paris offers him a triumphant welcome.
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Wilson says, "We shall build for you
273
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a good and prosperous world
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where all nations will enjoy the legacy of freedom
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for which France, America, England, and Italy
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00:19:56,650 --> 00:19:58,277
have so dearly paid."
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The future Communist leader Marcel Cachin
278
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writes in his newspaper, L'Humanite,
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"Wilson connects deeply with the proletarian.
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He is the only politician to have discovered
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the language of goodwill and justice."
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00:20:27,780 --> 00:20:30,580
Wilson, a lawyer and former president of
283
00:20:30,580 --> 00:20:34,830
Princeton University was elected in 1912 as a Democrat,
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then reelected in 1916, thanks to the slogan,
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00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:40,203
He kept us out of the war.
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00:20:43,420 --> 00:20:45,920
But only weeks into his second term,
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he decides to send American forces into the conflict.
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By January, 1918, Wilson has outlined
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00:20:53,630 --> 00:20:57,130
the 14 point plan for negotiating peace.
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00:20:57,130 --> 00:20:59,820
It calls for a vast program of economic
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00:20:59,820 --> 00:21:02,070
and political liberalism and the creation
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00:21:02,070 --> 00:21:05,053
of an assembly of nations to prevent future wars.
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00:21:09,814 --> 00:21:14,060
In Paris, he will face another political legend,
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{\an8}the Prime Minister of France, Georges Clemenceau.
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00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:24,030
After taking power during the worst period of the war,
296
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Clemenceau led the conflict with an iron fist.
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00:21:29,020 --> 00:21:33,480
Nicknamed The Tiger, he burns with only one desire,
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to humiliate Germany and make the country pay reparations
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for the ravages it inflicted on France.
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The British and Americans fear this will mean
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financial ruin for the defeated powers and push them
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00:21:52,280 --> 00:21:56,053
towards extremism, Bolshevism and civil war, like in Russia.
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00:22:02,130 --> 00:22:05,740
{\an8}On January 3rd, 1919, Woodrow Wilson,
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having spent the holidays with the King of England,
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00:22:08,330 --> 00:22:11,230
travels to Rome to visit the King of Italy,
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Victor-Emmanuel III.
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The purpose of Wilson's European tour
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is to win support for his doctrine,
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00:22:19,280 --> 00:22:21,563
his program for world peace.
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Above all, he wants to recognize
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the right of peoples to self determination.
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Wilson is pleased by the enthusiasm of the Italians
313
00:22:33,780 --> 00:22:35,260
when, in fact, they are cheering
314
00:22:35,260 --> 00:22:38,163
not for his program, but for the Allied victory.
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00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,210
Nationalist movements fear that Wilson's right of
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00:22:46,210 --> 00:22:49,173
self determination could lead to the loss of territory.
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00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:52,200
One of their most fervent militants
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00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:54,773
{\an8}is the journalist Benito Mussolini.
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00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:58,460
{\an8}The future dictator calls Wilson
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00:22:58,460 --> 00:23:00,403
a bandit of international plutocracy.
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00:23:07,970 --> 00:23:12,080
{\an8}Wilson returns to Paris on January 18th, 1919
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00:23:12,080 --> 00:23:14,690
for the peace conference that will formally end
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00:23:14,690 --> 00:23:18,510
the First World War, found a new European order
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00:23:18,510 --> 00:23:20,410
and establish new international rules.
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00:23:29,670 --> 00:23:33,230
Even though 27 nations are represented,
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only Wilson and the other victors of the war count,
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00:23:36,970 --> 00:23:38,633
the big four of the era,
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00:23:39,980 --> 00:23:42,823
France's Clemenceau, who shuns the cameras,
329
00:23:43,940 --> 00:23:46,813
{\an8}Britain's Lloyd George, who seeks them out,
330
00:23:49,390 --> 00:23:51,073
as does Italy's Orlando.
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00:23:56,490 --> 00:23:58,230
For six months, they will discuss
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00:23:58,230 --> 00:24:01,170
the terms of the treaties imposed on the vanquished.
333
00:24:01,170 --> 00:24:04,000
The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire
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00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:05,610
and the Ottoman Empire.
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00:24:05,610 --> 00:24:08,853
None of which have been invited to the negotiating table.
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00:24:10,490 --> 00:24:12,243
But the Germans trust Wilson.
337
00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:16,450
His doctrine strikes them as moderate and should allow them
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00:24:16,450 --> 00:24:18,763
to preserve the territory of their homeland.
339
00:24:22,360 --> 00:24:25,160
The Germans fear Clemenceau most of all.
340
00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:27,980
He is obsessed about the security of his borders
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00:24:27,980 --> 00:24:31,043
with his more populous and more productive German neighbor.
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00:24:36,990 --> 00:24:39,180
After six months of discussions,
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00:24:39,180 --> 00:24:42,200
representatives of all countries that fought in the war
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00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:44,283
are summoned to the palace of Versailles.
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00:24:49,690 --> 00:24:52,720
{\an8}June 28th, 1919.
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00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:56,403
This is no random date, it is a grim anniversary.
347
00:24:58,360 --> 00:25:03,360
{\an8}Exactly five years earlier on June 28th, 1914, in Sarajevo,
348
00:25:04,420 --> 00:25:07,238
the crown Prince of Austria was assassinated.
349
00:25:07,238 --> 00:25:11,090
(gunshot)
(screaming)
350
00:25:11,090 --> 00:25:13,653
That event triggered the First World War.
351
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:19,960
The setting is itself symbolic and not only for the French.
352
00:25:19,960 --> 00:25:23,980
It was here, in 1871, after France's defeat in the
353
00:25:23,980 --> 00:25:27,910
Franco-Prussian War that the German Empire was proclaimed
354
00:25:27,910 --> 00:25:31,113
and the world witnessed the emergence of Germany's power.
355
00:25:34,550 --> 00:25:38,670
The desire for revenge also explains Clemenceau's decision
356
00:25:38,670 --> 00:25:42,110
to order four gueules cassees, or mutilated faces.
357
00:25:42,110 --> 00:25:45,207
to stand at the entrance as the German delegates arrive.
358
00:25:50,970 --> 00:25:53,263
The Germans report at three o'clock.
359
00:25:54,500 --> 00:25:57,013
They are given only a few minutes to sign.
360
00:25:58,940 --> 00:26:00,800
In the center of the Hall of Mirrors,
361
00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:03,890
on this table, the treaty is laid.
362
00:26:03,890 --> 00:26:07,340
The German army will be slashed to 100,000 men
363
00:26:07,340 --> 00:26:10,223
and stripped of aviation support and heavy artillery.
364
00:26:11,100 --> 00:26:12,880
Germany will lose its colonies
365
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:15,280
and its naval fleet will be reduced.
366
00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:18,180
Above all, it will have to pay reparations,
367
00:26:18,180 --> 00:26:22,163
a colossal sum for the time, the equivalent of $600 billion.
368
00:26:24,380 --> 00:26:26,993
Germany loses 10% of its territory.
369
00:26:28,490 --> 00:26:30,300
To contain it in the East,
370
00:26:30,300 --> 00:26:32,740
the Allies want to resurrect Poland,
371
00:26:32,740 --> 00:26:34,760
partitioned in the 18th century,
372
00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:37,610
and give Poland access to the Baltic sea.
373
00:26:37,610 --> 00:26:41,530
Thereby dividing Germany in two, a dangerous absurdity
374
00:26:41,530 --> 00:26:43,703
that will make lasting peace impossible.
375
00:26:46,870 --> 00:26:48,760
It is 3:15,
376
00:26:48,760 --> 00:26:51,803
The Treaty of Versailles has just been signed.
377
00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:02,383
The big four will now greet the international press.
378
00:27:06,170 --> 00:27:09,377
Only weeks before Wilson had cautioned,
379
00:27:09,377 --> 00:27:12,130
"Our greatest error would be to give Germany
380
00:27:12,130 --> 00:27:16,000
powerful reasons for wishing one day to take revenge.
381
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:17,520
Excessive demands would
382
00:27:17,520 --> 00:27:19,907
most certainly sow the seeds of war."
383
00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:23,630
Clemenceau thinks otherwise.
384
00:27:23,630 --> 00:27:25,397
He declares with confidence,
385
00:27:25,397 --> 00:27:26,907
"Germany will pay."
386
00:27:27,950 --> 00:27:30,217
But he is tired, he adds,
387
00:27:30,217 --> 00:27:33,027
"Waging war was easier than making peace."
388
00:27:40,591 --> 00:27:42,750
The truth is that the scale of the disaster
389
00:27:42,750 --> 00:27:44,433
provoked a kind of shock.
390
00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:48,980
One of the great minds of the time, Paul Valery,
391
00:27:48,980 --> 00:27:53,980
writes in 1919, "We civilizations know now
392
00:27:54,330 --> 00:27:55,940
that we are mortal.
393
00:27:55,940 --> 00:27:58,380
We had heard tell of vanished worlds,
394
00:27:58,380 --> 00:28:00,680
Empires gone down with all their men
395
00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:02,600
and all their machines,
396
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:04,970
but these disasters were none of our affair
397
00:28:06,250 --> 00:28:09,810
and now we see that the abyss of history
398
00:28:09,810 --> 00:28:11,513
is deep enough to hold us all.
399
00:28:12,380 --> 00:28:14,690
We are aware that a civilization
400
00:28:14,690 --> 00:28:16,797
is as fragile as a human life."
401
00:28:23,240 --> 00:28:27,480
July 14th, 1919, Bastille Day this year
402
00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:29,093
is a celebration of victory.
403
00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:32,980
But also of the crushing humiliation of Germany
404
00:28:32,980 --> 00:28:34,380
by the Treaty of Versailles.
405
00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:42,000
It is also a bittersweet celebration
406
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:43,250
for the widows of France.
407
00:28:53,780 --> 00:28:56,763
Many survivors have trouble turning the page.
408
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:04,970
In a letter censored by military postal authorities,
409
00:29:04,970 --> 00:29:06,927
a soldier writes,
410
00:29:06,927 --> 00:29:09,857
"You don't celebrate when millions are dead."
411
00:29:14,828 --> 00:29:16,610
(triumphant parade music)
412
00:29:16,610 --> 00:29:19,280
But just six months after the war,
413
00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:21,260
Clemenceau orders a grand parade
414
00:29:21,260 --> 00:29:23,720
on Paris' magnificent Champs-Elysees
415
00:29:23,720 --> 00:29:26,783
of all the armies that fought for four long years.
416
00:29:32,540 --> 00:29:34,140
To cover the event,
417
00:29:34,140 --> 00:29:37,110
the leading American magazine of the time, Outlook,
418
00:29:37,110 --> 00:29:40,203
sends its best journalist, Albert Baldwin.
419
00:29:42,420 --> 00:29:46,553
He writes, "The ample sidewalks are densely crowded.
420
00:29:48,370 --> 00:29:51,253
People are on stepladders and balconies and roofs.
421
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:54,890
A cannon booms, it's echo taken up
422
00:29:54,890 --> 00:29:56,423
by the cheering thousands.
423
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,140
Here comes Joffre, The Victor of the Marne,
424
00:30:01,140 --> 00:30:03,790
Foch the Commander in Chief of the Allied Forces
425
00:30:04,930 --> 00:30:07,230
and the leader of the American troops, Pershing,
426
00:30:07,230 --> 00:30:08,973
with a severe military air.
427
00:30:10,480 --> 00:30:12,797
In the crowd, someone shouts, "Smile,"
428
00:30:13,990 --> 00:30:15,910
and the Belgians smile.
429
00:30:15,910 --> 00:30:17,550
They are more relaxed.
430
00:30:17,550 --> 00:30:20,060
But the British receive the most applause,
431
00:30:20,060 --> 00:30:21,423
especially the Scots.
432
00:30:23,010 --> 00:30:24,990
And people scream when they see the Japanese,
433
00:30:24,990 --> 00:30:26,030
the Greeks, the Poles,
434
00:30:26,030 --> 00:30:28,303
the tanned Portuguese, the nervous Serbs.
435
00:30:30,300 --> 00:30:32,020
But where are the Russians?
436
00:30:32,020 --> 00:30:34,080
Not the Bolsheviks, but the ally
437
00:30:34,080 --> 00:30:37,093
that sacrificed 2 million men to make this day possible.
438
00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:43,980
And now here comes Petain on his white horse.
439
00:30:43,980 --> 00:30:47,163
I did not imagine him so young, the Hero of Verdun.
440
00:30:50,770 --> 00:30:52,970
A renowned author, Robert de Flers,
441
00:30:52,970 --> 00:30:54,820
writes in the daily paper, Le Figaro,
442
00:30:56,587 --> 00:30:59,460
"All these uniforms, from every country,
443
00:30:59,460 --> 00:31:03,100
were dyed the same color, that of blood.
444
00:31:03,100 --> 00:31:06,360
The mutilated, whose arms and legs were left behind,
445
00:31:06,360 --> 00:31:07,847
hobble in their glory."
446
00:31:13,210 --> 00:31:16,100
After this procession glorifying the victors,
447
00:31:16,100 --> 00:31:18,253
what has become of the real losers?
448
00:31:19,150 --> 00:31:22,830
The 8 million invalids, from every warring country,
449
00:31:22,830 --> 00:31:27,643
who've lost limbs, been gassed, shellshocked, blinded.
450
00:31:28,720 --> 00:31:31,720
{\an8}(melancholic music)
451
00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:13,330
{\an8}And what of the men whose teeth, noses, eyes
452
00:32:13,330 --> 00:32:15,123
were obliterated by shells?
453
00:32:23,210 --> 00:32:27,293
A Swiss Red Cross nurse, Henriette Remy, recalls,
454
00:32:28,777 --> 00:32:32,560
"Never in my life had I seen anything so atrocious.
455
00:32:32,560 --> 00:32:36,200
Immersed in a disgusting stench were some 20 monsters,
456
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:38,890
men who no longer had anything human about them,
457
00:32:38,890 --> 00:32:41,107
with mutilated debris for faces."
458
00:32:43,050 --> 00:32:46,090
Henriette Remy is present as one of these wounded men meets
459
00:32:46,090 --> 00:32:49,573
his young son who screams in terror at the sight of him.
460
00:32:52,180 --> 00:32:55,980
He weeps, saying, "I am so horrible.
461
00:32:55,980 --> 00:32:59,130
To have once been a man and now to be only this,
462
00:32:59,130 --> 00:33:02,500
a terror to my child, a burden for my wife,
463
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:05,597
a disgrace to humanity, let me die."
464
00:33:06,660 --> 00:33:08,263
He later commits suicide.
465
00:33:11,290 --> 00:33:14,870
And this man who was married in 1914,
466
00:33:14,870 --> 00:33:16,720
the day before he left for the front.
467
00:33:17,830 --> 00:33:22,830
He writes, "The image reflected in the mirror scares me.
468
00:33:23,950 --> 00:33:27,720
I scream in despair, no mouth, but a maw
469
00:33:27,720 --> 00:33:29,930
and from my gaping maw come only
470
00:33:29,930 --> 00:33:32,337
the gruntings of a wild beast."
471
00:33:47,067 --> 00:33:51,270
"The war left us nothing but cemeteries and ruins,"
472
00:33:51,270 --> 00:33:55,180
writes Marcel Capi, one of the women who, for four years,
473
00:33:55,180 --> 00:33:58,293
had replaced the men who worked in munitions factories.
474
00:34:04,120 --> 00:34:07,680
French women demand, in vain, the right to vote,
475
00:34:07,680 --> 00:34:10,140
already granted to British women.
476
00:34:10,140 --> 00:34:12,890
Worse, they are fired from factories
477
00:34:12,890 --> 00:34:15,640
to make room for returning soldiers,
478
00:34:15,640 --> 00:34:17,440
But at least, they implore,
479
00:34:17,440 --> 00:34:19,903
let peace return once and for all.
480
00:34:22,160 --> 00:34:25,543
Now a dedicated pacifist, Marcel Capi writes,
481
00:34:26,717 --> 00:34:28,820
"The so called peace treaties are,
482
00:34:28,820 --> 00:34:31,410
in reality, sources of conflict.
483
00:34:31,410 --> 00:34:34,820
Inspired by revenge, they make injustice a doctrine
484
00:34:34,820 --> 00:34:36,923
and have plunged Europe into chaos.
485
00:34:37,950 --> 00:34:40,487
The Treaty of Versailles is an absurdity."
486
00:34:44,050 --> 00:34:46,530
{\an8}The Treaty of Versailles will be the foundation
487
00:34:46,530 --> 00:34:49,193
{\an8}of the vengeful speeches given by Hitler,
488
00:34:50,250 --> 00:34:52,920
filmed here for the first time in 1919
489
00:34:52,920 --> 00:34:55,140
at a far right demonstration.
490
00:34:55,140 --> 00:34:56,890
At this point, he is merely
491
00:34:56,890 --> 00:34:59,640
an anti Bolshevik informant for the army,
492
00:34:59,640 --> 00:35:02,210
but he knows how to use this deeply flawed
493
00:35:02,210 --> 00:35:04,143
peace treaty to his advantage.
494
00:35:06,140 --> 00:35:09,790
He will write, "Versailles was a disgrace
495
00:35:09,790 --> 00:35:12,310
and this dictated peace is an incredible
496
00:35:12,310 --> 00:35:14,310
plundering of our people.
497
00:35:14,310 --> 00:35:17,440
France, the mortal enemy of our people,
498
00:35:17,440 --> 00:35:19,427
is strangling us ruthlessly."
499
00:35:21,570 --> 00:35:25,003
Hitler looks around him and sees only misery.
500
00:35:26,160 --> 00:35:30,720
He says, "Let the shame and rage that lies within
501
00:35:30,720 --> 00:35:34,237
60 million Germans become a torrent of flame."
502
00:35:42,040 --> 00:35:45,100
The Treaty of Versailles requires Germans
503
00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:47,600
to surrender all their weapons
504
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:49,483
for which they receive compensation.
505
00:35:59,550 --> 00:36:01,920
They see their planes and their artillery
506
00:36:01,920 --> 00:36:04,203
destroyed by order of the Allies.
507
00:36:08,360 --> 00:36:12,780
German military leaders share in the sense of humiliation.
508
00:36:12,780 --> 00:36:14,840
Now commanding a reduced army,
509
00:36:14,840 --> 00:36:17,910
they will transform it into an elite fighting force
510
00:36:17,910 --> 00:36:20,273
to wreak revenge on France and England.
511
00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:28,360
They will fail in their attempts to seize power,
512
00:36:30,340 --> 00:36:32,600
but will pressure successive governments
513
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:36,643
until they find, in Hitler, the ideal man for their plan.
514
00:36:40,080 --> 00:36:44,493
By 1919, the swastika begins to appear on helmets.
515
00:36:48,110 --> 00:36:51,787
One of these officers, Ernst Junger, writes,
516
00:36:51,787 --> 00:36:55,497
"The war is not the end, but the beginning of violence."
517
00:36:56,670 --> 00:36:59,547
Lieutenant Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz says,
518
00:36:59,547 --> 00:37:02,800
"When they told us the war was over, we laughed
519
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:04,430
because we are war.
520
00:37:04,430 --> 00:37:06,537
Its flame continues to burn in us."
521
00:37:11,439 --> 00:37:14,106
(marching drum)
522
00:37:23,288 --> 00:37:24,270
(upbeat music)
523
00:37:24,270 --> 00:37:26,360
Respectable society in Germany
524
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:29,317
supports the army and will support Hitler.
525
00:37:31,980 --> 00:37:35,250
Industrialists who manufactured thousands of machine guns
526
00:37:35,250 --> 00:37:39,790
and millions of uniforms form a new moneyed elite.
527
00:37:39,790 --> 00:37:43,390
Berliners invent a word for them, Rafka,
528
00:37:43,390 --> 00:37:44,923
those who rake in money.
529
00:37:50,550 --> 00:37:53,343
They live surrounded by extreme poverty.
530
00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:00,003
They are intoxicated with cynicism.
531
00:38:05,230 --> 00:38:07,850
{\an8}In France, the trenches are empty
532
00:38:07,850 --> 00:38:09,803
and the birds have begun to sing again.
533
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,270
But the Allied armies are still struggling,
534
00:38:13,270 --> 00:38:16,713
two years later, to demobilize 9 million men.
535
00:38:19,760 --> 00:38:22,170
Censorship of military mail continues
536
00:38:22,170 --> 00:38:25,133
until all men have returned to civilian life.
537
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:29,393
A letter intercepted from one of these forgotten men reads,
538
00:38:31,187 --> 00:38:32,713
"Why won't they set us free?
539
00:38:33,920 --> 00:38:35,133
We're sick of this.
540
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:39,200
Now that the war is over,
541
00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:42,447
let those of us who saved you return to our families."
542
00:38:45,706 --> 00:38:48,140
And wives will be reunited with their men.
543
00:38:48,140 --> 00:38:52,152
Just like the most famous singer of the day, Mistinguett.
544
00:38:52,152 --> 00:38:55,985
{\an8}(singing in foreign language)
545
00:39:23,270 --> 00:39:25,810
Five million demobilized French soldiers
546
00:39:25,810 --> 00:39:28,510
are entitled to a civilian suit of clothes.
547
00:39:28,510 --> 00:39:30,690
But supplies run short.
548
00:39:30,690 --> 00:39:34,030
Attempts to dye uniforms are considered ridiculous
549
00:39:34,030 --> 00:39:37,683
and so an allowance of about $50 is paid to each man.
550
00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:44,390
Many are farmers who return to their fields,
551
00:39:44,390 --> 00:39:47,040
but factory workers in all countries
552
00:39:47,040 --> 00:39:48,743
have a harder time finding work.
553
00:39:53,330 --> 00:39:55,730
Women have been forced out of their wartime jobs
554
00:39:56,610 --> 00:39:58,660
but arms production has been slashed too.
555
00:39:59,550 --> 00:40:02,763
Industrialists cannot transform their businesses overnight.
556
00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:07,110
Demobilization is hardest of all
557
00:40:07,110 --> 00:40:10,887
for the Australians and New Zealanders, known as the ANZACS.
558
00:40:13,130 --> 00:40:15,363
They linger in filthy transit camps.
559
00:40:16,750 --> 00:40:18,470
Soldiers from distant continents
560
00:40:18,470 --> 00:40:19,850
and their disillusioned officers
561
00:40:19,850 --> 00:40:21,993
now have nothing to kill but time.
562
00:40:23,140 --> 00:40:24,970
They create strange shows
563
00:40:24,970 --> 00:40:26,793
like this skit about death.
564
00:40:28,150 --> 00:40:30,700
After eluding it in the trenches,
565
00:40:30,700 --> 00:40:34,360
they are now stalked by death from the Spanish Flu,
566
00:40:34,360 --> 00:40:37,403
the global epidemic thought to have originated in Spain.
567
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:43,750
In fact, it is an especially virulent bird flu
568
00:40:43,750 --> 00:40:48,173
that kills over 20 million people, more than the war itself.
569
00:40:57,400 --> 00:40:59,763
Returning soldiers face many challenges.
570
00:41:02,550 --> 00:41:05,253
Earl Sutherland of Toronto writes to his mother,
571
00:41:06,727 --> 00:41:08,690
"I hope you will not condemn me
572
00:41:08,690 --> 00:41:10,913
for marrying a girl whose father was German.
573
00:41:12,650 --> 00:41:15,410
Rosa is a very kind and earnest girl
574
00:41:15,410 --> 00:41:16,963
who has been very kind to me.
575
00:41:18,690 --> 00:41:20,940
Please don't condemn her before you see her."
576
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:29,240
Lieutenant Arthur Lapointe, of the famous Van Doos,
577
00:41:29,240 --> 00:41:31,840
the mainly French Canadian 22nd regiment,
578
00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:33,670
returns home to Quebec.
579
00:41:33,670 --> 00:41:38,220
He writes, "I feel my heart overflowing with joy
580
00:41:38,220 --> 00:41:41,417
for this land that I never thought I would see again."
581
00:41:43,780 --> 00:41:46,203
Some members of his family have died of the flu.
582
00:41:47,770 --> 00:41:51,963
His neighbor lost her husband in the battle of Vimy in 1917.
583
00:41:54,790 --> 00:41:56,870
Repatriation ends.
584
00:41:56,870 --> 00:41:59,357
A special commission reports,
585
00:41:59,357 --> 00:42:01,330
"Most of the men come back from the war
586
00:42:01,330 --> 00:42:03,053
in a kind of mental lethargy.
587
00:42:04,250 --> 00:42:07,300
{\an8}There were so long subjected to military discipline,
588
00:42:07,300 --> 00:42:10,510
{\an8}fed, dressed and accustomed to obeying orders
589
00:42:10,510 --> 00:42:12,310
that they have lost their autonomy."
590
00:42:23,850 --> 00:42:26,220
The Canadian Military Hospitals Commission
591
00:42:26,220 --> 00:42:31,150
confidently states, "What every disabled soldier must know
592
00:42:31,150 --> 00:42:34,483
is that the word impossible is not in our dictionary.
593
00:42:36,970 --> 00:42:39,230
The success he will have later in his work,
594
00:42:39,230 --> 00:42:41,160
depends on the energy and perseverance
595
00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:43,147
he shows during his rehabilitation."
596
00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:57,503
478,000 Americans also leave France,
597
00:42:58,900 --> 00:43:01,110
but not before being disinfected
598
00:43:01,110 --> 00:43:03,810
and cleansed of all parasites picked up in the trenches
599
00:43:03,810 --> 00:43:05,890
and other dangerous places,
600
00:43:05,890 --> 00:43:06,723
like brothels.
601
00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:11,583
But it's the Spanish Flu that especially worries doctors.
602
00:43:22,130 --> 00:43:26,400
African American troops are particularly uneasy.
603
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:29,130
In France, they didn't encounter racism,
604
00:43:29,130 --> 00:43:31,440
but now they're heading home to the segregation
605
00:43:31,440 --> 00:43:34,140
of the deep South and the growing violence
606
00:43:34,140 --> 00:43:37,723
spearheaded by the sinister and secretive Ku Klux Klan.
607
00:43:38,562 --> 00:43:41,395
(dramatic music)
608
00:43:42,350 --> 00:43:44,140
On the cotton plantations,
609
00:43:44,140 --> 00:43:46,080
life has changed little since slavery
610
00:43:46,920 --> 00:43:49,520
and children sing an old spiritual,
611
00:43:49,520 --> 00:43:51,780
later sung by Louis Armstrong.
612
00:43:51,780 --> 00:43:56,780
♪ One day one day I was walking along ♪
613
00:43:56,992 --> 00:44:01,992
♪ Oh yes Lord ♪
614
00:44:02,145 --> 00:44:07,056
♪ The sky opened up and love came down ♪
615
00:44:07,056 --> 00:44:12,056
♪ Oh yes Lord ♪
616
00:44:12,258 --> 00:44:17,258
♪ Nobody knows the trouble I've seen ♪
617
00:44:17,897 --> 00:44:22,897
♪ Nobody knows but Jesus ♪
618
00:44:23,153 --> 00:44:28,153
♪ Nobody knows the trouble I've seen ♪
619
00:44:29,122 --> 00:44:34,122
♪ Glory hallelujah ♪
620
00:44:38,936 --> 00:44:43,936
♪ Nobody knows the trouble I've seen ♪
621
00:44:44,008 --> 00:44:49,008
♪ Nobody knows but Jesus ♪
622
00:44:49,933 --> 00:44:54,933
♪ Nobody knows the trouble I've seen ♪
623
00:44:55,761 --> 00:44:58,678
♪ Glory hallelujah ♪
49698
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