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CARREY: The islands of
Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.
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00:02:32,500 --> 00:02:37,020
Here, volcanic gases
form undersea fountains...
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00:02:42,440 --> 00:02:47,040
and the sea erupts
with kaleidoscopic life.
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00:03:32,760 --> 00:03:39,250
The reefs surrounding these Pacific Islands
form the heart of the Coral Triangle.
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00:03:41,730 --> 00:03:46,900
More marine species live here
than anywhere else on Earth.
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00:04:23,010 --> 00:04:26,770
So many species live here
that they can all survive...
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only if each is distinctly different
from the other.
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00:04:35,590 --> 00:04:39,890
This puppy-like creature
is actually an epaulette shark...
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who lives only in the Coral Triangle.
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00:04:44,590 --> 00:04:49,430
He's not much of a swimmer,
so he prefers to crawl.
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00:04:58,340 --> 00:05:02,210
The Wobbegong Shark
looks like a shag carpet...
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00:05:03,080 --> 00:05:05,570
until he moves.
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00:05:10,150 --> 00:05:14,850
Disguised hunters need
almost endless patience.
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00:05:15,660 --> 00:05:17,090
Dinner must come to them.
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00:05:21,970 --> 00:05:25,830
A giant frogfish is hoping
the school of glassy sweepers...
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00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:29,060
mistakes it for a yellow sponge.
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00:05:33,480 --> 00:05:37,940
The crocodile fish blends
into the reef perfectly.
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00:05:52,160 --> 00:05:55,830
This time,
the Blue Damselfish was lucky.
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00:05:57,270 --> 00:06:02,200
But out of the frying pan
and into the fire.
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Giant frogfish come in all colors.
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00:06:11,420 --> 00:06:16,280
Trying to hide under one
could be a really bad idea.
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00:06:31,370 --> 00:06:36,030
The stonefish is about as graceless
as a fish can be.
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00:06:42,950 --> 00:06:45,540
It has little to fear from predators.
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00:06:46,120 --> 00:06:50,490
No fish on Earth is more venomous.
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00:06:52,920 --> 00:06:56,690
It might wait several days
for a careless fish...
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00:06:56,860 --> 00:07:01,850
to swim within range
of that big ugly mouth.
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00:07:07,640 --> 00:07:11,000
After waiting so patiently...
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00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:14,900
that must be frustrating.
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00:07:16,950 --> 00:07:20,350
But the most venomous creatures here
are not fish.
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00:07:22,490 --> 00:07:27,010
That distinction belongs to sea snakes.
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00:07:32,330 --> 00:07:37,960
Their venom is many times more potent
than a king cobra's.
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00:07:49,810 --> 00:07:52,210
Like other snakes, these breathe air...
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00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:58,680
but they can dive more than 100 feet,
and stay down for hours.
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00:08:13,170 --> 00:08:19,170
Sea snakes are increasingly rare,
even here in the Coral Triangle.
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00:08:22,510 --> 00:08:26,610
Most have become wallets,
shoes or handbags.
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00:08:48,270 --> 00:08:53,540
In the Coral Triangle,
mangroves fringe most shorelines.
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00:08:55,980 --> 00:09:00,010
These coastal jungles protect islands
from erosion...
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00:09:00,180 --> 00:09:05,710
and provide a buffer against storms
and even the occasional tsunami.
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00:09:12,560 --> 00:09:14,620
The labyrinth of mangrove roots...
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captures sediments
washed down from the islands...
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00:09:17,670 --> 00:09:21,230
keeping the coral reef
from being smothered in silt.
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The maze of roots is a shadowy habitat
for many creatures.
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A swarm of Striped Catfish
feeds on algae growing on the roots...
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and on the silty bottom.
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This silt settles in bays...
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forming vast plains
of organic debris, sand and muck.
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00:09:58,140 --> 00:10:02,940
And if you think nothing could live here,
you might be surprised.
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00:10:13,060 --> 00:10:18,150
The catfish school cascades across
the mucky bottom like a breaking wave...
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00:10:18,330 --> 00:10:23,200
as fish feeding in the front
are passed over by those in the rear.
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00:11:00,740 --> 00:11:02,760
Like most animals living here...
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00:11:02,940 --> 00:11:07,240
the stingray conceals itself
by hiding beneath the muck.
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00:11:11,380 --> 00:11:13,580
Dude, I can totally see your tail.
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00:11:16,350 --> 00:11:22,350
The goby is an excellent watchman,
but not so good at cave building.
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00:11:22,530 --> 00:11:26,550
He leaves the heavy construction
to his partner and personal contractor...
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00:11:26,730 --> 00:11:29,600
the nearly-blind shrimp.
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00:11:30,500 --> 00:11:33,830
The relationship is called symbiosis.
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00:11:34,870 --> 00:11:38,810
Both animals think they have
a pretty good deal.
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00:11:49,150 --> 00:11:53,150
A carrier crab is looking
for his own symbiotic partner.
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00:11:53,320 --> 00:11:55,220
He's happy to find a jellyfish...
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which he decides to wear
as a protective hat.
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00:12:13,580 --> 00:12:16,340
This is a love triangle.
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00:12:16,510 --> 00:12:19,140
Flamboyant Cuttlefish.
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00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:23,010
The 2 small ones
are the hopelessly devoted males.
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00:12:23,190 --> 00:12:27,490
The female is the larger one,
but they would never tell her that.
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00:12:29,260 --> 00:12:33,220
They can swim well enough, but usually
prefer to gallop across the muck...
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00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:36,990
on the tips of their fleshy, little arms.
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00:13:10,830 --> 00:13:15,460
Their mating embrace
is little more than a peck on the cheek.
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00:13:16,570 --> 00:13:19,940
The male simply passes the female
a tiny packet.
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00:13:24,210 --> 00:13:26,550
Or, at least he tries to.
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00:13:27,720 --> 00:13:29,580
Whether she'll accept is another matter.
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00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:48,800
That's all there is to it.
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00:13:59,420 --> 00:14:02,870
Deeper in the bay,
a school of reef squid...
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00:14:03,050 --> 00:14:06,080
fashion a bouquet
of translucent egg cases.
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00:14:09,760 --> 00:14:13,420
Male squid hover nearby
as females move in...
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00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:15,960
and add to the cluster.
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00:14:33,480 --> 00:14:37,780
In about 3 weeks,
the egg casings will begin to burst...
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00:14:37,950 --> 00:14:42,450
each releasing a half a dozen
or so jewel-like miniatures.
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00:14:43,930 --> 00:14:49,160
The baby squid will then
drift away across the sandy plain...
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00:14:49,930 --> 00:14:52,130
to take their chances.
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00:15:00,910 --> 00:15:05,680
A field of garden eels towers over
the sea floor.
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00:15:07,480 --> 00:15:09,850
Some rise more than 6 feet...
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00:15:10,020 --> 00:15:14,390
reaching high to snap up tiny animals
adrift in the current.
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00:16:03,770 --> 00:16:09,640
Above the reef, a swarm of baby
convict fish forages over the coral.
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00:16:14,750 --> 00:16:18,980
Then, in late afternoon,
they all gather over a burrow in the sand...
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00:16:19,160 --> 00:16:21,390
that serves as home.
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00:16:24,090 --> 00:16:29,660
The dark creature emerging
from the borough is an adult convict fish.
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00:16:30,030 --> 00:16:35,440
Her brief appearance may be a signal,
beckoning her children home for the night.
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00:16:39,080 --> 00:16:44,140
But before sleeping,
the babies have one important chore:
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00:16:44,310 --> 00:16:47,110
They must feed their parents.
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00:16:50,150 --> 00:16:54,020
The pair of adult convict fish
never leave their den.
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00:16:54,190 --> 00:16:57,390
And what they eat is a mystery.
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00:16:57,860 --> 00:17:02,990
Some scientists believe the babies feed
their parents a form of secreted slime.
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00:17:05,330 --> 00:17:07,670
But others think mom and dad survive...
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00:17:07,840 --> 00:17:12,300
simply by eating
a few of their children every night.
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00:17:33,530 --> 00:17:38,760
As evening deepens,
reef cuttlefish are on the hunt.
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00:17:43,670 --> 00:17:49,440
They communicate with instantaneous
changes of color, pattern and texture.
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00:18:03,630 --> 00:18:06,150
Their ability to hover without effort...
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00:18:06,330 --> 00:18:11,290
is aided by a porous calcium-carbonate
structure beneath their skin.
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00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:16,660
This cuttlebone
gives the creature buoyancy.
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00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:29,180
Cuttlefish are aggressive hunters.
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00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:40,990
They strike with blinding speed...
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00:18:42,470 --> 00:18:46,420
shooting out a pair
of lightning fast tentacles.
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00:19:06,620 --> 00:19:10,820
A piercing tongue covered
with razor-sharp teeth...
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00:19:10,990 --> 00:19:14,490
waits to gnaw the fish to bits.
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00:19:34,180 --> 00:19:38,180
South of the Coral Triangle lies
the largest living structure on Earth...
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00:19:43,130 --> 00:19:47,030
Australia's Great Barrier Reef.
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00:19:56,840 --> 00:19:59,360
This most recent version
of the Great Barrier Reef...
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00:19:59,540 --> 00:20:03,170
began growing about
12,000 years ago...
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00:20:03,350 --> 00:20:05,840
at the end of the last Ice Age.
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00:20:07,350 --> 00:20:11,910
Then, sea levels were 400 feet lower
than they are today.
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00:20:17,590 --> 00:20:22,260
As the ice began to melt, the seas rose.
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00:20:22,430 --> 00:20:24,920
Corals grew on top of coral...
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00:20:25,100 --> 00:20:30,770
building undersea mountains
made of limestone or calcium carbonate.
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00:20:35,080 --> 00:20:39,780
Corals grow by combining
carbon dioxide and sunlight.
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00:20:41,850 --> 00:20:46,380
But the balance of carbon dioxide
in our atmosphere is critical...
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00:20:46,560 --> 00:20:51,750
especially to coral reefs,
and the creatures that call them home.
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00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:59,890
Every animal here depends on another
in some fashion.
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00:21:00,970 --> 00:21:04,530
This potato cod
is ready for her beautician.
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00:21:05,110 --> 00:21:10,880
And let's face it, when you're a cod,
you need all the help you can get.
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00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:20,380
Cleaner fish provide a gentle service
no self-respecting cod can be without.
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00:21:22,390 --> 00:21:26,690
While giving her a facial,
the cleaners eat parasites.
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00:21:28,230 --> 00:21:34,730
And in exchange, the potato cod
resists the temptation to gobble them up.
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00:21:36,270 --> 00:21:38,600
Another good deal.
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00:21:46,020 --> 00:21:50,350
A crown jellyfish slowly pulsates...
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00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:55,080
forcing tiny animals to pass
through its stinging tentacles.
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00:22:09,070 --> 00:22:12,060
When the current carries
a jellyfish into the reef...
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00:22:12,240 --> 00:22:15,340
butterfly fish join up.
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00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:19,340
Even if it makes their little lips sting.
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00:22:24,950 --> 00:22:29,150
Some creatures
are not satisfied with only a taste.
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00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:39,260
Green sea turtles love to fill their
cast-iron stomachs with venomous jelly.
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00:22:49,450 --> 00:22:51,910
As the turtle devours its prey...
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00:22:52,080 --> 00:22:57,490
it carefully closes its eyes to avoid
the sting to sensitive corneas.
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00:23:29,950 --> 00:23:32,920
The eastern edge
of the Great Barrier Reef...
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00:23:33,090 --> 00:23:36,320
plummets into the depths
of the coral sea.
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00:23:36,730 --> 00:23:41,420
Many deep-water creatures gather
on these undersea escarpments.
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00:23:43,170 --> 00:23:47,860
A chambered nautilus bobs its way
toward deeper water.
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00:23:51,970 --> 00:23:58,170
Its shell contains gas-filled chambers
that can withstand tremendous pressure...
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00:24:00,650 --> 00:24:06,780
and its primitive eye is little more than a
pinhole in front of the light-sensitive retina.
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00:24:14,300 --> 00:24:17,360
Like the coral reef itself...
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00:24:17,530 --> 00:24:20,800
its strong shell
is made of calcium carbonate.
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00:24:29,040 --> 00:24:35,470
Once, over 2,000 species of nautiloids
dominated life under the sea.
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00:24:36,790 --> 00:24:40,720
But that was long before
dinosaurs roamed the planet.
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00:24:41,690 --> 00:24:47,290
And the climate above and within the ocean
has changed many times since.
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00:24:52,570 --> 00:24:57,510
Today, only 6 species of nautilus
haunt the deep sea.
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00:24:59,840 --> 00:25:05,280
Sudden changes in climate can exterminate
species that cannot adapt quickly.
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00:25:09,790 --> 00:25:13,150
Corals need carbon dioxide to grow...
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00:25:13,990 --> 00:25:17,760
but we're putting so much
of it into our atmosphere...
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00:25:17,930 --> 00:25:21,060
that it's causing
global temperatures to rise.
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00:25:22,260 --> 00:25:28,640
If sea water gets too warm,
coral reefs bleach white and die.
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00:25:35,980 --> 00:25:41,540
But even more deadly
is a new threat called ocean acidification.
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00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:52,120
Too much carbon dioxide inhibits
the formation of calcium carbonate...
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00:25:52,760 --> 00:25:59,260
the stuff coral reefs are made of,
and the shells of the chambered nautilus...
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00:26:00,270 --> 00:26:06,770
the cuttlebone, and the skeletons
of thousands of other species.
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00:26:10,110 --> 00:26:13,010
Many animals could become extinct.
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00:26:15,650 --> 00:26:19,710
Coral reefs could begin to dissolve.
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00:26:27,860 --> 00:26:33,730
As temperatures rise, many species
can move south toward cooler waters.
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00:26:44,450 --> 00:26:49,410
The dwarf minke whale spends its winter
in the Great Barrier Reef.
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00:26:49,590 --> 00:26:55,180
Then in the spring, it heads south
to the cold waters of the Southern Ocean.
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00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:11,370
Cape Catastrophe, South Australia.
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00:27:11,970 --> 00:27:16,210
In these cold waters
lurks an ancient leviathan...
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00:27:16,380 --> 00:27:19,710
one of the ocean's
most magnificent hunters...
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00:27:30,060 --> 00:27:32,820
the great white shark.
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00:27:42,640 --> 00:27:46,670
Great whites often reach
17 feet in length.
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00:27:47,340 --> 00:27:51,210
A shark that large
may weigh more than a ton...
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00:27:51,380 --> 00:27:57,110
and can easily make a single meal
out of a 200-pound sea lion.
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00:27:59,720 --> 00:28:03,620
Sea lions must remain constantly alert.
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00:28:09,030 --> 00:28:12,730
The world's largest stingrays
also hunt here...
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00:28:12,900 --> 00:28:17,770
searching for crustaceans and mollusks
hiding beneath the sand.
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00:28:35,620 --> 00:28:38,920
The rays often travel
with their own entourage...
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00:28:39,090 --> 00:28:41,650
a squadron of opportunistic fish...
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00:28:41,830 --> 00:28:46,130
ready to pounce on small animals
frightened from their hiding places.
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00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:08,950
Most of the time, the great white shark
will ignore a stingray.
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00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:15,090
But not always.
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00:29:17,930 --> 00:29:21,160
Great whites have often been found
with foot-long stingray barbs...
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00:29:21,340 --> 00:29:23,630
embedded in their jaws.
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00:29:40,390 --> 00:29:44,880
Australian sea lions are among
the rarest of marine mammals.
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00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:53,420
Once hunted relentlessly,
now only 10,000 or so remain.
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00:29:55,940 --> 00:29:59,470
They seem to be the most carefree
of creatures.
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00:30:01,180 --> 00:30:03,740
But as global temperature rise...
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00:30:03,910 --> 00:30:10,340
the animals living in South Australia
have nowhere further south to move.
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00:30:48,160 --> 00:30:53,620
Each year in these shallow gardens,
giant cuttlefish gather for spawning.
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00:30:57,370 --> 00:31:01,030
They are the largest cuttlefish
in the world.
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00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:05,460
Males sometimes reach
more than 3 feet in length.
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00:31:08,680 --> 00:31:13,010
Giant males confront each other,
competing for females...
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00:31:13,180 --> 00:31:15,950
hiding in the yellow sponge below.
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00:31:16,920 --> 00:31:21,080
These confrontations seldom result
in serious violence.
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00:31:21,620 --> 00:31:26,720
Instead, males puff themselves up
and look as menacing as possible...
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00:31:27,300 --> 00:31:29,560
then communicate
their willingness to fight...
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00:31:29,730 --> 00:31:33,290
with angry displays
of color and pattern.
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00:31:55,620 --> 00:31:58,150
As the big males compete...
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00:31:58,330 --> 00:32:04,430
smaller males, called sneakers,
disguise themselves as females.
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00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:09,000
Then, cloaked in feminine charm...
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00:32:09,170 --> 00:32:13,110
they slip past
the dueling giants unchallenged.
195
00:32:14,380 --> 00:32:20,280
Females seem to find
the cross-dressing males quite attractive.
196
00:32:24,890 --> 00:32:29,080
Sneakers are
surprisingly successful lovers.
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00:32:32,930 --> 00:32:35,920
Giant cuttlefish mate face to face...
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00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:39,970
in a tangled embrace
that may last many minutes.
199
00:32:57,850 --> 00:33:03,920
The urge to find a mate is strong
but this cuttlefish is hungry.
200
00:33:32,390 --> 00:33:36,720
The crab's sharp claws
cause the cuttlefish to hesitate.
201
00:33:37,860 --> 00:33:40,660
No one likes to be pinched in the face.
202
00:33:42,900 --> 00:33:46,230
But a crab dinner
certainly seems worth it.
203
00:34:02,020 --> 00:34:07,460
A female has deposited her eggs
in a crevice beneath the reef.
204
00:34:07,790 --> 00:34:09,810
This is her final act.
205
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:15,060
In the next few weeks...
206
00:34:15,230 --> 00:34:19,690
all of the adult male
and female cuttlefish will die.
207
00:34:24,140 --> 00:34:27,770
Giant cuttlefish live only 2 years.
208
00:34:28,240 --> 00:34:31,010
But these have left their legacy.
209
00:34:31,180 --> 00:34:34,810
In about 4 months,
these eggs will hatch...
210
00:34:34,980 --> 00:34:40,480
and a new generation of giants
will inherit this undersea garden.
211
00:34:48,500 --> 00:34:54,370
Swarms of mysid shrimp roll over the reef
like a mountain fog.
212
00:34:55,200 --> 00:34:59,370
These tiny shrimp become food
for many species.
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00:35:03,850 --> 00:35:08,610
One is among the most bizarre
of all ocean creatures.
214
00:35:11,920 --> 00:35:13,680
The weedy sea dragon...
215
00:35:13,860 --> 00:35:18,620
is one of only 3 species of sea dragon
that exist on Earth.
216
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:26,630
He propels himself by undulating
tiny transparent fins on his back...
217
00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:29,070
and on either side of his head.
218
00:35:36,910 --> 00:35:40,780
The dragon slurps his dinner
with a long tubular snout...
219
00:35:40,950 --> 00:35:43,780
that's perfectly designed
for capturing tiny shrimp.
220
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:01,390
The other dragon living here...
221
00:36:01,570 --> 00:36:05,770
defies even
the most fertile imagination.
222
00:36:10,610 --> 00:36:13,270
The leafy sea dragon.
223
00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:22,190
He has turned camouflage
into an exquisite work of art.
224
00:36:33,900 --> 00:36:37,960
Sea dragons seldom venture
far from home.
225
00:36:38,640 --> 00:36:44,600
Indeed, these delicate creatures
are not designed to swim fast or far.
226
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,020
As the climate changes...
227
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:05,100
undersea gardens
in the gulfs of South Australia...
228
00:37:05,270 --> 00:37:07,600
are beginning to die out.
229
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:14,800
Subtitles: Arigon
230
00:37:16,040 --> 00:37:18,740
When these gardens disappear...
231
00:37:18,910 --> 00:37:21,850
the dragons must vanish with them.
232
00:37:24,050 --> 00:37:29,650
But there are hopeful signs
of an even greater change taking place.
233
00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:31,650
It's a change within us.
234
00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:38,800
We finally seem ready
to accept the responsibility...
235
00:37:38,970 --> 00:37:41,940
for the changes we are causing
to our atmosphere...
236
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:45,560
our oceans, and our planet.
237
00:37:49,080 --> 00:37:51,380
We have the skills.
238
00:37:51,850 --> 00:37:57,220
If we apply them,
our legacy could be an ocean wonderland...
239
00:37:57,390 --> 00:38:00,120
where dragons still roam...
240
00:38:00,290 --> 00:38:04,690
and where sea lions are forever at play.
241
00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:48,110
[ENGLISH SDH]21260
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