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(waves splashing)
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(dramatic orchestral music)
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(rattling)
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- [Narrator] Toulon, May, 1798.
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40,000 soldiers,
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10,000 sailors,
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and more than 200 scientists join a ship
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with no idea of their destination.
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Since the Revolution England and France
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have been sworn enemies.
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The French government has
instructed Napoleon Bonaparte
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to invade England.
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Given how unlikely this
project is to succeed,
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Bonaparte prefers to attack
England's colonial interests,
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the source of the country's fortunes.
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(waves splashing)
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Bonaparte takes to the sea,
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leading a fleet of 400 ships.
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But at all costs,
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he must avoid the English,
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the masters of the seas,
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and Nelson's fearsome
fleet in the Mediterranean.
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Bonaparte took part in
the French Revolution
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and enjoyed a dazzling
rise to military glory.
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At the age of 29 the
young general in chief
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is launching an ambitious
exhibition that will,
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if successful,
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open the gates to the
Orient and make him a rival
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to the great conquerors of the past,
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Caesar and Alexander,
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who he so admires.
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The vast convoy advances
desperately slowly,
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but by chance it manages
to avoid the English.
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Bonaparte even manages to
seize the island of Malta
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without any trouble.
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- [Translator] You were right, Julwe,
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these soldiers are a crafty lot.
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- [Translator] I just hope
the voyage won't be too long.
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- [Narrator] Viliay and Julwe
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are both students of
the Ecole Polytechnique
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where they became friends.
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(bell ringing)
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- [Translator] Julwe and Viliay,
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who kept a very interesting journal,
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are highly representative
of this group of young men
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who joined the scientific expedition.
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(bell ringing)
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- [Translator] An
announcement from General
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in Chief Bonaparte.
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"Men,
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"you are embarking on
the conquest of Egypt,
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"a country that has had untold influence
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"on world civilization
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(cheering)
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"and trade, Chief Bonaparte."
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- [Narrator] The land of the Pharaohs
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is a dream destination,
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and on every ship this news
is met with enthusiasm.
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- The invasion of Egypt
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or the possession of Egypt would lead
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to the control of the Mediterranean,
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which would take that away
from the British navy,
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00:03:21,074 --> 00:03:24,433
but would also lead to an overland attempt
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at perhaps British India,
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of course where there
were French interests
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at the same time.
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- [Narrator] To reach the Indies,
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English ships had to sail around Africa.
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Bonaparte also has to
examine the possibility
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of a twin port arrangement,
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or even a canal linking the Mediterranean
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to the Red Sea,
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which would allow French ships to bypass
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English trade routes.
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(speaking in foreign language)
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- [Translator] Bonaparte is
also instructed to plan for
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an enduring French presence in Egypt.
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00:03:58,210 --> 00:04:01,533
Because if a twin port or
a canal was to be created
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00:04:01,533 --> 00:04:04,477
a stable position in
Egypt will be required
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00:04:04,477 --> 00:04:06,093
in order to use them.
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- [Translator] Signed,
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"Bonaparte."
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Fall out.
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00:04:09,264 --> 00:04:10,784
(laughing)
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- [Translator] Egypt, Julwe,
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we're going to Egypt.
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- [Translator] To such a country
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worthy of admiration and study.
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But appointed?
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- [Translator] No, are you mad?
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(bell ringing)
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- [Translator] When they discover
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that Egypt is their destination
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these young men aren't
thinking about war or conquest,
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they are mainly thinking about
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what they would discover there
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in the Egypt they'd fantasized about.
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Egypt is fashionable,
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and they also will be
able to do their job there
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trying to improve people's lives.
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- [Translator] The revolution
has only just happened,
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the revolution that
considered the Pharaohs
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to be the source of civilization.
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00:04:51,929 --> 00:04:54,324
So they aren't just bringing civilization
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to the Egyptians,
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they'll be taking civilization
back to it's very cradle.
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It's in this spirit that Bonaparte,
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these scholars and these artists,
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head for Egypt.
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(thundering)
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(creaking)
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- [Narrator] When the
Egyptian coast finally appears
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on the horizon after six weeks at sea,
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the scholars, suffering
great from the bad weather,
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are forbidden to disembark.
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(bell ringing)
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It's too dangerous.
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Only the soldiers are permitted to land.
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(thundering and raining)
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The swell is so strong
that Vice Admiral Berez
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recommends that the general in chief delay
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disembarkation until the following day.
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(splashing)
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But Bonaparte rejects this.
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He knows that the English are
looking for the French fleet
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and that there's no time to waste.
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(suspenseful music)
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The scientists look on in
a terror made even worse
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by the darkening sky
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as a ship transporting
some of their instruments
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founders on the rocks and sinks.
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The task is slow and hazardous,
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00:06:24,706 --> 00:06:27,489
but nothing will stop
Bonaparte and 5,000 men
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setting foot on Egyptian soil.
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First objective, Alexandria,
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the second biggest city in Egypt.
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The fort of Alexandria is taken
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and thee French soldiers enter a city
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that is far less splendid than
they had been anticipating.
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Having covered the rear
by taking Alexandria,
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it's now time to march on Cairo,
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the biggest city in Egypt.
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(speaking in foreign language)
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- [Translator] However,
you, General Dezay,
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you will take charge of opening the route
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to Cairo and middle Egypt.
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If we take Cairo, gentlemen,
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Egypt will be ours.
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- [Translator] The best
way to do that would seem
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to be to follow the Nile
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along the Dineta tributary.
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- [Translator] And give
the Mamelukes the chance
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to organize their defenses?
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No.
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Speed is of the essence.
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You will take this route on foot
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which follows the canal that
links Alexandria to Cairo.
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- [Translator] Through the desert?
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If the army does not
move at lightning speed
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they will perish.
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We will never find enough water
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for 1,000 thirsty men.
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- [Translator] It is the shortest route.
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You leave tomorrow, Dezay.
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- [Narrator] The expedition
is divided in two
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while the majority of
the scholars and artists
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head for Rosetta,
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most of the army heads into the desert.
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(soldiers marching)
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(horse neighing)
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The soldiers are prepared to fight,
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but not for what they must now face.
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Each step is dragged through burning sand
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and the air is stifling in the lungs.
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Dressed in wool in the oppressive heat,
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the soldiers don't even
have water bottles,
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and only sheer will drives them on.
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(horse neighing)
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But these men would never
disobey an order from Bonaparte,
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however impetuous it may seem.
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(horse neighing)
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Far from the army's suffering,
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in Rosetta the scholars
and artists have found
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refuge in a lush environment
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where there's plenty of food and water.
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(insect buzzing)
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Away from the fighting,
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they're left to their own devices,
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as Bonaparte has other more
pressing matters to attend to.
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The scholars and artists
explore their surroundings
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with no military escort,
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looking for anything novel,
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whatever the subject.
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- [Translator] I am so glad to leave
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the ugliness of Alexandria behind
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for the charm of Rosetta
and it's surroundings.
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Ah, what better gift
could we give ourselves?
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- [Translator] You're
absolutely right, Deneye.
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It's simply marvelous,
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00:09:57,520 --> 00:09:58,812
it's like heaven on earth.
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I don't know where to look,
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there are so many exotic
species to discover.
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Fish,
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lemurs,
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00:10:04,245 --> 00:10:05,570
the birds.
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00:10:05,570 --> 00:10:06,689
(speaking in foreign language)
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- [Translator] Their first discovery after
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00:10:07,961 --> 00:10:09,931
the disappointment of Alexandria
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00:10:09,931 --> 00:10:13,142
is in the region around Rosetta.
210
00:10:13,142 --> 00:10:15,685
Donon discovers the Fist of Isis
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00:10:15,685 --> 00:10:18,852
and the scholars all go wild about it.
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00:10:19,899 --> 00:10:22,405
- [Translator] The scholars
and artists are fascinated
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00:10:22,405 --> 00:10:23,882
by everything they see
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and everything they discover.
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00:10:26,003 --> 00:10:29,315
They are curious men
there to decipher Egypt.
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00:10:29,315 --> 00:10:31,683
and they get down to work right away.
217
00:10:31,683 --> 00:10:34,377
(dramatic orchestral music)
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- [Narrator] Once rested and refreshed,
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00:10:36,104 --> 00:10:38,398
the French soldiers continue on their way,
220
00:10:38,398 --> 00:10:40,981
marching for 12 hours everyday.
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00:10:44,150 --> 00:10:46,271
But in Embabey the Mamelukes,
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00:10:46,271 --> 00:10:48,059
who represent Ottoman power,
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00:10:48,059 --> 00:10:49,969
bar their route into Cairo
224
00:10:49,969 --> 00:10:54,136
just as the pyramids can be
glimpsed in the distance.
225
00:10:56,052 --> 00:10:57,129
(speaking in foreign language)
226
00:10:57,129 --> 00:10:59,113
- [Translator] The
Mamelukes are former slaves,
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00:10:59,113 --> 00:11:01,275
most of whom hail from the Caucuses
228
00:11:01,275 --> 00:11:02,924
and who converted to Islam
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00:11:02,924 --> 00:11:04,842
and have been emancipated.
230
00:11:04,842 --> 00:11:06,540
They govern Egypt,
231
00:11:06,540 --> 00:11:08,946
but in actual fact the
Mameluke princes are fighting
232
00:11:08,946 --> 00:11:11,451
for power among themselves.
233
00:11:11,451 --> 00:11:12,517
(speaking in foreign language)
234
00:11:12,517 --> 00:11:14,375
- [Translator] When
Bonaparte arrived in Egypt
235
00:11:14,375 --> 00:11:16,833
two prices governed the country.
236
00:11:16,833 --> 00:11:18,666
Moradbe and Ibrahambe.
237
00:11:19,933 --> 00:11:24,100
They reign in Egypt in the
name of the Ottoman sultan.
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00:11:26,485 --> 00:11:28,468
- [Narrator] Moradbe's
troops are in the front line
239
00:11:28,468 --> 00:11:29,919
against the French.
240
00:11:29,919 --> 00:11:33,310
Those of Ibrihambre are
in reserve to the east.
241
00:11:33,310 --> 00:11:35,794
Facing forces twice as
powerful as his own,
242
00:11:35,794 --> 00:11:38,782
Bonaparte comes up with
a tactical innovation.
243
00:11:38,782 --> 00:11:41,924
He uses the infantry square technique.
244
00:11:41,924 --> 00:11:45,195
Each division forms a square of 2,000 men
245
00:11:45,195 --> 00:11:48,568
in between two and six tight rows.
246
00:11:48,568 --> 00:11:50,213
In the center the civilians,
247
00:11:50,213 --> 00:11:53,213
generals, and baggage are protected.
248
00:12:02,175 --> 00:12:05,704
Bonaparte organizes his
army in five squares.
249
00:12:05,704 --> 00:12:07,939
Before him are Muradbe's forces,
250
00:12:07,939 --> 00:12:11,189
30,000 infantrymen and 10,000 horsemen.
251
00:12:13,924 --> 00:12:17,033
Dusay's square takes on the first assault.
252
00:12:17,033 --> 00:12:19,308
They greet the Mamelukes
with salvos of fire
253
00:12:19,308 --> 00:12:21,249
at point blank range.
254
00:12:21,249 --> 00:12:23,573
(guns firing)
255
00:12:23,573 --> 00:12:26,156
(men shouting)
256
00:12:34,475 --> 00:12:35,695
(horse neighing)
257
00:12:35,695 --> 00:12:37,983
The Mamelukes are valiant fighters,
258
00:12:37,983 --> 00:12:41,382
trained to use sabers
in hand to hand combat.
259
00:12:41,382 --> 00:12:44,549
They launch their charge with panache.
260
00:12:45,803 --> 00:12:47,967
At the same time Bonaparte
and the other squares
261
00:12:47,967 --> 00:12:50,384
close in on Muradbe's flanks.
262
00:12:53,293 --> 00:12:56,793
The Mamelukes are under fire on two sides.
263
00:13:02,090 --> 00:13:04,340
(fighting)
264
00:13:05,857 --> 00:13:08,043
The infantry squares are as unwavering
265
00:13:08,043 --> 00:13:09,758
as they are destructive,
266
00:13:09,758 --> 00:13:11,963
and the pride of the
Mameluke army is destroyed
267
00:13:11,963 --> 00:13:15,213
by the bayonets of the French infantry.
268
00:13:16,147 --> 00:13:18,791
Bonaparte loses just 30 soldiers,
269
00:13:18,791 --> 00:13:20,771
while Mameluke losses are in the region
270
00:13:20,771 --> 00:13:22,354
of some 20,000 men.
271
00:13:26,245 --> 00:13:27,699
For reasons of prestige
272
00:13:27,699 --> 00:13:30,198
this victory is later named by Bonaparte,
273
00:13:30,198 --> 00:13:32,448
the Battle of the Pyramids.
274
00:13:36,246 --> 00:13:38,293
Nonetheless, the two great Mameluke chiefs
275
00:13:38,293 --> 00:13:39,970
manage to escape.
276
00:13:39,970 --> 00:13:41,950
Ibrahambe to the north
277
00:13:41,950 --> 00:13:43,922
and Muradbe to the south
278
00:13:43,922 --> 00:13:46,505
and the deserts of upper Egypt.
279
00:13:48,291 --> 00:13:50,794
Cairo, the biggest city in Egypt,
280
00:13:50,794 --> 00:13:52,461
falls to the French.
281
00:13:54,827 --> 00:13:57,481
(speaking in foreign language)
282
00:13:57,481 --> 00:14:00,285
- [Translator] Bonaparte
comes to conquer Egypt.
283
00:14:00,285 --> 00:14:02,258
To the Egyptians he's a colonizer,
284
00:14:02,258 --> 00:14:03,591
not a liberator.
285
00:14:04,583 --> 00:14:06,809
Nonetheless, it's thanks
to his publications
286
00:14:06,809 --> 00:14:08,457
and the work of those scholars
287
00:14:08,457 --> 00:14:12,624
that the Egyptians rediscover
their own Egyptianness.
288
00:14:14,471 --> 00:14:16,421
One should not forget
that the Ottoman Empire
289
00:14:16,421 --> 00:14:20,058
erased the word Egypt from history.
290
00:14:20,058 --> 00:14:23,175
The national identity
was literally wiped out.
291
00:14:23,175 --> 00:14:25,239
Egypt had become a vilayet,
292
00:14:25,239 --> 00:14:26,906
an Ottoman province.
293
00:14:32,115 --> 00:14:33,880
- [Narrator] Two weeks
after Bonaparte's triumphant
294
00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:35,345
entry into Cairo,
295
00:14:35,345 --> 00:14:38,718
the Bay of Abukir between
Alexandria and Rosetta
296
00:14:38,718 --> 00:14:42,680
becomes the theater for a dramatic clash.
297
00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:45,660
- [Villiay] Isn't that our
fleet anchored out there?
298
00:14:45,660 --> 00:14:46,493
- [Translator] I thought that they
299
00:14:46,493 --> 00:14:47,982
were at the old port of Alexandria.
300
00:14:47,982 --> 00:14:48,940
- [Translator] It would seem that
301
00:14:48,940 --> 00:14:50,879
the waters aren't deep enough.
302
00:14:50,879 --> 00:14:52,379
- [Translator] They're firing at them.
303
00:14:52,379 --> 00:14:55,387
(guns firing)
304
00:14:55,387 --> 00:14:56,722
(panting)
305
00:14:56,722 --> 00:14:58,925
- [Translator] The
English are attacking us.
306
00:14:58,925 --> 00:15:02,713
Alas, we were bound to run into them.
307
00:15:02,713 --> 00:15:03,933
But have no fear,
308
00:15:03,933 --> 00:15:06,626
our fleet is under the command
of Vice Admiral Greers.
309
00:15:06,626 --> 00:15:07,815
An experienced man,
310
00:15:07,815 --> 00:15:09,177
we are the same age.
311
00:15:09,177 --> 00:15:11,481
He will easily defeat the enemy.
312
00:15:11,481 --> 00:15:13,246
- [Translator] Our ships
seem to be immobile,
313
00:15:13,246 --> 00:15:15,525
unlike the enemy's.
314
00:15:15,525 --> 00:15:17,446
- [Narrator] Whatever General Manu says,
315
00:15:17,446 --> 00:15:19,356
Denal, Vilie, and Julwe
316
00:15:19,356 --> 00:15:22,128
look on helplessly as
the first cannon fire
317
00:15:22,128 --> 00:15:24,444
announces the start of a tragedy.
318
00:15:24,444 --> 00:15:26,659
The English have
discovered the French fleet
319
00:15:26,659 --> 00:15:28,560
that has been evading them for months.
320
00:15:28,560 --> 00:15:32,298
(dramatic orchestral music)
321
00:15:32,298 --> 00:15:33,375
Admiral Nelson,
322
00:15:33,375 --> 00:15:35,082
who had vowed to defeat Bonaparte,
323
00:15:35,082 --> 00:15:37,317
splits his fleet in two
324
00:15:37,317 --> 00:15:40,149
and one half manages to
slip into the free space
325
00:15:40,149 --> 00:15:43,399
between the coast and the French ships.
326
00:15:47,445 --> 00:15:50,413
The French vessels, firmly
chained to one another
327
00:15:50,413 --> 00:15:52,006
under the orders of their admiral,
328
00:15:52,006 --> 00:15:53,756
must fight at anchor.
329
00:15:59,872 --> 00:16:02,106
- [Translator] During
the Battle of the Nile
330
00:16:02,106 --> 00:16:04,058
a dramatic event takes place
331
00:16:04,058 --> 00:16:06,559
amidst so many other dramatic events.
332
00:16:06,559 --> 00:16:08,426
The flagship of the French fleet,
333
00:16:08,426 --> 00:16:10,535
the Orient, explodes.
334
00:16:10,535 --> 00:16:12,248
The Orient was one of the biggest,
335
00:16:12,248 --> 00:16:13,081
finest,
336
00:16:13,081 --> 00:16:15,266
and most powerful ships in the world,
337
00:16:15,266 --> 00:16:19,135
and at it's first battle
it is blown apart.
338
00:16:19,135 --> 00:16:21,468
(exploding)
339
00:16:24,511 --> 00:16:26,723
- The explosion was so loud
340
00:16:26,723 --> 00:16:30,056
and was of such a force that it is said
341
00:16:30,056 --> 00:16:32,966
that the battle stopped
for about 15 minutes
342
00:16:32,966 --> 00:16:35,433
and everybody just was like
in this state of shock.
343
00:16:35,433 --> 00:16:38,683
This huge explosion that left everybody
344
00:16:39,836 --> 00:16:41,506
a bit dazed.
345
00:16:41,506 --> 00:16:43,294
- [Translator] We must face facts.
346
00:16:43,294 --> 00:16:45,477
Tomorrow we will no longer have a fleet,
347
00:16:45,477 --> 00:16:49,927
and with no fleet we will
be prisoners in Egypt.
348
00:16:49,927 --> 00:16:51,219
- [Translator] Clabair is right.
349
00:16:51,219 --> 00:16:54,786
After the Battle of the Nile
there is no hope of return.
350
00:16:54,786 --> 00:16:56,014
They need a new fleet,
351
00:16:56,014 --> 00:16:58,382
but France doesn't have a substitute fleet
352
00:16:58,382 --> 00:17:01,032
to come and fetch the army from Egypt.
353
00:17:01,032 --> 00:17:03,339
- The Battle of Abukir
is obviously a huge,
354
00:17:03,339 --> 00:17:05,070
huge success,
355
00:17:05,070 --> 00:17:08,512
and one which Nelson will indeed make,
356
00:17:08,512 --> 00:17:11,110
to his credit, he
becomes baron of the Nile
357
00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:12,422
because of this Battle of the Nile
358
00:17:12,422 --> 00:17:16,005
and he has a crocodile
on his coat of arms.
359
00:17:17,055 --> 00:17:19,144
- [Narrator] Bonaparte was
only supposed to examine
360
00:17:19,144 --> 00:17:20,792
the possibility of establishing
361
00:17:20,792 --> 00:17:22,773
a French presence in Egypt,
362
00:17:22,773 --> 00:17:24,845
now he has no choice but to start
363
00:17:24,845 --> 00:17:27,095
establishing it right away.
364
00:17:28,189 --> 00:17:30,464
(speaking in foreign language)
365
00:17:30,464 --> 00:17:32,836
- As an Egyptian historian
366
00:17:32,836 --> 00:17:35,153
I believe the defeat at Abukir Bay
367
00:17:35,153 --> 00:17:39,429
is a very positive moment
for the Egyptian people.
368
00:17:39,429 --> 00:17:41,754
Bonaparte believes he
has to create a permanent
369
00:17:41,754 --> 00:17:43,807
presence in Egypt,
370
00:17:43,807 --> 00:17:47,949
and he quickly sets to
building workshops and roads
371
00:17:47,949 --> 00:17:52,380
and creating modern hospitals
like those in France.
372
00:17:52,380 --> 00:17:54,411
The Egyptians go from barber surgeons
373
00:17:54,411 --> 00:17:55,994
to modern medicine.
374
00:17:57,500 --> 00:17:59,662
- [Translator] While
Bonaparte is organizing
375
00:17:59,662 --> 00:18:01,401
the country's administration,
376
00:18:01,401 --> 00:18:03,168
tax system, et cetera,
377
00:18:03,168 --> 00:18:05,241
he is reorganizing his army,
378
00:18:05,241 --> 00:18:07,385
making it functional again and calling
379
00:18:07,385 --> 00:18:09,302
more upon the scholars.
380
00:18:11,515 --> 00:18:13,297
- [Translator] Citizens,
381
00:18:13,297 --> 00:18:16,302
I have brought you here at dawn
382
00:18:16,302 --> 00:18:18,719
with the aim of founding an institution
383
00:18:18,719 --> 00:18:20,853
for the sciences and the arts
384
00:18:20,853 --> 00:18:22,937
similar to that which we have in France.
385
00:18:22,937 --> 00:18:25,485
Our first session will be tomorrow morning
386
00:18:25,485 --> 00:18:26,902
at seven o'clock.
387
00:18:29,682 --> 00:18:30,515
Gentlemen.
388
00:18:32,834 --> 00:18:35,014
- [Narrator] The Egyptian
Institute aims to grow
389
00:18:35,014 --> 00:18:37,455
and propagate the Enlightenment in Egypt
390
00:18:37,455 --> 00:18:39,609
and to research, study, and publish
391
00:18:39,609 --> 00:18:43,526
on natural, industrial,
and historical matters.
392
00:18:50,182 --> 00:18:52,782
It has four departments,
393
00:18:52,782 --> 00:18:53,830
mathematics,
394
00:18:53,830 --> 00:18:55,182
physics,
395
00:18:55,182 --> 00:18:56,830
political economics,
396
00:18:56,830 --> 00:18:59,163
and literature and the arts.
397
00:19:00,003 --> 00:19:01,604
- [Translator] Bonaparte requisitions
398
00:19:01,604 --> 00:19:03,747
several contiguous palaces
399
00:19:03,747 --> 00:19:06,239
to create a kind of science center
400
00:19:06,239 --> 00:19:07,739
with laboratories.
401
00:19:09,366 --> 00:19:12,783
And so the Egyptian Institute is created.
402
00:19:13,826 --> 00:19:17,591
With the mathematician Moge
as it's first president
403
00:19:17,591 --> 00:19:19,983
and Bonaparte himself as vice president,
404
00:19:19,983 --> 00:19:24,070
since he considers
himself to be a scholar.
405
00:19:24,070 --> 00:19:25,399
- [Translator] I would have
loved to have been a member
406
00:19:25,399 --> 00:19:28,313
of the institute in order to
live in this superb palace.
407
00:19:28,313 --> 00:19:29,625
- [Translator] I quite understand.
408
00:19:29,625 --> 00:19:31,766
We're enjoying wonderful peace here.
409
00:19:31,766 --> 00:19:33,716
- [Translator] Indeed,
it's even better appointed,
410
00:19:33,716 --> 00:19:36,431
and I think it's even
more magnificent here
411
00:19:36,431 --> 00:19:37,702
than in the Louvre.
412
00:19:37,702 --> 00:19:41,845
(gentle orchestral music)
413
00:19:41,845 --> 00:19:43,391
- [Narrator] Not only
is Bonaparte organizing
414
00:19:43,391 --> 00:19:45,443
the work of the scholars in Cairo,
415
00:19:45,443 --> 00:19:48,620
he's also trying to play
down the defeat in Abukir Bay
416
00:19:48,620 --> 00:19:50,572
by dazzling the Egyptians.
417
00:19:50,572 --> 00:19:52,147
He assures them once again that he doesn't
418
00:19:52,147 --> 00:19:53,753
simply respect their religion,
419
00:19:53,753 --> 00:19:55,764
he's fascinated by it.
420
00:19:55,764 --> 00:19:57,024
(speaking in foreign language)
421
00:19:57,024 --> 00:19:59,006
- [Translator] Islam is a
major issue for Bonaparte
422
00:19:59,006 --> 00:20:01,473
and the entire French
army during the occupation
423
00:20:01,473 --> 00:20:03,239
of the country for the three years
424
00:20:03,239 --> 00:20:06,918
that the Egyptian expedition lasts.
425
00:20:06,918 --> 00:20:08,974
He realizes that Islam is part
426
00:20:08,974 --> 00:20:12,468
of the daily lives of Egyptians.
427
00:20:12,468 --> 00:20:13,687
In meetings with the scholars
428
00:20:13,687 --> 00:20:15,589
and the Ulema of the Divan,
429
00:20:15,589 --> 00:20:17,385
he even discuses the possibility
430
00:20:17,385 --> 00:20:19,302
of converting to Islam.
431
00:20:21,925 --> 00:20:23,591
- [Narrator] Bonaparte
celebrates the birth
432
00:20:23,591 --> 00:20:25,429
of the prophet for four days
433
00:20:25,429 --> 00:20:28,194
with unprecedented magnificence.
434
00:20:28,194 --> 00:20:29,393
On the banks of the Nile
435
00:20:29,393 --> 00:20:31,111
in front of the French army chiefs
436
00:20:31,111 --> 00:20:32,806
and all the city's public figures,
437
00:20:32,806 --> 00:20:35,610
the French troops parade with great pomp
438
00:20:35,610 --> 00:20:38,526
to impress the Egyptians.
439
00:20:38,526 --> 00:20:39,502
(speaking in foreign language)
440
00:20:39,502 --> 00:20:42,445
- [Translator] The Ulema are
not convinced by what Bonaparte
441
00:20:42,445 --> 00:20:45,033
and his entourage say.
442
00:20:45,033 --> 00:20:49,737
These Orientalists make
grammatical errors in Arabic,
443
00:20:49,737 --> 00:20:51,798
the sacred language,
444
00:20:51,798 --> 00:20:54,650
the language of the prophet.
445
00:20:54,650 --> 00:20:57,817
There is both suspicion and rejection.
446
00:21:00,563 --> 00:21:04,017
(insects buzzing)
447
00:21:04,017 --> 00:21:04,879
- [Narrator] A rejection,
448
00:21:04,879 --> 00:21:06,096
the scale of which the French
449
00:21:06,096 --> 00:21:08,243
take a long time to realize.
450
00:21:08,243 --> 00:21:10,345
To such an extent that Viliay and Julwe
451
00:21:10,345 --> 00:21:11,848
don't think twice about heading off
452
00:21:11,848 --> 00:21:14,643
to sleep alone in the
desert with no escort,
453
00:21:14,643 --> 00:21:16,257
so eager are they to take part
454
00:21:16,257 --> 00:21:20,340
in an extraordinary visit
organized by Bonaparte.
455
00:21:25,330 --> 00:21:27,411
- [Translator] Hey, citizens!
456
00:21:27,411 --> 00:21:28,927
I'm up here!
457
00:21:28,927 --> 00:21:30,344
It's magnificent!
458
00:21:32,714 --> 00:21:34,964
(clanking)
459
00:21:36,906 --> 00:21:38,031
(army marching)
460
00:21:38,031 --> 00:21:38,896
Hello?
461
00:21:38,896 --> 00:21:39,813
Look at me!
462
00:21:41,018 --> 00:21:41,851
Hey!
463
00:21:46,240 --> 00:21:48,494
- [Translator] Always so intrepid, Moge.
464
00:21:48,494 --> 00:21:49,949
- [Translator] Let's hope he can get down
465
00:21:49,949 --> 00:21:51,412
without breaking a leg.
466
00:21:51,412 --> 00:21:52,742
(laughing)
467
00:21:52,742 --> 00:21:54,042
- [Translator] Incredible.
468
00:21:54,042 --> 00:21:55,943
- [Translator] Did you see Moge?
469
00:21:55,943 --> 00:21:57,658
What a feat for a man of his age.
470
00:21:57,658 --> 00:22:00,271
- [Moge] Hey, look at me!
471
00:22:00,271 --> 00:22:03,560
- [Translator] Just pebbles
and not an animal in sight.
472
00:22:03,560 --> 00:22:04,619
What a shame.
473
00:22:04,619 --> 00:22:05,724
- [Translator] This is amazing.
474
00:22:05,724 --> 00:22:07,068
What a wonderful monument.
475
00:22:07,068 --> 00:22:08,776
- [Moge] The view is magnificent!
476
00:22:08,776 --> 00:22:09,776
- Hey, wait!
477
00:22:10,857 --> 00:22:12,190
I'm coming down!
478
00:22:14,312 --> 00:22:17,062
(rocks tumbling)
479
00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:19,534
- [Translator] Very well, young man.
480
00:22:19,534 --> 00:22:20,405
This pyramid,
481
00:22:20,405 --> 00:22:21,818
tell me it's secrets.
482
00:22:21,818 --> 00:22:22,813
- [Translator] Citizen General,
483
00:22:22,813 --> 00:22:25,321
the great Pyramid of Giza has 207 layers,
484
00:22:25,321 --> 00:22:26,807
platforms included.
485
00:22:26,807 --> 00:22:28,775
We applied a ruler to each riser
486
00:22:28,775 --> 00:22:30,522
and have estimated it measures at least
487
00:22:30,522 --> 00:22:31,866
137 meters high.
488
00:22:31,866 --> 00:22:33,274
- [Translator] You
certainly know your business
489
00:22:33,274 --> 00:22:34,899
for such a young fellow.
490
00:22:34,899 --> 00:22:35,732
(rumbling)
491
00:22:35,732 --> 00:22:37,224
- [Translator] Heavens above, Moge!
492
00:22:37,224 --> 00:22:38,566
- [Translator] The man's an acrobat.
493
00:22:38,566 --> 00:22:40,373
- [Translator] Moge, try
not to break your neck!
494
00:22:40,373 --> 00:22:43,411
(laughing)
495
00:22:43,411 --> 00:22:45,478
(speaking in foreign language)
496
00:22:45,478 --> 00:22:47,063
- [Translator] Something amazing happens
497
00:22:47,063 --> 00:22:50,874
in the Cairo desert at the
foot of the great pyramid.
498
00:22:50,874 --> 00:22:53,799
What we believe to be the world's first
499
00:22:53,799 --> 00:22:56,549
archeological dig is established.
500
00:22:57,912 --> 00:23:01,540
There are scholars from a
wide range of disciplines.
501
00:23:01,540 --> 00:23:02,443
Architects,
502
00:23:02,443 --> 00:23:06,080
surveyors, and others
studying the great pyramid.
503
00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:08,330
First of all, measuring it.
504
00:23:12,248 --> 00:23:14,498
(flapping)
505
00:23:17,832 --> 00:23:19,704
- [Narrator] Since the
disaster in Abukir Bay,
506
00:23:19,704 --> 00:23:22,373
the situation has change for the French.
507
00:23:22,373 --> 00:23:25,210
The Anglo-Turkish
alliance is a real danger,
508
00:23:25,210 --> 00:23:28,226
but it's not the only threat.
509
00:23:28,226 --> 00:23:30,906
In Cairo the locals who
have seemingly until now
510
00:23:30,906 --> 00:23:32,879
accepted the presence of the French
511
00:23:32,879 --> 00:23:35,775
are less and less happy with their impiety
512
00:23:35,775 --> 00:23:37,764
and this forbidden wine that's growing
513
00:23:37,764 --> 00:23:40,428
increasingly popular around the city.
514
00:23:40,428 --> 00:23:42,678
(laughing)
515
00:23:44,411 --> 00:23:46,786
- [Translator] Which one should we take?
516
00:23:46,786 --> 00:23:49,074
- [Translator] Wait, show me that one.
517
00:23:49,074 --> 00:23:50,008
- [Translator] Which, this one?
518
00:23:50,008 --> 00:23:51,218
- [Translator] Yes, that's right.
519
00:23:51,218 --> 00:23:53,965
(whistling)
520
00:23:53,965 --> 00:23:55,048
As in fact there are four of us,
521
00:23:55,048 --> 00:23:56,316
so I think we should take four.
522
00:23:56,316 --> 00:23:58,322
(laughing)
523
00:23:58,322 --> 00:23:59,155
- [Translator] Two?
524
00:23:59,155 --> 00:24:00,738
- [Translator] Two.
525
00:24:06,152 --> 00:24:07,166
- [Translator] Leftenant Morel,
526
00:24:07,166 --> 00:24:08,904
second infantry brigade.
527
00:24:08,904 --> 00:24:10,864
General, there is an uprising in the city,
528
00:24:10,864 --> 00:24:12,906
we must hurry to organize
the defense of this villa.
529
00:24:12,906 --> 00:24:13,739
- [Translator] What do
you mean an uprising?
530
00:24:13,739 --> 00:24:15,327
- [Translator] The people
of Cairo are in the street,
531
00:24:15,327 --> 00:24:17,013
they want the French out of the city.
532
00:24:17,013 --> 00:24:18,058
- [Translator] Any victims?
533
00:24:18,058 --> 00:24:20,313
- [Translator] Already
around 100 dead, General.
534
00:24:20,313 --> 00:24:21,320
- [Translator] Hurry Morel,
535
00:24:21,320 --> 00:24:23,072
give them two rifles.
536
00:24:23,072 --> 00:24:24,138
Moge, this way.
537
00:24:24,138 --> 00:24:25,194
- [Translator] I've
never fired a gun before,
538
00:24:25,194 --> 00:24:26,360
I wouldn't know how to use it.
539
00:24:26,360 --> 00:24:27,193
- [Translator] Look, it's easy.
540
00:24:27,193 --> 00:24:29,529
Soldiers, cartridge.
541
00:24:29,529 --> 00:24:31,217
You take your gun,
542
00:24:31,217 --> 00:24:33,838
you push the flesh pan,
543
00:24:33,838 --> 00:24:35,378
put a little gunpowder in it,
544
00:24:35,378 --> 00:24:36,545
then close it.
545
00:24:37,450 --> 00:24:38,923
You tip the cartridge into the barrel
546
00:24:38,923 --> 00:24:40,387
and pack it twice.
547
00:24:40,387 --> 00:24:42,194
Now all you need to do is aim and fire.
548
00:24:42,194 --> 00:24:43,141
And if you miss,
549
00:24:43,141 --> 00:24:44,756
use the bayonet.
550
00:24:44,756 --> 00:24:45,589
Everyone,
551
00:24:45,589 --> 00:24:47,089
on to the terrace.
552
00:24:49,603 --> 00:24:51,045
(crowd yelling)
553
00:24:51,045 --> 00:24:53,212
(banging)
554
00:24:56,442 --> 00:24:57,661
- [Translator] Don't worry, Villiay,
555
00:24:57,661 --> 00:24:59,399
they will be fine.
556
00:24:59,399 --> 00:25:00,802
You haven't lost everything yet.
557
00:25:00,802 --> 00:25:02,156
- [Translator] Let's hope
we still get to drink it.
558
00:25:02,156 --> 00:25:03,598
- [Translator] You must not lose hope.
559
00:25:03,598 --> 00:25:06,057
Concentrate and act at the right moment.
560
00:25:06,057 --> 00:25:08,224
(yelling)
561
00:25:10,770 --> 00:25:11,603
Ready?
562
00:25:12,659 --> 00:25:13,492
Careful.
563
00:25:13,492 --> 00:25:15,946
Nobody shoot unless it's on my orders.
564
00:25:15,946 --> 00:25:17,377
(crashing)
565
00:25:17,377 --> 00:25:18,210
Fire!
566
00:25:18,210 --> 00:25:19,573
(guns firing)
567
00:25:19,573 --> 00:25:21,219
Good god, they got through.
568
00:25:21,219 --> 00:25:22,166
- [Translator] Reload quickly.
569
00:25:22,166 --> 00:25:23,468
Viliay, hurry up.
570
00:25:23,468 --> 00:25:24,301
Hurry up.
571
00:25:25,742 --> 00:25:26,800
- [Translator] Quick, Leftenant,
572
00:25:26,800 --> 00:25:28,172
barricade the staircase.
573
00:25:28,172 --> 00:25:31,172
(suspenseful music)
574
00:25:36,158 --> 00:25:36,991
- Fire!
575
00:25:39,015 --> 00:25:43,182
- [Translator] Well, it
seems that our time has come.
576
00:25:43,182 --> 00:25:45,765
(gentle music)
577
00:25:47,771 --> 00:25:49,510
- [Narrator] Does anyone
imagine themselves
578
00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:52,223
dying in combat when they're just 20?
579
00:25:52,223 --> 00:25:54,723
(guns firing)
580
00:25:58,998 --> 00:26:01,732
Neither Viliay nor Julwe
reveals any emotions
581
00:26:01,732 --> 00:26:03,482
after his first shot.
582
00:26:08,945 --> 00:26:11,342
(fighting)
583
00:26:11,342 --> 00:26:13,130
Five of their scientists colleagues
584
00:26:13,130 --> 00:26:15,133
lose their lives in the uprising,
585
00:26:15,133 --> 00:26:17,133
along with 300 soldiers.
586
00:26:27,277 --> 00:26:29,152
Bonaparte no longer wishes to win over
587
00:26:29,152 --> 00:26:32,167
the inhabitants of Cairo
with his religious tolerance
588
00:26:32,167 --> 00:26:34,231
and respect for tradition.
589
00:26:34,231 --> 00:26:35,600
He cuts the city off,
590
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:37,096
and with an iron fist
591
00:26:37,096 --> 00:26:38,929
imposes military rule.
592
00:26:39,832 --> 00:26:41,823
(guns firing)
593
00:26:41,823 --> 00:26:44,073
(shouting)
594
00:26:51,870 --> 00:26:54,066
(speaking in foreign language)
595
00:26:54,066 --> 00:26:55,935
- [Translator] This uprising
begins in the neighborhood
596
00:26:55,935 --> 00:26:57,682
of the Alansar Mosque,
597
00:26:57,682 --> 00:27:00,364
the biggest mosque in Cairo.
598
00:27:00,364 --> 00:27:04,140
Bonaparte is forced to crack
down with great violence.
599
00:27:04,140 --> 00:27:07,139
He starts by bombarding
the Alansar neighborhood
600
00:27:07,139 --> 00:27:09,922
before entering the mosque
with weapons and horses
601
00:27:09,922 --> 00:27:12,299
and desecrating it.
602
00:27:12,299 --> 00:27:16,403
- [Translator] The French will
never be forgiven for this.
603
00:27:16,403 --> 00:27:17,903
It's like a stain.
604
00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:23,021
Something snaps during this insurrection,
605
00:27:23,021 --> 00:27:27,188
that Bonaparte manages to
reestablish order in Egypt.
606
00:27:28,684 --> 00:27:29,986
- [Narrator] Order is established
607
00:27:29,986 --> 00:27:31,815
but the peace remains fragile
608
00:27:31,815 --> 00:27:33,582
as the two Mameluke chiefs
609
00:27:33,582 --> 00:27:35,483
defeated at the Battle of the Pyramids
610
00:27:35,483 --> 00:27:38,430
are still on the run with
some of their troops,
611
00:27:38,430 --> 00:27:40,745
Ibrahambe in the north towards Syria
612
00:27:40,745 --> 00:27:43,535
and Muradbe in the south in upper Egypt
613
00:27:43,535 --> 00:27:46,202
with General Dusay on his heels.
614
00:27:50,452 --> 00:27:52,100
After more weeks in pursuit,
615
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:53,928
always taking them further south,
616
00:27:53,928 --> 00:27:55,795
Dusay reaches Aswan,
617
00:27:55,795 --> 00:27:58,060
taking it after a battle that once again
618
00:27:58,060 --> 00:28:01,596
sees him victorious over the Mamelukes.
619
00:28:01,596 --> 00:28:04,429
And once again Muradbe evades him.
620
00:28:06,938 --> 00:28:07,813
(speaking in foreign language)
621
00:28:07,813 --> 00:28:09,102
- [Translator] With the
arrival of the French
622
00:28:09,102 --> 00:28:11,208
in Aswan in upper Egypt
623
00:28:11,208 --> 00:28:16,151
we can consider that the
conquest of Egypt is complete.
624
00:28:16,151 --> 00:28:19,730
Even if there are some
recalcitrant villages,
625
00:28:19,730 --> 00:28:23,659
even if Muradbe and Ibrihambre
are still on the run,
626
00:28:23,659 --> 00:28:25,854
hiding and evading,
627
00:28:25,854 --> 00:28:29,854
the French still control
the entire Nile valley.
628
00:28:30,782 --> 00:28:31,865
Well, almost.
629
00:28:35,067 --> 00:28:36,909
- [Narrator] Bonaparte
learns from his spies
630
00:28:36,909 --> 00:28:38,595
that 50,000 men,
631
00:28:38,595 --> 00:28:40,241
Ottomans and Mamelukes,
632
00:28:40,241 --> 00:28:41,531
with the help of the English,
633
00:28:41,531 --> 00:28:43,448
are gathering in Syria.
634
00:28:45,117 --> 00:28:46,926
Taking the initiative to attack
635
00:28:46,926 --> 00:28:49,838
seems to be the best option.
636
00:28:49,838 --> 00:28:51,404
- [Napoleon] If I succeed I will find
637
00:28:51,404 --> 00:28:54,707
the Pasha's treasures
and arms for 100,000 men
638
00:28:54,707 --> 00:28:56,910
in the city of Saint John of Aka.
639
00:28:56,910 --> 00:28:59,409
I will then rise up and arm Syria.
640
00:28:59,409 --> 00:29:01,226
I will overturn the Turkish Empire
641
00:29:01,226 --> 00:29:04,111
and found great new empire in the Orient
642
00:29:04,111 --> 00:29:07,528
that will see my name go down in history.
643
00:29:11,292 --> 00:29:13,628
- [Narrator] Despite being
undertaken in a rush,
644
00:29:13,628 --> 00:29:16,633
the Syria campaign begins successfully.
645
00:29:16,633 --> 00:29:18,951
Bonaparte takes the fort of El Arish
646
00:29:18,951 --> 00:29:20,658
where the second Mameluke chief,
647
00:29:20,658 --> 00:29:21,723
Ibrihambre,
648
00:29:21,723 --> 00:29:23,043
has taken refuge,
649
00:29:23,043 --> 00:29:26,092
yet manages once again to escape.
650
00:29:26,092 --> 00:29:27,920
Bonaparte then marches on Gaza,
651
00:29:27,920 --> 00:29:29,804
where a second victory awaits him.
652
00:29:29,804 --> 00:29:32,201
The next step will be Jaffa.
653
00:29:32,201 --> 00:29:34,972
(dramatic orchestral music)
654
00:29:34,972 --> 00:29:37,222
(fighting)
655
00:29:40,059 --> 00:29:42,964
13,000 French soldiers reach Jaffa
656
00:29:42,964 --> 00:29:45,526
after another desperate
march through the desert,
657
00:29:45,526 --> 00:29:47,122
spurred on by Bonaparte,
658
00:29:47,122 --> 00:29:48,910
who is convinced this new expedition
659
00:29:48,910 --> 00:29:50,493
will be victorious.
660
00:29:54,726 --> 00:29:55,676
And indeed,
661
00:29:55,676 --> 00:29:57,374
victory smiles upon him.
662
00:29:57,374 --> 00:29:59,446
A single assault launched at dawn
663
00:29:59,446 --> 00:30:03,196
is enough for Jaffa to
fall by the afternoon.
664
00:30:10,914 --> 00:30:14,055
Eight months after first
setting foot on Egyptian soil
665
00:30:14,055 --> 00:30:17,555
Bonaparte marches victoriously into Syria.
666
00:30:18,476 --> 00:30:20,321
This new military expedition promises
667
00:30:20,321 --> 00:30:22,422
to enjoy better fortunes.
668
00:30:22,422 --> 00:30:25,339
(orchestral music)
669
00:30:36,046 --> 00:30:37,571
And as for the scientists,
670
00:30:37,571 --> 00:30:38,952
now they are fulfilled,
671
00:30:38,952 --> 00:30:41,402
finally allowed to travel to upper Egypt
672
00:30:41,402 --> 00:30:44,652
of which they have dreamed for so long.
673
00:30:49,161 --> 00:30:51,174
They head for the peaceful south
674
00:30:51,174 --> 00:30:53,946
in search of ancient marvels and mysteries
675
00:30:53,946 --> 00:30:55,694
that will show to the whole world
676
00:30:55,694 --> 00:30:58,277
the greatness of ancient Egypt.
677
00:31:09,042 --> 00:31:11,248
- [Villiay] Alas, after weeks of traveling
678
00:31:11,248 --> 00:31:13,584
we arrive in Luxor at night.
679
00:31:13,584 --> 00:31:15,747
We will have to be
patient a little longer.
680
00:31:15,747 --> 00:31:18,348
My god, this night will be so long
681
00:31:18,348 --> 00:31:20,664
giving that we are itching
to apply our rulers,
682
00:31:20,664 --> 00:31:23,453
our compasses and plumb lines
to the walls and columns
683
00:31:23,453 --> 00:31:26,344
which have stood here for centuries.
684
00:31:26,344 --> 00:31:29,261
(orchestral music)
685
00:31:35,812 --> 00:31:39,054
Even the soldiers who until
now only saw us as a burden
686
00:31:39,054 --> 00:31:41,745
and source of problems when
they had to accompany us,
687
00:31:41,745 --> 00:31:44,964
and who understand nothing of
the reasons for our presence
688
00:31:44,964 --> 00:31:48,705
and our interest in what
they call old stones.
689
00:31:48,705 --> 00:31:50,845
Even these soldiers
were lost in admiration
690
00:31:50,845 --> 00:31:54,512
before the vestiges of
the temple of Karnak.
691
00:31:57,089 --> 00:31:59,575
They paid tribute to
the beauty of this site
692
00:31:59,575 --> 00:32:01,666
before these ruins fell
back into the silence
693
00:32:01,666 --> 00:32:04,666
in which they had stood for so long.
694
00:32:15,969 --> 00:32:16,979
- [Translator] What
does it say down there?
695
00:32:16,979 --> 00:32:18,346
- [Translator] Sh.
696
00:32:18,346 --> 00:32:19,835
That it's not vertical.
697
00:32:19,835 --> 00:32:22,085
(laughing)
698
00:32:22,956 --> 00:32:24,538
- [Translator] What brings you here?
699
00:32:24,538 --> 00:32:25,701
- [Translator] I could
ask the same of you.
700
00:32:25,701 --> 00:32:26,856
- [Translator] No, you first.
701
00:32:26,856 --> 00:32:27,979
- [Translator] Well,
I'm going back to Cairo
702
00:32:27,979 --> 00:32:29,759
with General Desay, I can't take any more.
703
00:32:29,759 --> 00:32:32,260
From Cairo to Aswan to the Red Sea,
704
00:32:32,260 --> 00:32:33,761
I've been racing from one to the other.
705
00:32:33,761 --> 00:32:35,175
- [Translator] We just
received authorization
706
00:32:35,175 --> 00:32:36,330
to go to Aswan.
707
00:32:36,330 --> 00:32:37,163
What's it like?
708
00:32:37,163 --> 00:32:38,832
- [Translator] It's nowhere
near as good as Feelie.
709
00:32:38,832 --> 00:32:40,216
From the point of view of the harmony
710
00:32:40,216 --> 00:32:42,371
of the proportions it's
one of the most beautiful
711
00:32:42,371 --> 00:32:44,058
things you can see in Egypt.
712
00:32:44,058 --> 00:32:45,735
Ooh, where can we sit down?
713
00:32:45,735 --> 00:32:47,288
I want to show you something splendid.
714
00:32:47,288 --> 00:32:49,455
- [Translator] Right here.
715
00:32:51,796 --> 00:32:53,840
- [Translator] Only one
single time General Desay
716
00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:55,110
had a unique objective,
717
00:32:55,110 --> 00:32:56,228
capturing Murad Bay.
718
00:32:56,228 --> 00:32:58,127
Only once did he allow us to make a halt.
719
00:32:58,127 --> 00:33:00,425
It was at Dender at 80
kilometers from here.
720
00:33:00,425 --> 00:33:03,256
There's a temple three
quarters buried in the sand,
721
00:33:03,256 --> 00:33:05,199
and at the back there was
a room which we reached
722
00:33:05,199 --> 00:33:07,616
by climbing on the roof.
723
00:33:07,616 --> 00:33:10,033
We found this on the ceiling.
724
00:33:16,029 --> 00:33:18,893
(exclaiming)
725
00:33:18,893 --> 00:33:21,494
I only had time to draw
this rather poor drawing.
726
00:33:21,494 --> 00:33:22,327
But if you go there,
727
00:33:22,327 --> 00:33:23,648
and I strongly urge you to,
728
00:33:23,648 --> 00:33:26,338
you must produce some better ones.
729
00:33:26,338 --> 00:33:29,722
From what I was told this
zodiac is now standing testimony
730
00:33:29,722 --> 00:33:32,415
to the astrological knowledge
of the ancient Egyptians.
731
00:33:32,415 --> 00:33:33,998
- It's magnificent.
732
00:33:36,522 --> 00:33:38,209
- [Translator] Before the Egypt expedition
733
00:33:38,209 --> 00:33:41,642
there were explorers who
traveled individually to Egypt
734
00:33:41,642 --> 00:33:45,117
and who pretty much
sketched what they saw.
735
00:33:45,117 --> 00:33:48,158
Here for the first time we've
got engineering graduates,
736
00:33:48,158 --> 00:33:49,981
we've got architects,
737
00:33:49,981 --> 00:33:52,511
we've got people who
are trained in drawing
738
00:33:52,511 --> 00:33:54,178
and who are precise.
739
00:33:55,967 --> 00:33:58,143
- [Translator] Many of
them are Moge's students,
740
00:33:58,143 --> 00:34:00,834
young people who apply
geometric principles
741
00:34:00,834 --> 00:34:03,313
and scientific methods to their work
742
00:34:03,313 --> 00:34:05,649
and their way of
illustrating the monuments.
743
00:34:05,649 --> 00:34:08,557
Unlike the older scholars such as Dono,
744
00:34:08,557 --> 00:34:10,174
who always adds a little tree
745
00:34:10,174 --> 00:34:12,448
or an animal to his sketches.
746
00:34:12,448 --> 00:34:15,680
In this case they reproduce what they see
747
00:34:15,680 --> 00:34:17,691
so that from a scientific point of view
748
00:34:17,691 --> 00:34:19,274
it is indisputable.
749
00:34:20,696 --> 00:34:22,078
- [Narrator] After long months of being
750
00:34:22,078 --> 00:34:23,391
confined in the north,
751
00:34:23,391 --> 00:34:25,605
Viliay and Julwe are finally in the heart
752
00:34:25,605 --> 00:34:28,023
of Egypt's archeological riches,
753
00:34:28,023 --> 00:34:30,410
and Karnak is only one stop on a journey
754
00:34:30,410 --> 00:34:33,094
that will take them farther
south to places who's
755
00:34:33,094 --> 00:34:36,677
inaccessibility has
rendered them mythical.
756
00:34:43,463 --> 00:34:45,527
- [Translator] That's
enough of our travels,
757
00:34:45,527 --> 00:34:47,121
what about General Desay?
758
00:34:47,121 --> 00:34:49,346
Tell us how things are going in Syria.
759
00:34:49,346 --> 00:34:50,636
- [Translator] Tell them what you told me,
760
00:34:50,636 --> 00:34:51,754
will you?
761
00:34:51,754 --> 00:34:54,508
He was with the expedition.
762
00:34:54,508 --> 00:34:57,625
It was he who brought the
news of the Syria campaign.
763
00:34:57,625 --> 00:34:59,892
- [Translator] Syria.
764
00:34:59,892 --> 00:35:01,709
We're not there yet,
765
00:35:01,709 --> 00:35:03,792
perhaps we never will be.
766
00:35:05,175 --> 00:35:08,209
Everything went fine until
the taking of Gaza and Jaffa.
767
00:35:08,209 --> 00:35:10,334
Jaffa fell in a day,
768
00:35:10,334 --> 00:35:12,458
2,000 Ottoman fighters killed
769
00:35:12,458 --> 00:35:14,541
and 3,000 taken prisoner.
770
00:35:17,111 --> 00:35:17,944
(sighing)
771
00:35:17,944 --> 00:35:20,361
The following day, Bonaparte,
772
00:35:21,346 --> 00:35:23,885
he didn't want to be
burdened with prisoners.
773
00:35:23,885 --> 00:35:24,802
He ordered,
774
00:35:26,283 --> 00:35:28,111
he didn't know how he would feed them
775
00:35:28,111 --> 00:35:30,080
and he didn't want to let them go
776
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:33,466
so they could fight against us again.
777
00:35:33,466 --> 00:35:34,299
So.
778
00:35:36,107 --> 00:35:37,620
- [Translator] Want some water?
779
00:35:37,620 --> 00:35:39,620
- [Translator] No, wine.
780
00:35:41,498 --> 00:35:43,165
- [Translator] Here.
781
00:35:45,688 --> 00:35:46,521
Carry on.
782
00:35:50,625 --> 00:35:54,458
- [Translator] He ordered
them to be executed.
783
00:35:55,798 --> 00:35:58,965
They were taken to the beach and shot.
784
00:36:02,369 --> 00:36:06,119
When the number of bodies
grew just too many.
785
00:36:08,394 --> 00:36:11,136
The prisoners were marched to the dunes
786
00:36:11,136 --> 00:36:13,386
and the massacre continued.
787
00:36:17,099 --> 00:36:17,932
And then
788
00:36:18,887 --> 00:36:21,137
when the ammunition ran out
789
00:36:23,072 --> 00:36:26,155
the rest had to be killed by bayonet.
790
00:36:31,423 --> 00:36:33,382
I am a soldier.
791
00:36:33,382 --> 00:36:36,319
God knows I've seen dead men,
792
00:36:36,319 --> 00:36:37,325
but never so many corpses,
793
00:36:37,325 --> 00:36:38,951
people who's lives he
promised would be safe
794
00:36:38,951 --> 00:36:40,618
if they surrendered.
795
00:36:42,931 --> 00:36:45,046
- [Narrator] In addition to
the massacre of prisoners
796
00:36:45,046 --> 00:36:48,285
there were grave health problems.
797
00:36:48,285 --> 00:36:51,527
A plague epidemic sweeps
through the army's ranks.
798
00:36:51,527 --> 00:36:54,534
The soldiers who are not
effected are terrified.
799
00:36:54,534 --> 00:36:56,634
To restore their courage, Bonaparte,
800
00:36:56,634 --> 00:36:59,187
who carefully avoids
uttering the word plague,
801
00:36:59,187 --> 00:37:03,543
tries to demonstrate that the
disease is not to be feared.
802
00:37:03,543 --> 00:37:06,785
He pays a long visit to the sick.
803
00:37:06,785 --> 00:37:09,731
(fighting)
804
00:37:09,731 --> 00:37:12,677
The French army takes
Gaza and Jaffa so easily
805
00:37:12,677 --> 00:37:14,332
that everyone thinks all they have to do
806
00:37:14,332 --> 00:37:16,616
is show up in front of Saint John of Aka
807
00:37:16,616 --> 00:37:20,285
and the pasha in charge will surrender.
808
00:37:20,285 --> 00:37:22,964
The reality is quite different.
809
00:37:22,964 --> 00:37:25,768
Bonaparte has besieged the
town for two months now,
810
00:37:25,768 --> 00:37:26,935
day and night.
811
00:37:28,644 --> 00:37:29,843
Attack follows attack,
812
00:37:29,843 --> 00:37:31,578
but to no avail,
813
00:37:31,578 --> 00:37:33,143
and resulting in heavy losses
814
00:37:33,143 --> 00:37:36,226
among the French troops and officers.
815
00:37:40,588 --> 00:37:43,672
General Catherelie is killed.
816
00:37:43,672 --> 00:37:46,999
Clabert is outraged at the
scale of French losses.
817
00:37:46,999 --> 00:37:49,002
He writes, "Bonaparte is a general
818
00:37:49,002 --> 00:37:52,002
"at the cost of 10,000 men per day."
819
00:37:53,763 --> 00:37:55,614
Two English warships await the French
820
00:37:55,614 --> 00:37:57,068
off the coast of Afa,
821
00:37:57,068 --> 00:37:58,897
to the south of Saint John of Aka,
822
00:37:58,897 --> 00:38:01,132
and it is their commander, Sydney Smith,
823
00:38:01,132 --> 00:38:04,632
who is organizing the defense of the town.
824
00:38:06,130 --> 00:38:07,714
An officer in the English navy,
825
00:38:07,714 --> 00:38:09,603
Sydney Smith is notorious for having
826
00:38:09,603 --> 00:38:11,920
torched the French fleet in Toulon
827
00:38:11,920 --> 00:38:15,191
as part of England's action
against the French Revolution.
828
00:38:15,191 --> 00:38:17,000
He is working towards
a reprechmonde between
829
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:19,010
England and the Ottoman Empire
830
00:38:19,010 --> 00:38:21,053
and has orders to thwart Bonaparte's
831
00:38:21,053 --> 00:38:22,886
ambitions in the East.
832
00:38:23,819 --> 00:38:24,837
(speaking in foreign language)
833
00:38:24,837 --> 00:38:25,946
- [Translator] To be able to overpower
834
00:38:25,946 --> 00:38:27,580
a place by brute force,
835
00:38:27,580 --> 00:38:29,680
such as when one is laying siege,
836
00:38:29,680 --> 00:38:32,053
it obviously requires siege artillery,
837
00:38:32,053 --> 00:38:34,093
which means heavy artillery.
838
00:38:34,093 --> 00:38:36,615
But the French no longer control the seas,
839
00:38:36,615 --> 00:38:40,299
so they can no longer
bring in supplies by ship.
840
00:38:40,299 --> 00:38:41,884
And when they try to do so they come up
841
00:38:41,884 --> 00:38:43,361
against the English,
842
00:38:43,361 --> 00:38:45,787
so this artillery never reaches Bonaparte
843
00:38:45,787 --> 00:38:49,897
and he doesn't have the
resources to take the town.
844
00:38:49,897 --> 00:38:50,730
(speaking in foreign language)
845
00:38:50,730 --> 00:38:52,503
- [Translator] So he has
to stage an old style
846
00:38:52,503 --> 00:38:54,757
blockade like an ancient siege,
847
00:38:54,757 --> 00:38:56,180
but this blockade can not work
848
00:38:56,180 --> 00:38:58,466
because the English are
sending in supplies.
849
00:38:58,466 --> 00:39:00,243
So instead of a few days,
850
00:39:00,243 --> 00:39:03,326
the siege goes on for several months.
851
00:39:05,315 --> 00:39:08,065
(horse neighing)
852
00:39:09,611 --> 00:39:11,663
- [Narrator] The Syria
campaign grinds to a halt
853
00:39:11,663 --> 00:39:12,960
in Saint John of Aka
854
00:39:12,960 --> 00:39:15,807
and Bonaparte has no
choice but to retreat.
855
00:39:15,807 --> 00:39:17,624
He doesn't want to spread
the plague epidemic
856
00:39:17,624 --> 00:39:19,729
by taking the sick back to Cairo,
857
00:39:19,729 --> 00:39:22,704
and reluctant to leave them
to the Turkish scimitars,
858
00:39:22,704 --> 00:39:24,746
he gives orders for those
infected to be given
859
00:39:24,746 --> 00:39:26,137
a fatal dose of opium.
860
00:39:26,137 --> 00:39:27,143
(coughing)
861
00:39:27,143 --> 00:39:29,481
Deganete the chief physician refuses,
862
00:39:29,481 --> 00:39:31,542
but a compliant pharmacist carries out
863
00:39:31,542 --> 00:39:33,688
the grim instruction.
864
00:39:33,688 --> 00:39:35,881
- One of the key features
about the Egyptian
865
00:39:35,881 --> 00:39:37,830
campaign that never goes away,
866
00:39:37,830 --> 00:39:39,661
this was British propaganda at the time,
867
00:39:39,661 --> 00:39:42,659
was Napoleon kills prisoners
868
00:39:42,659 --> 00:39:46,337
and Napoleon commits
euthanasia on his soldiers
869
00:39:46,337 --> 00:39:48,682
who have bubonic plague.
870
00:39:48,682 --> 00:39:52,682
Now these are things that
Napoleon never denies.
871
00:39:55,183 --> 00:39:56,860
- [Narrator] On the
return to Cairo the toll
872
00:39:56,860 --> 00:39:59,835
of the Syria campaign is catastrophic.
873
00:39:59,835 --> 00:40:02,163
Thousands of prisoners executed,
874
00:40:02,163 --> 00:40:04,195
hundreds of plague victims.
875
00:40:04,195 --> 00:40:06,133
With euthanasia for the sick,
876
00:40:06,133 --> 00:40:09,748
Bonaparte's army has
lost some 4,500 soldiers,
877
00:40:09,748 --> 00:40:12,581
and all of them have died in vain.
878
00:40:13,965 --> 00:40:15,825
- [Translator] The failure
of the Syria campaign
879
00:40:15,825 --> 00:40:17,616
sounds the death knell for his hopes
880
00:40:17,616 --> 00:40:19,322
of an eastern empire.
881
00:40:19,322 --> 00:40:20,489
It's all over.
882
00:40:22,144 --> 00:40:23,069
(speaking in foreign language)
883
00:40:23,069 --> 00:40:24,685
- [Translator] Bonaparte
has only just returned
884
00:40:24,685 --> 00:40:26,268
to Cairo from Syria
885
00:40:27,163 --> 00:40:29,146
when he learns that an Ottoman landing
886
00:40:29,146 --> 00:40:31,313
has taken place at Abukir.
887
00:40:33,758 --> 00:40:35,078
- [Narrator] The French presence in Egypt
888
00:40:35,078 --> 00:40:37,547
is under greater threat than ever before,
889
00:40:37,547 --> 00:40:40,076
but this threat coincides with a discovery
890
00:40:40,076 --> 00:40:41,519
that will change our understanding
891
00:40:41,519 --> 00:40:43,876
of ancient Egypt forever.
892
00:40:43,876 --> 00:40:47,684
To the east of Abukir
stands the fort of Rosetta.
893
00:40:47,684 --> 00:40:50,282
It's in a poor state
and is in need of repair
894
00:40:50,282 --> 00:40:53,222
ahead of a possible Anglo-Turkish attack.
895
00:40:53,222 --> 00:40:55,375
In the course of the work a heavy stell
896
00:40:55,375 --> 00:40:58,452
of black granite engraved
in mysterious languages
897
00:40:58,452 --> 00:40:59,839
is unearthed.
898
00:40:59,839 --> 00:41:02,170
By chance, the officer
who finds the stone,
899
00:41:02,170 --> 00:41:03,317
Captain Busha,
900
00:41:03,317 --> 00:41:05,868
is a member of the sciences
and arts commission,
901
00:41:05,868 --> 00:41:07,594
a member of the Institute of Egypt
902
00:41:07,594 --> 00:41:09,844
also happens to be on site.
903
00:41:11,711 --> 00:41:14,685
No one at this time knows
how to read hieroglyphics,
904
00:41:14,685 --> 00:41:18,852
nor the writing that takes up
the middle part of the stone.
905
00:41:21,624 --> 00:41:24,043
But both men can read Greek.
906
00:41:24,043 --> 00:41:25,554
The text says that this decree
907
00:41:25,554 --> 00:41:27,030
is written in three languages,
908
00:41:27,030 --> 00:41:27,944
hieroglyphic,
909
00:41:27,944 --> 00:41:28,890
Demotic,
910
00:41:28,890 --> 00:41:29,723
and Greek.
911
00:41:31,307 --> 00:41:33,356
The text in hieroglyphs should therefore
912
00:41:33,356 --> 00:41:36,743
be identical to the Greek text.
913
00:41:36,743 --> 00:41:40,197
They realize the importance
of this discovery.
914
00:41:40,197 --> 00:41:42,075
In the midst of the military preparations
915
00:41:42,075 --> 00:41:45,742
they wrap up the stell
and ship it to Cairo.
916
00:41:55,171 --> 00:41:58,747
Viliay and Julwe have reached
Aswan in southern Egypt
917
00:41:58,747 --> 00:42:01,205
and are wholly unaware of
the recent discoveries,
918
00:42:01,205 --> 00:42:03,379
the disastrous expedition to Syria,
919
00:42:03,379 --> 00:42:06,462
and the new battles that are looming.
920
00:42:10,775 --> 00:42:13,364
Their leader has reproached
them for drawing hieroglyphs
921
00:42:13,364 --> 00:42:16,545
instead of taking measurements
of irrigation systems,
922
00:42:16,545 --> 00:42:19,243
so the two young scientists
set about this task
923
00:42:19,243 --> 00:42:20,788
as quickly as they can,
924
00:42:20,788 --> 00:42:25,238
whilst obstinately
continuing to visit temples.
925
00:42:25,238 --> 00:42:26,988
- [Translator] Julwe,
926
00:42:27,989 --> 00:42:30,092
if I had made the whole trip from Paris
927
00:42:30,092 --> 00:42:31,509
just to see this,
928
00:42:36,485 --> 00:42:39,652
that would be enough to make me happy.
929
00:42:43,402 --> 00:42:46,266
- [Translator] You know
what they should do?
930
00:42:46,266 --> 00:42:47,538
Toss away all the traveler's accounts
931
00:42:47,538 --> 00:42:48,955
published so far.
932
00:42:50,482 --> 00:42:52,815
They missed the best places.
933
00:42:55,836 --> 00:42:58,753
(orchestral music)
934
00:43:26,687 --> 00:43:28,698
- [Narrator] As Viliay
and Julwe struggle to find
935
00:43:28,698 --> 00:43:30,905
the words to describe their emotions
936
00:43:30,905 --> 00:43:33,143
in the face of the beauty
they've discovered,
937
00:43:33,143 --> 00:43:36,138
1,000 kilometers to the north at Abukir,
938
00:43:36,138 --> 00:43:37,597
canon firings.
939
00:43:37,597 --> 00:43:40,180
(guns firing)
940
00:43:41,422 --> 00:43:44,517
(horse neighing)
941
00:43:44,517 --> 00:43:46,346
Surprisingly, the Turkish forces have not
942
00:43:46,346 --> 00:43:49,506
taken the initiative to
attack as soon as they landed,
943
00:43:49,506 --> 00:43:52,997
they have not moved
from the Bay of Abukir,
944
00:43:52,997 --> 00:43:56,044
which leaves Bonaparte
time to assemble his troops
945
00:43:56,044 --> 00:43:58,177
and march them swiftly to Abukir
946
00:43:58,177 --> 00:44:00,432
where the Turks are crushed.
947
00:44:00,432 --> 00:44:02,682
(fighting)
948
00:44:06,060 --> 00:44:07,037
(speaking in foreign language)
949
00:44:07,037 --> 00:44:08,112
- [Translator] Abukir one
950
00:44:08,112 --> 00:44:10,446
was the distraction of the French fleet.
951
00:44:10,446 --> 00:44:11,616
Abukir two
952
00:44:11,616 --> 00:44:14,876
sees the Ottomans driven
back into the sea.
953
00:44:14,876 --> 00:44:17,650
Abukir two would erase the humiliation
954
00:44:17,650 --> 00:44:19,032
of Abukir one.
955
00:44:19,032 --> 00:44:23,199
Th ruler of the pyramids
was the winner of Abukir.
956
00:44:24,063 --> 00:44:25,757
- [Narrator] Bonaparte has
just shown that he is still
957
00:44:25,757 --> 00:44:28,207
capable of military success,
958
00:44:28,207 --> 00:44:30,534
and life in Cairo returns to normal
959
00:44:30,534 --> 00:44:33,742
as if nothing happened
on the road to Syria.
960
00:44:33,742 --> 00:44:37,097
- [Translator] No, no, don't be fooled.
961
00:44:37,097 --> 00:44:39,015
(horse neighing)
962
00:44:39,015 --> 00:44:40,368
- [Translator] General, I have a report
963
00:44:40,368 --> 00:44:42,980
that I'd like to get to these to France.
964
00:44:42,980 --> 00:44:45,105
Would you be so good as to pass it on?
965
00:44:45,105 --> 00:44:46,698
- [Translator] Never fear, Santilair,
966
00:44:46,698 --> 00:44:48,883
your report will reach the Institute.
967
00:44:48,883 --> 00:44:51,716
- [Translator] Thank you, General.
968
00:44:52,755 --> 00:44:53,871
He's leaving.
969
00:44:53,871 --> 00:44:54,857
- [Translator] What, who's leaving?
970
00:44:54,857 --> 00:44:55,742
- [Translator] The General in Chief,
971
00:44:55,742 --> 00:44:57,173
he's leaving to France.
972
00:44:57,173 --> 00:44:59,623
- [Translator] And
leaving behind his army?
973
00:44:59,623 --> 00:45:01,410
- [Translator] I bet my life on it.
974
00:45:01,410 --> 00:45:02,716
(sighing)
975
00:45:02,716 --> 00:45:06,299
(subdued orchestral music)
976
00:45:17,470 --> 00:45:19,002
(horse neighing)
977
00:45:19,002 --> 00:45:20,505
(grunting)
978
00:45:20,505 --> 00:45:23,108
- [Narrator] Under cover
of night Moge and Beftule,
979
00:45:23,108 --> 00:45:24,308
the scientific leaders,
980
00:45:24,308 --> 00:45:26,096
and the artist Vive Dene,
981
00:45:26,096 --> 00:45:27,724
have their personal effects taken
982
00:45:27,724 --> 00:45:29,481
discreetly to Abukir.
983
00:45:29,481 --> 00:45:32,064
(men shouting)
984
00:45:33,870 --> 00:45:36,055
They are just waiting
for one last passenger,
985
00:45:36,055 --> 00:45:37,570
and an important one,
986
00:45:37,570 --> 00:45:40,820
the organizer of this clandestine trip.
987
00:45:42,325 --> 00:45:44,620
One year after his arrival in Egypt
988
00:45:44,620 --> 00:45:47,870
Bonaparte set sail to return to France.
989
00:45:50,205 --> 00:45:51,038
(speaking in foreign language)
990
00:45:51,038 --> 00:45:52,321
- [Translator] Bonaparte leaves the army
991
00:45:52,321 --> 00:45:53,856
without telling anyone,
992
00:45:53,856 --> 00:45:55,258
not even his successor,
993
00:45:55,258 --> 00:45:56,598
General Clabert,
994
00:45:56,598 --> 00:46:00,415
who he has appointed General
in Chief in his place.
995
00:46:00,415 --> 00:46:03,433
Clabert learns the news from a letter.
996
00:46:03,433 --> 00:46:04,652
He's furious,
997
00:46:04,652 --> 00:46:07,357
but since he is now in
charge of this army,
998
00:46:07,357 --> 00:46:09,397
which is still in some difficulty,
999
00:46:09,397 --> 00:46:11,714
he makes an address to the soldiers
1000
00:46:11,714 --> 00:46:14,714
in which he hides his true feelings.
1001
00:46:17,382 --> 00:46:18,581
- [Clabert] My soldiers,
1002
00:46:18,581 --> 00:46:22,189
imperial duties dictate that
the general in Chief Bonaparte
1003
00:46:22,189 --> 00:46:23,732
has gone to France.
1004
00:46:23,732 --> 00:46:26,244
Powerful reinforcements will arrive
1005
00:46:26,244 --> 00:46:28,507
or else a glorious peace will carry you
1006
00:46:28,507 --> 00:46:30,340
back to your homeland.
1007
00:46:31,810 --> 00:46:32,968
- [Narrator] The truth is that after
1008
00:46:32,968 --> 00:46:35,186
the disastrous Syria campaign
1009
00:46:35,186 --> 00:46:38,486
Clabert is inheriting a
catastrophic situation.
1010
00:46:38,486 --> 00:46:40,224
He writes to the director,
1011
00:46:40,224 --> 00:46:42,527
pointing out the lack
of weapons and munitions
1012
00:46:42,527 --> 00:46:45,544
and the loss of a great many men.
1013
00:46:45,544 --> 00:46:47,278
He overstates matters somewhat to push
1014
00:46:47,278 --> 00:46:48,572
his appeal for help,
1015
00:46:48,572 --> 00:46:50,917
describing soldiers going about naked
1016
00:46:50,917 --> 00:46:53,771
and with nothing to eat since
the supplies were exhausted,
1017
00:46:53,771 --> 00:46:57,419
but this tactic will
soon work against him.
1018
00:46:57,419 --> 00:46:58,872
- [Translator] At the moment Bonaparte
1019
00:46:58,872 --> 00:47:00,385
sets foot in France,
1020
00:47:00,385 --> 00:47:02,532
contrary to what one might imagine,
1021
00:47:02,532 --> 00:47:04,767
he has after all left his army,
1022
00:47:04,767 --> 00:47:06,831
almost deserted as some would say,
1023
00:47:06,831 --> 00:47:09,147
Bonaparte is welcomed in triumph.
1024
00:47:09,147 --> 00:47:11,188
For months in the Republic there have been
1025
00:47:11,188 --> 00:47:13,321
rumors of a coup d'etat.
1026
00:47:13,321 --> 00:47:14,540
The director,
1027
00:47:14,540 --> 00:47:16,592
the ruling regime at the time,
1028
00:47:16,592 --> 00:47:19,476
has undergone several
in the previous years,
1029
00:47:19,476 --> 00:47:22,107
and you have to bear in
mind that the director,
1030
00:47:22,107 --> 00:47:23,924
Emmanuel Suays,
1031
00:47:23,924 --> 00:47:25,503
was just come to power,
1032
00:47:25,503 --> 00:47:27,404
is himself preparing a coup.
1033
00:47:27,404 --> 00:47:30,025
And to carry this out he needs a general,
1034
00:47:30,025 --> 00:47:32,068
or a saber, as he calls it.
1035
00:47:32,068 --> 00:47:34,637
After pondering who
could act as this saber,
1036
00:47:34,637 --> 00:47:37,380
he learns of Bonaparte's return from Egypt
1037
00:47:37,380 --> 00:47:39,147
and the general who was present with him,
1038
00:47:39,147 --> 00:47:40,581
General Morow says,
1039
00:47:40,581 --> 00:47:41,571
"There's your man,
1040
00:47:41,571 --> 00:47:45,219
"he can lead a coup much better than me."
1041
00:47:45,219 --> 00:47:46,966
- [Narrator] Making the
most of his prestige
1042
00:47:46,966 --> 00:47:48,296
and the confusion that reigns
1043
00:47:48,296 --> 00:47:49,770
at the highest level of state,
1044
00:47:49,770 --> 00:47:53,283
Bonaparte overthrows the
regime and seizes power.
1045
00:47:53,283 --> 00:47:55,044
He now has more pressing concerns
1046
00:47:55,044 --> 00:47:57,627
than what's happening in Egypt.
1047
00:47:59,209 --> 00:48:01,078
Unaware of their leader's departure,
1048
00:48:01,078 --> 00:48:04,460
Villiay and Julwe let
their crew return to Cairo
1049
00:48:04,460 --> 00:48:06,726
and stop at Thebes opposite Luxor,
1050
00:48:06,726 --> 00:48:11,094
where they had not enough
time on the outward journey.
1051
00:48:11,094 --> 00:48:15,768
This time they have several
weeks to explore the region.
1052
00:48:15,768 --> 00:48:16,845
- [Translator] This one looks quite good,
1053
00:48:16,845 --> 00:48:18,474
don't you think?
1054
00:48:18,474 --> 00:48:19,375
- [Translator] Yes.
1055
00:48:19,375 --> 00:48:21,414
- [Translator] In any case,
much better than Dunad's.
1056
00:48:21,414 --> 00:48:23,263
- [Translator] Yes.
1057
00:48:23,263 --> 00:48:24,789
We should make some
copies for the astronomers
1058
00:48:24,789 --> 00:48:25,764
at the commission,
1059
00:48:25,764 --> 00:48:27,524
they'll make a better
use of it than we will.
1060
00:48:27,524 --> 00:48:28,978
- [Translator] I'm sure they will.
1061
00:48:28,978 --> 00:48:32,145
I don't know anything about astronomy.
1062
00:48:37,357 --> 00:48:38,536
- [Translator] How much?
1063
00:48:38,536 --> 00:48:40,306
Ask him how much he wants for this.
1064
00:48:40,306 --> 00:48:44,037
(speaking in foreign language)
1065
00:48:44,037 --> 00:48:46,577
- [Translator] Four, this is four?
1066
00:48:46,577 --> 00:48:47,577
Just a head.
1067
00:48:50,346 --> 00:48:52,726
- [Villiay] After searching
as far as we could for mummies
1068
00:48:52,726 --> 00:48:54,108
we turned to one of those men
1069
00:48:54,108 --> 00:48:55,762
who make a profession of grave robbing
1070
00:48:55,762 --> 00:48:57,794
to find amulets and other objects
1071
00:48:57,794 --> 00:49:00,461
which they sell for high prices.
1072
00:49:01,565 --> 00:49:03,840
- [Translator] I wouldn't mind that.
1073
00:49:03,840 --> 00:49:07,757
(speaking in foreign language)
1074
00:49:11,908 --> 00:49:14,094
- [Translator] Ask him
where he found them.
1075
00:49:14,094 --> 00:49:15,173
- [Translator] Where'd you find it?
1076
00:49:15,173 --> 00:49:16,575
- [Villiay] Under our questioning
1077
00:49:16,575 --> 00:49:19,085
he told us that one day
in the nearby mountain
1078
00:49:19,085 --> 00:49:21,828
mummies of dogs had been found.
1079
00:49:21,828 --> 00:49:23,758
I promised him a rich reward if he took us
1080
00:49:23,758 --> 00:49:26,713
to the place where these mummies were.
1081
00:49:26,713 --> 00:49:28,886
- [Narrator] Villiay and
Julwe hoped to find embalmed
1082
00:49:28,886 --> 00:49:29,982
human bodies,
1083
00:49:29,982 --> 00:49:34,251
but have to make do
with mummified animals.
1084
00:49:34,251 --> 00:49:35,946
But in the course of their excavation
1085
00:49:35,946 --> 00:49:39,957
they make a far more important discovery.
1086
00:49:39,957 --> 00:49:41,560
Since the days of ancient Rome
1087
00:49:41,560 --> 00:49:43,240
11 tombs had been discovered
1088
00:49:43,240 --> 00:49:45,454
in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes
1089
00:49:45,454 --> 00:49:47,515
where the Pharaohs were buried.
1090
00:49:47,515 --> 00:49:49,924
The two young scholars find a 12th.
1091
00:49:49,924 --> 00:49:52,261
(insects buzzing)
1092
00:49:52,261 --> 00:49:53,773
- [Translator] When we return to France
1093
00:49:53,773 --> 00:49:55,763
we'll be missing one thing,
1094
00:49:55,763 --> 00:49:59,237
the name of the Pharaoh for
whom this tomb was done.
1095
00:49:59,237 --> 00:50:01,708
- [Translator] It's no doubt
written somewhere on the walls.
1096
00:50:01,708 --> 00:50:02,936
- [Translator] Yes, but we can't read it.
1097
00:50:02,936 --> 00:50:05,232
- [Translator] Don't let
that stop you copying it all.
1098
00:50:05,232 --> 00:50:08,538
Perhaps someone will
manage to decipher it.
1099
00:50:08,538 --> 00:50:10,485
(speaking in foreign language)
1100
00:50:10,485 --> 00:50:11,495
- [Translator] The young
scholars are a real
1101
00:50:11,495 --> 00:50:16,321
gift from France given to the
ancient Egyptian civilization.
1102
00:50:16,321 --> 00:50:18,557
Despite all the political
and military difficulties
1103
00:50:18,557 --> 00:50:19,908
they encounter,
1104
00:50:19,908 --> 00:50:21,454
the young scholars find the time to make
1105
00:50:21,454 --> 00:50:24,287
sketches of the ancient monuments.
1106
00:50:26,274 --> 00:50:27,877
They analyze them,
1107
00:50:27,877 --> 00:50:28,942
visit them,
1108
00:50:28,942 --> 00:50:30,025
compare them.
1109
00:50:31,313 --> 00:50:33,366
And then write reports
1110
00:50:33,366 --> 00:50:34,610
which afterwards they present
1111
00:50:34,610 --> 00:50:37,281
to the Institute of Cairo.
1112
00:50:37,281 --> 00:50:38,114
- [Translator] We were in the middle
1113
00:50:38,114 --> 00:50:40,567
copying the hieroglyphs and suddenly.
1114
00:50:40,567 --> 00:50:42,519
- [Translator] Moge, Deno,
and Detolay have left.
1115
00:50:42,519 --> 00:50:44,070
Why don't we return?
1116
00:50:44,070 --> 00:50:45,086
- [Translator] The English.
1117
00:50:45,086 --> 00:50:46,962
- [Translator] The English
don't care a fig about us.
1118
00:50:46,962 --> 00:50:48,790
- [Translator] There's no point arguing.
1119
00:50:48,790 --> 00:50:50,824
If you want my opinion,
1120
00:50:50,824 --> 00:50:54,112
Bonaparte brought us here
so we would boost his glory
1121
00:50:54,112 --> 00:50:55,659
by teaching the French about the country
1122
00:50:55,659 --> 00:50:57,757
he was set to conquer.
1123
00:50:57,757 --> 00:50:58,800
- [Translator] Liberate.
1124
00:50:58,800 --> 00:50:59,777
- [Translator] Oh, if you prefer,
1125
00:50:59,777 --> 00:51:02,065
liberate then conquer.
1126
00:51:02,065 --> 00:51:03,356
And now he's gone,
1127
00:51:03,356 --> 00:51:05,539
Clabert is keeping us here because
1128
00:51:05,539 --> 00:51:07,784
he doesn't want to take responsibility
1129
00:51:07,784 --> 00:51:10,729
for bringing Bonaparte's
mission to an end.
1130
00:51:10,729 --> 00:51:13,054
- [Translator] If that's the case
1131
00:51:13,054 --> 00:51:15,637
we may be here for a while yet.
1132
00:51:19,546 --> 00:51:20,847
- [Narrator] Powerful reinforcements
1133
00:51:20,847 --> 00:51:22,370
or a glorious peace,
1134
00:51:22,370 --> 00:51:24,687
Clabert had promised his soldiers.
1135
00:51:24,687 --> 00:51:27,816
But now he's given upon
those reinforcements,
1136
00:51:27,816 --> 00:51:29,604
so he instructs General Dezay
1137
00:51:29,604 --> 00:51:32,660
to negotiate with the English
representative Sydney Smith,
1138
00:51:32,660 --> 00:51:35,103
an agreement to evacuate Egypt.
1139
00:51:35,103 --> 00:51:36,851
- [Translator] Don't
hold out any false hopes,
1140
00:51:36,851 --> 00:51:37,988
Desay.
1141
00:51:37,988 --> 00:51:42,000
We have no fleet left and will
never receive reinforcements.
1142
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:44,597
How can French send aid
to Egypt when it needs
1143
00:51:44,597 --> 00:51:46,409
all of it's forces to fight against the
1144
00:51:46,409 --> 00:51:49,332
anti republican coalition?
1145
00:51:49,332 --> 00:51:51,254
No, it's up to the army in Egypt
1146
00:51:51,254 --> 00:51:54,015
to find a way to return to
France as soon as possible
1147
00:51:54,015 --> 00:51:56,780
to fight for the Republic.
1148
00:51:56,780 --> 00:51:59,117
We can not hope for
better than an agreement
1149
00:51:59,117 --> 00:52:02,150
to evacuate Egypt and
negotiate it with Sydney Smith.
1150
00:52:02,150 --> 00:52:04,260
- [Translator] General Menu
was fiery opposed to this
1151
00:52:04,260 --> 00:52:05,894
unless it's in the frame of a peace accord
1152
00:52:05,894 --> 00:52:06,962
for the whole Mediterranean.
1153
00:52:06,962 --> 00:52:08,534
- [Translator] Neither
Sydney Smith nor myself
1154
00:52:08,534 --> 00:52:10,546
have a mandate to negotiate an overall
1155
00:52:10,546 --> 00:52:12,793
peace deal in the Mediterranean.
1156
00:52:12,793 --> 00:52:14,284
Let's consider ourselves lucky that
1157
00:52:14,284 --> 00:52:16,052
that Ottomans have signed the treaty
1158
00:52:16,052 --> 00:52:19,802
and that the English do
not hold us prisoner.
1159
00:52:22,405 --> 00:52:24,138
- [Translator] Very well.
1160
00:52:24,138 --> 00:52:25,471
Good bye, Desay.
1161
00:52:28,597 --> 00:52:30,118
- [Narrator] Desay and
Clabert are both seeking
1162
00:52:30,118 --> 00:52:31,673
an honorable way to bring an end
1163
00:52:31,673 --> 00:52:33,895
to the French presence in Egypt.
1164
00:52:33,895 --> 00:52:36,001
Desay by continuing the war,
1165
00:52:36,001 --> 00:52:39,313
Clabert through an immediate
cessation of combat.
1166
00:52:39,313 --> 00:52:40,612
It's the English who will force
1167
00:52:40,612 --> 00:52:43,195
the two men to reach agreement.
1168
00:52:44,592 --> 00:52:45,425
(speaking in foreign language)
1169
00:52:45,425 --> 00:52:47,979
- [Translator] Clabert is facing
a very difficult situation
1170
00:52:47,979 --> 00:52:51,584
since the Egyptians also
realize how weak the French are
1171
00:52:51,584 --> 00:52:55,334
and the English and
Ottomans are at the gate.
1172
00:52:57,258 --> 00:52:59,508
(flapping)
1173
00:53:01,139 --> 00:53:03,679
- [Narrator] Clabert now finds
himself with three enemies,
1174
00:53:03,679 --> 00:53:04,512
the Mamelukes,
1175
00:53:04,512 --> 00:53:05,658
the Ottoman Empire,
1176
00:53:05,658 --> 00:53:07,742
and the English.
1177
00:53:07,742 --> 00:53:10,790
He must at all cost prevent
the Ottomans reaching Cairo
1178
00:53:10,790 --> 00:53:13,622
and rallying the inhabitants
to drive out the French,
1179
00:53:13,622 --> 00:53:17,709
whom the English could then just pick off.
1180
00:53:17,709 --> 00:53:20,208
The soldiers just want
to return to France,
1181
00:53:20,208 --> 00:53:24,516
instead of which Clabert
asks them to fight again.
1182
00:53:24,516 --> 00:53:26,211
Some 40,000 Ottomans,
1183
00:53:26,211 --> 00:53:29,421
joined by 20,000
Mamelukes under Ibrihambre
1184
00:53:29,421 --> 00:53:32,421
amassed a few kilometers from Cairo.
1185
00:53:35,231 --> 00:53:37,514
Clabert can only muster 11,000,
1186
00:53:37,514 --> 00:53:39,872
including 1,500 calvary.
1187
00:53:39,872 --> 00:53:42,392
The Ottomans and the
Mamelukes are five or six
1188
00:53:42,392 --> 00:53:46,201
times more numerous than the French.
1189
00:53:46,201 --> 00:53:49,457
After several hours march and
an initial victorious clash
1190
00:53:49,457 --> 00:53:52,603
with an advance guard
of some 6,000 Ottomans,
1191
00:53:52,603 --> 00:53:54,774
the French army faces
the bulk of the Ottoman
1192
00:53:54,774 --> 00:53:56,308
and Mameluke forces,
1193
00:53:56,308 --> 00:53:58,058
more than 50,000 men.
1194
00:54:00,269 --> 00:54:02,798
(thundering)
1195
00:54:02,798 --> 00:54:06,046
(men shouting)
1196
00:54:06,046 --> 00:54:06,879
(horse neighing)
1197
00:54:06,879 --> 00:54:09,066
At noon thousands of horsemen charge
1198
00:54:09,066 --> 00:54:11,149
towards Clabert's forces.
1199
00:54:28,622 --> 00:54:30,848
The engineer Maluse recalls,
1200
00:54:30,848 --> 00:54:33,620
"The calvary charged wave after wave.
1201
00:54:33,620 --> 00:54:35,429
"The Ottomans let out war cries,
1202
00:54:35,429 --> 00:54:37,936
"circling rapidly around us.
1203
00:54:37,936 --> 00:54:38,968
"They surrounded us,
1204
00:54:38,968 --> 00:54:41,218
"blocking out the horizon."
1205
00:54:45,544 --> 00:54:47,921
It goes on for hours.
1206
00:54:47,921 --> 00:54:50,501
Throughout the day
successive waves sweep down
1207
00:54:50,501 --> 00:54:52,846
and attack Clabert's square formations
1208
00:54:52,846 --> 00:54:54,513
over and over again.
1209
00:55:01,928 --> 00:55:04,346
By the evening Clabert's
army is still facing
1210
00:55:04,346 --> 00:55:07,679
charges by Ottoman and Mameluke calvary.
1211
00:55:08,584 --> 00:55:11,751
But the strategy of infantry
squares proves effective.
1212
00:55:11,751 --> 00:55:12,584
Depleted,
1213
00:55:12,584 --> 00:55:13,417
exhausted,
1214
00:55:13,417 --> 00:55:17,227
the enemy leaves the
battlefield at midnight.
1215
00:55:17,227 --> 00:55:19,462
The French have lost 600 soldiers,
1216
00:55:19,462 --> 00:55:22,463
the enemy more than 8,000 men.
1217
00:55:22,463 --> 00:55:26,213
This was one of Clabert's
greatest victories.
1218
00:55:31,825 --> 00:55:34,353
In his memoirs Bonaparte
writes of the awakening
1219
00:55:34,353 --> 00:55:35,990
of the lion Clabert,
1220
00:55:35,990 --> 00:55:38,222
ready to hang onto the Egyptian lands
1221
00:55:38,222 --> 00:55:40,082
until the general peace agreement settles
1222
00:55:40,082 --> 00:55:42,763
the fate of the expeditionary army.
1223
00:55:42,763 --> 00:55:45,438
(speaking in foreign language)
1224
00:55:45,438 --> 00:55:46,346
- [Translator] While Clabert is fighting
1225
00:55:46,346 --> 00:55:47,887
the Turks and the English
1226
00:55:47,887 --> 00:55:49,934
the Egyptians profit from the situation
1227
00:55:49,934 --> 00:55:52,636
and revolt against the French in Cairo.
1228
00:55:52,636 --> 00:55:55,182
- And so Clabert has to
rush back from Heliopolis
1229
00:55:55,182 --> 00:55:59,010
to put down this second uprising in Cairo.
1230
00:55:59,010 --> 00:56:00,528
It's a very serious event,
1231
00:56:00,528 --> 00:56:04,295
takes Clabert 30 days
I think to put it down.
1232
00:56:04,295 --> 00:56:08,128
He loses 500 men fighting
from house to house.
1233
00:56:08,981 --> 00:56:10,510
- [Narrator] Subsequently he restores
1234
00:56:10,510 --> 00:56:12,100
order to the administration,
1235
00:56:12,100 --> 00:56:15,025
refills the coffers by collecting taxes,
1236
00:56:15,025 --> 00:56:16,784
and totally brings to heel a country
1237
00:56:16,784 --> 00:56:20,949
which was running away
from him a month before.
1238
00:56:20,949 --> 00:56:23,540
Clabert no longer talks
about returning to France,
1239
00:56:23,540 --> 00:56:25,143
knowing it to be impossible.
1240
00:56:25,143 --> 00:56:26,487
This suits the English,
1241
00:56:26,487 --> 00:56:28,803
but it's not to the liking
of the Grand Vizier,
1242
00:56:28,803 --> 00:56:30,447
head of the Ottoman armies,
1243
00:56:30,447 --> 00:56:33,366
who has Clabert assassinated
by a fanatical student
1244
00:56:33,366 --> 00:56:37,705
who himself is captured and
impaled in a public square.
1245
00:56:37,705 --> 00:56:39,432
- [Translator] Obviously Clabert could not
1246
00:56:39,432 --> 00:56:40,794
appoint a successor,
1247
00:56:40,794 --> 00:56:42,726
and so the usual rulers applied.
1248
00:56:42,726 --> 00:56:45,063
The oldest of the division's generals
1249
00:56:45,063 --> 00:56:46,717
takes command of the army,
1250
00:56:46,717 --> 00:56:48,467
meaning General Manu.
1251
00:56:51,036 --> 00:56:53,646
- [Translator] Gentlemen,
I have a message for you.
1252
00:56:53,646 --> 00:56:56,226
All soldiers accompanying
artists or scientists
1253
00:56:56,226 --> 00:56:58,681
have orders to rejoin
their units immediately.
1254
00:56:58,681 --> 00:57:00,298
Gentlemen.
1255
00:57:00,298 --> 00:57:01,553
- [Translator] Don't stay here,
1256
00:57:01,553 --> 00:57:03,131
you'll get yourself killed for nothing.
1257
00:57:03,131 --> 00:57:06,201
- [Translator] All troops fall in.
1258
00:57:06,201 --> 00:57:09,034
(shouting orders)
1259
00:57:14,584 --> 00:57:16,555
- [Translator] It's over.
1260
00:57:16,555 --> 00:57:20,222
Six months ago I was
dying to see my family.
1261
00:57:22,435 --> 00:57:25,602
Then I found a renewed taste for work.
1262
00:57:26,960 --> 00:57:29,460
But now I only want one thing,
1263
00:57:30,405 --> 00:57:32,498
to go home to France.
1264
00:57:32,498 --> 00:57:33,595
- [Translator] Egypt
will soon be in the hands
1265
00:57:33,595 --> 00:57:36,946
of the English and the Ottomans.
1266
00:57:36,946 --> 00:57:38,826
We have no more business here.
1267
00:57:38,826 --> 00:57:42,493
(dramatic orchestral music)
1268
00:57:48,034 --> 00:57:48,925
- [Narrator] They will have to wait
1269
00:57:48,925 --> 00:57:52,720
for more than a year
before returning home.
1270
00:57:52,720 --> 00:57:54,266
And before that Manu,
1271
00:57:54,266 --> 00:57:56,857
who dreams of turning
Egypt into a French colony,
1272
00:57:56,857 --> 00:57:59,357
will suffer a crushing defeat.
1273
00:58:01,753 --> 00:58:03,834
When the English land
in Abukir is supported
1274
00:58:03,834 --> 00:58:05,947
by the arrival of an Ottoman army,
1275
00:58:05,947 --> 00:58:09,004
General Manu takes 13 days before deciding
1276
00:58:09,004 --> 00:58:10,610
to attack Canopus,
1277
00:58:10,610 --> 00:58:12,592
where the English have set up camp.
1278
00:58:12,592 --> 00:58:16,592
This leaves them time to
organize their defense.
1279
00:58:17,568 --> 00:58:19,901
Manu launches a dawn attack.
1280
00:58:21,298 --> 00:58:24,298
By midday the French army is beaten.
1281
00:58:25,584 --> 00:58:27,008
- [Translator] After the battle of Canopus
1282
00:58:27,008 --> 00:58:29,020
Manu divides his forces.
1283
00:58:29,020 --> 00:58:30,931
Belia going to Cairo,
1284
00:58:30,931 --> 00:58:32,913
Manu to Alexandria.
1285
00:58:32,913 --> 00:58:34,906
And so this division is breaking up
1286
00:58:34,906 --> 00:58:36,430
of the army in Egypt
1287
00:58:36,430 --> 00:58:38,223
is the beginning of the end.
1288
00:58:38,223 --> 00:58:39,869
(speaking in foreign language)
1289
00:58:39,869 --> 00:58:41,404
- [Translator] Belia
has no information about
1290
00:58:41,404 --> 00:58:43,904
what's going on in Alexandria.
1291
00:58:45,172 --> 00:58:46,756
There's no longer any communication
1292
00:58:46,756 --> 00:58:49,813
between Alexandria and Cairo.
1293
00:58:49,813 --> 00:58:52,778
Belia and his army find
themselves cut off from Cairo
1294
00:58:52,778 --> 00:58:55,287
and threatened with destruction.
1295
00:58:55,287 --> 00:58:56,991
He's forced to sign a capitulation
1296
00:58:56,991 --> 00:59:00,285
with the English and the Ottomans.
1297
00:59:00,285 --> 00:59:01,504
- [Translator] And from that moment
1298
00:59:01,504 --> 00:59:04,369
some 14,000 French are evacuated,
1299
00:59:04,369 --> 00:59:05,315
and what's more,
1300
00:59:05,315 --> 00:59:07,376
on English ships.
1301
00:59:07,376 --> 00:59:09,709
(murmuring)
1302
00:59:11,970 --> 00:59:12,803
- [Translator] It's essential.
1303
00:59:12,803 --> 00:59:13,636
- [Translator] Yes of course.
1304
00:59:13,636 --> 00:59:16,577
- [Translator] The examples we have?
1305
00:59:16,577 --> 00:59:17,744
- [Translator] Gentlemen,
1306
00:59:17,744 --> 00:59:19,795
I have good news.
1307
00:59:19,795 --> 00:59:22,396
The members of the science
and arts commission
1308
00:59:22,396 --> 00:59:24,785
are authorized to embark for France.
1309
00:59:24,785 --> 00:59:27,035
(cheering)
1310
00:59:27,914 --> 00:59:29,711
There is, however,
1311
00:59:29,711 --> 00:59:33,847
one condition upon which
the English insist,
1312
00:59:33,847 --> 00:59:37,342
you must all leave the entire
collections you have gathered
1313
00:59:37,342 --> 00:59:38,499
and all your studies,
1314
00:59:38,499 --> 00:59:40,355
drawings, sketches, and
copies of hieroglyphs.
1315
00:59:40,355 --> 00:59:41,188
(exclaiming)
1316
00:59:41,188 --> 00:59:43,147
- [Translator] We didn't do
all that work for nothing.
1317
00:59:43,147 --> 00:59:44,283
- [Translator] These works are considered
1318
00:59:44,283 --> 00:59:45,409
as belonging to France,
1319
00:59:45,409 --> 00:59:47,951
but constitutes spoils
of war for the English.
1320
00:59:47,951 --> 00:59:49,527
- [Translator] Three years
work for just to nothing?
1321
00:59:49,527 --> 00:59:50,613
- [Translator] I'm as just
as disappointed as you are,
1322
00:59:50,613 --> 00:59:52,664
but I could obtain nothing more.
1323
00:59:52,664 --> 00:59:53,497
There you have it,
1324
00:59:53,497 --> 00:59:55,825
you must be satisfied with
returning home safe and sound,
1325
00:59:55,825 --> 00:59:57,408
which is something.
1326
00:59:58,871 --> 01:00:00,621
Thank you, Gentlemen.
1327
01:00:02,336 --> 01:00:03,790
- [Translator] Thank you, General Manu.
1328
01:00:03,790 --> 01:00:06,532
(arguing)
1329
01:00:06,532 --> 01:00:07,365
- [Translator] Gentlemen.
1330
01:00:07,365 --> 01:00:08,911
Gentlemen, please.
1331
01:00:08,911 --> 01:00:09,744
Like all of you,
1332
01:00:09,744 --> 01:00:12,075
I want to go home and see my family,
1333
01:00:12,075 --> 01:00:14,327
but I've collected
hundreds of animals here
1334
01:00:14,327 --> 01:00:15,629
of all kinds
1335
01:00:15,629 --> 01:00:17,498
and which are unknown in Europe,
1336
01:00:17,498 --> 01:00:19,671
and now I'm supposed to abandon them?
1337
01:00:19,671 --> 01:00:20,513
I'd rather die.
1338
01:00:20,513 --> 01:00:21,728
- [Translator] Of course.
1339
01:00:21,728 --> 01:00:23,780
Admiral Manu is a terrible tactician
1340
01:00:23,780 --> 01:00:25,446
and a poor negotiator.
1341
01:00:25,446 --> 01:00:27,132
Even if he tries to salvage any of this
1342
01:00:27,132 --> 01:00:29,427
I doubt he can find the words
to convince the English.
1343
01:00:29,427 --> 01:00:31,479
We must write to them.
1344
01:00:31,479 --> 01:00:33,146
Santiay, your quill.
1345
01:00:34,736 --> 01:00:37,240
- [Narrator] General Manu
tries to pass off the studies
1346
01:00:37,240 --> 01:00:39,314
and collections as personal belongings,
1347
01:00:39,314 --> 01:00:41,021
not those of the Republic.
1348
01:00:41,021 --> 01:00:42,536
But the English general who controls
1349
01:00:42,536 --> 01:00:46,369
the port of Alexandria
will have none of that.
1350
01:00:47,258 --> 01:00:49,238
The scholars issue a threat.
1351
01:00:49,238 --> 01:00:51,220
Rather than see our work stolen,
1352
01:00:51,220 --> 01:00:52,929
we will destroy it,
1353
01:00:52,929 --> 01:00:54,706
scatter it in the sands,
1354
01:00:54,706 --> 01:00:56,567
or toss it into the sea.
1355
01:00:56,567 --> 01:00:59,484
(orchestral music)
1356
01:01:02,337 --> 01:01:04,490
- [Translator] "From the
science and arts commission
1357
01:01:04,490 --> 01:01:06,632
"of the French republic
to the general commander
1358
01:01:06,632 --> 01:01:08,136
"of Alexandria.
1359
01:01:08,136 --> 01:01:09,884
"No, we will not give in.
1360
01:01:09,884 --> 01:01:13,448
"No, we will not allow such a
sacrifice to be carried out.
1361
01:01:13,448 --> 01:01:16,943
"We ourselves will burn our treasures,
1362
01:01:16,943 --> 01:01:20,272
"count on the judgment of history,
1363
01:01:20,272 --> 01:01:23,424
"you too will have burned
a library in Alexandria."
1364
01:01:23,424 --> 01:01:25,674
(agreeing)
1365
01:01:28,189 --> 01:01:31,318
Julwe Santila finds the right words.
1366
01:01:31,318 --> 01:01:33,441
The loss of the library of Alexandria,
1367
01:01:33,441 --> 01:01:36,406
which housed tens of
thousands of papyrus scrolls,
1368
01:01:36,406 --> 01:01:38,621
was a symbol of cultural destruction.
1369
01:01:38,621 --> 01:01:41,080
The English general in
command at Alexandria
1370
01:01:41,080 --> 01:01:43,151
does not want to be held
responsible for the loss
1371
01:01:43,151 --> 01:01:46,818
of studies carried out
by French scientists.
1372
01:01:50,905 --> 01:01:52,295
He gives in.
1373
01:01:52,295 --> 01:01:54,184
The scholars can keep their collections,
1374
01:01:54,184 --> 01:01:55,017
papers,
1375
01:01:55,017 --> 01:01:58,715
and certain antiques
that they have gathered.
1376
01:01:58,715 --> 01:02:01,510
All these objects will be
considered personal effects
1377
01:02:01,510 --> 01:02:03,591
that can not be seized on condition
1378
01:02:03,591 --> 01:02:06,981
that they may be carried
by the scholars themselves.
1379
01:02:06,981 --> 01:02:09,666
Alas, the stone discovered
at Rosetta is too heavy
1380
01:02:09,666 --> 01:02:11,414
to be carried by a single man
1381
01:02:11,414 --> 01:02:14,103
and must be left to the English.
1382
01:02:14,103 --> 01:02:17,517
The French scholars keep only copies.
1383
01:02:17,517 --> 01:02:20,267
(waves crashing)
1384
01:02:22,556 --> 01:02:26,213
Of the 167 scholars who
initially landed in Egypt
1385
01:02:26,213 --> 01:02:30,572
25 have either died from
sickness or been slain.
1386
01:02:30,572 --> 01:02:33,255
The others trickle back to
France with the soldiers
1387
01:02:33,255 --> 01:02:35,348
on ships which by quirk of fate
1388
01:02:35,348 --> 01:02:36,930
fly the English flag.
1389
01:02:36,930 --> 01:02:40,597
(dramatic orchestral music)
1390
01:02:53,574 --> 01:02:56,134
When after six weeks of a harsh voyage
1391
01:02:56,134 --> 01:02:58,276
the member of the sciences
and arts commission
1392
01:02:58,276 --> 01:03:01,710
arrive in Toulon on the
sixth of Novemeber, 1801,
1393
01:03:01,710 --> 01:03:05,073
the health services send
them on to Marseilles.
1394
01:03:05,073 --> 01:03:06,739
Since the hospitals are full of sick
1395
01:03:06,739 --> 01:03:09,012
and injured soldiers returning from Egypt,
1396
01:03:09,012 --> 01:03:11,424
the scientists are placed in quarantine
1397
01:03:11,424 --> 01:03:13,221
in a freezing cold warehouse
1398
01:03:13,221 --> 01:03:15,190
where they must remain for another month,
1399
01:03:15,190 --> 01:03:16,857
itching to get home.
1400
01:03:20,310 --> 01:03:21,854
- [Translator] Oh, I see.
1401
01:03:21,854 --> 01:03:24,222
- [Translator] Good god.
1402
01:03:24,222 --> 01:03:27,130
They're keeping us like animals.
1403
01:03:27,130 --> 01:03:28,542
- [Translator] We're not
staying here for 40 days.
1404
01:03:28,542 --> 01:03:29,618
- [Translator] We're just cattle.
1405
01:03:29,618 --> 01:03:30,646
Fetch your desk and quill,
1406
01:03:30,646 --> 01:03:32,979
we must write them a letter.
1407
01:03:35,584 --> 01:03:37,834
(creaking)
1408
01:03:38,883 --> 01:03:41,716
(chains clanking)
1409
01:03:45,783 --> 01:03:47,510
- [Narrator] Clabert
wanted all the scholars
1410
01:03:47,510 --> 01:03:49,612
on the expedition to
bring together their work
1411
01:03:49,612 --> 01:03:52,842
in a single groundbreaking publication.
1412
01:03:52,842 --> 01:03:55,414
10 years later the description of Egypt,
1413
01:03:55,414 --> 01:03:58,450
the sum of all the work by the
science and arts commission
1414
01:03:58,450 --> 01:04:01,202
marked the birth of a new science,
1415
01:04:01,202 --> 01:04:02,119
Egyptology.
1416
01:04:06,771 --> 01:04:08,226
At Napoleon's request,
1417
01:04:08,226 --> 01:04:10,316
the description of Egypt is published
1418
01:04:10,316 --> 01:04:11,703
in a sumptuous edition,
1419
01:04:11,703 --> 01:04:13,958
illustrated by hundreds of drawings
1420
01:04:13,958 --> 01:04:15,999
which would make modern and ancient Egypt
1421
01:04:15,999 --> 01:04:17,932
known to the French public.
1422
01:04:17,932 --> 01:04:20,369
It's above all reproductions
of the temples,
1423
01:04:20,369 --> 01:04:21,678
pyramids, palaces,
1424
01:04:21,678 --> 01:04:23,660
and other marvels of antiquity
1425
01:04:23,660 --> 01:04:26,953
which will leave the greatest impression.
1426
01:04:26,953 --> 01:04:29,625
Bonaparte thus ensures that the disastrous
1427
01:04:29,625 --> 01:04:32,763
military campaign in Egypt is forgotten.
1428
01:04:32,763 --> 01:04:34,407
All that remains is the memory
1429
01:04:34,407 --> 01:04:36,330
of the scientific campaign
1430
01:04:36,330 --> 01:04:39,792
and all the beauty it
reveals to the world.
1431
01:04:39,792 --> 01:04:42,792
(orchestral music)
99739
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