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Encoded by Dr. B~
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[soft female voice]
Breathe in...
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00:00:39,121 --> 00:00:41,121
and relax.
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00:00:43,081 --> 00:00:44,231
Know yourself.
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00:00:46,021 --> 00:00:49,140
Become your own attention.
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00:00:49,161 --> 00:00:52,030
[intriguing electronic music]
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[electronic beep]
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00:00:59,250 --> 00:01:04,230
This test
is about your personality.
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00:01:04,251 --> 00:01:07,081
You must answer,
"strongly agree"
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00:01:07,100 --> 00:01:14,111
"agree," "neutral",
"disagree", "strongly disagree"
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Agree.
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[pulsing music]
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Our lives are shaped
as profoundly by personality
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00:01:26,240 --> 00:01:29,120
as they are
by gender and race.
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00:01:32,111 --> 00:01:34,060
A lot of people say,
it's what makes somebody tick.
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00:01:34,081 --> 00:01:39,171
To me it's more around how
somebody portrays themselves.
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00:01:39,191 --> 00:01:43,141
Who we are, what we're good at,
what we are capable of doing.
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These are really big questions
and one way of answering them
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in our society has become
taking a personality test.
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I am somewhat
of a thrill seeker.
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I get angry more often
than nervous.
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People's feelings are
sometimes hurt by what I say.
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00:02:02,141 --> 00:02:06,060
Personality testing can be
the key that unlocks the life
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00:02:06,081 --> 00:02:07,190
that you want to live
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00:02:08,240 --> 00:02:12,180
or something
that seems against you
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00:02:12,201 --> 00:02:14,250
in ways that you may not even
be aware of.
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Okay, so this is
my first YouTube video.
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The first one
with my face in it anyway.
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00:02:31,090 --> 00:02:35,090
I look like an idiot.
I've got these cherry lips.
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00:02:35,111 --> 00:02:39,201
My lips are chapped,
I don't know what's going on.
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[sighs] So it's...
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it's about 4am
on January 1st 2017,
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so it's the new year
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and I'm already feeling
like depressed about it
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I'm an introvert.
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00:02:58,250 --> 00:03:01,060
If you're in the Myers-Briggs
I'm an INFJ.
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00:03:01,081 --> 00:03:04,120
For those of you out there
who are introverts
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or if you've taken that test
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00:03:06,071 --> 00:03:07,250
and you're an INFJ,
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00:03:08,030 --> 00:03:12,101
I'd be interested to hear from
you if you feel the same way.
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00:03:12,120 --> 00:03:16,041
Are there any other INFJ
women out there?
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00:03:17,090 --> 00:03:21,120
Are you new to MBTI
or are you just getting started?
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00:03:21,141 --> 00:03:22,071
Ladies and gentlemen,
greetings
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00:03:22,090 --> 00:03:24,191
from the other side
of YouTube.
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When I first started
making videos on YouTube,
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00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:30,051
the personality niche
was really small.
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But over the past few years
it's gotten really big
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it's really exploded.
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Hey guys,
it's Lizzie, so today's video,
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it's about Myres-Briggs...
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...and it's just like a trend
going around.
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People keep randomly saying,
"Oh, I'm HIJK..."
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The most definitive
personality test of them all
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is the Myers-Briggs.
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00:03:51,060 --> 00:03:54,021
If you don't know
what the Myers-Briggs is,
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00:03:54,041 --> 00:03:56,090
that's alright, just know
that it is the most well known
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00:03:56,111 --> 00:03:58,030
personality type quiz
in the world
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and it breaks us all down
into 16 distinct types.
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The theory is
that your personality
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00:04:05,220 --> 00:04:07,190
is constructed in such a way
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00:04:07,210 --> 00:04:11,051
where you are blind
to certain things that you do
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00:04:11,071 --> 00:04:14,021
and ways that you cause
problems for yourself.
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00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:16,121
You find it difficult
to introduce yourself
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to other people?
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-Yeah, disagree.
-Yes.
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So typology is a tool for you
to be able to see the things
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that your mind
is hiding from you.
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"You often find yourself lost in
thought when you
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were walking in nature."
Strongly agree.
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Often find yourself
lost in thought
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when you're walking in
nature?
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Does this test think I'm active?
What's walking?
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When I first took the test
and I got my results back
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I was like, wow,
this thing knows me better
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than I know myself.
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I am ENTP-T.
Wooo-hoo-hoo!
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ENFP-T, a campaigner.
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00:04:54,021 --> 00:04:55,121
Mediator, no one can stop you
from dreaming.
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As a Beta personality type
is ultimately devil's advocate.
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That's me!
Hello devil.
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Cause when you find out
your personality type
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you realize
that you're not alone.
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My personality type is INFJ.
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00:05:11,050 --> 00:05:14,090
So that means
the first letter is I
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which stands for introverted
versus extrovert.
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The second one is N,
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which stands for intuitive
rather than sensing preference.
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Then the next letter is F
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which stands for feeling
and that's opposed to thinking.
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00:05:30,111 --> 00:05:35,040
And then the last letter is J,
and the dichotomy there
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is J-O-P which is
judging or perceiving.
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For an INFJ,
the description is usually
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something like their mind
works in a way
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that's very different
from everyone else.
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They can be disconnected
from the real world
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and INFJ's are
the rarest type.
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People want
to understand themselves
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and the Internet is
a great tool to really dive
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into what are the differences
between everybody.
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00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:10,061
Love is like beauty
and the beast.
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Love is what you are looking at
right now.
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00:06:13,160 --> 00:06:14,100
There is no such thing as love.
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00:06:17,131 --> 00:06:19,081
Everyone wants to know who's
going to be
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their perfect partner,
who they're going to marry.
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00:06:21,220 --> 00:06:23,040
Want to know
when Prince Charming
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is going to walk
through the door
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that you have
his personality type.
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00:06:25,150 --> 00:06:29,071
And you can say there he is,
there is the ENFP
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that I'm supposed to
be with, right?
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Nothing becomes trendy,
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00:06:34,230 --> 00:06:37,160
nothing becomes
important in pop culture
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00:06:37,180 --> 00:06:40,150
if there isn't some aspect
of it working in reality, right?
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00:06:43,030 --> 00:06:45,201
There's a trend about something
because people like it
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00:06:45,220 --> 00:06:46,131
and there's value in it.
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[upbeat music]
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00:07:01,081 --> 00:07:04,191
When I was 21,
my first job out of college
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was as a management consultant
at a large corporation.
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And one of the first things
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00:07:09,131 --> 00:07:10,100
all new employees
were asked to do
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00:07:10,121 --> 00:07:14,040
was to take
the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
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00:07:15,181 --> 00:07:22,021
They whisked us away
to a very luxurious offsite...
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00:07:22,040 --> 00:07:24,170
...and they brought in
a career counselor
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to tell us what our types were
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and how we might fit into the
corporation based on our types.
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And I remember her
telling me... "You are an ENTJ."
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"You are the CEO type...
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...and one day
you might even become...
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head of this organization."
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I was completely taken in by it.
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Fast forward six months
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00:07:57,050 --> 00:07:59,181
I was a terrible
management consultant.
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I spent most of my time
reading novels under my desk.
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00:08:04,131 --> 00:08:07,220
And I quit to become a writer.
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00:08:07,241 --> 00:08:10,141
And I thought I might write
something on personality.
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00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:13,110
And I remember
the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
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00:08:13,131 --> 00:08:15,141
and I started doing
some digging into it.
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And I discovered
that the people who invented it
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were not two men,
Myers and Briggs...
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00:08:26,210 --> 00:08:29,150
...but two women,
a mother and a daughter.
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00:08:31,170 --> 00:08:33,170
And that really moved
and intrigued me.
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And I wanted to understand
how these two women
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who had no formal training
in psychology
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had come to design
the world's most popular
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personality test.
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I think what's absolutely
essential
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00:09:22,180 --> 00:09:27,121
to the history of type
is that it begins it's life
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00:09:27,141 --> 00:09:29,080
as a domestic experiment.
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00:09:30,060 --> 00:09:30,150
[baby crying]
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00:09:38,050 --> 00:09:41,180
Katharine Cook Briggs gives
birth to three children.
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00:09:44,211 --> 00:09:47,150
Only one of whom,
Isabel, survives past infancy.
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00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:53,251
And after seeing
the incredible fragility
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of human life,
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Katharine starts to wonder
about what it means
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to bring a person
into the world
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and what it means
to be a person in the world.
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00:10:02,231 --> 00:10:03,241
[baby cries]
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00:10:08,180 --> 00:10:11,141
She cordons off her living room,
into what she calls
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00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:15,030
the cosmic laboratory
of baby training
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00:10:15,050 --> 00:10:17,221
and she starts with
what she begins to think of
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as a series of experiments
on the personality
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of her daughter Isabel.
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00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:28,170
Years later,
Isabel goes away to college
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and Katharine has a complete
crisis of faith
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because she's dedicated
her whole life,
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not just to her child
but to her child's personality
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and she doesn't know
what to do with herself.
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00:10:50,131 --> 00:10:53,180
But one day she reads
in the New Republic
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00:10:53,200 --> 00:10:55,160
a review of a new work
by Carl Jung
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00:10:55,180 --> 00:10:57,030
called "Psychological Types"
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00:10:57,050 --> 00:11:00,131
and she's entranced
and she orders it immediately.
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00:11:00,150 --> 00:11:03,251
We need more understanding
of human nature
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00:11:04,030 --> 00:11:09,131
because the only real danger
that exists is man himself.
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He is the great danger
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00:11:13,150 --> 00:11:17,091
and we are pitifully
unaware of it.
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This psyche should be studied
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because we are
the origin of all coming evil.
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After Katharine read
"Psychological Types" in 1923,
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she writes to Isabel and says
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00:11:36,180 --> 00:11:39,131
that she needs
to burn all of her notes
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00:11:39,150 --> 00:11:43,121
and she needs
to begin her life anew
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as one of Jung's disciples.
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00:11:50,200 --> 00:11:52,200
And she sees a way of bringing
the language of types
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that Jung has developed,
to the United States...
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...and use it
to transform American society.
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00:12:03,060 --> 00:12:05,221
[expectant music]
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00:12:12,251 --> 00:12:15,170
Can you handle a fast paced
working environment?
187
00:12:15,190 --> 00:12:19,111
I had always really wanted
to do comedy.
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00:12:19,131 --> 00:12:21,231
The speed at which
you're asking me these questions
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00:12:21,251 --> 00:12:24,180
makes me question
how fast paced it truly is.
190
00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:26,160
The first one I did was the 16
personalities
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00:12:26,180 --> 00:12:27,241
at a job
interview.
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00:12:28,030 --> 00:12:29,170
Okay.
You're hired.
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00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:31,160
-We're interviewing you.
-Oh.
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My Channel started to blow up.
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00:12:33,070 --> 00:12:34,050
Like... what!
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00:12:34,070 --> 00:12:36,101
I am killing it.
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00:12:36,121 --> 00:12:39,221
People just like to see
this format over and over again
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00:12:39,241 --> 00:12:42,190
because they can learn more
about themselves
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00:12:42,211 --> 00:12:45,131
and about other people in like
a quick humorous format.
200
00:12:45,150 --> 00:12:48,231
Dating can be a struggle
for introverts.
201
00:12:48,251 --> 00:12:50,251
What with the talking to people
202
00:12:51,030 --> 00:12:53,211
and leaving the house
but fear not.
203
00:12:53,231 --> 00:12:56,180
This is the introverts
survival guide to dating.
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00:12:56,200 --> 00:13:00,170
Good first date spots
for introverts include
205
00:13:00,190 --> 00:13:04,211
the coffee shop,
the library and the cemetery.
206
00:13:06,251 --> 00:13:10,160
I get comments
and emails all the time
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00:13:10,180 --> 00:13:13,160
and they range
from things like
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00:13:13,180 --> 00:13:15,141
what would a relationship
look like
209
00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:18,211
between an ENFP and INTJ?
210
00:13:23,131 --> 00:13:25,221
But then I also
get people saying
211
00:13:25,241 --> 00:13:28,251
"You're the only person
who really understands me."
212
00:13:30,251 --> 00:13:35,040
People who are like going
through like a fresh divorce.
213
00:13:35,060 --> 00:13:37,200
Yeah I'm here
with my INFJ girlfriend.
214
00:13:37,221 --> 00:13:39,040
It is Valentine's Day.
215
00:13:39,060 --> 00:13:41,231
For those of you
who did not know I'm an INFJ...
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00:13:41,251 --> 00:13:45,160
Even once I had someone
who was feeling suicidal
217
00:13:45,180 --> 00:13:47,021
and posting about it and it's
218
00:13:47,040 --> 00:13:49,101
all these really
deep weighty things
219
00:13:49,121 --> 00:13:51,021
and some people viewing this
220
00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:53,121
form a very strong
emotional bond,
221
00:13:53,141 --> 00:13:56,251
when they know
that they are not a freak,
222
00:13:57,030 --> 00:14:00,021
when they are not alone,
when they're not broken.
223
00:14:00,040 --> 00:14:02,231
When someone else can just say
what they've been thinking
224
00:14:02,251 --> 00:14:04,251
and feeling
and make it seem normal.
225
00:14:06,170 --> 00:14:08,251
[suspenseful electronic music]
226
00:14:12,091 --> 00:14:15,221
Personality testing is
a multibillion dollar industry
227
00:14:15,241 --> 00:14:19,050
and is growing
at at least 15% a year.
228
00:14:20,070 --> 00:14:24,101
What I'm helping my clients do
is to compete and win.
229
00:14:25,251 --> 00:14:28,180
The world is
like a large poker game,
230
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:30,150
where we're trying
to crunch the numbers
231
00:14:30,170 --> 00:14:31,211
and we're trying
to count the cards
232
00:14:33,180 --> 00:14:34,241
and trying to ascertain
233
00:14:35,021 --> 00:14:39,060
do they have a full hand
or are they bluffing?
234
00:14:41,060 --> 00:14:43,101
[electronic music continues]
235
00:14:44,211 --> 00:14:49,101
Approximately 70% of
an organization's expenditures
236
00:14:49,121 --> 00:14:50,221
is on human capital.
237
00:14:50,241 --> 00:14:54,141
And when there's all kinds
of psychological data available
238
00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:56,080
that can help inform companies
239
00:14:56,101 --> 00:14:58,190
on what kind
of human capital they invest in,
240
00:14:58,211 --> 00:15:01,221
it's going to be very appealing
to organizations,
241
00:15:01,241 --> 00:15:03,050
to use that data,
242
00:15:03,070 --> 00:15:06,050
to try to maximize their return
on investment.
243
00:15:06,070 --> 00:15:08,070
The two most popular
personality assessments
244
00:15:08,091 --> 00:15:09,030
on the market today
245
00:15:09,050 --> 00:15:12,050
are the Myers-Briggs
and the Big 5.
246
00:15:12,070 --> 00:15:13,121
The Coke and Pepsi
247
00:15:13,141 --> 00:15:15,150
of the personality
assessment world.
248
00:15:19,060 --> 00:15:23,170
They have similar categories
and several things in common.
249
00:15:23,190 --> 00:15:26,211
Most of the personality
assessments on the market today
250
00:15:26,231 --> 00:15:30,200
are based on the Myers-Briggs
and or the Big Five.
251
00:15:30,221 --> 00:15:32,141
Sometimes the two
of them together.
252
00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:43,170
Algorithms are everywhere.
253
00:15:43,190 --> 00:15:47,101
They sort and separate
the winners from the losers.
254
00:15:47,121 --> 00:15:51,101
The winners get the job
or good credit card offer.
255
00:15:51,121 --> 00:15:54,160
The losers,
don't even get an interview.
256
00:15:54,180 --> 00:15:57,021
I actually think personality
tests are fun to take.
257
00:15:57,040 --> 00:15:58,231
You know,
in a loose stakes environment
258
00:15:58,251 --> 00:16:00,231
if have you ever taken
a personality test
259
00:16:00,251 --> 00:16:02,211
it's like fun
because you basically get
260
00:16:02,231 --> 00:16:04,121
to think about yourself,
261
00:16:04,141 --> 00:16:05,211
and talk about yourself.
262
00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:11,131
It's not fun
if it's high stakes.
263
00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:18,141
[dog barking]
264
00:16:18,160 --> 00:16:22,200
Good thing
I got my my cold sleeves.
265
00:16:24,231 --> 00:16:25,040
I am set.
266
00:16:29,121 --> 00:16:33,141
We have two different
types of people right here.
267
00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:35,211
We got Barrett.
He's doing the pulling.
268
00:16:35,231 --> 00:16:39,121
And then Danny, he's the one
keeping us in check.
269
00:16:40,180 --> 00:16:42,111
So we couldn't just
have two Barrets
270
00:16:42,131 --> 00:16:43,050
because that'd be too much.
271
00:16:47,251 --> 00:16:48,211
I was already on
272
00:16:48,231 --> 00:16:52,121
to the whole
personality test industry
273
00:16:52,141 --> 00:16:55,030
and I came across Kyle's story
274
00:16:55,050 --> 00:16:56,131
and it just seemed...
275
00:16:57,070 --> 00:16:58,141
...amazing.
276
00:17:02,110 --> 00:17:03,201
But it wasn't just Kyle.
277
00:17:05,191 --> 00:17:07,100
It was anybody
who would have answered
278
00:17:07,120 --> 00:17:08,151
questions like Kyle.
279
00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:13,040
So I guess it starts really
280
00:17:13,060 --> 00:17:15,221
with I was in school
up in Nashville
281
00:17:15,241 --> 00:17:18,231
and I ended up having to take
a leave of absence
282
00:17:18,251 --> 00:17:22,241
during which I was diagnosed
with bipolar disorder.
283
00:17:23,021 --> 00:17:25,060
And then after I graduated
284
00:17:25,080 --> 00:17:28,161
I decided I would get
a part time job.
285
00:17:29,251 --> 00:17:33,161
And one of my friends
that I had made,
286
00:17:33,181 --> 00:17:36,110
he worked at Kroger,
in the pharmacy
287
00:17:36,130 --> 00:17:38,241
and I told him I have to take
my own medication myself.
288
00:17:39,021 --> 00:17:42,030
so I'd really like to be
on the other side
289
00:17:42,050 --> 00:17:44,060
helping people
with their medication.
290
00:17:46,201 --> 00:17:50,030
And he brought my case
before two of his managers there
291
00:17:50,050 --> 00:17:52,080
and he came back to me
and explained
292
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:53,251
they are both
on board with this,
293
00:17:54,030 --> 00:17:55,090
let's move forward.
294
00:17:55,110 --> 00:17:58,090
All we've got to do now
is you've got to submit
295
00:17:58,110 --> 00:18:00,030
your resume to online
and take a test.
296
00:18:02,110 --> 00:18:05,221
The next day I go upstairs
into my room.
297
00:18:05,241 --> 00:18:08,151
Lock myself in my room
because I'm taking a test.
298
00:18:09,120 --> 00:18:10,171
So, no distractions.
299
00:18:12,021 --> 00:18:13,130
[soft keypad punching]
300
00:18:18,191 --> 00:18:21,090
I start taking this test
and I'm thinking to myself,
301
00:18:21,110 --> 00:18:24,130
"This is easy,
I'm good at this,
302
00:18:24,151 --> 00:18:25,231
I'm good at being honest."
303
00:18:25,251 --> 00:18:29,040
"I'm just going to go right
through this exam,
304
00:18:29,060 --> 00:18:31,241
submit."
And did it.
305
00:18:36,040 --> 00:18:36,251
And then over the next few weeks
306
00:18:37,030 --> 00:18:40,021
I'm kind of still waiting
to hear back.
307
00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:43,161
My friend drops in again
and I asked him,
308
00:18:43,181 --> 00:18:46,140
I said,
"Hey, how's the job going?"
309
00:18:46,161 --> 00:18:48,080
"Like I submitted
the online test."
310
00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:53,140
And he then explained to me
that the manager said
311
00:18:53,161 --> 00:18:54,221
that he could not hire me
312
00:18:54,241 --> 00:18:59,060
because I had scored
a red on the test
313
00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:02,221
and red on a specific area
of the test.
314
00:19:02,241 --> 00:19:05,201
In the specific area
which I scored red
315
00:19:05,221 --> 00:19:12,060
indicated that I was very
likely to ignore customers
316
00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:14,231
if they were either upset,
317
00:19:14,251 --> 00:19:18,231
or if they were making me
upset and frustrated.
318
00:19:18,251 --> 00:19:23,090
And so I heard this news
and I was a little taken aback
319
00:19:23,110 --> 00:19:28,221
because, you know, I've worked
in customer service before
320
00:19:28,241 --> 00:19:31,171
and one of the things
I've learned is
321
00:19:31,191 --> 00:19:33,181
you completely separate
your personal feelings
322
00:19:33,201 --> 00:19:36,110
from the job.
323
00:19:36,130 --> 00:19:39,070
It's not fair
that by answering honestly
324
00:19:39,090 --> 00:19:44,181
about things that were related
to my mental health,
325
00:19:44,201 --> 00:19:46,151
I was excluded from work.
326
00:19:46,171 --> 00:19:50,030
So, in my head I'm thinking,
there's no way
327
00:19:50,050 --> 00:19:52,110
that this can be legal.
328
00:19:55,181 --> 00:19:57,171
I've been an advocate
for disability rights
329
00:19:57,191 --> 00:19:59,221
and disability justice
for over the last decade,
330
00:19:59,241 --> 00:20:02,151
and when I was in high school
331
00:20:02,171 --> 00:20:04,021
I had decided to apply
to several other jobs.
332
00:20:04,040 --> 00:20:07,211
Several of these places
that I applied
333
00:20:07,231 --> 00:20:10,040
had a personality test
as part of the application.
334
00:20:10,060 --> 00:20:12,090
I just remember that
because one of the times
335
00:20:12,110 --> 00:20:15,040
that I was filling one out,
I was with some classmates.
336
00:20:15,060 --> 00:20:17,050
We all crowded around the screen
as a group to be like
337
00:20:17,070 --> 00:20:19,050
"This is a personality test?"
"What the hell!"
338
00:20:19,070 --> 00:20:21,130
"How are you supposed
to answer these questions?"
339
00:20:21,151 --> 00:20:23,050
"What is the correct answer
supposed to be?"
340
00:20:23,070 --> 00:20:25,100
"Does anyone know,
What should we put down?"
341
00:20:25,120 --> 00:20:26,080
"Does it matter?"
342
00:20:26,100 --> 00:20:28,040
I don't remember
what the verdict was,
343
00:20:28,060 --> 00:20:29,070
but I do remember
344
00:20:29,090 --> 00:20:31,181
that I didn't get
a single job that I applied for.
345
00:20:31,201 --> 00:20:32,251
And to this day,
I don't know why.
346
00:20:33,030 --> 00:20:35,030
I have a lot of suspicions
as to why.
347
00:20:35,050 --> 00:20:36,050
Perhaps one of the reasons
that I was not hired was
348
00:20:36,070 --> 00:20:38,211
because I failed
the personality test,
349
00:20:38,231 --> 00:20:40,060
or perhaps one of the reasons
that I was not hired
350
00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:43,130
was that even if people
didn't know affirmatively
351
00:20:43,151 --> 00:20:46,080
that I'm autistic,
I still coded,
352
00:20:46,100 --> 00:20:47,241
I was perceived
as you're kind of weird
353
00:20:48,021 --> 00:20:50,191
we can tell something's
going on,
354
00:20:50,211 --> 00:20:52,090
so we don't really want you,
355
00:20:52,110 --> 00:20:53,181
you're not a good fit.
356
00:20:53,201 --> 00:20:55,191
That phrase that's supposed
to mean
357
00:20:55,211 --> 00:20:57,090
maybe like this won't work
out in particular.
358
00:20:57,110 --> 00:21:01,221
But really is usually code for
you're too Asian,
359
00:21:01,241 --> 00:21:04,211
you're too disabled,
you're too gay.
360
00:21:04,231 --> 00:21:07,110
So for me, when people say
361
00:21:07,130 --> 00:21:08,110
what's used personality tests
to learn
362
00:21:08,130 --> 00:21:10,251
about who would be
a better partner for you,
363
00:21:11,030 --> 00:21:12,251
or who would be
a better student for the school,
364
00:21:13,030 --> 00:21:14,060
or who would be the
best employee for this position.
365
00:21:14,080 --> 00:21:17,090
My instant reaction is,
oh no, fuck that, no.
366
00:21:19,231 --> 00:21:21,100
It's not just a prediction.
367
00:21:21,120 --> 00:21:23,060
If it were just a prediction,
it wouldn't be that important.
368
00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:25,241
But it's a prediction
that's being used
369
00:21:26,021 --> 00:21:29,120
to make decisions about who is
worthy and who's unworthy.
370
00:21:29,140 --> 00:21:30,211
We need to know what's going on.
371
00:21:30,231 --> 00:21:32,090
We need to stop trusting it.
372
00:21:32,110 --> 00:21:33,191
We need to look into it.
373
00:21:33,211 --> 00:21:35,181
See what is it really doing?
374
00:21:39,021 --> 00:21:41,251
I can only indirectly infer
because I know a lot about this,
375
00:21:42,030 --> 00:21:43,060
but I imagine that
there's just so many
376
00:21:43,080 --> 00:21:46,191
hundreds and thousands of other
people that have been harmed
377
00:21:46,211 --> 00:21:47,090
that just don't know it, yet.
378
00:21:53,090 --> 00:21:54,090
I tell you all the time
379
00:21:54,110 --> 00:21:55,191
that it's survival
of the fittest, isn't it?
380
00:21:55,211 --> 00:21:58,021
[students] Yes.
381
00:21:58,040 --> 00:21:59,070
Cos there's a million people
in New York
382
00:21:59,090 --> 00:22:02,110
fighting, scratching,
fighting for these jobs.
383
00:22:02,130 --> 00:22:05,100
And a lot of employers are just
looking for one mistake.
384
00:22:05,120 --> 00:22:08,231
-We got to be mistake free.
-[students] Yes.
385
00:22:08,251 --> 00:22:10,221
I think a lot of people
of our community
386
00:22:10,241 --> 00:22:14,231
are not afforded many mistakes
as other people, right?
387
00:22:14,251 --> 00:22:16,030
We have to go to extremes
to show them,
388
00:22:16,050 --> 00:22:17,070
"I am the best candidate,"
389
00:22:17,090 --> 00:22:19,201
because in a lot
of people's minds,
390
00:22:19,221 --> 00:22:21,080
I hate to say unfortunately,
391
00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:23,080
they have an L on your forehead
as soon as you come in.
392
00:22:23,100 --> 00:22:26,021
We're going to show them
what's really what?
393
00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:28,100
-[all] W.
-W for winner.
394
00:22:28,120 --> 00:22:29,191
And that's why we got...
395
00:22:29,211 --> 00:22:31,191
For over a decade now, my
job has been
396
00:22:31,211 --> 00:22:34,130
to help New Yorkers
find employment.
397
00:22:34,151 --> 00:22:37,151
I service different students
from different populations.
398
00:22:37,171 --> 00:22:39,211
Some are long term out of work.
399
00:22:39,231 --> 00:22:40,231
Some are freshly incarcerated.
400
00:22:40,251 --> 00:22:42,231
But you'll be surprised,
some have master's degrees
401
00:22:42,251 --> 00:22:44,070
and still can't find work.
402
00:22:44,090 --> 00:22:46,191
You apply for
that doorman job?
403
00:22:46,211 --> 00:22:48,161
-Yeah.
-Right, that's a good job.
404
00:22:48,181 --> 00:22:50,181
Many students aren't aware
405
00:22:50,201 --> 00:22:52,211
of how technology plays
an important part
406
00:22:52,231 --> 00:22:54,151
in this job process.
407
00:22:54,171 --> 00:22:57,241
A lot of my students are still
used to the one ads
408
00:22:58,021 --> 00:22:59,070
in the Sunday paper
and thinking,
409
00:22:59,090 --> 00:23:02,060
"Oh, I see a job opening.
I'm going to walk
410
00:23:02,080 --> 00:23:04,090
to that physical brick
and mortar store
411
00:23:04,110 --> 00:23:06,070
and I'm going
to apply in person."
412
00:23:06,090 --> 00:23:08,251
When those days are dead
as the dinosaurs.
413
00:23:10,171 --> 00:23:12,221
When I was in prison,
414
00:23:12,241 --> 00:23:16,040
I was working
with computers that...
415
00:23:16,060 --> 00:23:20,030
the software was in the 1980s.
416
00:23:20,050 --> 00:23:23,241
So being introduced
to the Google world now is like
417
00:23:24,021 --> 00:23:26,090
what's the Google world?
418
00:23:27,201 --> 00:23:28,231
A couple of years ago,
419
00:23:28,251 --> 00:23:30,090
we started to see
that job applications
420
00:23:30,110 --> 00:23:33,120
started to become
longer and longer.
421
00:23:33,140 --> 00:23:36,231
When we looked at them closer
the questions in the application
422
00:23:36,251 --> 00:23:37,161
were not actually about the job.
423
00:23:39,241 --> 00:23:41,050
These are questions
about who you are.
424
00:23:41,070 --> 00:23:45,130
Psychological evaluations.
425
00:23:45,151 --> 00:23:48,110
Tends to dislike a person who
has sold his payment forcefully?
426
00:23:49,191 --> 00:23:50,120
[sighs]
427
00:23:52,070 --> 00:23:54,090
Daily, I see frustration.
428
00:23:54,110 --> 00:23:56,040
These students,
they are filling out tens,
429
00:23:56,060 --> 00:23:58,090
maybe hundreds of applications.
430
00:23:58,110 --> 00:24:00,060
A lot of times,
my students will tell me,
431
00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:02,211
"Oh, Mr E. I applied to this job
432
00:24:02,231 --> 00:24:05,191
and I never heard
anything back."
433
00:24:05,211 --> 00:24:08,171
It really sinks my heart
because I've seen them trained,
434
00:24:08,191 --> 00:24:10,021
I've seen them wake up early,
435
00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:12,090
I've seen them
get into a whole new routine
436
00:24:12,110 --> 00:24:14,161
and I've seen them
get to the edge of,
437
00:24:14,181 --> 00:24:15,251
"Is this even worth it?"
438
00:24:19,120 --> 00:24:22,021
So me and my colleague David
decided
439
00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:23,070
we needed to do
something about this
440
00:24:23,090 --> 00:24:24,140
in order to give
our guys a chance
441
00:24:27,130 --> 00:24:28,171
I often say
"Is this a psych test?"
442
00:24:28,191 --> 00:24:32,080
And they would often say,
"That's what it feels like."
443
00:24:32,100 --> 00:24:33,161
And so that's where they go.
444
00:24:33,181 --> 00:24:40,080
And so the personality profile
is designed to distract you.
445
00:24:40,100 --> 00:24:43,070
It's designed to bring you
into the personal,
446
00:24:43,090 --> 00:24:45,021
because what are
they trying to do?
447
00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:47,090
They're trying
to filter people out.
448
00:24:49,050 --> 00:24:50,231
Once you hit "apply now",
you're in,
449
00:24:50,251 --> 00:24:53,030
you're committed,
450
00:24:53,050 --> 00:24:54,060
now what?
451
00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:56,060
You might be there
for two hours.
452
00:24:56,080 --> 00:24:58,110
So when they give you
these questionnaires
453
00:24:58,130 --> 00:25:01,171
psychologically
how it messes with me,
454
00:25:01,191 --> 00:25:06,110
is sometimes it, it finds
a way to try to trick you.
455
00:25:08,181 --> 00:25:10,030
[rumbling machine]
456
00:25:19,120 --> 00:25:20,120
Whereas Katharine was
457
00:25:20,140 --> 00:25:24,171
the more spiritual partner
of the two
458
00:25:24,191 --> 00:25:28,191
Isabel was the more commercial,
the more entrepreneurial.
459
00:25:30,171 --> 00:25:34,151
I think this had a lot to do
with her own personality.
460
00:25:37,120 --> 00:25:41,080
She was a woman
who had started her life
461
00:25:41,100 --> 00:25:44,201
as her mother's experiment.
462
00:25:44,221 --> 00:25:47,080
And once she had broken free
from her mother.
463
00:25:47,100 --> 00:25:48,080
she seemed to have
no real interest
464
00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:51,070
in her mother's obsession.
465
00:25:54,040 --> 00:25:55,151
But then World War II
comes along
466
00:25:55,171 --> 00:25:58,191
and that changes
everything for her.
467
00:25:58,211 --> 00:26:00,040
[thunderous explosion]
468
00:26:00,060 --> 00:26:05,140
December 7th 1941,
469
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:10,191
a date which will live
in infamy.
470
00:26:12,191 --> 00:26:14,120
The United States of America
471
00:26:14,140 --> 00:26:19,130
was suddenly
and deliberately attacked.
472
00:26:19,151 --> 00:26:23,241
She says that, you know,
she was sitting at home
473
00:26:24,021 --> 00:26:25,100
and she thought,
"Well, what is it that I can do
474
00:26:25,120 --> 00:26:28,120
that would be helpful
to humankind?"
475
00:26:29,171 --> 00:26:32,050
[Carl Jung]
We need more understanding
476
00:26:32,070 --> 00:26:33,251
of human nature
477
00:26:34,030 --> 00:26:38,191
because the only real danger
that exists... is man himself.
478
00:26:40,070 --> 00:26:41,080
"What if I took
all of this knowledge,
479
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:43,100
that my mother
has been sitting on
480
00:26:43,120 --> 00:26:45,241
and I somehow
operationalized it?"
481
00:26:46,021 --> 00:26:49,140
"What if I made it
immediately usable for people?"
482
00:26:49,161 --> 00:26:50,161
[interview with Katharine Myers]
483
00:27:01,151 --> 00:27:03,100
So she gets her daughter
484
00:27:03,120 --> 00:27:05,021
and her daughter's
three best friends
485
00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:06,130
to come to the house
after school
486
00:27:06,151 --> 00:27:07,221
and to sit around
the kitchen table.
487
00:27:07,241 --> 00:27:11,060
And she gets them to answer
these forced choice questions
488
00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:12,161
about how they would behave
489
00:27:12,181 --> 00:27:15,021
in all sorts of different
and ordinary scenarios.
490
00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:16,181
So, for instance,
if you were at a party
491
00:27:16,201 --> 00:27:19,050
would you wait for somebody
to talk to you
492
00:27:19,070 --> 00:27:21,161
or would you approach
somebody to talk to them first?
493
00:27:24,130 --> 00:27:25,100
Or if you were walking down
the street
494
00:27:25,120 --> 00:27:27,161
and the fire truck
blazed by you
495
00:27:27,181 --> 00:27:29,181
would you follow it
to see where it was going
496
00:27:29,201 --> 00:27:32,191
or would you just keep going
about your day?
497
00:27:37,191 --> 00:27:40,211
And using her children
and their friends
498
00:27:40,231 --> 00:27:43,021
and her husband's answers
to these questions
499
00:27:43,040 --> 00:27:46,191
she started building up
these profiles of people
500
00:27:46,211 --> 00:27:47,201
who were different types.
501
00:27:50,050 --> 00:27:53,151
[Katharine Myers]
502
00:27:58,060 --> 00:28:01,050
Many many many people find
the language of type
503
00:28:01,070 --> 00:28:04,030
that Myers-Briggs offers
extraordinarily seductive.
504
00:28:04,050 --> 00:28:07,070
And I think for me
the interesting question is
505
00:28:07,090 --> 00:28:09,030
why are they so seduced by it?
506
00:28:09,050 --> 00:28:11,171
[Myers voice]
507
00:28:22,251 --> 00:28:24,151
What is it about these words
508
00:28:24,171 --> 00:28:26,151
and the way in which
they're grouped together
509
00:28:26,171 --> 00:28:28,181
that really commands
people's imagination?
510
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:31,221
[Myers voice]
511
00:28:43,120 --> 00:28:46,171
And why is it that the moment
they have access to those words
512
00:28:46,191 --> 00:28:47,241
they actually start using them
513
00:28:48,021 --> 00:28:49,231
not just to describe
their personalities
514
00:28:49,251 --> 00:28:54,030
but to kind of re-conceive
the idea of personality itself.
515
00:28:54,050 --> 00:28:56,080
[Myers voice]
516
00:29:07,140 --> 00:29:10,090
And the most powerful rule
of type is that you were born
517
00:29:10,110 --> 00:29:11,251
with essential personality type
518
00:29:12,030 --> 00:29:15,060
and you would die with that
same essential personality type.
519
00:29:22,070 --> 00:29:25,090
The most important part
of personality,
520
00:29:25,110 --> 00:29:26,171
the North and South of it all,
521
00:29:26,191 --> 00:29:28,201
is the introvert-extrovert
spectrum.
522
00:29:31,171 --> 00:29:32,231
-Hi, how are you?
-I'm good.
523
00:29:32,251 --> 00:29:37,221
One really easy way to ask
yourself who you are
524
00:29:37,241 --> 00:29:43,110
is to think about how you feel
when you go to a party
525
00:29:43,130 --> 00:29:47,030
that you're truly enjoying,
with company that you truly like
526
00:29:47,050 --> 00:29:49,221
and think about how you feel
after about two or three hours.
527
00:29:49,241 --> 00:29:53,060
Because if you're an extrovert,
it's as if you have
528
00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:55,211
an internal battery
that's being charged.
529
00:29:55,231 --> 00:29:57,021
Check me out, ladies
530
00:29:57,040 --> 00:29:59,130
your boy is
under the fake mistletoe.
531
00:29:59,151 --> 00:30:00,201
And if you're an introvert
532
00:30:00,221 --> 00:30:03,140
no matter how socially skilled
you might be
533
00:30:03,161 --> 00:30:05,021
or how much
you're enjoying it,
534
00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:06,221
it's as if your battery
is being drained.
535
00:30:06,241 --> 00:30:11,221
What? No, I wasn't going off
to be by myself again.
536
00:30:11,241 --> 00:30:16,140
I was just checking out
your laundry room, yeah
537
00:30:16,161 --> 00:30:20,090
American culture really
does prefer it's extroverts.
538
00:30:20,110 --> 00:30:22,251
This is a culture
that comes from a kind
539
00:30:23,030 --> 00:30:25,151
of veneration
of the man of action.
540
00:30:25,171 --> 00:30:27,140
You should be the doer,
not the thinker.
541
00:30:27,161 --> 00:30:31,070
You often hear a preference
for hiring of extroverts.
542
00:30:31,090 --> 00:30:33,161
Increasingly now
offices are designed
543
00:30:33,181 --> 00:30:36,171
as these big
open social spaces.
544
00:30:36,191 --> 00:30:39,030
Do you have
any questions for us?
545
00:30:39,050 --> 00:30:40,110
Hey, forget the questions.
546
00:30:40,130 --> 00:30:43,161
I brought brownies.
Let's just dig in.
547
00:30:43,181 --> 00:30:44,201
Also I was wondering
548
00:30:44,221 --> 00:30:47,110
do you have a kombucha bar
for employees?
549
00:30:47,130 --> 00:30:50,060
We also know that introverts
tend to get passed over
550
00:30:50,080 --> 00:30:52,040
and overlooked
for leadership positions.
551
00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:56,070
So it's like there's
this colossal waste of talent,
552
00:30:56,090 --> 00:30:58,161
because of these preconceptions
we have.
553
00:30:58,181 --> 00:31:03,040
My message to fellow
introverts in the world is
554
00:31:03,060 --> 00:31:05,100
to love being the way you are,
555
00:31:05,120 --> 00:31:06,231
there's a lot to love.
556
00:31:09,090 --> 00:31:14,050
I'm applying for more jobs
and I'm finding more and more
557
00:31:14,070 --> 00:31:17,100
of these personality tests.
558
00:31:18,181 --> 00:31:20,140
I'm very outgoing.
559
00:31:22,151 --> 00:31:27,040
I am generally hopeful
and optimistic person.
560
00:31:29,021 --> 00:31:31,040
And this is one
that I see a lot,
561
00:31:31,060 --> 00:31:35,241
how would you describe
your personal energy level?
562
00:31:36,021 --> 00:31:40,050
If you're someone
who's suffering from depression
563
00:31:40,070 --> 00:31:42,201
if you're being honest,
you're going to say
564
00:31:42,221 --> 00:31:44,241
I have less energy
than most people
565
00:31:45,021 --> 00:31:48,070
that's part
of what the illness is.
566
00:31:48,090 --> 00:31:52,060
But that's the type of person
who is also forcing themselves
567
00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:54,151
to get out there and do things.
568
00:31:56,130 --> 00:31:58,050
While I'm doing this
and finding that out
569
00:31:58,070 --> 00:32:01,070
my dad is doing
all this research
570
00:32:01,090 --> 00:32:03,181
because he's sort
of the type of dad
571
00:32:03,201 --> 00:32:06,030
that obsesses over things.
572
00:32:07,211 --> 00:32:12,161
We started with just Kyle
applying to additional companies
573
00:32:12,181 --> 00:32:14,251
and when he applied
for him to take screenshots
574
00:32:15,030 --> 00:32:16,231
of the questions that
were asked.
575
00:32:18,181 --> 00:32:20,110
When we were
looking back at screenshots
576
00:32:20,130 --> 00:32:25,021
we realized that you were being
sent to other websites.
577
00:32:27,040 --> 00:32:29,090
When you go one level deeper
578
00:32:30,140 --> 00:32:34,211
you get
to third party test providers.
579
00:32:34,231 --> 00:32:37,171
The second part of that was then
to sort of take those names
580
00:32:37,191 --> 00:32:39,191
people I'd never heard before,
581
00:32:39,211 --> 00:32:42,231
Unicru or Kronos or some others,
582
00:32:42,251 --> 00:32:46,050
and just start
doing research on them.
583
00:32:46,070 --> 00:32:47,181
This goes deeper
than we thought.
584
00:32:47,201 --> 00:32:50,251
There's a whole
industry of companies.
585
00:32:51,030 --> 00:32:53,241
They've infected
the whole system.
586
00:32:57,171 --> 00:33:00,161
-[dog barks]
-[birds chirping]
587
00:33:03,201 --> 00:33:06,090
[Isabel's granddaughter]
We all, of course, knew type
588
00:33:06,110 --> 00:33:09,181
of everyone in the family
and we all took the indicator
589
00:33:09,201 --> 00:33:11,100
at an early age.
590
00:33:11,120 --> 00:33:13,201
My grandmother was introverted
and my great grandmother was
591
00:33:13,221 --> 00:33:17,110
introverted and my mother
was introverted.
592
00:33:17,130 --> 00:33:19,021
So at first,
I was a little concerned
593
00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:20,120
because I was extroverted
594
00:33:20,140 --> 00:33:21,231
but she was very reassuring.
595
00:33:21,251 --> 00:33:22,211
And when I went
over the type description,
596
00:33:22,231 --> 00:33:24,251
I really liked
my own type description
597
00:33:25,030 --> 00:33:29,120
which was extroverted, intuitive
feeling with perception.
598
00:33:29,140 --> 00:33:32,191
I knew I wanted to be a reporter
and she had done massive amounts
599
00:33:32,211 --> 00:33:36,151
of research on type and career
and when I looked at the careers
600
00:33:36,171 --> 00:33:41,070
of reporters, there was a great
concentration of ENFPs
601
00:33:41,090 --> 00:33:43,181
so, I felt like
I had made the right choice.
602
00:33:46,151 --> 00:33:49,231
What I remember about her is
that she spent most of her life
603
00:33:49,251 --> 00:33:52,211
in a big overstuffed chair in
the corner of a living room
604
00:33:52,231 --> 00:33:57,040
where she worked,
pretty much around the clock
605
00:33:57,060 --> 00:33:58,110
on type research.
606
00:34:05,151 --> 00:34:09,060
She had long gray hair
which she braided every morning
607
00:34:09,080 --> 00:34:10,240
and put in
a very complicated bun
608
00:34:11,021 --> 00:34:13,240
that really used
to fascinate me.
609
00:34:14,021 --> 00:34:15,200
She was not
remotely materialistic.
610
00:34:15,220 --> 00:34:17,080
I never saw her shop.
611
00:34:17,100 --> 00:34:19,060
I don't know
where the clothes came from
612
00:34:19,080 --> 00:34:21,091
or where
the furniture came from
613
00:34:21,111 --> 00:34:25,151
but it was a very warm house.
614
00:34:25,171 --> 00:34:27,191
She would come up
and sing every night
615
00:34:27,211 --> 00:34:29,120
before we went to sleep.
616
00:34:32,140 --> 00:34:35,080
She made a cinnamon sugar
toast in the morning.
617
00:34:35,100 --> 00:34:37,160
She had a special way
of making scrambled eggs.
618
00:34:39,251 --> 00:34:42,191
She was always very much driven,
619
00:34:42,211 --> 00:34:45,060
and sometimes even watching her
make scrambled eggs
620
00:34:45,080 --> 00:34:47,100
she was kind of like
rocking back and forth,
621
00:34:47,120 --> 00:34:49,211
and then she was gonna get back
to her desk.
622
00:34:54,171 --> 00:34:56,091
She would say that her dad
always said
623
00:34:56,111 --> 00:34:57,080
that if a child asks you
a question,
624
00:34:57,100 --> 00:34:59,200
no matter how many
questions they ask you
625
00:34:59,220 --> 00:35:02,111
you have to answer
their questions right away.
626
00:35:02,131 --> 00:35:05,131
So I think all of us
grandchildren knew
627
00:35:05,151 --> 00:35:07,120
that the one way
we could get her attention
628
00:35:07,140 --> 00:35:08,220
is if we'd ask her questions
and then she would,
629
00:35:08,240 --> 00:35:11,120
she'd stop whatever
she was doing
630
00:35:11,140 --> 00:35:14,031
and she would patiently
answer our questions.
631
00:35:14,051 --> 00:35:18,051
I think she really felt
that if you could help people
632
00:35:18,071 --> 00:35:19,231
understand themselves better
633
00:35:19,251 --> 00:35:24,021
and ways
that other people are different
634
00:35:24,040 --> 00:35:25,231
that were not better or worse,
635
00:35:25,251 --> 00:35:27,051
that would be a better way
636
00:35:27,071 --> 00:35:29,100
of creating empathy
towards others.
637
00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:34,131
[Myers' voice]
638
00:35:42,191 --> 00:35:45,220
She believes that what type
can do is help manage
639
00:35:45,240 --> 00:35:49,200
the now growing labor force
of the US.
640
00:35:51,120 --> 00:35:53,021
She says
"If men came like shoes,
641
00:35:53,040 --> 00:35:56,191
with the number
on the outside of the box
642
00:35:56,211 --> 00:35:59,160
then we could avoid
a painful fit."
643
00:36:06,071 --> 00:36:09,091
It's about the idea
that working at something
644
00:36:09,111 --> 00:36:10,211
that's not good for you,
645
00:36:10,231 --> 00:36:13,080
pursuing a profession
that you're not suited to,
646
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:15,021
and even marrying a person
647
00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:16,231
who is not suited
to your personality type
648
00:36:16,251 --> 00:36:20,040
results in a great deal of pain.
649
00:36:23,220 --> 00:36:28,031
And so she's very interested
in trying to mitigate the pain
650
00:36:28,051 --> 00:36:30,131
that these bad fits of people
to their social roles
651
00:36:30,151 --> 00:36:32,231
might cause.
652
00:36:35,031 --> 00:36:37,111
And so
it really started out small.
653
00:36:37,131 --> 00:36:41,191
Initially, when you look at
the register of her accounts
654
00:36:41,211 --> 00:36:44,031
she was selling a couple
of booklets here,
655
00:36:44,051 --> 00:36:45,151
a couple
of questionnaires there.
656
00:36:45,171 --> 00:36:47,240
But then these accounts
really through the 50s
657
00:36:48,031 --> 00:36:49,060
start to grow
and grow and grow.
658
00:36:52,091 --> 00:36:55,171
Some of her biggest clients
were places like Standard Oil
659
00:36:55,191 --> 00:36:58,180
or GE or the Home Life
Insurance Company.
660
00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:00,080
And they were really intent
661
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:02,160
on having her test
their executives
662
00:37:02,180 --> 00:37:05,051
to figure out
what made a good executive.
663
00:37:07,111 --> 00:37:08,160
There were companies
like the
664
00:37:08,180 --> 00:37:09,120
Washington Gas
and Light Company
665
00:37:09,140 --> 00:37:11,151
that had her come in
to figure out
666
00:37:11,171 --> 00:37:12,240
whether extroverts or introverts
667
00:37:13,021 --> 00:37:17,120
were better at meter reading
versus clerical work.
668
00:37:17,140 --> 00:37:20,100
She was being asked
by hospitals
669
00:37:20,120 --> 00:37:24,111
to come in and type
their nurses,
670
00:37:24,131 --> 00:37:26,040
to type their stenographers,
671
00:37:26,060 --> 00:37:27,220
to try to figure out
what types were best
672
00:37:27,240 --> 00:37:30,211
for particular kinds of jobs.
673
00:37:34,071 --> 00:37:37,080
For Isabel, it was about
imagining a better world.
674
00:37:41,060 --> 00:37:43,200
A world in which everybody
was doing the thing
675
00:37:43,220 --> 00:37:45,220
that made them happy.
676
00:38:02,231 --> 00:38:04,071
One of the criticisms
of the MBTI
677
00:38:04,091 --> 00:38:06,100
is that it's all positive,
makes people feel good.
678
00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:10,151
I don't know why it's a problem
but she purposely didn't include
679
00:38:10,171 --> 00:38:12,040
some of those negative things.
680
00:38:12,060 --> 00:38:14,040
Her whole point was,
look, all types have value
681
00:38:14,060 --> 00:38:16,200
all types are good,
we just approach
682
00:38:16,220 --> 00:38:18,040
the world in different ways.
683
00:38:18,060 --> 00:38:18,240
At the end of the day
people find it useful,
684
00:38:19,021 --> 00:38:20,220
they find it very valuable.
685
00:38:20,240 --> 00:38:23,100
Even if it's not
a perfect model.
686
00:38:23,120 --> 00:38:26,040
There's no personality model
that captures every element
687
00:38:26,060 --> 00:38:29,171
of a human condition,
they just don't.
688
00:38:29,191 --> 00:38:31,231
They're models,
that's what they're for, right?
689
00:38:31,251 --> 00:38:35,071
To help us simplify
the complex world we live in.
690
00:38:35,091 --> 00:38:37,220
We know that about 80
of the Fortune 100
691
00:38:37,240 --> 00:38:40,021
make use of the MBTI
in some form or fashion
692
00:38:40,040 --> 00:38:42,151
from Ivy League schools
down to community colleges
693
00:38:42,171 --> 00:38:43,240
in the US use it.
694
00:38:44,021 --> 00:38:45,251
We know that most
of the branches of the military
695
00:38:46,031 --> 00:38:48,100
in the US and in England use it.
696
00:39:02,051 --> 00:39:04,151
To me that's what's so
extraordinary about type.
697
00:39:04,171 --> 00:39:08,060
It's not the question of whether
it's scientifically valid
698
00:39:08,080 --> 00:39:11,160
or reliable or not but rather
how it is that these two women
699
00:39:11,180 --> 00:39:16,111
manage to create a language
that would latch on to you
700
00:39:16,131 --> 00:39:18,111
and just never,
ever ever let you go.
701
00:39:18,131 --> 00:39:21,111
A language you would never
be able to shake loose.
702
00:39:21,131 --> 00:39:23,071
Since I've been
in the Myers-Briggs company
703
00:39:23,091 --> 00:39:25,071
the admonition has been
to not use it for hiring
704
00:39:25,091 --> 00:39:26,111
because
there's no reason to assume
705
00:39:26,131 --> 00:39:29,151
that a person with one
particular type preference
706
00:39:29,171 --> 00:39:32,151
can do a job better than someone
who has a different type.
707
00:39:32,171 --> 00:39:35,080
We had a couple of organizations
that we're using it for hiring.
708
00:39:35,100 --> 00:39:36,251
We knew
they were using for hiring.
709
00:39:37,031 --> 00:39:38,051
We called them and say,
hey you can't do that
710
00:39:38,071 --> 00:39:40,240
and they said,
"Well we're going to,"
711
00:39:41,021 --> 00:39:43,060
and so we stopped
selling to them.
712
00:39:43,080 --> 00:39:45,231
In the United States
copyright laws are particularly
713
00:39:45,251 --> 00:39:47,151
challenging to enforce.
714
00:39:49,131 --> 00:39:51,080
The four letters
were never copyrighted.
715
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:53,200
Terrible mistake
by some lawyers somewhere.
716
00:39:53,220 --> 00:39:55,080
So they are in the public domain
717
00:39:55,100 --> 00:39:57,151
and anybody can use
those combinations of letters.
718
00:40:02,211 --> 00:40:06,120
Many of these personality tests
have now been copied, reworked,
719
00:40:06,140 --> 00:40:10,231
reformatted, reformulated,
so it's hard to even know
720
00:40:10,251 --> 00:40:12,160
where they are
or where they come from.
721
00:40:12,180 --> 00:40:16,040
There's been not a big increase
in the number of competitors,
722
00:40:16,060 --> 00:40:18,211
as we call them knock-offs
of the MBTI.
723
00:40:18,231 --> 00:40:21,091
One of our biggest challenge is
that there's people out there
724
00:40:21,111 --> 00:40:23,071
who say they're doing MBTI
and they're not.
725
00:40:23,091 --> 00:40:25,231
Or who say they're using
our products
726
00:40:25,251 --> 00:40:27,111
and they're not using
our products.
727
00:40:30,100 --> 00:40:33,040
The creators of the Myers-Briggs
may have had a vision
728
00:40:33,060 --> 00:40:34,200
of simply helping people
understand themselves
729
00:40:34,220 --> 00:40:37,021
and one another.
730
00:40:37,040 --> 00:40:38,040
But now that the genie
is out of the bottle
731
00:40:38,060 --> 00:40:40,100
they can't necessarily control
732
00:40:40,120 --> 00:40:43,040
how it's being used
and by whom.
733
00:40:43,231 --> 00:40:45,231
Just like
pharmaceutical companies
734
00:40:45,251 --> 00:40:48,111
sometimes get in trouble
for off label use
735
00:40:48,131 --> 00:40:49,180
of pharmaceutical drugs
736
00:40:53,151 --> 00:40:56,091
for an off label use
to select people into jobs
737
00:40:56,111 --> 00:40:57,111
when they shouldn't be
doing that.
738
00:41:00,120 --> 00:41:04,060
My job, of course,
was to find evidence of harm.
739
00:41:04,080 --> 00:41:06,200
Show me the blood, right?
740
00:41:06,220 --> 00:41:10,100
Well, how do you find blood
when they're these algorithms
741
00:41:10,120 --> 00:41:14,180
that are secretly
harming people?
742
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:16,100
Most people who get red-lighted
743
00:41:16,120 --> 00:41:19,021
with personality tests never
find out they get red-lighted.
744
00:41:19,040 --> 00:41:21,111
But Kyle knew somebody,
745
00:41:21,131 --> 00:41:23,131
who told him,
"You got red-lighted."
746
00:41:23,151 --> 00:41:27,140
So that was
the first miracle for Kyle.
747
00:41:27,160 --> 00:41:32,040
The second thing is
that his father is a lawyer.
748
00:41:32,060 --> 00:41:34,031
Kyle said, "I don't know
what to do, dad."
749
00:41:34,051 --> 00:41:35,120
He asked, "How broken am I?"
750
00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:40,031
-[tense music]
-[soft emotional breath]
751
00:41:42,131 --> 00:41:43,251
And...
752
00:41:44,031 --> 00:41:47,051
that statement really...
753
00:41:48,120 --> 00:41:48,140
...hurt.
754
00:41:51,021 --> 00:41:52,191
Can we afford to slip
in this room?
755
00:41:52,211 --> 00:41:53,080
-[all] No.
-No, we can't.
756
00:41:53,100 --> 00:41:55,071
That's the problem.
757
00:41:55,091 --> 00:41:56,021
Because these things
will add up quickly.
758
00:41:56,040 --> 00:41:57,091
We're all human beings
759
00:41:57,111 --> 00:41:59,171
but there's
a computer behind this
760
00:41:59,191 --> 00:42:02,211
and it adds it up
super fast in nanoseconds
761
00:42:02,231 --> 00:42:04,071
and if you have too much wing
in the wrong category
762
00:42:04,091 --> 00:42:07,080
you are out of the running.
763
00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:10,111
Between 2012 and 2014,
764
00:42:10,131 --> 00:42:14,231
I was doing
a very in-depth two year project
765
00:42:14,251 --> 00:42:16,231
where we looked at
online job applications
766
00:42:16,251 --> 00:42:20,140
from every aspect.
767
00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:24,171
We found that a company
named Unicru was marketing
768
00:42:24,191 --> 00:42:27,200
most of these tests
to each company
769
00:42:27,220 --> 00:42:32,060
as being uniquely suited
to identify the workers
770
00:42:32,080 --> 00:42:34,100
that that company wanted.
771
00:42:34,120 --> 00:42:38,080
So, presumably
every company wouldn't want
772
00:42:38,100 --> 00:42:39,160
the same type of person
773
00:42:39,180 --> 00:42:41,160
because they're different
kinds of companies
774
00:42:41,180 --> 00:42:43,200
and they're different
kinds of jobs.
775
00:42:45,171 --> 00:42:51,071
Every single test we looked at
evaluated mental state.
776
00:42:51,091 --> 00:42:53,120
And I would say
a good third of the questions
777
00:42:53,140 --> 00:42:56,220
actually evaluated mental
states of applicants.
778
00:42:58,211 --> 00:43:02,080
And it's unfair
and wrong to not hire someone
779
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:04,191
based on a mental disability.
780
00:43:05,080 --> 00:43:07,240
You can screen them out
781
00:43:08,021 --> 00:43:11,100
if you are unable to make
an accommodation to them
782
00:43:11,120 --> 00:43:15,100
after you've already hired them.
783
00:43:15,120 --> 00:43:19,060
But you can't pre-screen
and disqualify somebody
784
00:43:19,080 --> 00:43:20,160
based on a perceived disability.
785
00:43:23,191 --> 00:43:27,191
Every one of the tests
was administered nationwide.
786
00:43:27,211 --> 00:43:31,191
You went on a national website
to take this test.
787
00:43:31,211 --> 00:43:34,031
These were not
New York City employers.
788
00:43:34,051 --> 00:43:40,080
We're talking about Macy's,
Dunkin' Donuts, McDonald's...
789
00:43:40,100 --> 00:43:45,200
and they all had some variant
of this inappropriate test.
790
00:43:49,160 --> 00:43:53,220
They don't really understand
personality testing.
791
00:43:53,240 --> 00:43:55,160
They don't understand
what they're dealing with
792
00:43:55,180 --> 00:43:59,091
and you have vendors
who are telling them
793
00:43:59,111 --> 00:44:02,131
this is going to save you
oodles of bucks.
794
00:44:02,151 --> 00:44:05,021
It sounds like the magic bullet.
795
00:44:05,040 --> 00:44:09,060
It's a process by which
technologists hide ugly truths
796
00:44:09,080 --> 00:44:11,191
inside blackbox algorithms
and called them objective.
797
00:44:13,120 --> 00:44:15,120
Call them meritocratic.
798
00:44:17,040 --> 00:44:19,131
When they're secret,
important and destructive
799
00:44:19,151 --> 00:44:22,080
I coined a term
for these algorithms,
800
00:44:22,100 --> 00:44:24,140
weapons of mass destruction.
801
00:44:24,160 --> 00:44:27,151
[audience applauds and cheers]
802
00:44:32,051 --> 00:44:35,180
That's when you realized,
it's not just me,
803
00:44:35,200 --> 00:44:37,180
it's not just Kyle,
804
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:39,180
it's much broader than that.
805
00:44:39,200 --> 00:44:43,140
And that led us to talk
with people
806
00:44:43,160 --> 00:44:46,191
who are more qualified lawyers
807
00:44:46,211 --> 00:44:49,231
and then turn that
hopefully into change.
808
00:44:49,251 --> 00:44:54,191
The concern I have is
that people seem okay
809
00:44:54,211 --> 00:44:57,251
with kind of innovating
and testing out things
810
00:44:58,031 --> 00:45:01,191
where there isn't a lot
of scientific support
811
00:45:01,211 --> 00:45:03,071
to really document
that it works.
812
00:45:03,091 --> 00:45:04,151
Whereas you wouldn't do that
813
00:45:04,171 --> 00:45:07,091
if you were testing out
a new drug, right?
814
00:45:07,111 --> 00:45:10,200
You would actually develop
the science to support it.
815
00:45:10,220 --> 00:45:13,200
Somehow people think
this is like a low risk area.
816
00:45:13,220 --> 00:45:16,100
So let's just test
on all these humans
817
00:45:16,120 --> 00:45:19,060
before we know exactly
what the consequences are.
818
00:45:19,080 --> 00:45:20,111
What came to my mind
is job applicants
819
00:45:20,131 --> 00:45:22,220
are crash test dummies, right?
820
00:45:22,240 --> 00:45:25,180
Because we don't know
if it's going to work, but...
821
00:45:27,171 --> 00:45:28,160
how could it hurt?
822
00:45:28,180 --> 00:45:30,100
But unlike
the crash test dummies
823
00:45:30,120 --> 00:45:33,151
the people are there like
the dummies don't have feelings.
824
00:45:33,171 --> 00:45:36,140
The crash test dummy
does not have
825
00:45:36,160 --> 00:45:38,080
economic survival needs
or feelings.
826
00:45:38,100 --> 00:45:39,131
Correct.
827
00:45:39,151 --> 00:45:44,071
Personality tests are by a
large constructed to be ableist,
828
00:45:44,091 --> 00:45:47,160
to be racist, to be sexist
and to be classist.
829
00:45:47,180 --> 00:45:49,240
That's what happens
when you have a test
830
00:45:50,031 --> 00:45:52,220
that decides whether you're
friendly or not based on norms
831
00:45:52,240 --> 00:45:55,220
devised from college educated
straight white men
832
00:45:55,240 --> 00:45:58,021
who don't have
any known disabilities.
833
00:45:58,040 --> 00:46:02,240
Personality tests are useful
for individual people
834
00:46:03,021 --> 00:46:05,091
sometimes on journeys
of self discovery.
835
00:46:05,111 --> 00:46:07,021
But when they're used
to make decisions
836
00:46:07,040 --> 00:46:09,160
by other people,
affecting somebody's life,
837
00:46:09,180 --> 00:46:12,091
they become dangerous tools.
838
00:46:13,251 --> 00:46:15,191
My dad was just
pushing forward with this
839
00:46:15,211 --> 00:46:18,200
and we started getting
some more publicity.
840
00:46:18,220 --> 00:46:21,151
There was
a Wall Street Journal article
841
00:46:21,171 --> 00:46:23,100
that was written about
us.
842
00:46:23,120 --> 00:46:26,231
Being on the Wall Street Journal
cover page, this is important.
843
00:46:28,151 --> 00:46:30,060
Kyle is having an impact.
844
00:46:31,240 --> 00:46:34,231
And so now he's obsessed
with this idea.
845
00:46:34,251 --> 00:46:37,120
And he keeps digging,
and he keeps talking to people
846
00:46:37,140 --> 00:46:40,160
and he would go with third
party like test providers
847
00:46:40,180 --> 00:46:43,100
and ask
how they made their tests.
848
00:46:43,120 --> 00:46:46,060
We found that many of them
used something called
849
00:46:46,080 --> 00:46:48,240
the five factor model
of personality.
850
00:46:49,021 --> 00:46:56,231
They look at five major factors
in the context of hiring.
851
00:46:56,251 --> 00:46:59,140
The way the Big Five theory
developed was over decades.
852
00:46:59,160 --> 00:47:03,060
Academic researchers
took thousands of attributes
853
00:47:03,080 --> 00:47:07,131
adjectives that you might use
to describe people.
854
00:47:07,151 --> 00:47:10,060
They found
that five attributes explain
855
00:47:10,080 --> 00:47:13,120
most of the variants
in human personality.
856
00:47:15,031 --> 00:47:19,120
Conscientiousness,
agreeableness, neuroticism,
857
00:47:19,140 --> 00:47:22,220
openness to experience
and extroversion.
858
00:47:24,111 --> 00:47:28,131
With a Unicru
reading their statements
859
00:47:28,151 --> 00:47:29,111
and marketing materials,
860
00:47:29,131 --> 00:47:32,140
what it read was
Unicru allows you to clone
861
00:47:32,160 --> 00:47:34,131
your best performers.
862
00:47:36,171 --> 00:47:38,031
Cloning your best employee
863
00:47:38,051 --> 00:47:41,091
sort of led me down the path of,
"Who is that employee?"
864
00:47:44,160 --> 00:47:47,220
There's actually medical papers
out there explaining
865
00:47:47,240 --> 00:47:51,180
how you can generally
diagnose mental illnesses
866
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:53,220
using the five factor model.
867
00:47:53,240 --> 00:47:56,140
So under the Americans
with Disabilities Act,
868
00:47:56,160 --> 00:47:59,031
it's illegal to ask
prospective employees
869
00:47:59,051 --> 00:48:01,080
for medical information
or about anything
870
00:48:01,100 --> 00:48:03,080
about their physical
or mental health.
871
00:48:03,100 --> 00:48:06,160
You can't ask somebody
about a mental condition,
872
00:48:06,180 --> 00:48:09,180
but perhaps the technology
can tell whether somebody
873
00:48:09,200 --> 00:48:11,040
has a medical condition.
874
00:48:11,060 --> 00:48:13,220
You might not even know
you have a mental illness
875
00:48:13,240 --> 00:48:15,180
and taking
these personality tests
876
00:48:15,200 --> 00:48:19,151
you might keep getting denied
and just have no idea.
877
00:48:19,171 --> 00:48:23,211
I just cheated on Myers-Briggs
with another personality test.
878
00:48:23,231 --> 00:48:28,051
That's right,
I took the Big Five test.
879
00:48:28,071 --> 00:48:31,220
What I wanted to do is go
through the results live.
880
00:48:33,140 --> 00:48:35,091
We'll see how much
of a loser I am.
881
00:48:35,111 --> 00:48:38,071
All right, so first up
is agreeableness.
882
00:48:38,091 --> 00:48:43,051
Agreeableness?
I scored 77 which probably means
883
00:48:43,071 --> 00:48:44,231
I'm a big doormat.
884
00:48:44,251 --> 00:48:46,131
So now we move on
to the next one.
885
00:48:46,151 --> 00:48:48,171
Conscientiousness,
which I think
886
00:48:48,191 --> 00:48:52,140
basically translates
to how hard you work.
887
00:48:52,160 --> 00:48:53,251
Conscientiousness.
888
00:48:54,031 --> 00:48:59,100
Oh, I'm in the 4th percentile
of conscientiousness.
889
00:49:00,031 --> 00:49:01,080
Dang!
890
00:49:01,100 --> 00:49:03,171
Oh, now we're getting
to the stuff I'm good at.
891
00:49:03,191 --> 00:49:05,080
Neuroticism.
892
00:49:05,100 --> 00:49:08,160
Neuroticism,
I scored in the 97th percentile.
893
00:49:08,180 --> 00:49:10,031
No surprise there.
894
00:49:10,051 --> 00:49:13,171
People with exceptionally high
levels of neuroticism like me
895
00:49:13,191 --> 00:49:18,080
tend to think that everything in
life has always been going wrong
896
00:49:18,100 --> 00:49:19,211
and always will.
897
00:49:21,240 --> 00:49:23,040
[electronic music]
898
00:49:40,021 --> 00:49:41,151
When you steer
someone away from a job
899
00:49:41,171 --> 00:49:43,200
that they're not as
likely to do well in,
900
00:49:43,220 --> 00:49:46,060
you've done them a favor
901
00:49:46,080 --> 00:49:48,021
even though
it doesn't feel like a favor.
902
00:49:48,040 --> 00:49:50,251
If you help someone land
in a job
903
00:49:51,031 --> 00:49:53,021
that they're likely
to enjoy and do well
904
00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:54,140
it's a win for everybody.
905
00:49:54,160 --> 00:49:57,051
And, of course, companies
have a vested interest
906
00:49:57,071 --> 00:49:58,071
in picking the best people.
907
00:49:58,091 --> 00:50:03,051
The problem of why are some
people more interested
908
00:50:03,071 --> 00:50:06,111
and capable in specific types
of work?
909
00:50:06,131 --> 00:50:08,060
That's an interesting question.
910
00:50:09,040 --> 00:50:12,191
And I just fell in love
with it early on.
911
00:50:15,251 --> 00:50:17,220
We use Big Five.
912
00:50:17,240 --> 00:50:20,220
It's certainly not the only
theory of personality
913
00:50:20,240 --> 00:50:23,211
but it's got
a strong research basis.
914
00:50:25,191 --> 00:50:28,151
And I built some
of the earliest examples
915
00:50:28,171 --> 00:50:32,080
of automated psychological
testing that employers use
916
00:50:32,100 --> 00:50:35,180
to pick better employees.
917
00:50:36,231 --> 00:50:40,021
One of my first companies
that I worked for
918
00:50:40,040 --> 00:50:45,040
was trying to validate
an honesty test.
919
00:50:45,060 --> 00:50:47,091
Did you write number one?
920
00:50:47,151 --> 00:50:49,111
No.
921
00:50:49,131 --> 00:50:52,080
When I was in college,
you couldn't get a job
922
00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:54,171
at a convenience store or a gas
station
923
00:50:54,191 --> 00:50:56,220
without taking a polygraph.
924
00:50:56,240 --> 00:50:58,211
It was a very common practice.
925
00:50:58,231 --> 00:51:01,231
It wasn't reliable.
It wasn't scientifically valid.
926
00:51:01,251 --> 00:51:06,131
And so Congress passed
the Polygraph Protection Act
927
00:51:06,151 --> 00:51:09,040
which forbade
the use of the polygraph
928
00:51:09,060 --> 00:51:11,160
for employee selection
in most of the jobs.
929
00:51:18,251 --> 00:51:23,040
In the late 80s there were
a few influential developments
930
00:51:23,060 --> 00:51:25,220
in machine learning
and pattern recognition
931
00:51:25,240 --> 00:51:28,091
one of the major branches
of artificial intelligence.
932
00:51:28,111 --> 00:51:29,220
I was all about trying
to implement that research.
933
00:51:29,240 --> 00:51:34,091
And finally,
a group of entrepreneurs
934
00:51:34,111 --> 00:51:35,100
from the West Coast
called me and said,
935
00:51:35,120 --> 00:51:38,240
"We'd like to talk to you
about your research."
936
00:51:39,021 --> 00:51:42,021
And so I moved out to Portland
937
00:51:42,040 --> 00:51:44,171
and we put together
a little company
938
00:51:44,191 --> 00:51:47,060
that grew quite quickly.
939
00:51:47,080 --> 00:51:49,021
Six or seven years passed.
940
00:51:49,040 --> 00:51:52,091
We were estimated
to have about half
941
00:51:52,111 --> 00:51:56,060
of the domestic hourly hiring
market in the United States.
942
00:51:56,080 --> 00:51:58,080
So we were processing
943
00:51:58,100 --> 00:52:01,071
between 70 and 90 million
applications a year.
944
00:52:01,091 --> 00:52:05,211
Hotel, customer service,
waiters.
945
00:52:05,231 --> 00:52:07,131
Our little system's here
946
00:52:07,151 --> 00:52:10,231
influencing the lives
of millions of people.
947
00:52:14,240 --> 00:52:17,171
Even though I had
so many positive things
948
00:52:17,191 --> 00:52:20,080
going on in my life
I just couldn't stop revisiting,
949
00:52:20,100 --> 00:52:26,191
Why me, why am I un-hireable?
What's wrong with me?
950
00:52:27,080 --> 00:52:29,091
Is my personality wrong?
951
00:52:29,111 --> 00:52:30,231
Is there something
wrong with me?
952
00:52:30,251 --> 00:52:31,040
Am I broken?
953
00:52:34,080 --> 00:52:39,131
We could actually be explicitly
making sure that hiring systems
954
00:52:39,151 --> 00:52:45,191
are inclusive and creating
diverse workforces.
955
00:52:45,211 --> 00:52:47,120
That's not what we're doing,
though.
956
00:52:47,140 --> 00:52:50,040
What we're doing
is propagating past practices.
957
00:52:50,060 --> 00:52:52,240
We are repeating the past.
958
00:52:53,021 --> 00:52:55,231
[Kyle] Is this platform new?
959
00:52:55,251 --> 00:52:58,240
People constantly have to
perform their personalities.
960
00:52:59,021 --> 00:53:02,080
They are always on the clock.
961
00:53:02,100 --> 00:53:06,131
And they not only have
to perform their personalities
962
00:53:06,151 --> 00:53:07,211
but they have
to be happy to do it.
963
00:53:07,231 --> 00:53:10,031
They have to do it willingly.
964
00:53:10,051 --> 00:53:11,251
I think one
of the extraordinary things
965
00:53:12,031 --> 00:53:14,200
about the Myers-Briggs
Type Indicator
966
00:53:14,220 --> 00:53:16,231
is that that's there from
its very inception,
967
00:53:16,251 --> 00:53:19,160
almost incidentally.
968
00:53:19,180 --> 00:53:20,200
But of course
it's not an accident
969
00:53:20,220 --> 00:53:24,131
because Isabel herself is
a product of this ideology.
970
00:53:24,220 --> 00:53:27,140
[Myers voice]
971
00:53:40,200 --> 00:53:42,171
When I started
researching the book,
972
00:53:42,191 --> 00:53:46,231
I thought it would be a fairly
simple research process.
973
00:53:46,251 --> 00:53:51,021
But the more I got into it,
the more I realized
974
00:53:51,040 --> 00:53:53,200
that there were things
people didn't want me to find.
975
00:53:57,140 --> 00:54:01,080
So I would go up to archives
and the files that I needed
976
00:54:01,100 --> 00:54:03,031
would have been removed.
977
00:54:04,060 --> 00:54:06,251
I would go to archives
and there would be people
978
00:54:07,031 --> 00:54:10,040
assigned to watch me
as I was doing my work.
979
00:54:10,060 --> 00:54:12,231
That does start making you
a little bit paranoid.
980
00:54:14,021 --> 00:54:16,051
What is it that the people
981
00:54:16,071 --> 00:54:18,140
who have a vested interest
in the indicator
982
00:54:18,160 --> 00:54:21,231
don't want disclosed
about it's origins.
983
00:54:23,080 --> 00:54:27,160
I was completely stunned
to realize that Isabel
984
00:54:27,180 --> 00:54:29,160
was a successful
mystery novelist
985
00:54:29,180 --> 00:54:31,160
before she designed
the type indicator.
986
00:54:34,111 --> 00:54:38,120
And in the late 1920s
she had written a mystery novel
987
00:54:38,140 --> 00:54:39,211
in about five weeks.
988
00:54:39,231 --> 00:54:41,091
She had done it
while her children
989
00:54:41,111 --> 00:54:42,251
were asleep at night.
990
00:54:43,031 --> 00:54:45,231
And she had entered it
into a competition
991
00:54:45,251 --> 00:54:48,021
and it had won
and was published.
992
00:54:49,200 --> 00:54:51,160
And then I realized
993
00:54:51,180 --> 00:54:53,060
that she had written
a second novel,
994
00:54:53,080 --> 00:54:57,220
but that novel wasn't advertised
anywhere on the website.
995
00:54:57,240 --> 00:55:00,180
It was very, very difficult
to track down
996
00:55:00,200 --> 00:55:03,180
in any sort
of mainstream library.
997
00:55:05,100 --> 00:55:09,160
And when I finally found it
and I read it, I understood why.
998
00:55:15,131 --> 00:55:20,071
Because that novel features
the same team of detectives.
999
00:55:20,091 --> 00:55:22,060
Only this time
they're investigating
1000
00:55:22,080 --> 00:55:25,200
a series of suicides that take
place among an old aristocratic
1001
00:55:25,220 --> 00:55:27,091
Southern family.
1002
00:55:33,151 --> 00:55:36,091
And it turns out that the reason
the members of this family
1003
00:55:36,111 --> 00:55:39,021
are committing suicide is
because they believe
1004
00:55:39,040 --> 00:55:42,040
that they have a single drop
1005
00:55:42,060 --> 00:55:44,131
of African American blood
in their veins.
1006
00:55:46,231 --> 00:55:49,211
[ominous music]
1007
00:55:58,220 --> 00:56:02,131
And so it's a really
horrifyingly racist novel.
1008
00:56:09,171 --> 00:56:12,111
Reading it I felt betrayed,
1009
00:56:12,131 --> 00:56:14,191
because you have this woman
who on the one hand
1010
00:56:14,211 --> 00:56:19,131
is committed to a certain set
of progressive ideals,
1011
00:56:19,151 --> 00:56:21,160
particularly for her time.
1012
00:56:21,180 --> 00:56:24,120
And on the other hand,
everything she's doing
1013
00:56:24,140 --> 00:56:27,151
is weighed down by a very, very
troubling set of ideologies.
1014
00:56:40,060 --> 00:56:43,080
So, for instance when Isabel
is first administering
1015
00:56:43,100 --> 00:56:47,031
the indicator to people
who work at a factory
1016
00:56:47,051 --> 00:56:49,220
she wouldn't test anybody
she said with an IQ under 100
1017
00:56:49,240 --> 00:56:51,080
because she didn't believe
1018
00:56:51,100 --> 00:56:53,071
that they have the cognitive
capabilities
1019
00:56:53,091 --> 00:56:56,091
to differentiate
their personalities.
1020
00:56:59,060 --> 00:57:00,160
And she argues that the people
1021
00:57:00,180 --> 00:57:03,060
who have the clearest
personality preferences are
1022
00:57:03,080 --> 00:57:05,131
research scientists and CEOs.
1023
00:57:11,180 --> 00:57:13,151
When the type indicator
was first designed
1024
00:57:13,171 --> 00:57:16,051
there were separate answer keys
for men and for women,
1025
00:57:16,071 --> 00:57:18,021
under the assumption that women
1026
00:57:18,040 --> 00:57:20,111
were simply biologically
predisposed to feeling
1027
00:57:20,131 --> 00:57:22,111
and so you couldn't actually
evaluate
1028
00:57:22,131 --> 00:57:26,051
men's and women's answers
on the same scale.
1029
00:57:26,071 --> 00:57:27,111
They had to have different
scales.
1030
00:57:31,140 --> 00:57:34,100
All of these little moments
in the history
1031
00:57:34,120 --> 00:57:35,131
of the type indicator
contain these traces
1032
00:57:35,151 --> 00:57:40,021
of Isabel's classicism
and her racism and her sexism
1033
00:57:40,040 --> 00:57:42,091
and her ableism.
1034
00:57:50,080 --> 00:57:52,160
It's primarily
the white managerial class,
1035
00:57:52,180 --> 00:57:54,071
around which the idea
of personality,
1036
00:57:54,091 --> 00:57:58,031
as Isabel understands it
and articulates it
1037
00:57:58,051 --> 00:58:00,160
through the type indicator,
is constructed.
1038
00:58:01,111 --> 00:58:04,171
The way the indicator
was designed
1039
00:58:04,191 --> 00:58:07,091
and the way that any
personality test
1040
00:58:07,111 --> 00:58:11,080
really is designed is
to perpetuate the language
1041
00:58:11,100 --> 00:58:13,140
of individuality
and of the self
1042
00:58:13,160 --> 00:58:15,160
for people who already
have access to it.
1043
00:58:19,120 --> 00:58:23,071
If people create something
they bring into that something
1044
00:58:23,091 --> 00:58:25,060
all of their preexisting values.
1045
00:58:25,080 --> 00:58:27,111
There is no way
to preemptively excise
1046
00:58:27,131 --> 00:58:28,231
those values from the creation.
1047
00:58:28,251 --> 00:58:31,231
Problem is what does it mean
when those biases are tied
1048
00:58:31,251 --> 00:58:35,151
to systems of power that harm
whole communities of people.
1049
00:58:41,171 --> 00:58:43,200
It was really telling to me
how Isabel's prejudices
1050
00:58:43,220 --> 00:58:48,060
which it would be very easy
to dismiss as being of her time,
1051
00:58:48,080 --> 00:58:51,031
were not of her time,
they're of our present
1052
00:58:51,051 --> 00:58:52,191
and they continue
to be used today
1053
00:58:52,211 --> 00:58:54,180
to sustain the powers
of the dominant classes.
1054
00:59:02,060 --> 00:59:05,140
Merve Emre came out with a book
of the personality brokers.
1055
00:59:05,160 --> 00:59:09,021
She made some assumptions
and implied some things
1056
00:59:09,040 --> 00:59:11,040
I don't even want to repeat
because I found them
1057
00:59:11,060 --> 00:59:13,160
so profoundly offensive.
1058
00:59:13,180 --> 00:59:18,100
Isabel did care deeply
about preventing another Hitler
1059
00:59:18,120 --> 00:59:19,160
about intolerance.
1060
00:59:19,180 --> 00:59:24,200
And I think that her really
primary focus was to appreciate
1061
00:59:24,220 --> 00:59:26,120
your own uniqueness
1062
00:59:26,140 --> 00:59:30,040
and be able to appreciate
people who are different,
1063
00:59:30,060 --> 00:59:33,191
which has never seemed more
relevant to me than it does now.
1064
00:59:39,131 --> 00:59:42,111
I think there are ways
that it's being used
1065
00:59:42,131 --> 00:59:47,140
that she would want to get
in there and correct.
1066
00:59:47,160 --> 00:59:51,120
I don't think she ever wanted
to see it used to discriminate
1067
00:59:51,140 --> 00:59:52,200
in hiring, for example.
1068
00:59:56,091 --> 00:59:58,080
Increasing the speed
1069
00:59:58,100 --> 01:00:00,140
and memory
capability of computers.
1070
01:00:00,160 --> 01:00:04,131
Like most sociologists
I'd learned about bias,
1071
01:00:04,151 --> 01:00:07,131
in terms of human bias,
and I never really thought
1072
01:00:07,151 --> 01:00:11,051
about the fact that bias
could also be encoded
1073
01:00:11,071 --> 01:00:13,040
in computer programming.
1074
01:00:13,060 --> 01:00:15,151
With new technologies
we're actually encountering
1075
01:00:15,171 --> 01:00:17,100
new forms of discrimination,
1076
01:00:17,120 --> 01:00:19,180
that were not really
conceived of
1077
01:00:19,200 --> 01:00:22,031
when we created
the antidiscrimination laws
1078
01:00:22,051 --> 01:00:23,171
that we have now.
1079
01:00:27,091 --> 01:00:28,220
Is there really evidence
1080
01:00:28,240 --> 01:00:32,040
that employment personality
tests can be racially biased?
1081
01:00:32,060 --> 01:00:34,251
So, I would say yes.
1082
01:00:41,021 --> 01:00:45,231
The whole idea of people beating
the system has definitely been
1083
01:00:45,251 --> 01:00:49,140
an idea that has it has existed
for quite some time.
1084
01:00:49,160 --> 01:00:51,200
You know,
people react to programs
1085
01:00:51,220 --> 01:00:54,171
that they feel are exclusionary
and they resist.
1086
01:00:58,251 --> 01:01:01,220
Alright, so superstars,
I've introduced you to a concept
1087
01:01:01,240 --> 01:01:06,040
about how to handle personality
assessments, right?
1088
01:01:06,060 --> 01:01:07,111
This training is a follow up.
1089
01:01:07,131 --> 01:01:09,080
We call this the results show.
1090
01:01:09,100 --> 01:01:11,191
So that you'll see
the results of your actions.
1091
01:01:11,211 --> 01:01:13,160
Whether your clicks,
whether your answers
1092
01:01:13,180 --> 01:01:14,191
would have either proved
valuable for you
1093
01:01:14,211 --> 01:01:18,131
or would have drained
your access to the job, right?
1094
01:01:18,151 --> 01:01:19,140
Okay, so we start
with number 14.
1095
01:01:19,160 --> 01:01:23,160
For the most part,
all of you love yourself.
1096
01:01:23,180 --> 01:01:25,151
You're happy,
you're happy with yourself.
1097
01:01:25,171 --> 01:01:27,031
All of you.
For the most part...
1098
01:01:27,051 --> 01:01:28,151
You have to be able
to be like water
1099
01:01:28,171 --> 01:01:31,220
as Bruce Lee said, you know,
to be flexible
1100
01:01:31,240 --> 01:01:33,100
and the person that's the most
flexible is going to be
1101
01:01:33,120 --> 01:01:35,160
the person that gets the job.
1102
01:01:35,180 --> 01:01:36,160
All right,
here's another question.
1103
01:01:36,180 --> 01:01:40,120
It's hard to be optimistic
about the future?
1104
01:01:40,140 --> 01:01:43,060
Adrian said yes, and Clyde,
1105
01:01:43,080 --> 01:01:45,160
I feel bad for you.
1106
01:01:45,180 --> 01:01:47,080
Not to get personal.
This is not personal.
1107
01:01:47,100 --> 01:01:51,100
I mean, the click says maybe
1108
01:01:51,120 --> 01:01:53,071
what you felt at the moment,
right?
1109
01:01:53,091 --> 01:01:55,021
And I agree,
1110
01:01:55,040 --> 01:01:55,240
sometimes it is hard
1111
01:01:56,021 --> 01:01:56,231
to be optimistic
about the future.
1112
01:01:56,251 --> 01:01:59,111
But would you
in the interview say, yeah.
1113
01:01:59,131 --> 01:02:01,200
now, that you mentioned it?
1114
01:02:03,111 --> 01:02:03,211
Future.
1115
01:02:06,160 --> 01:02:09,171
Can we talk about,
can we talk about this?
1116
01:02:10,180 --> 01:02:12,171
These questions
are coming from a person
1117
01:02:12,191 --> 01:02:15,240
with a distinctive difference
from the people
1118
01:02:16,021 --> 01:02:18,211
that are receiving these
applications or assessments.
1119
01:02:18,231 --> 01:02:23,140
You can have questions worded
in a way that a person
1120
01:02:23,160 --> 01:02:24,191
has never heard before
1121
01:02:24,211 --> 01:02:26,200
and it could throw them
totally off.
1122
01:02:26,220 --> 01:02:30,200
So people...
I love that word, people.
1123
01:02:30,220 --> 01:02:32,080
People may have to suffer
some criticism
1124
01:02:32,100 --> 01:02:35,021
in order to achieve a goal.
1125
01:02:35,040 --> 01:02:38,180
And everybody said "yes"
except Adrian said "no".
1126
01:02:40,111 --> 01:02:41,140
No criticism from me.
1127
01:02:41,160 --> 01:02:44,211
I can achieve my goal
my own way.
1128
01:02:44,231 --> 01:02:49,231
It depends how you feel
because I don't have no--
1129
01:02:49,251 --> 01:02:51,100
You have to just ask yourself
1130
01:02:51,120 --> 01:02:53,220
why they're asking me
this question, right?
1131
01:02:53,240 --> 01:02:55,171
And so they just asking you,
I think,
1132
01:02:55,191 --> 01:02:57,060
Can you take some criticism?
1133
01:02:57,080 --> 01:02:59,180
Would you agree you could take
some critic-- you might need.
1134
01:02:59,200 --> 01:03:01,251
Has Mr E ever criticized you?
1135
01:03:03,071 --> 01:03:04,231
-Yeah.
-Ah, alright, so your answer
1136
01:03:04,251 --> 01:03:07,111
actually is yes
if you think about it, right?
1137
01:03:07,131 --> 01:03:08,151
Oh, I love this one.
1138
01:03:08,171 --> 01:03:13,120
I do not recall...
can't remember,
1139
01:03:13,140 --> 01:03:17,200
telling a lie in recent years.
1140
01:03:19,200 --> 01:03:22,040
And look at these angels.
1141
01:03:22,060 --> 01:03:23,200
Right down.
1142
01:03:25,240 --> 01:03:29,191
Now, that's very admirable.
1143
01:03:29,211 --> 01:03:31,171
They design these things
very carefully
1144
01:03:31,191 --> 01:03:34,151
and I cannot get
into the algorithms
1145
01:03:34,171 --> 01:03:36,220
of how they figure
this stuff out,
1146
01:03:36,240 --> 01:03:38,220
but I do think
it could be a trick question.
1147
01:03:40,211 --> 01:03:43,191
Obviously, it's very painful,
it's discouraging.
1148
01:03:43,211 --> 01:03:47,251
See now, Adrian,
you're getting consistent.
1149
01:03:48,031 --> 01:03:51,111
And now they're feeling
where you're at, right?
1150
01:03:51,131 --> 01:03:52,220
That's right in the numbers.
1151
01:03:52,240 --> 01:03:55,200
The software is now saying,
flashing red light.
1152
01:03:55,220 --> 01:03:59,200
I'm pleased to know
that we believe we have a way
1153
01:03:59,220 --> 01:04:03,180
to train to it,
but that's a very small portion
1154
01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:04,240
of the population.
1155
01:04:05,021 --> 01:04:06,211
You know, I have anywhere
1156
01:04:06,231 --> 01:04:09,071
from 10 to 25 students
at a time.
1157
01:04:09,091 --> 01:04:13,160
We might get to 200, 250,
300 students a year.
1158
01:04:13,180 --> 01:04:17,031
It's New York City,
that's not a lot of people.
1159
01:04:17,051 --> 01:04:21,100
Most people have no access
to this kind of training
1160
01:04:21,120 --> 01:04:22,240
or this kind of framing.
1161
01:04:25,220 --> 01:04:27,171
I have suffered many times
1162
01:04:27,191 --> 01:04:31,180
before I even had this
opportunity of coming to Hope.
1163
01:04:31,200 --> 01:04:34,231
But when I came here,
it gave me hope.
1164
01:04:34,251 --> 01:04:36,191
It gave me a passion.
1165
01:04:36,211 --> 01:04:41,240
It gave me everything
that I've been dreaming of,
1166
01:04:42,021 --> 01:04:45,131
when I couldn't get it
nowhere else.
1167
01:04:45,151 --> 01:04:48,091
One day someone will take
an interest in me.
1168
01:04:59,071 --> 01:05:01,071
Let's face it,
most psychological tests
1169
01:05:01,091 --> 01:05:03,240
are written by middle aged,
white guys like me
1170
01:05:04,021 --> 01:05:08,191
and we can't possibly assimilate
all the complexity, cultural
1171
01:05:08,211 --> 01:05:11,180
and individual variation
that our systems
1172
01:05:11,200 --> 01:05:13,200
are going to capture.
1173
01:05:13,220 --> 01:05:19,031
Therefore, we have to anticipate
that our data sets themselves
1174
01:05:19,051 --> 01:05:21,091
could be the source
of contamination
1175
01:05:21,111 --> 01:05:23,120
and we have to analyze that,
1176
01:05:23,140 --> 01:05:26,211
and in my own working life
I've done research
1177
01:05:26,231 --> 01:05:30,180
with companies where patterns
of discrimination were observed.
1178
01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:34,171
But I do also understand
that if these algorithms
1179
01:05:34,191 --> 01:05:39,021
are configured properly,
they're going to make far more
1180
01:05:39,040 --> 01:05:43,160
correct decisions than
they're going to make errors.
1181
01:05:43,180 --> 01:05:45,040
[interviewer]
1182
01:05:48,111 --> 01:05:49,151
Of course, oh yeah.
1183
01:05:52,040 --> 01:05:55,120
I would say you may have applied
for the wrong job.
1184
01:05:55,140 --> 01:05:57,140
Who wants a job
you're going to hate?
1185
01:05:57,160 --> 01:06:02,200
Having work that is...
makes us happy,
1186
01:06:02,220 --> 01:06:05,091
is the best, it's just the best
1187
01:06:05,111 --> 01:06:08,140
and it's a natural
for human beings to actualize
1188
01:06:08,160 --> 01:06:12,060
as it is for a tree
to put leaves out.
1189
01:06:12,080 --> 01:06:15,021
It's what we're designed to do.
1190
01:06:15,040 --> 01:06:16,111
And any time
that doesn't happen,
1191
01:06:16,131 --> 01:06:19,171
that's a tragic loss.
1192
01:06:24,191 --> 01:06:26,171
Almost eight weeks ago,
1193
01:06:26,191 --> 01:06:30,021
my wife and I went over
to Kyle's house.
1194
01:06:33,220 --> 01:06:38,021
We got there and saw
that his car was in the garage.
1195
01:06:38,040 --> 01:06:40,131
The house was locked up.
1196
01:06:42,051 --> 01:06:46,051
We were able to open
the garage door.
1197
01:06:46,071 --> 01:06:47,140
Went in the house
1198
01:06:48,051 --> 01:06:51,021
and went up to his bedroom
1199
01:06:51,040 --> 01:06:54,131
and found Kyle dead there.
1200
01:06:54,151 --> 01:06:58,140
He had taken his life and...
1201
01:07:02,171 --> 01:07:06,100
everything since then
has been adjusting.
1202
01:07:14,080 --> 01:07:17,060
[sad music]
1203
01:07:18,240 --> 01:07:20,191
[child's voice]
1204
01:07:22,171 --> 01:07:25,240
[Kyle shouting cheerfully]
1205
01:07:30,171 --> 01:07:33,251
[sad music continues]
1206
01:07:37,031 --> 01:07:39,021
[indistinct chatter]
1207
01:07:48,220 --> 01:07:50,251
[slide projector clicking]
1208
01:07:51,031 --> 01:07:55,051
Kyle, had 29 years
of wonderful life
1209
01:07:56,131 --> 01:07:58,021
that I am...
1210
01:08:01,111 --> 01:08:06,171
ever grateful for having had him
for those 29 years.
1211
01:08:06,191 --> 01:08:10,051
For him having been
a part of my life for that.
1212
01:08:11,060 --> 01:08:15,050
I would have liked it had
been much much longer...
1213
01:08:17,231 --> 01:08:20,111
...and it's not.
1214
01:08:20,130 --> 01:08:23,140
But while he's physically
not with us,
1215
01:08:23,161 --> 01:08:26,210
he still connects.
1216
01:08:26,231 --> 01:08:30,031
You know, you go a lot of places
where we used to go.
1217
01:08:30,050 --> 01:08:34,041
You do things that we used to do
or you continue on in this case
1218
01:08:34,060 --> 01:08:35,170
you know, fighting the fights
1219
01:08:35,191 --> 01:08:37,191
that he thought
were important to fight.
1220
01:08:42,191 --> 01:08:45,050
I never met Kyle
and I don't want to presume
1221
01:08:45,071 --> 01:08:47,041
to know what did Kyle feel
1222
01:08:47,060 --> 01:08:48,130
what was Kyle thinking.
1223
01:08:48,151 --> 01:08:50,081
When I hear about
what happened in Kyle's life
1224
01:08:50,100 --> 01:08:54,250
with facing persistent ableism
and cynicism in his attempt
1225
01:08:55,031 --> 01:08:58,191
just to find
a little bit of work to do
1226
01:08:58,210 --> 01:09:01,071
and when I hear about
his ultimate...
1227
01:09:01,090 --> 01:09:06,151
the ultimate end of his life,
that he died by suicide,
1228
01:09:06,170 --> 01:09:09,041
I think of dozens
of other community members
1229
01:09:09,060 --> 01:09:13,170
that I know and anytime
that I learn that somebody
1230
01:09:13,191 --> 01:09:15,031
from our community
is no longer here,
1231
01:09:15,050 --> 01:09:17,140
it is deeply sobering,
it is deeply upsetting
1232
01:09:17,161 --> 01:09:20,201
and it is a further indictment
of the society that we live in
1233
01:09:20,220 --> 01:09:23,170
of just how profoundly
fucked it all is.
1234
01:09:25,191 --> 01:09:28,130
[interviewer speaking
indistinctly]
1235
01:09:29,220 --> 01:09:31,130
So my name is
Dr Nathan Mondragon.
1236
01:09:31,151 --> 01:09:34,031
I'm the chief industrial
and organizational psychologist
1237
01:09:34,050 --> 01:09:35,071
with a company called HireVue.
1238
01:09:37,250 --> 01:09:41,231
HireVue is, in a nutshell
a video interview platform.
1239
01:09:43,031 --> 01:09:46,210
We're growing
significantly year over year.
1240
01:09:50,041 --> 01:09:53,170
Dr Scarborough's tests were kind
of multiple choice questions.
1241
01:09:55,151 --> 01:09:58,161
You then roll answers to
1242
01:09:58,180 --> 01:10:01,210
those questions up
into a score of some sort.
1243
01:10:01,231 --> 01:10:04,170
Savvy applicants
start to figure out
1244
01:10:04,191 --> 01:10:06,231
what the answer key might be.
1245
01:10:09,081 --> 01:10:11,201
The next level of research
that we're doing is
1246
01:10:11,220 --> 01:10:14,081
we look at the words.
1247
01:10:14,100 --> 01:10:17,121
We also look at
the audio patterns
1248
01:10:17,140 --> 01:10:18,210
and then we're starting
to look at
1249
01:10:18,231 --> 01:10:20,140
what's called
the facial action units,
1250
01:10:20,161 --> 01:10:22,041
the movement of the face.
1251
01:10:23,210 --> 01:10:26,090
So an example.
Do you like your boss?
1252
01:10:26,111 --> 01:10:28,180
And you say,
"I like my boss."
1253
01:10:28,201 --> 01:10:31,241
Alright, good,
but "I like my boss,"
1254
01:10:32,021 --> 01:10:35,021
has a different connotation
to it when you layer
1255
01:10:35,041 --> 01:10:37,241
the video and the audio
and the facial movement
1256
01:10:38,021 --> 01:10:39,191
on top of the text.
1257
01:10:41,210 --> 01:10:43,100
That's what we're researching.
1258
01:10:43,121 --> 01:10:46,241
That is unproven at this point.
1259
01:10:50,180 --> 01:10:53,100
When I first learned
about HireVue
1260
01:10:53,121 --> 01:10:56,140
my reaction was,
"I'm sorry, what?
1261
01:10:56,161 --> 01:10:59,210
Employers are trying to do
what exactly?
1262
01:10:59,231 --> 01:11:03,050
How do you purport to be able
to look at a video
1263
01:11:03,071 --> 01:11:05,210
of a person's speech
and movement and say
1264
01:11:05,231 --> 01:11:07,100
"Oh, now, we know
from this video,
1265
01:11:07,121 --> 01:11:10,041
whether or not you are going
to be successful at this job."
1266
01:11:10,060 --> 01:11:13,170
What the hell does that have
to actually do with anything?
1267
01:11:15,121 --> 01:11:19,060
Perception of emotions
is very subjective, right?
1268
01:11:19,081 --> 01:11:23,161
And it's also
very culturally specific.
1269
01:11:23,180 --> 01:11:26,060
So for example, somebody
from Russia will have
1270
01:11:26,081 --> 01:11:31,111
different body movements
or body language to express
1271
01:11:31,130 --> 01:11:36,191
even the same emotion
as somebody from North America.
1272
01:11:42,071 --> 01:11:43,151
Humans are biased, yes.
1273
01:11:43,170 --> 01:11:47,021
But one biased human manager
can only impact
1274
01:11:47,041 --> 01:11:49,220
maybe a hundred resumes
at a time.
1275
01:11:49,241 --> 01:11:52,100
But one biased
automated hiring system,
1276
01:11:52,121 --> 01:11:56,231
that is deployed throughout a
corporation can actually impact
1277
01:11:56,250 --> 01:11:58,130
hundreds of thousands
of resumes.
1278
01:12:01,250 --> 01:12:04,170
I think that very much goes
against our Constitution.
1279
01:12:04,191 --> 01:12:06,121
It goes against
who we are as Americans.
1280
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:14,180
I mean what I'm saying
we're doing is in accordance
1281
01:12:14,201 --> 01:12:15,241
with what's called
the uniform guidelines
1282
01:12:16,021 --> 01:12:18,191
and professional standards
and practices and principles.
1283
01:12:18,210 --> 01:12:22,090
Have we been sued? No.
1284
01:12:22,111 --> 01:12:27,100
There's stuff out there
people are looking.
1285
01:12:27,121 --> 01:12:30,201
David Scarborough,
he came under fire at Unicru
1286
01:12:30,220 --> 01:12:33,031
for some stuff as well
years ago
1287
01:12:33,050 --> 01:12:35,250
and it's just part
of the business
1288
01:12:36,031 --> 01:12:39,071
but if you do things correctly
1289
01:12:39,090 --> 01:12:42,151
you're maximizing
that defendability.
1290
01:12:42,170 --> 01:12:46,050
One worry is the idea
that automated hiring platforms
1291
01:12:46,071 --> 01:12:48,060
could actually create
an underclass of people
1292
01:12:48,081 --> 01:12:52,241
who are permanently
unemployable.
1293
01:12:53,021 --> 01:12:56,100
Once someone gets rejected
from several jobs
1294
01:12:56,121 --> 01:13:00,151
that actually does create
a gap in employment.
1295
01:13:00,170 --> 01:13:03,161
And then that gap in employment
just gets bigger and bigger
1296
01:13:03,180 --> 01:13:06,041
each time they get rejected
and that kind of puts them
1297
01:13:06,060 --> 01:13:08,201
in a position
where they're now
1298
01:13:08,220 --> 01:13:11,201
no longer a preferred worker.
1299
01:13:13,140 --> 01:13:15,090
Then there's a worry
that you're designating
1300
01:13:15,111 --> 01:13:19,151
certain groups of people
as unfit for employment
1301
01:13:19,170 --> 01:13:22,250
and this really goes back
to notions of eugenics.
1302
01:13:24,180 --> 01:13:28,180
Eugenics was this major movement
at the turn of the 20th century
1303
01:13:28,201 --> 01:13:30,081
that gained enormous traction
1304
01:13:30,100 --> 01:13:31,121
to the point
where several cities
1305
01:13:31,140 --> 01:13:35,121
in the United States founded
their own societies
1306
01:13:35,140 --> 01:13:36,090
for the public hygiene.
1307
01:13:36,111 --> 01:13:39,060
Eugenics was the science
of the future
1308
01:13:39,081 --> 01:13:40,170
of forward thinking people.
1309
01:13:40,191 --> 01:13:43,050
Eugenics was the science
of devising a better society
1310
01:13:43,071 --> 01:13:44,060
by creating better humans.
1311
01:13:44,081 --> 01:13:46,130
But eugenics itself is,
of course,
1312
01:13:46,151 --> 01:13:50,031
deeply white supremacist
and deeply ableist,
1313
01:13:50,050 --> 01:13:51,250
because eugenics
was the science of deciding
1314
01:13:52,031 --> 01:13:53,081
which kinds of people
1315
01:13:53,100 --> 01:13:55,090
deserve to reproduce
and to be reproduced.
1316
01:13:55,111 --> 01:13:56,121
Which kinds of people
deserve to exist
1317
01:13:56,140 --> 01:13:59,161
which kinds of people did not.
Which kinds of people
1318
01:13:59,180 --> 01:14:00,241
would be counted as productive
1319
01:14:01,021 --> 01:14:02,041
and contributing members
of society,
1320
01:14:02,060 --> 01:14:04,121
and in turn,
which kinds of people
1321
01:14:04,140 --> 01:14:06,111
would instead be cast off
as burdens.
1322
01:14:11,210 --> 01:14:14,060
And that's why we got to go
the extra mile to show them
1323
01:14:14,081 --> 01:14:18,140
"No, I'm superior
in so many different ways."
1324
01:14:18,161 --> 01:14:21,100
Eugenics continues to be
mainstream science
1325
01:14:21,121 --> 01:14:22,250
in the United States,
just not under that name.
1326
01:14:23,031 --> 01:14:25,111
We think that you're worthy
because your personality is
1327
01:14:25,130 --> 01:14:27,050
the appropriate
personality here.
1328
01:14:27,071 --> 01:14:28,130
Your personality is
the one that matches those
1329
01:14:28,151 --> 01:14:31,170
of previously successful
performers of this company.
1330
01:14:31,191 --> 01:14:34,100
And they want to see
that you are the best person.
1331
01:14:34,121 --> 01:14:37,210
Not because you said it,
because I demonstrated it.
1332
01:14:37,231 --> 01:14:41,170
Employers or other people
who are using things
1333
01:14:41,191 --> 01:14:43,021
like personality tests to decide
1334
01:14:43,041 --> 01:14:45,111
who they want
to offer opportunities to...
1335
01:14:45,130 --> 01:14:47,231
that is... let us be very clear
about this and not mince words.
1336
01:14:47,250 --> 01:14:48,161
Who they want to make sure
1337
01:14:50,071 --> 01:14:51,090
and a roof over their head
1338
01:14:53,050 --> 01:14:55,060
fuck you, sucks to be you.
1339
01:14:55,081 --> 01:14:57,180
Then they're relying on the same
type of pseudoscience
1340
01:14:57,201 --> 01:15:01,071
that you are doing when you were
measuring people's skulls
1341
01:15:01,090 --> 01:15:04,121
to decide which person
is intelligent or not.
1342
01:15:08,250 --> 01:15:12,100
[car engine]
1343
01:15:13,090 --> 01:15:15,121
Meeting today is
an important step
1344
01:15:15,140 --> 01:15:18,170
because we're looking
to change the law
1345
01:15:18,191 --> 01:15:25,220
to be able to more effectively
protect those who are
1346
01:15:25,241 --> 01:15:27,071
discriminated against.
1347
01:15:28,031 --> 01:15:31,111
[plaintive music]
1348
01:15:44,130 --> 01:15:45,161
I don't think that there is
an end to the quest
1349
01:15:45,180 --> 01:15:49,250
there's an end to this
particular part of the quest.
1350
01:15:50,031 --> 01:15:52,161
He would have loved being part
of today's meeting
1351
01:15:54,050 --> 01:15:54,161
up on the hill.
1352
01:15:57,050 --> 01:16:01,130
Yeah, he was there.
1353
01:16:01,151 --> 01:16:05,100
Just not as vocal as
I would have liked him to be.
1354
01:16:09,170 --> 01:16:11,111
I mean, in my worst fears
1355
01:16:11,130 --> 01:16:14,021
of the future
of hiring algorithms
1356
01:16:14,041 --> 01:16:18,210
it doesn't even just start
at the moment of application.
1357
01:16:18,231 --> 01:16:22,100
We already have a system
to get us to applying
1358
01:16:22,121 --> 01:16:24,090
that is problematic.
1359
01:16:24,111 --> 01:16:26,090
I would call it the pipeline,
and that's now.
1360
01:16:26,111 --> 01:16:29,151
So the dystopian future
that I worry about is this
1361
01:16:29,170 --> 01:16:32,100
but it goes backwards in time
1362
01:16:32,121 --> 01:16:34,161
in the sense that it starts
in childhood.
1363
01:16:36,140 --> 01:16:38,250
These big tech companies
are collecting data
1364
01:16:39,031 --> 01:16:42,021
about how our children learn.
1365
01:16:42,041 --> 01:16:46,060
At the age of seven,
they are already pinned down
1366
01:16:46,081 --> 01:16:49,210
into their future job prospect
1367
01:16:49,231 --> 01:16:52,021
and as they go through junior
high school and high school
1368
01:16:52,041 --> 01:16:54,130
they're just confirming,
1369
01:16:54,151 --> 01:16:56,050
"Oh, yeah, this is
an unlucky person,"
1370
01:16:56,071 --> 01:16:57,180
they don't deserve a good job.
1371
01:17:00,140 --> 01:17:03,130
I know people are like,
"Well I'm not Kyle,
1372
01:17:03,151 --> 01:17:05,201
why should I worry about Kyle?"
1373
01:17:08,210 --> 01:17:10,060
Sorry.
1374
01:17:10,081 --> 01:17:12,231
That... it is their story.
1375
01:17:20,100 --> 01:17:23,100
This is happening to everyone...
1376
01:17:24,021 --> 01:17:24,170
...all the time.
1377
01:17:27,151 --> 01:17:30,140
It's happening
to literally everyone.
1378
01:17:31,231 --> 01:17:35,050
And the longer
we let this... system,
1379
01:17:35,071 --> 01:17:36,201
the predictive AI system
1380
01:17:36,220 --> 01:17:40,140
the longer we let it remain
completely unaccountable,
1381
01:17:40,161 --> 01:17:41,220
the more it defines us
1382
01:17:41,241 --> 01:17:44,220
the more it defines
our futures.
1383
01:17:44,241 --> 01:17:48,220
I'd like to start by sharing
a story of Kyle Behm
1384
01:17:48,241 --> 01:17:50,231
a bright college
engineering student
1385
01:17:50,250 --> 01:17:54,231
who applied for an hourly job
at Kroger.
1386
01:17:54,250 --> 01:17:56,191
He has held similar positions
in the past.
1387
01:17:56,210 --> 01:18:00,071
Yet after taking a personality
assessment,
1388
01:18:00,090 --> 01:18:03,031
he was scored red and rejected.
1389
01:18:05,121 --> 01:18:07,231
Sadly, Kyle is no longer
with us today.
1390
01:18:07,250 --> 01:18:12,180
But his father Roland continues
to abdicate to ensure people
1391
01:18:12,201 --> 01:18:16,130
with disabilities are not
systematically excluded
1392
01:18:16,151 --> 01:18:19,060
by hiring assessment.
1393
01:18:56,071 --> 01:18:59,081
Breathe deeply with me
and recite these mantras.
1394
01:19:02,041 --> 01:19:05,071
I am enough.
I am capable.
1395
01:19:05,090 --> 01:19:07,081
That mean thing
that my mom said on the phone
1396
01:19:07,100 --> 01:19:08,210
this morning is not accurate.
1397
01:19:08,231 --> 01:19:10,140
I don't know if I want
to think about
1398
01:19:10,161 --> 01:19:12,151
what my life
would have been like
1399
01:19:12,170 --> 01:19:16,250
if I hadn't come across
typology.
1400
01:19:19,021 --> 01:19:22,050
It's like totally
transformed everything.
1401
01:19:23,180 --> 01:19:26,050
It makes you realize that there
are other people out there
1402
01:19:26,071 --> 01:19:28,130
who are functioning in the same
way that you are
1403
01:19:28,151 --> 01:19:29,220
and that you're not alone
1404
01:19:29,241 --> 01:19:33,071
and you're not just
some random weirdo.
1405
01:19:35,071 --> 01:19:37,111
[techno music]
1406
01:19:44,021 --> 01:19:45,170
The language of type
1407
01:19:45,191 --> 01:19:48,071
and the vision of the self
that it encodes,
1408
01:19:48,090 --> 01:19:50,180
those are treated as
naturally occurring phenomenon.
1409
01:19:50,201 --> 01:19:54,081
Just part of what it means
to be a human being.
1410
01:19:54,100 --> 01:19:55,250
But they have histories
and they have histories
1411
01:19:56,031 --> 01:19:58,241
that have all kinds
of ideologies embedded in them
1412
01:19:59,021 --> 01:20:02,021
and that's why it's so important
to understand,
1413
01:20:02,041 --> 01:20:03,220
where these instruments
come from.
1414
01:20:06,180 --> 01:20:08,170
They wouldn't exist
without corporations
1415
01:20:08,191 --> 01:20:10,060
and they wouldn't exist
1416
01:20:10,081 --> 01:20:11,161
without organizational
psychology
1417
01:20:11,180 --> 01:20:14,111
whose whole purpose
is to figure out
1418
01:20:14,130 --> 01:20:15,231
how to use the human psyche
1419
01:20:15,250 --> 01:20:20,060
to make corporations run better
to run more profitably.
1420
01:20:20,081 --> 01:20:22,121
And to me,
the most interesting response
1421
01:20:22,140 --> 01:20:23,220
to personality testing
1422
01:20:23,241 --> 01:20:26,250
would be to walk away
from the individual
1423
01:20:27,031 --> 01:20:29,191
as a thing that we really,
really need to understand
1424
01:20:29,210 --> 01:20:32,041
and think about
what it might look like
1425
01:20:32,060 --> 01:20:36,031
to live in a world
where was a sense of community
1426
01:20:36,050 --> 01:20:39,100
that we were invested
in understanding.
1427
01:20:39,121 --> 01:20:41,121
To imagine a world
where desires and needs
1428
01:20:41,140 --> 01:20:43,031
are more collective.
1429
01:20:46,220 --> 01:20:49,100
New generation
of AI driven screens
1430
01:20:49,121 --> 01:20:53,060
are transforming the lives
of America's workers
1431
01:20:53,081 --> 01:20:54,231
with profound implications
for civil rights.
1432
01:20:56,161 --> 01:20:59,111
Employers are being bombarded
1433
01:20:59,130 --> 01:21:01,121
with thousands
of applications sometimes.
1434
01:21:01,140 --> 01:21:05,180
And in its simplest form
AI tools are capable
1435
01:21:05,201 --> 01:21:09,071
of simply scanning
those applications or resumes
1436
01:21:09,090 --> 01:21:10,231
to screen out those
who don't even have
1437
01:21:10,250 --> 01:21:13,250
the minimum qualifications
for the job.
1438
01:21:14,031 --> 01:21:15,201
When video interviewing systems
1439
01:21:15,220 --> 01:21:19,201
are trained on white male voices
and faces
1440
01:21:19,220 --> 01:21:23,151
this disadvantages both racial
minorities and white women,
1441
01:21:23,170 --> 01:21:25,121
whose facial expressions
and tone of voice
1442
01:21:25,140 --> 01:21:28,031
might be misinterpreted.
1443
01:21:32,170 --> 01:21:35,250
-[laughter]
-Are you serious?
1444
01:21:36,031 --> 01:21:38,031
[people laughing and
chatting]
1445
01:21:40,210 --> 01:21:44,090
Wow, I did not expect this
right here.
1446
01:21:44,111 --> 01:21:46,041
I want to ask the whole panel
1447
01:21:46,060 --> 01:21:48,121
if there was one thing
Congress could do right now
1448
01:21:48,140 --> 01:21:49,241
what would it be?
1449
01:21:50,021 --> 01:21:52,161
I believe a workers bill
of rights is needed.
1450
01:21:52,180 --> 01:21:56,201
so that workers understand how
algorithms are making decisions
1451
01:21:56,220 --> 01:21:58,130
and how that might impact them.
1452
01:21:58,151 --> 01:21:59,241
The person that I selected
1453
01:22:00,021 --> 01:22:04,100
for this week's employee
of the week is...
1454
01:22:05,220 --> 01:22:07,191
[students cheer and yell]
1455
01:22:12,130 --> 01:22:15,220
The struggle for people is
not merely one of insufficient
1456
01:22:15,241 --> 01:22:18,021
or inadequate laws
and policies
1457
01:22:18,041 --> 01:22:21,140
but it is also one fundamentally
of justice in society
1458
01:22:21,161 --> 01:22:24,090
to accomplish the kind of change
that we want in the world.
1459
01:22:25,151 --> 01:22:27,191
[birds chirping]
1460
01:22:29,180 --> 01:22:33,210
Imagine you're looking out
into your yard.
1461
01:22:33,231 --> 01:22:38,121
You can look in a magazine
and see the perfect garden.
1462
01:22:38,140 --> 01:22:42,050
But what's going to happen
over the years is,
1463
01:22:42,071 --> 01:22:45,180
as you put this garden together
each time you add something
1464
01:22:45,201 --> 01:22:48,231
to the garden
it's going to look
1465
01:22:48,250 --> 01:22:51,081
a little different
from perfect.
1466
01:22:53,241 --> 01:22:56,021
And each time you add
one more thing
1467
01:22:56,041 --> 01:22:59,161
it's not going to be perfect,
it's not going to be perfect.
1468
01:23:04,140 --> 01:23:08,021
But then at the end of the day
1469
01:23:08,041 --> 01:23:12,220
after years of this imperfection
you look out the window
1470
01:23:12,241 --> 01:23:15,050
and what you'll see
is more beautiful
1471
01:23:15,071 --> 01:23:17,201
than you ever could have
thought to put together
1472
01:23:17,220 --> 01:23:19,170
in the first place.
1473
01:23:26,081 --> 01:23:29,220
[friendly chattering]
[uplifting music]
1474
01:23:37,071 --> 01:23:42,041
The white beads symbolize
the loss of a child.
1475
01:23:42,060 --> 01:23:45,121
If you're wearing a white bead
at this moment,
1476
01:23:45,140 --> 01:23:48,031
please take them off
and hold them up high.
1477
01:23:51,111 --> 01:23:54,231
[triumphant music]
1478
01:24:39,180 --> 01:24:40,241
[cell phone rings]
1479
01:24:41,021 --> 01:24:42,111
- Hello.
-Hello, this is Lashawn.
1480
01:24:42,130 --> 01:24:45,081
You get me Mr E?
1481
01:24:45,100 --> 01:24:47,130
Yes, Lashawn
How are you doing, man?
1482
01:24:47,151 --> 01:24:49,060
I'm all right,
about yourself?
1483
01:24:49,081 --> 01:24:52,090
I have some great news
to tell you.
1484
01:24:52,111 --> 01:24:55,121
- What's that?
-I got a job.
1485
01:24:55,140 --> 01:24:57,161
- You got a job?
-Yeah, yeah.
1486
01:24:57,180 --> 01:25:00,130
- Oh, get outta here.
-Seriously.
1487
01:25:00,151 --> 01:25:04,170
I am a superintendent
for a building...
1488
01:25:04,191 --> 01:25:06,231
Oh wow, that's great...
[fades]
118397
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