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21st of September, 2014
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all over the world,
millions marched together
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to demonstrate against climate change.
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In the middle of the historical
march in New York that day,
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was a politically active economist
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with access to those in
power, Jeffrey Sachs.
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- This is everything we're trying to do
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to make a decent world
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and we have every means
to solve the problems,
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we just haven't decided yet
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that we're really going
to solve the problems.
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- [Voiceover] Jeffrey Sachs and his team
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have set themselves a mission
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to convince the decision
makers of the world
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that disaster can be avoided
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without having to go
back to the Stone Age.
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- The movement is really up and running.
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Now every country is thinking
about climate policy.
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- [Voiceover] It's a huge challenge.
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For the first time in history,
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scientists from around the world
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are trying to influence
climate negotiations
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scheduled for late 2015 in Paris.
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But have they got what it takes?
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- It may be worth breaking the codes
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and breaking down the standards.
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If we really are at war with ourselves
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and the future of our children
is hanging in the balance
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maybe we shouldn't hold back.
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- We're gonna hold all
politicians accountable.
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It's not just today, it's everyday
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between now and Paris, December 2015.
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Today we start winning.
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Thank you very much
for all being together.
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- [Voiceover] In the
news tonight, the IPCC,
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the International Panel of
experts on Climate Change,
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have issued a warning.
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- [Voiceover] Waves from
powerful typhoon Neoguri
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have hit Japan.
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Melting ice may have reached
record levels this year.
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It is the worst drought since
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the People's Republic was founded.
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The average temperature this
year has hit a record high,
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yet there have been no heat waves.
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Towns are submerged underwater
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with hundreds estimated to be dead.
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With the oceans slowly eating
away at the coast line,
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it could very well be the
first thing to disappear.
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- [Voiceover] The Copenhagen
Summit on global warming
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came to a close, failing
to reach a consensus.
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- [Voiceover] The 2015
Paris Summit must lead
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to the adoption of an ambitious agreement.
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- [Voiceover] In the last 60 years
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endangering 12 million people.
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- [President Obama] We
cannot condemn our children,
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and their children,
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to a future that is beyond
their capacity to repair.
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(piano)
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- [Voiceover] Since the
Earth Summit in Rio,
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more than 20 years ago,
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there have been several UN
Summits on climate change,
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but never any real successes.
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Nevertheless, their goal
is vital for our planet,
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to sign an agreement in which each country
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commits to the fight
against global warming.
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To avoid catastrophe, the average
global surface temperature
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must be limited to a rise
of two degrees Celsius
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above pre-industrial levels.
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In order for this to happen
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CO2 emissions must be cut by half.
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Yet it remains to be seen
just who will do that.
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That is the key challenge of
the international Summits.
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Jeffrey Sachs takes the
2 degrees Celsius target
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very seriously
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and has launched an ambitious project
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that has never previously been attempted,
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the deep decarbonization of
the world's energy systems.
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According to Time Magazine,
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Jeffrey Sachs is one of
the most influential people
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on the planet.
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In the past, he has helped restore
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struggling economies in several countries.
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These days, Jeffrey Sachs
is a special adviser
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to the UN Secretary General
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and works on reconciling economic growth
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and climate protection.
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A believer in strong remedies
and ever the visionary
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he has come up with a brand new method
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to solve the climate change crisis.
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He has hand picked a group
of leading scientific experts
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from 15 of the biggest
CO2 emitting countries
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and set them a challenge.
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Each one of them has to write a report
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on how their country could
reduce it's CO2 emissions by 2050
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without compromising economic development.
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The ambitious project is called
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Deep Decarbonization
Pathways Project or DDPP.
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- We've undertaken the Deep
Decarbonization Pathways Project
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as a way to show how it
would be practically possible
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to deeply decarbonize
the world energy system,
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by that I mean, we have to
shift out of coal, oil, and gas
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in order to keep the planet safe.
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It's really changing the DNA
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of the energy system of the world,
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which is not something
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that you'd wanna do, ya know, too often
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because it's not an easy task.
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But those who say give up on it
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actually don't know what
they're talking about.
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- [Voiceover] The final
report is to be submitted
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to policy makers around the world.
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Decarbonization is the key word here.
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It entails massively reducing
carbon dioxide emissions.
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The notorious green house gas CO2
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is heating up the planet.
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We produce it in abundance,
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and understandably so.
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It comes from burning oil, gas, and coal.
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The problem is, it's
pouring out everywhere.
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From car exhausts,
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from the manufacturing of industrial
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and technological products,
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and from food production.
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Fruit and vegetables travel
thousands of kilometers by plane
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to arrive on supermarket
shelves around the world
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no matter the season.
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Meat production also emits
huge quantities of CO2.
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So how do we go about
decarbonizing our world
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which relies so heavy
on burning fossil fuels
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without going back to candlelight?
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- Those fossil fuels
have created our wealth,
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built our civilization,
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enriched the lives of billions of people,
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but now the rising costs
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to our health, security,
economy, environment,
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are eroding if not actually
outweighing their benefits.
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So, we need a new fire that makes us
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safe, secure, healthy, and durable.
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- [Voiceover] In order to
choose his team of experts,
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Jeffrey Sachs contacted a heavyweight
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in global policy and
climate analysis, the IDDRI,
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the Institute for Sustainable Development
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and International Relations.
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They formed research teams
from 15 of the biggest
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CO2 emitting countries in the world,
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Germany, France, Japan,
China, the United States,
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Indonesia, South Africa,
India, Australia, Brazil,
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South Korea, Canada, Mexico,
Russia, and the United Kindom.
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Together these countries
represent three-quarters
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of global CO2 emissions.
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They are working on new economic models
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without CO2 that are compatible
with economic growth.
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China will not have the same
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decarbonization trajectory
as the United States.
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France's will differ from Germany's.
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They only have a few months to do it.
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- Our job is to convey the message,
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"What would it take to achieve
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"a two degree C frame work?"
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That's our job.
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We're not negotiating.
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Let the governments negotiate.
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We're problem solving.
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So we should be quite bold,
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but list the assumptions,
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because I think the power of this project
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will be, if we're able to show together,
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here is a two degree C path.
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It should really direct to the question
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"What do you have to
do to make this real?"
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because that's the last chance
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to make it real.
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- We try to amorize our
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certainty in the language about that.
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- Ya know, I think it's necessary
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if you've got the right kind of models
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set up to do this properly.
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- Hard to accelerate the
speed of the transformation
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and that will lead us
to the degrade economy.
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- If we miss this two
degree Celsius window,
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which is already a tragedy
for a lot of people,
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It will be a tragedy for everyone.
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Everyday I'm surprised by
how much time we're wasting,
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how much hesitating there is.
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It always makes me so cross.
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Not only are we the first generation
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to acknowledge this problem,
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we're also the last one
that can take action.
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- [Voiceover] To be able
to move forward together,
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the 15 research teams must use
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a common working method, agreed on by all.
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That in it itself is a challenge.
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What is the plan?
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Each country records it's CO2 emissions
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by sector of activity,
industry, transport,
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construction, agriculture,
and power generation.
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To decarbonize each sector of activity
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there are three triggers.
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First, make all machines
more energy efficient
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using technological advances,
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so that they consume less energy.
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Second, replace fossil fuels
with renewable energy sources.
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Third, produce low carbon electricity
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and make everything electric that can be.
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Each DDPP member country
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must detail how it will operate
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the triggers of each sector of activity
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to reduce emissions to
1.7 tons per person,
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the necessary limit to stay below
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a two degree Celsius rise.
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That is what a decarbonization pathway is.
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North America is one of
the hardest to decarbonize.
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The rate of emissions per person
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is one the highest in the world.
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Jim Williams, an expert
in energy efficiency,
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and a DDPP coordinator,
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has drafted in one of the
world's leading specialists
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from Berkeley's Earth Sciences
division, Margaret Torn.
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- The deep decarbonization
project was trying to see
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is there a way for the United States
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to reduce it's green house gas emissions.
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Taking us from a country where we emit
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17 tons of CO2 per person,
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which is kind of a lot,
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all the way down to 1.7 tons
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and what these lines
are showing you is that,
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this is our target, but also
I'll just say we did it.
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The UN DDPP analysis
shows that we can do it.
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These deep decarbonization scenarios
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do not limit the economy.
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They support economic growth.
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- And they do not limit our lifestyle.
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- Yeah.
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- Now if people prefer
to get out of their cars,
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become vegetarians,
wear sweaters, (laughs)
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and so forth, that can be a fine thing.
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It'll make it all easier to accomplish
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and less expensive
- Right.
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but that is not an assumption
- Definitely.
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that we built into our analysis.
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We assume that Americans
still act like Americans
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30 or 40 years into the future.
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- [Voiceover] This is a huge challenge.
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The United States must reduce
CO2 emissions by 90 percent.
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The hardest sector of
activity isn't transport
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as one might think, but industry.
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(somber piano)
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US industry remains the
strongest in the world.
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Steel, chemicals, textiles,
technology, automobiles.
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The industrial sector isn't quite ready
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to overhaul it's complex
production methods
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for the sake of the climate.
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Yet, a surprising revolution
is already underway
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somewhere in Michigan,
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where coal is being
replaced by waste products.
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General Motors giant 30
kilometer long factory in Detroit
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employs more than 1,600
workers around the clock.
261
00:12:56,737 --> 00:12:59,535
Against all expectations,
the auto industry giants
262
00:12:59,535 --> 00:13:01,370
signed the climate declaration,
263
00:13:01,370 --> 00:13:06,125
and industry initiative to
drastically reduce CO2 emissions.
264
00:13:08,115 --> 00:13:12,643
Can Detroit, home of the US
auto industry, set the example?
265
00:13:12,643 --> 00:13:15,952
Jim Williams of the DDPP is
using this kind of initiative
266
00:13:15,952 --> 00:13:19,214
to trace a pathway for the United States.
267
00:13:19,214 --> 00:13:21,920
Rob Threlkeld, responsible
for sustainable development
268
00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:25,159
at General Motors, grew up in Detroit.
269
00:13:25,159 --> 00:13:26,633
He refused to leave when the city
270
00:13:26,633 --> 00:13:28,502
was hit by economic decline.
271
00:13:28,502 --> 00:13:30,302
According to him, energy transition
272
00:13:30,302 --> 00:13:32,721
is the way to save this city.
273
00:13:32,721 --> 00:13:34,368
- The community, they
understand renewable energy
274
00:13:34,368 --> 00:13:37,841
and sustainability, it
makes good business sense
275
00:13:37,841 --> 00:13:40,762
which is why GM is signed on to series
276
00:13:40,762 --> 00:13:42,712
under the climate declaration
277
00:13:42,712 --> 00:13:43,716
'cause climate change is something
278
00:13:43,716 --> 00:13:46,572
we recognize and it makes
good business for us.
279
00:13:46,572 --> 00:13:48,813
A sense for us to invest
in renewable energy,
280
00:13:48,813 --> 00:13:50,775
invest into our products,
281
00:13:50,775 --> 00:13:52,921
which then reinvests into the communities.
282
00:13:52,921 --> 00:13:56,195
The city of Detroit reinvents itself.
283
00:13:56,195 --> 00:13:58,389
This is what the city is doing,
284
00:13:58,389 --> 00:14:01,437
a lot of it is in the area of green.
285
00:14:05,669 --> 00:14:07,039
- [Voiceover] The deserted neighborhoods
286
00:14:07,039 --> 00:14:08,769
of what was once "Motor City"
287
00:14:08,769 --> 00:14:13,555
bare witness to the extent of
the city's industrial decline.
288
00:14:19,751 --> 00:14:22,514
Could Detroit, declared bankrupt in 2013,
289
00:14:22,514 --> 00:14:26,252
rise again thanks to low
carbon energy resources?
290
00:14:26,252 --> 00:14:28,888
This year, General Motors
received the Energy Star,
291
00:14:28,888 --> 00:14:30,316
issued by the US government,
292
00:14:30,316 --> 00:14:33,764
for it's commitment to energy transition.
293
00:14:33,764 --> 00:14:36,295
But it is not a question
of cleaner vehicles.
294
00:14:36,295 --> 00:14:40,641
The revolution is happening elsewhere.
295
00:14:40,641 --> 00:14:42,634
Rob and his boss, David Tulauskas,
296
00:14:42,634 --> 00:14:45,006
are leading the change.
297
00:14:45,006 --> 00:14:47,142
- Reducing our carbon footprint,
298
00:14:47,142 --> 00:14:48,975
reducing our water footprint,
299
00:14:48,975 --> 00:14:50,809
reducing our energy footprint,
300
00:14:50,809 --> 00:14:52,945
helps our bottom line.
301
00:14:52,945 --> 00:14:55,058
And the third value that we measure
302
00:14:55,058 --> 00:14:57,148
is in reduced risks.
303
00:14:57,148 --> 00:15:00,190
We we no longer send waste to landfill,
304
00:15:00,190 --> 00:15:04,222
landfills in general are
liabilities waiting to happen.
305
00:15:04,222 --> 00:15:06,962
So, if we're not sending
waste to a landfill,
306
00:15:06,962 --> 00:15:09,458
we're reducing our liability risks,
307
00:15:09,458 --> 00:15:12,663
we're reducing our
future regulatory risks.
308
00:15:12,663 --> 00:15:16,900
We view waste as really
a resource out of place
309
00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:19,037
and these resources have value.
310
00:15:19,037 --> 00:15:21,110
So, instead of sending them to a landfill,
311
00:15:21,110 --> 00:15:22,643
we look for new buyers.
312
00:15:22,643 --> 00:15:24,907
People who can use them as inputs.
313
00:15:24,907 --> 00:15:26,710
So, we've changed our waste streams
314
00:15:26,710 --> 00:15:28,881
into revenue streams
315
00:15:28,881 --> 00:15:30,251
and on average we earn
316
00:15:30,251 --> 00:15:34,309
about a billion dollars a
year in selling our waste.
317
00:15:36,890 --> 00:15:39,165
- [Voiceover] Everyday,
thousands of tons of waste
318
00:15:39,165 --> 00:15:40,826
arrive from around the city
319
00:15:40,826 --> 00:15:43,032
and even from neighboring Canada.
320
00:15:43,032 --> 00:15:46,700
For GM, the daily procession
of waste disposal trucks
321
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:49,774
to the Detroit Renewable
Energy Waste Processing Plant
322
00:15:49,774 --> 00:15:52,177
has enabled them to do the unthinkable,
323
00:15:52,177 --> 00:15:53,733
to close the coal fired power plant
324
00:15:53,733 --> 00:15:57,182
that supplied their electricity.
325
00:15:57,182 --> 00:15:58,575
Most of this household waste
326
00:15:58,575 --> 00:16:00,711
is made up of combustible materials,
327
00:16:00,711 --> 00:16:03,521
paper, cardboard, and packaging,
328
00:16:03,521 --> 00:16:06,575
which provide energy through combustion.
329
00:16:06,575 --> 00:16:09,094
The steam then generates
electricity for the city
330
00:16:09,094 --> 00:16:10,429
but not only that,
331
00:16:10,429 --> 00:16:12,995
it also provides energy for
the heating and cooling systems
332
00:16:12,995 --> 00:16:16,021
at the car plant via a massive pipeline.
333
00:16:16,021 --> 00:16:18,997
Burning waste also emits CO2 gases,
334
00:16:18,997 --> 00:16:23,723
but 50 percent less than coal.
335
00:16:23,723 --> 00:16:25,346
According to the DDPP,
336
00:16:25,346 --> 00:16:27,041
carbon emissions from industry
337
00:16:27,041 --> 00:16:31,116
need to be reduced by 80 percent by 2050.
338
00:16:31,116 --> 00:16:32,985
But for now, in the United States
339
00:16:32,985 --> 00:16:35,586
only 1,000 companies
in the industry sector
340
00:16:35,586 --> 00:16:37,351
have publicly pledged
to cut their emissions,
341
00:16:37,351 --> 00:16:40,356
like General Motors.
342
00:16:40,356 --> 00:16:43,560
It isn't nearly enough
to transform this sector.
343
00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:46,765
But is there real political
will to make things happen?
344
00:16:46,765 --> 00:16:50,201
- There have been two
important recent changes
345
00:16:50,201 --> 00:16:53,731
in the US's position.
346
00:16:53,731 --> 00:16:55,670
The first is the Obama Administration's
347
00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:57,945
undeniable will to change things.
348
00:16:57,945 --> 00:16:59,269
They are doing all they can regarding
349
00:16:59,269 --> 00:17:01,904
new standards for cars, coal
fired power planets, etc.
350
00:17:01,904 --> 00:17:04,876
The second is that there are companies,
351
00:17:04,876 --> 00:17:07,013
and more importantly,
352
00:17:07,013 --> 00:17:08,917
more and more US states,
353
00:17:08,917 --> 00:17:12,783
such as California,
Washington, and New Jersey,
354
00:17:12,783 --> 00:17:16,057
that are deeply committed
to a green economy
355
00:17:16,057 --> 00:17:19,598
which will create economical
growth for the future.
356
00:17:19,598 --> 00:17:21,525
California is experiencing an incredible
357
00:17:21,525 --> 00:17:23,870
technological revolution.
358
00:17:23,870 --> 00:17:25,101
Whatever the political context
359
00:17:25,101 --> 00:17:27,063
may be after Obama,
360
00:17:27,063 --> 00:17:28,770
everyone working for the Summit in Paris
361
00:17:28,770 --> 00:17:30,291
will be the best possible advocates
362
00:17:30,291 --> 00:17:34,329
to ensure that the green
economy continues to develop.
363
00:17:34,329 --> 00:17:38,009
(violin music)
364
00:17:38,009 --> 00:17:39,878
- [Voiceover] Although
the Obama Administration
365
00:17:39,878 --> 00:17:41,550
seems to have a good momentum going,
366
00:17:41,550 --> 00:17:44,491
it is essential the
politicians follow step.
367
00:17:44,491 --> 00:17:46,488
A few months ahead of
the Paris conference,
368
00:17:46,488 --> 00:17:49,622
Jeffrey Sachs continues
his intensive lobbying.
369
00:17:49,622 --> 00:17:51,097
His goal is to convince world leaders
370
00:17:51,097 --> 00:17:53,422
of the urgent need to decarbonize.
371
00:17:53,422 --> 00:17:57,480
(violin music)
372
00:17:59,866 --> 00:18:03,534
In an hour he'll be
standing in front of the UN.
373
00:18:03,534 --> 00:18:05,903
He is making last minute
changes to his speech
374
00:18:05,903 --> 00:18:09,996
which will be the official
international launch of the DDPP.
375
00:18:13,136 --> 00:18:16,781
- I'm going to have a chance to talk about
376
00:18:16,781 --> 00:18:19,621
the Deep Decarbonization Project,
377
00:18:19,621 --> 00:18:22,547
what it means, and why
we think it's important
378
00:18:22,547 --> 00:18:24,660
for next years negotiations.
379
00:18:24,660 --> 00:18:27,829
But I think that people
that are fighting the cause
380
00:18:27,829 --> 00:18:31,507
will take encouragement from today.
381
00:18:31,507 --> 00:18:35,718
(suspenseful violin music)
382
00:18:40,204 --> 00:18:42,608
- I don't want to spend
too much time on this,
383
00:18:42,608 --> 00:18:44,477
the science and the reason
384
00:18:44,477 --> 00:18:45,986
to be afraid if you're not afraid,
385
00:18:45,986 --> 00:18:49,237
I strongly advise you, be afraid.
386
00:18:49,237 --> 00:18:50,491
Really.
387
00:18:50,491 --> 00:18:53,451
What's the US plan for
deep decarbonization?
388
00:18:53,451 --> 00:18:56,830
Does anybody know?
389
00:18:56,830 --> 00:19:00,057
Has anybody read it?
390
00:19:00,057 --> 00:19:03,459
You know why? It doesn't exist.
391
00:19:03,459 --> 00:19:06,432
The US government, with all it's majesty,
392
00:19:06,432 --> 00:19:11,202
has never written down a
pathway of deep decarbonization.
393
00:19:11,202 --> 00:19:12,611
Why?
394
00:19:12,611 --> 00:19:15,943
Because Washington swarms with lobbyists.
395
00:19:15,943 --> 00:19:17,684
And so far, I didn't see Exxon Mobile
396
00:19:17,684 --> 00:19:20,273
and Chevron here today, maybe they are,
397
00:19:20,273 --> 00:19:21,678
but I didn't hear them say
398
00:19:21,678 --> 00:19:25,149
that they're into deep
decarbonization yet.
399
00:19:25,149 --> 00:19:26,717
They're into more drilling,
400
00:19:26,717 --> 00:19:28,226
Arctic exploration, deep sea,
401
00:19:28,226 --> 00:19:31,221
and we are not going to get the results
402
00:19:31,221 --> 00:19:35,064
unless we actually try to get the results.
403
00:19:35,064 --> 00:19:37,201
And you can, what we're going to do..
404
00:19:37,201 --> 00:19:39,964
Time. We've run out of time.
405
00:19:39,964 --> 00:19:43,156
That's precisely my point.
406
00:19:43,156 --> 00:19:45,966
(applause)
407
00:19:45,966 --> 00:19:47,881
(slow music)
408
00:19:47,881 --> 00:19:49,848
- [Voiceover] In Paris, DDPP members
409
00:19:49,848 --> 00:19:52,216
led by Jeffrey Sachs and the IDDRI
410
00:19:52,216 --> 00:19:53,981
meet once every three months
411
00:19:53,981 --> 00:19:56,048
to continue their scientific works.
412
00:19:56,048 --> 00:19:57,510
Progress reports are given
413
00:19:57,510 --> 00:19:59,693
and attention is drawn to
any obstacles encountered
414
00:19:59,693 --> 00:20:01,388
in country policies.
415
00:20:01,388 --> 00:20:03,257
- It's incumbent on us to do more
416
00:20:03,257 --> 00:20:04,697
than just present our results.
417
00:20:04,697 --> 00:20:07,100
We're actually, because
of the conventions,
418
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:08,517
in order to be heard,
419
00:20:08,517 --> 00:20:09,829
we're going to have to challenge
420
00:20:09,829 --> 00:20:12,034
the way people hear these things
421
00:20:12,034 --> 00:20:14,670
and change the nature of the conversation
422
00:20:14,670 --> 00:20:17,677
around climate policy.
423
00:20:19,497 --> 00:20:20,672
- [Voiceover] Although the United States
424
00:20:20,672 --> 00:20:23,145
have managed to establish
a creditable scenario,
425
00:20:23,145 --> 00:20:26,872
other nations are finding it very hard.
426
00:20:26,872 --> 00:20:29,415
The task is more difficult than expected,
427
00:20:29,415 --> 00:20:30,657
particularly for China,
428
00:20:30,657 --> 00:20:34,558
the world's largest emitter
of greenhouse gases.
429
00:20:36,462 --> 00:20:38,958
It requires a huge amount
of effort on China's part
430
00:20:38,958 --> 00:20:42,766
to develop a pathway for
deep decarbonization.
431
00:20:42,766 --> 00:20:45,332
The country is suffocating.
432
00:20:45,332 --> 00:20:46,667
Half of it's CO2 emissions
433
00:20:46,667 --> 00:20:50,520
are a result of industrial
manufacturing for the West.
434
00:20:51,675 --> 00:20:53,637
The blame lies with the coal fired plants
435
00:20:53,637 --> 00:20:54,973
that are springing up every week
436
00:20:54,973 --> 00:20:56,412
to provide more energy,
437
00:20:56,412 --> 00:21:00,545
emitting not only CO2
but also toxic fumes.
438
00:21:01,683 --> 00:21:06,683
Air pollution is enhanced by
ever increasing road traffic.
439
00:21:12,132 --> 00:21:14,064
Current figures show
that each person in China
440
00:21:14,064 --> 00:21:17,500
emits four and a half
tons of CO2 per year,
441
00:21:17,500 --> 00:21:20,885
which is three times too much.
442
00:21:22,075 --> 00:21:24,536
How can a country with the
world's highest growth rate
443
00:21:24,536 --> 00:21:28,327
reduce it's emissions
to 1.7 tons per capita?
444
00:21:30,039 --> 00:21:32,710
At Tsinghua University,
Fei Teng and his team
445
00:21:32,710 --> 00:21:36,338
are building a deep
decarbonization pathway for China.
446
00:21:38,549 --> 00:21:41,522
- If there is no policy intervention,
447
00:21:41,522 --> 00:21:45,225
and if China follows
what has been observed
448
00:21:45,225 --> 00:21:47,415
in other developed countries,
449
00:21:47,415 --> 00:21:50,829
the per capita emission will
reach a quite high level
450
00:21:50,829 --> 00:21:54,198
which is about 10 tons
451
00:21:54,198 --> 00:21:57,704
to 20 tons of carbon dioxide
452
00:21:57,704 --> 00:22:01,373
per person in year 2050.
453
00:22:01,373 --> 00:22:04,507
That will be something that this world
454
00:22:04,507 --> 00:22:06,377
cannot afford.
455
00:22:06,377 --> 00:22:10,185
The most important approach is to firstly,
456
00:22:10,185 --> 00:22:13,746
design a compacter city to reduce
457
00:22:16,346 --> 00:22:20,290
the transportation demand
of people in the city
458
00:22:20,290 --> 00:22:23,820
and also to use more electric cars.
459
00:22:23,820 --> 00:22:27,500
Through a combination of all
of those various approach,
460
00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:31,471
we can reduce and we
can limit our emission
461
00:22:31,471 --> 00:22:33,479
from the transportation,
462
00:22:33,479 --> 00:22:35,341
from carbonization in the future,
463
00:22:35,341 --> 00:22:37,884
which is not only a challenge for China,
464
00:22:37,884 --> 00:22:41,019
but also a challenge
for the emerging cities
465
00:22:41,019 --> 00:22:43,352
in developing countries
466
00:22:43,352 --> 00:22:46,193
which is going to be urbanizing-ward
467
00:22:46,193 --> 00:22:48,759
in the next few decades.
468
00:22:48,759 --> 00:22:50,524
- [Voiceover] Personal transportation
469
00:22:50,524 --> 00:22:52,591
is one the luxuries of developed countries
470
00:22:52,591 --> 00:22:55,133
that most interest China.
471
00:22:55,133 --> 00:22:56,933
It is on this point that
Fei Teng and his team
472
00:22:56,933 --> 00:22:59,533
are focusing their attention.
473
00:22:59,533 --> 00:23:02,134
By 2050, the distance
traveled by each citizen
474
00:23:02,134 --> 00:23:04,537
will be 10 times what it is today
475
00:23:04,537 --> 00:23:05,872
and the number of cars is expected
476
00:23:05,872 --> 00:23:08,078
to almost double.
477
00:23:08,078 --> 00:23:09,107
So, how can emissions be reduced
478
00:23:09,107 --> 00:23:11,782
when the transport sector is booming?
479
00:23:11,782 --> 00:23:15,419
(soft music)
480
00:23:15,419 --> 00:23:18,240
The decarbonization program
is based on the model
481
00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:21,375
of Shenzhen, near Hong Kong.
482
00:23:21,375 --> 00:23:22,954
It is one of the five pilot cities
483
00:23:22,954 --> 00:23:24,521
designed by the Chinese government
484
00:23:24,521 --> 00:23:28,382
to become an example of
the new decarbonized China.
485
00:23:31,928 --> 00:23:34,529
Thousands of taxis,
subsidized by the state,
486
00:23:34,529 --> 00:23:38,035
have already gone through
a major transformation.
487
00:23:38,035 --> 00:23:39,846
Making all vehicles
electric is the only way
488
00:23:39,846 --> 00:23:44,067
to decarbonize the
transport sector by 2050.
489
00:23:46,510 --> 00:23:50,016
- In Copenhagen, China regarded the idea
490
00:23:50,016 --> 00:23:52,852
of a low carbon pathway a threat.
491
00:23:52,852 --> 00:23:54,884
They didn't want to discuss it.
492
00:23:54,884 --> 00:23:57,663
And just a year later, not
only have they accepted it
493
00:23:57,663 --> 00:24:00,091
as part of the agreement in Cancun,
494
00:24:00,091 --> 00:24:02,761
but China is now saying
that aim of the agreement
495
00:24:02,761 --> 00:24:04,828
is to show that everyone was moved towards
496
00:24:04,828 --> 00:24:08,802
low carbon strategies.
497
00:24:08,802 --> 00:24:10,706
The Chinese are advocating it
498
00:24:10,706 --> 00:24:12,134
and are prepared for it
499
00:24:12,134 --> 00:24:15,798
because the project is gaining momentum.
500
00:24:19,205 --> 00:24:21,980
- [Voiceover] Around Shenzhen,
commuter towns have emerged
501
00:24:21,980 --> 00:24:23,624
so that production lines at car plants
502
00:24:23,624 --> 00:24:26,085
in the region can run 24 hours a day
503
00:24:26,085 --> 00:24:29,188
at break neck speed for low wages.
504
00:24:29,188 --> 00:24:30,697
The aim is to increase productivity
505
00:24:30,697 --> 00:24:33,994
by manufacturing low
cost electric vehicles.
506
00:24:38,894 --> 00:24:41,070
BYD, Build your dream.
507
00:24:41,070 --> 00:24:43,543
It's all in the name.
508
00:24:43,543 --> 00:24:45,505
The battery specialist,
which works in partnership
509
00:24:45,505 --> 00:24:47,376
with the German company Daimler,
510
00:24:47,376 --> 00:24:49,048
is banking on the Denza to become
511
00:24:49,048 --> 00:24:53,019
the world leader in electric cars.
512
00:24:56,281 --> 00:24:58,557
Li Ying Fei, VP of sales,
513
00:24:58,557 --> 00:25:00,159
has just been updated on what's new
514
00:25:00,159 --> 00:25:02,826
in order to give his marketing speech.
515
00:25:02,826 --> 00:25:05,729
Say goodbye to the traditional
lithium-ion battery,
516
00:25:05,729 --> 00:25:08,527
BYD is about innovation.
517
00:25:08,527 --> 00:25:11,162
- This is our battery.
518
00:25:11,162 --> 00:25:14,065
They all look alike on the outside
519
00:25:14,065 --> 00:25:16,375
but ours is a lithium iron phosphate,
520
00:25:16,375 --> 00:25:18,639
or LFP, battery.
521
00:25:18,639 --> 00:25:21,994
It is chemically stable
with a high capacity
522
00:25:21,994 --> 00:25:24,978
and high voltage.
523
00:25:24,978 --> 00:25:28,450
One of the distinctive
features of our batteries
524
00:25:28,450 --> 00:25:30,922
is capacity.
525
00:25:30,922 --> 00:25:35,056
When fully charged, the car
can travel 300 kilometers.
526
00:25:35,056 --> 00:25:37,250
According to our test on 100 vehicles
527
00:25:37,250 --> 00:25:39,630
after charging the battery 4,000 times
528
00:25:39,630 --> 00:25:43,909
it can still reach 80 percent capacity.
529
00:25:45,365 --> 00:25:47,130
- 4,000 times, 300 kilometers,
530
00:25:47,130 --> 00:25:49,197
that's 1.2 million kilometers.
531
00:25:49,197 --> 00:25:50,776
So, the car will be sent to the scrap yard
532
00:25:50,776 --> 00:25:54,729
long before the battery.
533
00:25:55,872 --> 00:25:57,776
- There are two connections.
534
00:25:57,776 --> 00:25:59,309
One is for a quick charge,
535
00:25:59,309 --> 00:26:01,712
while the other is for a slow charge.
536
00:26:01,712 --> 00:26:04,690
The charging device uses constant
current for a quick charge
537
00:26:04,690 --> 00:26:08,344
and alternating current
for a slower charge.
538
00:26:09,622 --> 00:26:13,423
A battery charger is included
in the purchase of each car.
539
00:26:13,423 --> 00:26:16,453
It plugs into a 220 volt
AC power outlet at home
540
00:26:16,453 --> 00:26:17,695
which is slower.
541
00:26:17,695 --> 00:26:20,273
Exterior charging
facilities are much faster.
542
00:26:20,273 --> 00:26:23,623
It's done in an hour.
543
00:26:27,112 --> 00:26:29,583
- [Voiceover] Autonomy,
safety, and battery life
544
00:26:29,583 --> 00:26:30,976
are all elements needed to win
545
00:26:30,976 --> 00:26:33,217
the electric car market.
546
00:26:33,217 --> 00:26:34,749
But that's not all,
547
00:26:34,749 --> 00:26:38,892
Chinese consumers need to
be persuaded to invest.
548
00:26:43,762 --> 00:26:46,363
Charging points like these
are appearing around the city
549
00:26:46,363 --> 00:26:48,998
to recharge electric cars.
550
00:26:48,998 --> 00:26:50,531
Battery life is increase 10 fold,
551
00:26:50,531 --> 00:26:54,473
thus mitigating the delicate
problem of recycling.
552
00:27:01,212 --> 00:27:03,209
According to the Chinese scenario,
553
00:27:03,209 --> 00:27:05,240
making transport electric
will help control
554
00:27:05,240 --> 00:27:09,118
the explosion of this sector's
CO2 emissions in 2050,
555
00:27:09,118 --> 00:27:11,057
but on one condition,
556
00:27:11,057 --> 00:27:15,440
the electricity used
must also be low carbon.
557
00:27:21,091 --> 00:27:24,835
(Asian music)
558
00:27:24,835 --> 00:27:27,204
Today, nearly three-quarters
of China's electricity
559
00:27:27,204 --> 00:27:30,373
is generated by coal fired plants.
560
00:27:30,373 --> 00:27:34,095
It's a real headache for the DDPP.
561
00:27:37,641 --> 00:27:40,252
- Why people in China
building coal fired plants?
562
00:27:40,252 --> 00:27:43,479
They do not want to emit CO2 emissions.
563
00:27:43,479 --> 00:27:47,183
They do not want to have a
city with a lot of smoke.
564
00:27:47,183 --> 00:27:49,191
They do it because it's cheaper.
565
00:27:49,191 --> 00:27:50,623
They want electricity at home.
566
00:27:50,623 --> 00:27:51,691
They want to watch television.
567
00:27:51,691 --> 00:27:53,560
They want to use the refrigerator.
568
00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:55,000
And it's the cheapest version.
569
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:56,428
It is what America did,
570
00:27:56,428 --> 00:27:57,589
what the Europeans did,
571
00:27:57,589 --> 00:27:59,133
and now it is what they want to do.
572
00:27:59,133 --> 00:28:01,432
But, we know the consequences,
573
00:28:01,432 --> 00:28:04,661
therefore, we need to
give them right incentives
574
00:28:04,661 --> 00:28:07,680
to make a cleaner technologies,
575
00:28:07,680 --> 00:28:09,282
preferred option,
576
00:28:09,282 --> 00:28:11,383
also, in economic terms.
577
00:28:11,383 --> 00:28:15,337
(piano music)
578
00:28:17,920 --> 00:28:20,323
- [Voiceover] China has embarked
on researching technology
579
00:28:20,323 --> 00:28:24,282
for so-called clean coal fired plants.
580
00:28:24,282 --> 00:28:25,965
Shanghai is proud to have built
581
00:28:25,965 --> 00:28:28,392
Waigaoqiao power station,
582
00:28:28,392 --> 00:28:32,792
the cleanest of it's kind on the world.
583
00:28:36,206 --> 00:28:40,658
Everyday, 15,000 tons of coal are used.
584
00:28:46,573 --> 00:28:48,408
The coal heats up water from the boiler
585
00:28:48,408 --> 00:28:50,555
and turns it into steam.
586
00:28:50,555 --> 00:28:52,018
The steam then powers the turbine
587
00:28:52,018 --> 00:28:54,387
that generates electricity.
588
00:28:54,387 --> 00:28:55,826
Nothing new here,
589
00:28:55,826 --> 00:28:57,893
except the energy efficiency
has been increased
590
00:28:57,893 --> 00:28:59,611
compared to old power plants
591
00:28:59,611 --> 00:29:00,946
which represents a huge gain
592
00:29:00,946 --> 00:29:04,378
on the amount of coal consumed.
593
00:29:06,926 --> 00:29:08,168
In the control room,
594
00:29:08,168 --> 00:29:11,070
performance is measured in real time.
595
00:29:11,070 --> 00:29:13,079
The plant burns 30 percent less coal
596
00:29:13,079 --> 00:29:16,713
than traditional power plants.
597
00:29:16,713 --> 00:29:19,847
The secret lies in the
use of new materials
598
00:29:19,847 --> 00:29:23,617
that can support very high
temperatures and pressure.
599
00:29:23,617 --> 00:29:26,682
Water can therefore be heated
to such a high temperature,
600
00:29:26,682 --> 00:29:29,329
that it passes directly
to the gaseous stage
601
00:29:29,329 --> 00:29:31,489
without passing through the boiling phase
602
00:29:31,489 --> 00:29:34,194
increasing energy efficiency.
603
00:29:34,194 --> 00:29:37,224
- When it was being built
604
00:29:37,224 --> 00:29:40,765
we wanted to reach a net of
efficiency of 42 percent,
605
00:29:40,765 --> 00:29:43,273
but today when the factory
is operating at full speed
606
00:29:43,273 --> 00:29:47,314
net efficiency can reach 46.5 percent.
607
00:29:47,314 --> 00:29:50,402
It went from 42 to 46.5 percent.
608
00:29:50,402 --> 00:29:52,341
That's a huge figure.
609
00:29:52,341 --> 00:29:55,789
If one ton of carbon emits 2.7 tons of CO2
610
00:29:55,789 --> 00:30:00,282
that's a reduction 2.5 million
tons of CO2 in one year.
611
00:30:06,724 --> 00:30:08,233
- [Voiceover] New power plants like these
612
00:30:08,233 --> 00:30:10,195
will gradually replace the old ones
613
00:30:10,195 --> 00:30:12,529
and will be emulated world wide.
614
00:30:12,529 --> 00:30:17,333
- If the efficiency rate within
this bad coal fired plants
615
00:30:17,333 --> 00:30:19,468
and the cleaner one
616
00:30:19,468 --> 00:30:22,971
is only input by one percentage point
617
00:30:22,971 --> 00:30:27,971
this is equal to all the
coal consumption in Germany.
618
00:30:29,287 --> 00:30:31,983
So, therefore, we have to
improve the efficiency there,
619
00:30:31,983 --> 00:30:35,861
we should not be completely dreaming
620
00:30:35,861 --> 00:30:40,099
that tomorrow there will be no
new coal fired power plants.
621
00:30:40,099 --> 00:30:45,099
At least we need be efficient
coal fired power plants
622
00:30:45,637 --> 00:30:50,025
and then forbid building
inefficient coal fired power plants
623
00:30:50,025 --> 00:30:53,276
but at the same time, give incentive
624
00:30:53,276 --> 00:30:55,737
to the cleaner technologies
625
00:30:55,737 --> 00:30:59,777
so that they are replacing
coal fired power plants.
626
00:31:02,388 --> 00:31:03,921
- [Voiceover] The decarbonization program
627
00:31:03,921 --> 00:31:05,720
experts are clear.
628
00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:07,717
While China's energy demand is soaring,
629
00:31:07,717 --> 00:31:10,759
they will have to switch
from coal at some point.
630
00:31:10,759 --> 00:31:13,058
The sooner the better.
631
00:31:13,058 --> 00:31:14,591
China has predicted that coal consumption
632
00:31:14,591 --> 00:31:17,189
should peak in 2030 before declining.
633
00:31:19,402 --> 00:31:22,339
Fei Teng regularly consults Professor He,
634
00:31:22,339 --> 00:31:24,206
an influential member of the government,
635
00:31:24,206 --> 00:31:27,805
with whom he discusses the
best low carbon pathways.
636
00:31:27,805 --> 00:31:32,130
As always, directives come
from central government.
637
00:31:34,050 --> 00:31:37,324
- By 2030, China's energy
needs will be equivalent
638
00:31:37,324 --> 00:31:41,259
to nearly 6 billion tons of standard coal.
639
00:31:41,259 --> 00:31:43,686
Fossil fuel production
capacity will exceed
640
00:31:43,686 --> 00:31:46,194
10 billion kilowatt hours.
641
00:31:46,194 --> 00:31:48,516
That's huge.
642
00:31:48,516 --> 00:31:51,198
The government has announced
that around the year 2030,
643
00:31:51,198 --> 00:31:55,848
CO2 emissions should peak.
644
00:31:58,233 --> 00:31:59,835
- [Voiceover] This peak
means that emissions
645
00:31:59,835 --> 00:32:02,471
will continue to increase
over the next 15 years
646
00:32:02,471 --> 00:32:04,944
before they begin to decline.
647
00:32:04,944 --> 00:32:06,685
Energy transition is long to implement.
648
00:32:06,685 --> 00:32:09,321
The technologies are ready
649
00:32:09,321 --> 00:32:11,805
but not the policies.
650
00:32:11,805 --> 00:32:15,911
- Hydro power, solar,
wind, bio energy tech,
651
00:32:15,911 --> 00:32:18,396
they're already ready,
652
00:32:18,396 --> 00:32:22,227
but they have difficulties
to have bigger share
653
00:32:22,227 --> 00:32:26,197
in the energy mix because
of, mainly because of,
654
00:32:26,197 --> 00:32:29,866
the competitiveness, the price issued.
655
00:32:29,866 --> 00:32:32,409
That in some cases,
they are more expensive
656
00:32:32,409 --> 00:32:35,497
than, for example, coal.
657
00:32:35,497 --> 00:32:37,273
So, therefore, there is a need
658
00:32:37,273 --> 00:32:39,511
A. To give support to renewables,
659
00:32:39,511 --> 00:32:43,052
and B. to take the
support from the polluting
660
00:32:43,052 --> 00:32:46,047
technologies to give them
less support at least.
661
00:32:46,047 --> 00:32:49,124
If we can have international
agreement in Paris,
662
00:32:49,124 --> 00:32:52,456
hopefully, we can give incentive
663
00:32:52,456 --> 00:32:57,456
to the renewable technologies,
which can replace coal.
664
00:32:59,631 --> 00:33:00,734
- It will be a long time before
665
00:33:00,734 --> 00:33:02,301
non-fossil fuel energy sources
666
00:33:02,301 --> 00:33:05,970
can fully replace fossil
fuel energy sources.
667
00:33:05,970 --> 00:33:08,814
The usage of coal
combustion will remain high
668
00:33:08,814 --> 00:33:10,509
for the near future.
669
00:33:10,509 --> 00:33:13,644
It will continue to release CO2.
670
00:33:13,644 --> 00:33:16,140
I think the CCS is the most viable option
671
00:33:16,140 --> 00:33:20,256
to combat climate change.
672
00:33:22,595 --> 00:33:25,161
- [Voiceover] One possible
technology is CCS,
673
00:33:25,161 --> 00:33:28,261
carbon capture and storage.
674
00:33:28,261 --> 00:33:30,362
CO2 is captured before it is released
675
00:33:30,362 --> 00:33:32,406
into the atmosphere.
676
00:33:32,406 --> 00:33:34,707
Then it is separated from
the other fuel gases,
677
00:33:34,707 --> 00:33:36,390
compressed, cooled down,
678
00:33:36,390 --> 00:33:37,842
and stored underground
679
00:33:37,842 --> 00:33:42,105
in porous geological rock formations.
680
00:33:42,105 --> 00:33:44,810
13 test facilities are currently operating
681
00:33:44,810 --> 00:33:47,817
including seven in the United States.
682
00:33:47,817 --> 00:33:49,318
Their prohibitive cost renders
683
00:33:49,318 --> 00:33:52,688
their long term viability uncertain.
684
00:33:52,688 --> 00:33:54,627
And, most importantly,
685
00:33:54,627 --> 00:33:58,104
will there be sufficient storage capacity?
686
00:34:00,130 --> 00:34:02,893
North of Vancouver in
Squamish, British Columbia
687
00:34:02,893 --> 00:34:04,263
a team of engineers have developed
688
00:34:04,263 --> 00:34:07,432
a surprising prototype to capture CO2,
689
00:34:07,432 --> 00:34:08,767
not from factory chimneys,
690
00:34:08,767 --> 00:34:12,826
but directly from the air we breath.
691
00:34:14,747 --> 00:34:15,942
- This is exciting.
692
00:34:15,942 --> 00:34:18,616
This is the biggest air
contactor we've built yet
693
00:34:18,616 --> 00:34:20,746
and what this is going to do
694
00:34:20,746 --> 00:34:23,950
once we turn it on and connect
it to the rest of our system
695
00:34:23,950 --> 00:34:26,249
is pull air through the device.
696
00:34:26,249 --> 00:34:29,848
We spray those with
liquid capture chemical
697
00:34:29,848 --> 00:34:31,427
that we have in our system here
698
00:34:31,427 --> 00:34:33,366
and when the air passes through those
699
00:34:33,366 --> 00:34:36,025
it sees this very high surface
area of capture chemical.
700
00:34:36,025 --> 00:34:39,635
The CO2 reacts with
that and gets absorbed.
701
00:34:45,301 --> 00:34:47,273
So, the airs come in through the inlet
702
00:34:47,273 --> 00:34:49,212
and it comes under our feet here
703
00:34:49,212 --> 00:34:51,616
and at the end it enters
this central chamber
704
00:34:51,616 --> 00:34:53,380
underneath this fan
705
00:34:53,380 --> 00:34:56,074
and the fan pushes it up at
several meters per second
706
00:34:56,074 --> 00:34:58,152
and by the time it's come up here
707
00:34:58,152 --> 00:35:03,034
the air has had 70 or even 80
percent of the CO2 removed.
708
00:35:06,546 --> 00:35:10,635
(soft piano music)
709
00:35:13,032 --> 00:35:14,855
- [Voiceover] The air passes
through a large filter
710
00:35:14,855 --> 00:35:18,947
which extracts CO2 with a
potassium hydroxide solution.
711
00:35:19,545 --> 00:35:22,111
Carbon dioxide is then
piped into a closed circuit
712
00:35:22,111 --> 00:35:25,902
before storage.
713
00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:37,982
The aim is to manufacture
hundreds of these devices
714
00:35:37,982 --> 00:35:39,793
to capture to the
equivalent carbon emissions
715
00:35:39,793 --> 00:35:42,835
of 300,000 cars per year.
716
00:35:42,835 --> 00:35:44,785
For now, the earliest data has shown
717
00:35:44,785 --> 00:35:46,329
that the device can capture half
718
00:35:46,329 --> 00:35:50,689
of the CO2 content in the air.
719
00:35:56,906 --> 00:35:59,948
- What we can do with direct
air capture technologies
720
00:35:59,948 --> 00:36:02,885
is recapture those emissions.
721
00:36:02,885 --> 00:36:04,986
We can inject them underground
722
00:36:04,986 --> 00:36:07,993
or integrate them in fuel production
723
00:36:07,993 --> 00:36:10,861
or we also capture those emissions
724
00:36:10,861 --> 00:36:14,158
and we can even directly
synthesize liquid fuels.
725
00:36:14,158 --> 00:36:15,668
And these are fuels that are compatible
726
00:36:15,668 --> 00:36:17,560
with all of today's infrastructure
727
00:36:17,560 --> 00:36:19,394
but are closed carbon cycle
728
00:36:19,394 --> 00:36:22,494
and have no net emissions
to the atmosphere
729
00:36:22,494 --> 00:36:25,856
so they don't contribute
to climate change.
730
00:36:31,237 --> 00:36:33,144
- [Voiceover] Would
reinjecting CO2 into the ground
731
00:36:33,144 --> 00:36:36,100
be the ideal solution?
732
00:36:38,415 --> 00:36:41,353
- With the technologies
that we are looking at now,
733
00:36:41,353 --> 00:36:42,853
we don't have enough perspective to know
734
00:36:42,853 --> 00:36:44,397
whether or not we are creating a risk
735
00:36:44,397 --> 00:36:47,375
for future generations.
736
00:36:48,762 --> 00:36:50,701
Who can guarantee that the stored CO2
737
00:36:50,701 --> 00:36:54,550
wouldn't suddenly escape
during an earthquake?
738
00:36:57,736 --> 00:36:59,176
I would rather we invest money
739
00:36:59,176 --> 00:37:01,266
into rehabilitating forests and ecosystems
740
00:37:01,266 --> 00:37:04,772
that naturally stock CO2.
741
00:37:04,772 --> 00:37:07,314
I think we're rushing in too fast.
742
00:37:12,852 --> 00:37:14,153
- [Voiceover] Is it possible to abandon
743
00:37:14,153 --> 00:37:17,826
the error of fossil fuels that
our societies were built on?
744
00:37:17,826 --> 00:37:20,961
Oil, coal, and natural gas
still supply 80 percent
745
00:37:20,961 --> 00:37:24,769
of world energy use.
746
00:37:24,769 --> 00:37:26,963
We only have 50 years of oil,
747
00:37:26,963 --> 00:37:30,615
60 years of gas, and
110 years of coal left.
748
00:37:33,012 --> 00:37:36,228
One of the obstacles to
energy transition is money.
749
00:37:36,228 --> 00:37:37,912
Public funding continues to support
750
00:37:37,912 --> 00:37:41,470
these powerful lobbies.
751
00:37:43,148 --> 00:37:47,153
- Why we see such a
strong fossil fuel share
752
00:37:47,153 --> 00:37:51,423
is because of the subsidies
given to fossil fuels.
753
00:37:51,423 --> 00:37:52,862
What does subsidy mean?
754
00:37:52,862 --> 00:37:55,161
Subsidy means many governments
755
00:37:55,161 --> 00:37:59,596
bring the price of
coal, oil, and gas down,
756
00:37:59,596 --> 00:38:01,372
make it very, very cheap
757
00:38:01,372 --> 00:38:03,904
and the people of course,
the consumers of course,
758
00:38:03,904 --> 00:38:05,738
what is cheaper.
759
00:38:05,738 --> 00:38:07,613
And this is made artificially cheap,
760
00:38:07,613 --> 00:38:09,239
much cheaper than the markets.
761
00:38:09,239 --> 00:38:12,977
- We need to put an end
to the 650 billion dollars
762
00:38:12,977 --> 00:38:15,984
in subsidies and tax exemptions
763
00:38:15,984 --> 00:38:19,972
that are allocated to fossil
fuel energy every year.
764
00:38:29,092 --> 00:38:30,195
- [Voiceover] The private sector
765
00:38:30,195 --> 00:38:32,491
has felt the winds of change.
766
00:38:32,491 --> 00:38:33,803
The world of finance is gathered
767
00:38:33,803 --> 00:38:37,424
at the flagship Bloomberg Summit.
768
00:38:37,424 --> 00:38:39,537
Businessmen, portfolio managers,
769
00:38:39,537 --> 00:38:41,778
and insurance companies,
representing huge funds,
770
00:38:41,778 --> 00:38:46,033
are here to do business
in low carbon energy.
771
00:38:47,617 --> 00:38:49,382
Politicians have realized the importance
772
00:38:49,382 --> 00:38:50,589
of this conference
773
00:38:50,589 --> 00:38:53,534
and are on a charm offensive.
774
00:38:56,953 --> 00:38:59,763
- The transition to a
cleaner energy system,
775
00:38:59,763 --> 00:39:03,060
it's not just an
opportunity to do business,
776
00:39:03,060 --> 00:39:07,332
but it actually, if
business is not on board,
777
00:39:07,332 --> 00:39:09,132
if business is not driving it,
778
00:39:09,132 --> 00:39:12,354
then it's not going to happen.
779
00:39:18,176 --> 00:39:19,616
- [Voiceover] Up until five years ago
780
00:39:19,616 --> 00:39:21,752
only a tiny minority of
industrial manufacturers
781
00:39:21,752 --> 00:39:24,480
were interested in renewable energy.
782
00:39:24,480 --> 00:39:26,651
Nowadays, they're a serious lobby,
783
00:39:26,651 --> 00:39:30,654
and on a mission to make money.
784
00:39:35,162 --> 00:39:37,855
- I think that right now, no,
785
00:39:37,855 --> 00:39:40,572
we will not see a deal in Paris
786
00:39:40,572 --> 00:39:42,894
that adds up to two degrees,
787
00:39:42,894 --> 00:39:47,108
but if I just ask a
slightly different question,
788
00:39:47,108 --> 00:39:49,314
"Can we hit two degrees?"
789
00:39:49,314 --> 00:39:52,042
then the answer is, "Absolutely, yes."
790
00:39:52,042 --> 00:39:55,449
We have many of the technologies,
791
00:39:55,449 --> 00:39:58,839
but we are also are developing,
reducing their costs,
792
00:39:58,839 --> 00:40:00,615
or developing more technologies
793
00:40:00,615 --> 00:40:03,042
with every passing month.
794
00:40:03,042 --> 00:40:05,120
I have no doubt we can
795
00:40:05,120 --> 00:40:08,998
almost completely decarbonize
our energy system.
796
00:40:08,998 --> 00:40:12,167
These accelerating technology curves
797
00:40:12,167 --> 00:40:14,803
are our friend
798
00:40:14,803 --> 00:40:16,602
and they're all we have
799
00:40:16,602 --> 00:40:19,325
so, they better work.
800
00:40:24,011 --> 00:40:25,449
- [Voiceover] Nowadays, most banks
801
00:40:25,449 --> 00:40:27,109
offer their customers the possibility
802
00:40:27,109 --> 00:40:29,176
to make green investments.
803
00:40:29,176 --> 00:40:31,441
And for the first time, the WTO,
804
00:40:31,441 --> 00:40:33,178
and standard imports recommend
805
00:40:33,178 --> 00:40:36,619
investing in clean energy.
806
00:40:36,619 --> 00:40:40,375
(suspenseful violin music)
807
00:40:44,027 --> 00:40:48,299
- There's a herd mentality
in the financial sector.
808
00:40:48,299 --> 00:40:51,039
If one thinks that 10
to 15 percent of assets
809
00:40:51,039 --> 00:40:53,675
are to be invested in clean energy
810
00:40:53,675 --> 00:40:57,448
then that means this is
the business of tomorrow.
811
00:40:57,448 --> 00:40:59,851
Therefore, the price of carbon,
812
00:40:59,851 --> 00:41:01,477
even though there is not just one,
813
00:41:01,477 --> 00:41:03,102
and the speculation of investors
814
00:41:03,102 --> 00:41:05,018
creates a snowball effect.
815
00:41:05,018 --> 00:41:08,989
Everyone says "That's it, it's happening.
816
00:41:08,989 --> 00:41:11,059
"It's going to happen."
817
00:41:11,059 --> 00:41:12,556
In economics jargon,
818
00:41:12,556 --> 00:41:16,132
that is known as a self
fulfilling prophecy.
819
00:41:16,132 --> 00:41:18,419
If everyone believes, then it will happen
820
00:41:18,419 --> 00:41:21,438
because everyone will act
like it's going to happen.
821
00:41:21,438 --> 00:41:24,898
- Governments need to have a market design
822
00:41:24,898 --> 00:41:29,205
to show, give the signal,
to the private investors
823
00:41:29,205 --> 00:41:33,710
that if they invest in the
clean energy technologies
824
00:41:33,710 --> 00:41:36,450
they can make money
825
00:41:36,450 --> 00:41:40,084
and if they invest in the old technologies
826
00:41:40,084 --> 00:41:42,893
they may risk losing money.
827
00:41:42,893 --> 00:41:45,320
This market design has to remain,
828
00:41:45,320 --> 00:41:49,059
otherwise, we cannot leave everything
829
00:41:49,059 --> 00:41:54,059
to the good intentions of the investors.
830
00:41:54,132 --> 00:41:57,638
The easiest, most efficient way
831
00:41:57,638 --> 00:41:59,171
to give the signal
832
00:41:59,171 --> 00:42:02,422
will be through carbon price.
833
00:42:05,782 --> 00:42:07,385
- [Voiceover] Putting a price on carbon
834
00:42:07,385 --> 00:42:10,345
enables the creation of
what we call carbon markets.
835
00:42:10,345 --> 00:42:11,982
Their functioning is simple
836
00:42:11,982 --> 00:42:15,326
and based on the polluter pays principle.
837
00:42:15,326 --> 00:42:18,587
So how does it actually work?
838
00:42:18,587 --> 00:42:21,060
Governments set a legal limit, or cap,
839
00:42:21,060 --> 00:42:22,534
on emissions.
840
00:42:22,534 --> 00:42:24,427
If a company then exceeds their limit
841
00:42:24,427 --> 00:42:26,435
they can trade permits
with another company
842
00:42:26,435 --> 00:42:28,769
or risk a heavy fine.
843
00:42:28,769 --> 00:42:29,837
On the other hand,
844
00:42:29,837 --> 00:42:31,625
if a company reduces it's emissions
845
00:42:31,625 --> 00:42:34,644
it can trade it's unused
permits and make a profit.
846
00:42:34,644 --> 00:42:38,708
To date, 17 carbon
markets exist in the world
847
00:42:38,708 --> 00:42:42,801
like this one, which
recently opened in Beijing.
848
00:42:46,986 --> 00:42:49,459
Fei Teng is a regular visitor here.
849
00:42:49,459 --> 00:42:52,129
He closely follows developments
in the carbon market
850
00:42:52,129 --> 00:42:53,824
which could potentially play a big role
851
00:42:53,824 --> 00:42:56,994
in the Chinese scenario.
852
00:42:56,994 --> 00:42:59,664
- We need this carbon price for investors
853
00:42:59,664 --> 00:43:01,800
because only through this carbon price
854
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:05,445
investors will redirect their investment
855
00:43:05,445 --> 00:43:07,976
to a low carbon infrastructure.
856
00:43:07,976 --> 00:43:11,575
And secondly, the carbon price
is important for consumer
857
00:43:11,575 --> 00:43:13,746
to change their behaviors
858
00:43:13,746 --> 00:43:16,711
to consume more low carbon (inaudible).
859
00:43:16,711 --> 00:43:18,220
and through the combination
860
00:43:18,220 --> 00:43:21,793
of behavior change, of
both investor and consumer,
861
00:43:21,793 --> 00:43:24,126
and we need this carbon price
862
00:43:24,126 --> 00:43:27,424
to change the carbon emission trajectory.
863
00:43:27,424 --> 00:43:29,862
In terms of the carbon price,
864
00:43:29,862 --> 00:43:32,462
I think we can see from
the screen right now,
865
00:43:32,462 --> 00:43:35,540
that carbon price is about 50 RMB,
866
00:43:35,540 --> 00:43:39,270
which is equivalent to seven or eight Euro
867
00:43:39,270 --> 00:43:42,208
per ton of carbon dioxide.
868
00:43:42,208 --> 00:43:43,474
- [Voiceover] The price of carbon
869
00:43:43,474 --> 00:43:45,250
fixed by the government will increase
870
00:43:45,250 --> 00:43:47,537
depending on the stringency
of each countries
871
00:43:47,537 --> 00:43:49,453
environmental policies.
872
00:43:49,453 --> 00:43:52,312
- But the current carbon
prices are so weak
873
00:43:52,312 --> 00:43:55,354
that nobody pays it attention.
874
00:43:55,354 --> 00:43:57,525
The best thing would be
875
00:43:57,525 --> 00:44:00,195
in the entire world
there is a carbon price
876
00:44:00,195 --> 00:44:03,260
which is gradually rising
877
00:44:03,260 --> 00:44:05,595
and perhaps in 20-30 years of time
878
00:44:05,595 --> 00:44:08,068
reaching about 50 dollars or so
879
00:44:08,068 --> 00:44:12,202
in order to have an
impact on the decisions.
880
00:44:12,202 --> 00:44:14,208
- [Voiceover] Paris, The final meeting
881
00:44:14,208 --> 00:44:17,447
before the DDPP team present their report.
882
00:44:17,447 --> 00:44:18,840
Everyone is present,
883
00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:22,317
including Fei Teng, Jim
Williams, and Emmanuel Guerin.
884
00:44:22,317 --> 00:44:25,289
But will they manage to
finish the report on time?
885
00:44:25,289 --> 00:44:27,158
Tensions are running high.
886
00:44:27,158 --> 00:44:29,829
Pathways to decarbonization
are beginning to emerge
887
00:44:29,829 --> 00:44:31,895
but there's still some way to go.
888
00:44:31,895 --> 00:44:33,925
- Work discussions around, essentially,
889
00:44:33,925 --> 00:44:35,599
the country pathway analysis,
890
00:44:35,599 --> 00:44:38,551
so, with the idea of us
sharing some insights,
891
00:44:38,551 --> 00:44:41,231
all of you have developed
892
00:44:41,231 --> 00:44:43,502
independent country analysis,
893
00:44:43,502 --> 00:44:45,843
and this was the purpose of this work.
894
00:44:52,300 --> 00:44:53,345
- [Voiceover] In Germany,
895
00:44:53,345 --> 00:44:54,715
the decarbonization pathway
896
00:44:54,715 --> 00:44:58,581
points to a full exit from nuclear power.
897
00:44:58,581 --> 00:45:01,925
Piet Sellke, a sociologist
and member of the DDPP,
898
00:45:01,925 --> 00:45:04,293
posits a guess that
Germany's energy transmission
899
00:45:04,293 --> 00:45:06,592
won't be that simple.
900
00:45:06,592 --> 00:45:09,860
- Germany has introduced
this energy transition,
901
00:45:09,860 --> 00:45:13,003
which mainly consists of several points.
902
00:45:13,003 --> 00:45:15,534
The most prominent one is like
903
00:45:15,534 --> 00:45:18,971
the phasing out of nuclear energy by 2022.
904
00:45:18,971 --> 00:45:22,605
So, nuclear and coal are
supposed to be replaced
905
00:45:22,605 --> 00:45:25,113
by wind, also by solar,
906
00:45:25,113 --> 00:45:26,715
which is also increasing here
907
00:45:26,715 --> 00:45:28,102
and, to some degree,
908
00:45:28,102 --> 00:45:30,122
also by biomass and other renewables.
909
00:45:30,122 --> 00:45:32,282
The technology is very, very important,
910
00:45:32,282 --> 00:45:34,789
but don't forget the organizational
911
00:45:34,789 --> 00:45:37,216
and social aspects of their work.
912
00:45:37,216 --> 00:45:40,757
If they are not tied into that other work
913
00:45:40,757 --> 00:45:44,495
they energy transition will not be doable.
914
00:45:44,495 --> 00:45:48,234
It's not possible to have
the technology changes
915
00:45:48,234 --> 00:45:50,567
as law coming to the people
916
00:45:50,567 --> 00:45:52,367
and the people are just opposing it.
917
00:45:52,367 --> 00:45:54,201
As we saw here, nuclear energy ended,
918
00:45:54,201 --> 00:45:56,477
although it was a working technology,
919
00:45:56,477 --> 00:45:58,868
and it was for in many
eyes a good technology,
920
00:45:58,868 --> 00:46:01,376
CO2 neutral, still it ended.
921
00:46:01,376 --> 00:46:04,209
And the same can happen
with other technologies
922
00:46:04,209 --> 00:46:07,673
if the people are not in
the boat for those changes.
923
00:46:12,555 --> 00:46:14,466
- [Voiceover] A closer look
at Germany's total emissions
924
00:46:14,466 --> 00:46:15,928
reveals that approximately half
925
00:46:15,928 --> 00:46:17,600
come from the production of electricity
926
00:46:17,600 --> 00:46:19,969
supplied mainly by coal.
927
00:46:19,969 --> 00:46:23,237
Is the solution civic power?
928
00:46:23,237 --> 00:46:25,002
The concept was introduced in Germany
929
00:46:25,002 --> 00:46:28,851
30 years ago.
930
00:46:31,143 --> 00:46:32,873
After the Chernobyl disaster,
931
00:46:32,873 --> 00:46:35,381
Schonau, a small village
in Germany's Black Forest,
932
00:46:35,381 --> 00:46:37,668
decided to take it's
fate into it's own hands
933
00:46:37,668 --> 00:46:39,154
and produce it's own electricity
934
00:46:39,154 --> 00:46:42,022
with nuclear or coal.
935
00:46:42,022 --> 00:46:43,485
The national electricity companies
936
00:46:43,485 --> 00:46:47,578
took a very dim view of the rebellion.
937
00:46:51,368 --> 00:46:53,934
It took four years for a
handful of men and women,
938
00:46:53,934 --> 00:46:56,976
led by Ursula Sladek
and her husband Michael,
939
00:46:56,976 --> 00:46:58,369
to convince the residents
940
00:46:58,369 --> 00:47:00,633
and the local authorities.
941
00:47:00,633 --> 00:47:02,270
Sebastian Sladek was a young man
942
00:47:02,270 --> 00:47:05,849
when he parents managed this feat.
943
00:47:06,714 --> 00:47:08,943
The town has a population of 3,000
944
00:47:08,943 --> 00:47:11,880
and currently supplies
160,000 homes with electricity
945
00:47:11,880 --> 00:47:16,486
via the independent
electricity cooperative, EWS.
946
00:47:16,486 --> 00:47:19,296
It's the story of David versus Goliath
947
00:47:19,296 --> 00:47:20,224
and in this case
948
00:47:20,224 --> 00:47:23,911
the town chased out the nuclear giant.
949
00:47:26,529 --> 00:47:28,735
EWS had to overcome a lot or reluctance
950
00:47:28,735 --> 00:47:30,708
from the residents.
951
00:47:30,708 --> 00:47:33,344
Back in 1990, nobody wanted solar panels
952
00:47:33,344 --> 00:47:36,772
on their roofs.
953
00:47:36,772 --> 00:47:39,465
So, a very symbolic roof was chosen,
954
00:47:39,465 --> 00:47:43,251
the roof of the local church.
955
00:47:43,251 --> 00:47:44,423
- The system that you see here
956
00:47:44,423 --> 00:47:46,014
is a community effort
957
00:47:46,014 --> 00:47:49,874
and many of Schonau's residents
have taken part in it.
958
00:47:52,794 --> 00:47:55,662
I think that it is important to residents
959
00:47:55,662 --> 00:47:57,066
that they be able to invest,
960
00:47:57,066 --> 00:47:59,261
depending on their means and environment,
961
00:47:59,261 --> 00:48:00,886
and that they have an energy supplier
962
00:48:00,886 --> 00:48:03,405
that supports them in the process,
963
00:48:03,405 --> 00:48:06,772
which is what EWS does.
964
00:48:06,772 --> 00:48:08,208
We have a solar cadaster
965
00:48:08,208 --> 00:48:10,240
and can determine the
expected energy yield
966
00:48:10,240 --> 00:48:11,842
for each roof.
967
00:48:11,842 --> 00:48:13,409
We provide support for those who wish
968
00:48:13,409 --> 00:48:15,313
to install solar panels.
969
00:48:15,313 --> 00:48:16,811
As an energy supplier,
970
00:48:16,811 --> 00:48:18,309
there's a lot we can do for residents
971
00:48:18,309 --> 00:48:22,669
to help them move from
energy consumer to producer.
972
00:48:23,998 --> 00:48:25,833
- [Voiceover] Dozens of homes
have since been equipped
973
00:48:25,833 --> 00:48:27,656
with solar panels.
974
00:48:27,656 --> 00:48:29,234
Five megawatts of solar energy
975
00:48:29,234 --> 00:48:32,654
is currently being generated in Schonau.
976
00:48:35,434 --> 00:48:38,406
- This heavenly energy is
the natural energy flow
977
00:48:38,406 --> 00:48:42,238
that is ample for all our needs.
978
00:48:42,238 --> 00:48:45,407
It is nonviolent,
979
00:48:45,407 --> 00:48:50,125
it is not scarce, but abundant,
980
00:48:51,384 --> 00:48:53,889
it's not transient, but permanent,
981
00:48:53,889 --> 00:48:56,288
it's not local, but everywhere,
982
00:48:56,288 --> 00:49:00,630
and once you buy the
equipment to capture it,
983
00:49:00,630 --> 00:49:03,300
which is now very cost effective,
984
00:49:03,300 --> 00:49:05,652
it's free.
985
00:49:06,435 --> 00:49:08,107
- [Voiceover] To reduce carbon emissions
986
00:49:08,107 --> 00:49:09,999
from the energy sector by 90 percent,
987
00:49:09,999 --> 00:49:11,543
Germany must reduce coal power
988
00:49:11,543 --> 00:49:15,003
and increase wind power.
989
00:49:15,003 --> 00:49:16,408
It's not an easy task
990
00:49:16,408 --> 00:49:20,536
and it isn't to everyone's liking.
991
00:49:21,516 --> 00:49:24,187
In Paris, after 18 months of hard work,
992
00:49:24,187 --> 00:49:25,522
the decarbonization scenarios
993
00:49:25,522 --> 00:49:28,854
of the world's 15 biggest
emitters are ready.
994
00:49:28,854 --> 00:49:31,284
It's time for Jeffrey Sachs
and his DDPP colleagues
995
00:49:31,284 --> 00:49:33,257
to hand over their report.
996
00:49:33,257 --> 00:49:35,663
They present their results
to Laurence Tubiana,
997
00:49:35,663 --> 00:49:37,697
and adviser to the French
Minister of Affairs,
998
00:49:37,697 --> 00:49:39,532
Laurent Fabius.
999
00:49:39,532 --> 00:49:40,890
In a few weeks, the official report
1000
00:49:40,890 --> 00:49:44,710
will be released in each
of the 15 countries.
1001
00:49:44,710 --> 00:49:46,300
- By doing this exercise,
1002
00:49:46,300 --> 00:49:48,007
which is really going deep enough
1003
00:49:48,007 --> 00:49:49,269
for the two degrees,
1004
00:49:49,269 --> 00:49:50,975
they say, "Oh my God,
1005
00:49:50,975 --> 00:49:53,379
"you can't just tighten a
little bit here and there,
1006
00:49:53,379 --> 00:49:55,113
"this is transformation.
1007
00:49:55,113 --> 00:49:57,853
"This really requires going
to a new energy system."
1008
00:49:57,853 --> 00:49:59,881
Well, that's the true message.
1009
00:49:59,881 --> 00:50:01,193
- It would really be great
1010
00:50:01,193 --> 00:50:04,455
if what's in the report
for each and every country
1011
00:50:04,455 --> 00:50:07,694
became the basis for a very serious
1012
00:50:07,694 --> 00:50:10,155
political discussion on how to achieve
1013
00:50:10,155 --> 00:50:11,700
this deep transformation.
1014
00:50:11,700 --> 00:50:13,367
- If we could have a club of countries
1015
00:50:13,367 --> 00:50:15,097
saying "We will do that."
1016
00:50:15,097 --> 00:50:17,733
even if we have 5, 10, 15 countries,
1017
00:50:17,733 --> 00:50:19,741
just say that, very strongly,
1018
00:50:19,741 --> 00:50:21,978
that would be a very, very strong signal
1019
00:50:21,978 --> 00:50:24,811
and that even could be a network
1020
00:50:24,811 --> 00:50:26,343
of countries helping each other,
1021
00:50:26,343 --> 00:50:28,584
inviting others to join
1022
00:50:28,584 --> 00:50:31,417
and that even could be bigger than
1023
00:50:31,417 --> 00:50:33,344
if it was only in the text,
1024
00:50:33,344 --> 00:50:36,418
or only in the decision of the conference,
1025
00:50:36,418 --> 00:50:39,597
but already a process that has started.
1026
00:50:39,597 --> 00:50:41,280
Well, I thank you anyway.
1027
00:50:41,280 --> 00:50:42,096
- Well good luck.
- Great.
1028
00:50:42,096 --> 00:50:43,751
- Merci.
1029
00:50:46,171 --> 00:50:47,831
- [Voiceover] Not all of the 15 countries
1030
00:50:47,831 --> 00:50:49,770
have reached the target of 1.7 tons
1031
00:50:49,770 --> 00:50:52,568
of CO2 per capita.
1032
00:50:52,568 --> 00:50:53,938
The three technological triggers
1033
00:50:53,938 --> 00:50:56,376
will probably not suffice.
1034
00:50:56,376 --> 00:50:57,909
There should be one more,
1035
00:50:57,909 --> 00:51:02,466
our behavior, as citizens,
could be the fourth.
1036
00:51:04,793 --> 00:51:06,883
- History has shown that when constraints
1037
00:51:06,883 --> 00:51:09,089
seem unavoidable,
1038
00:51:09,089 --> 00:51:12,479
the most unlikely
solution becomes possible.
1039
00:51:12,479 --> 00:51:14,093
If I didn't think it were possible
1040
00:51:14,093 --> 00:51:16,566
I wouldn't put so much
energy into this cause.
1041
00:51:16,566 --> 00:51:17,866
- I'm not optimistic
1042
00:51:17,866 --> 00:51:19,236
and I'm not pessimistic
1043
00:51:19,236 --> 00:51:21,663
because these are different faces,
1044
00:51:21,663 --> 00:51:23,265
different sides of the same
1045
00:51:23,265 --> 00:51:26,964
simplistic surrender to fatalism
1046
00:51:26,964 --> 00:51:29,529
where we treat the
future as fate not choice
1047
00:51:29,529 --> 00:51:30,946
and don't take responsibility
1048
00:51:30,946 --> 00:51:32,885
for creating the future we want.
1049
00:51:32,885 --> 00:51:36,243
I live in a spirit of applied hope.
1050
00:51:36,243 --> 00:51:37,517
- In any case,
1051
00:51:37,517 --> 00:51:40,315
even if an ideal agreement
isn't reached in Paris,
1052
00:51:40,315 --> 00:51:43,444
the movement will continue to grow.
1053
00:51:49,591 --> 00:51:50,555
- [Voiceover] Whatever the outcome
1054
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of the United Nations Climate Conference,
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we should already be looking ahead.
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Decarbonization could
already be happening.
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(upbeat music)
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- And according to the internet
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one Michael C. Muhammad,
whoever he is or was,
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said or wrote,
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"Everything's going to turn
out alright in the end,
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"if it's not alright now,
it's not the end yet."
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Don't let in bother you,
just relax and keep on going.
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(upbeat music)
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