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I said, "Mom,
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"what if they put a bomb in our car, too?"
3
00:00:11,080 --> 00:00:13,600
And then my mother said, "But, darling,
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why would they put a bomb in our car?
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Come on, get in the car."
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I don't think he was ever scared.
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And those who killed him
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were cowards.
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The Minister of the Interior has informed
the leaders of the PP of the kidnapping
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00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:31,360
of prison officer
José Antonio Ortega Lara,
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for which ETA has claimed responsibility.
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00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:37,400
My brother was the son of a civil guard,
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as well as the grandson of a civil guard.
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00:00:41,080 --> 00:00:43,240
And then suddenly, you could hear,
15
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"Yay! We finally got one here!"
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I just miss my daughters and my brother.
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00:00:49,680 --> 00:00:50,920
I didn't care about the rest.
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00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:59,400
Basque people have been massacred
to some extent.
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00:00:59,480 --> 00:01:02,560
And so, it started developing
into something...
20
00:01:02,640 --> 00:01:04,120
something that was necessary.
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Long live military ETA!
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00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:09,920
It appears that the car on the roof
belonged to the prime minister,
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and it appears that he is dead.
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At least, that's what ingenious people
like me thought.
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What they called the "armed fight,"
yes, I thought that would go away.
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00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:19,880
The mood in the streets was inexplicable.
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There was this dull, strange sensation
of enormous tension.
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As soon as democracy was established,
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violence intensified,
taking it to the extreme.
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Let us never doubt that killing is never
defending an idea. It is only killing.
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There's nothing more valuable
than a human life.
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00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:43,680
The arrest of Zabarte Arregui,
the "Butcher of Mondragón,"
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was an accomplishment
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00:01:45,040 --> 00:01:47,960
because he was a veteran,
he knew how they operated.
35
00:01:48,040 --> 00:01:51,080
They installed a location tracking device
inside the missile launcher,
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00:01:51,160 --> 00:01:52,920
that led us to their arsenal of weapons.
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We had no idea
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of the magnitude of what we might find.
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00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:03,800
The Civil Guard seemed inhuman to me.
I couldn't understand it.
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00:02:03,880 --> 00:02:06,880
Why would he kick dead bodies
on the ground?
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00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:14,280
And the first thing I did was feel myself
to see if I was in one piece.
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00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:17,360
I was alive,
but I didn't know if I was in one piece.
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00:02:18,440 --> 00:02:21,880
I said to her,
"The interference that the government
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is creating in a criminal investigation
is unacceptable."
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This will continue to be a prison.
There will continue to be repression,
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00:02:27,680 --> 00:02:29,720
and it will continue to be a problem.
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There are the parents of the victims,
the brothers of the victims,
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00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:36,520
but there are also the parents
and brothers of the terrorists.
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00:02:37,560 --> 00:02:38,960
Listen, Gregorio...
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00:02:39,040 --> 00:02:42,880
We are sick of you.
Your family is at risk of death.
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00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:44,960
Get out of the Basque Country,
you bastard!
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00:02:46,680 --> 00:02:49,440
I told Miguel Ángel Blanco's family,
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00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:51,400
"We are not going to give in
to blackmail."
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00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:54,120
"Are you aware that if you
don't negotiate with terrorists,
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00:02:54,200 --> 00:02:55,960
Miguel Ángel Blanco will be killed?"
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00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:01,160
These will be wounds
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00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:03,880
that will heal
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00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:07,160
to the extent that the citizens
of this country
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00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:09,640
recognize that they lived
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00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:11,120
looking the other way.
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00:03:11,640 --> 00:03:15,000
We could have done more,
we could have done things differently.
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00:03:15,920 --> 00:03:18,800
Maybe that's what matters most
from a personal point of view.
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00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:22,040
I always say, the real bastard
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00:03:22,120 --> 00:03:23,440
of the Franco regime
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00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:25,360
is ETA.
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00:03:32,760 --> 00:03:34,800
HISTORY IS THE THREAD
THAT WEAVES THE FABRIC OF TIME
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IT'S A LONG THREAD FULL OF KNOTS
NO ONE CAN COMPLETELY UNTANGLE
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00:03:41,520 --> 00:03:45,600
THESE ARE THE KNOTS OF OUR HISTORY
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00:04:33,200 --> 00:04:36,800
I was in the truck that day
coming here, to Madrid,
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00:04:36,880 --> 00:04:38,600
bringing corn.
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00:04:38,680 --> 00:04:43,520
And when I got to Villabona,
we were sent on a detour.
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00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,880
While following the detour,
I saw a civil guard
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00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:48,920
who was working in the ditch...
74
00:04:50,160 --> 00:04:52,160
...as cars and trucks drove by.
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00:04:52,240 --> 00:04:54,320
THE ONLY WITNESS
TO ETA'S FIRST ASSASSINATION
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After about a kilometer,
I reached the plaster factory.
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In this factory, there was a civil guard
and two young men.
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It all happened in seconds.
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I saw the Civil Guard fall over dead
80
00:05:11,240 --> 00:05:12,880
and they put four more shots in him.
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00:05:12,920 --> 00:05:16,160
TRUCK DRIVER FERMÍN GARCÉS
IS THE ONLY EYEWITNESS
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00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:17,920
TO ETA'S FIRST ASSASSINATION
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00:05:19,760 --> 00:05:24,240
And they ran off
when they saw me get out of the truck.
84
00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:28,800
When I passed,
following to catch these guys,
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00:05:29,560 --> 00:05:33,520
I saw the civil guard
with blood pouring out of his mouth.
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That was really tough.
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00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:39,960
The driver now had his hands on the wheel,
88
00:05:40,040 --> 00:05:43,480
and the other one got into the seat.
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00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:46,120
He just held a gun to my head.
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00:05:46,680 --> 00:05:49,280
3517 ATTACKS
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00:05:49,360 --> 00:05:52,600
860 MURDERED
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00:05:52,960 --> 00:05:58,000
240 OF THOSE MURDERED
WERE CIVIL GUARDS
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00:06:30,640 --> 00:06:35,960
THE CHALLENGE
ETA
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01
DARKNESS AND SILENCE
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00:06:48,360 --> 00:06:51,560
1968 - THE FIRST VICTIM
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Pardines' assassination wasn't planned.
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00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:59,400
This was the terrorist group ETA's
first murder.
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00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:04,360
At no point in time
is he aware of any risk
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00:07:04,440 --> 00:07:08,840
or danger of terrorist violence.
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00:07:08,920 --> 00:07:12,440
This was before the beginning
of the harassment campaign...
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00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:14,000
CIVIL GUARD LIEUTENANT GENERAL
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00:07:14,080 --> 00:07:17,120
...and prior to the movement
to isolate the civil guard organization.
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00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:20,160
This was all quite normal to him.
104
00:07:20,240 --> 00:07:23,040
At the time, he would've perceived it
more as just a crime
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00:07:23,120 --> 00:07:24,880
rather than terrorism.
106
00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:28,120
And so he stumbles
upon Txabi Etxebarrieta,
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00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:31,760
who had decided that,
if he found him, he'd finish him off.
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00:07:31,840 --> 00:07:33,120
TXABI ETXEBARRIETA'S FORGED ID
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00:07:33,200 --> 00:07:35,840
And so he kills him,
even though he hadn't planned to.
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00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:37,120
TWO YOUNG MEN IN A CAR FIRE SHOTS
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00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:39,720
AND ASSASSINATE A TRAFFIC CIVIL GUARD
IN VILLABONA (GUIPÚZCOA)
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00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:42,920
The role Fermín played in all this
was very brave.
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00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:46,240
Not only did he confront them directly,
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00:07:46,320 --> 00:07:49,880
but he also ran the risk
of being assassinated as well.
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00:07:49,960 --> 00:07:51,960
Fortunately, that wasn't the case.
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00:07:53,960 --> 00:07:57,800
After Pardines' assassination,
his murderers flee,
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00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:01,560
and the Civil Guard mounts an operation
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00:08:01,640 --> 00:08:05,800
that enabled two traffic civil guards
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00:08:05,880 --> 00:08:08,400
to locate the vehicle.
120
00:08:08,480 --> 00:08:12,360
They exchange gunfire, there's a shootout,
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00:08:12,440 --> 00:08:14,280
and as a result,
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00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:18,360
Etxebarrieta is mortally wounded.
123
00:08:18,800 --> 00:08:21,760
His partner, Sarasketa, manages to escape,
124
00:08:21,840 --> 00:08:26,240
but they find and arrest him
the following day.
125
00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:32,800
They came to get me to identify Sarasketa.
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00:08:35,440 --> 00:08:38,360
They brought me to their headquarters
in San Sebastián,
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00:08:38,880 --> 00:08:40,240
to a dungeon cell.
128
00:08:40,320 --> 00:08:44,520
There was a light bulb,
and the guy, Sarasketa,
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00:08:44,600 --> 00:08:49,080
was staring at the bulb.
When I saw him, I just said, "Yes."
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00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:56,080
CIVIL GUARD COMMAND POST 551
NAME: IGNACIO MIGUEL SARASQUETA IBÁÑEZ
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00:08:56,160 --> 00:08:58,760
REGISTRATION NUMBER:
DAY 10 - MONTH 6 - YEAR 1968
132
00:09:13,840 --> 00:09:15,520
The director called me and said,
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00:09:15,600 --> 00:09:20,520
"Fermín, we're going to buy you a truck,
just on your own."
134
00:09:24,160 --> 00:09:28,280
And I told him I didn't want
anything other than to be a civil guard.
135
00:09:29,600 --> 00:09:31,440
And I was made a civil guard.
136
00:09:33,520 --> 00:09:36,720
For members of the nationalist movement,
137
00:09:36,760 --> 00:09:40,000
Etxebarrieta became a hero,
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00:09:40,080 --> 00:09:43,280
and on the international scene,
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00:09:43,360 --> 00:09:46,640
he was represented as a martyr
of Franco's dictatorship,
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00:09:46,760 --> 00:09:48,440
the first ETA martyr.
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00:09:48,520 --> 00:09:52,760
This is when terrorist violence
142
00:09:52,840 --> 00:09:58,760
began to escalate and intensify.
It would last over 40 years.
143
00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:06,400
My brother was the son of a civil guard,
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00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:10,320
as well as the grandson
and nephew of a civil guard.
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00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:17,760
ESTRELLA ARCAY CHOUCIÑO
AND HER SON ANTONIO JARDINES ARCAY
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00:10:17,840 --> 00:10:22,880
He decided, destined to be there,
to go to Traffic.
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00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:24,720
He liked motorcycles.
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00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:29,880
He passed the course,
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00:10:29,960 --> 00:10:33,640
and his first station was San Sebastián.
150
00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:35,360
He intended to return to Galicia...
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00:10:36,480 --> 00:10:38,200
...as soon as possible.
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00:10:38,280 --> 00:10:39,760
BROTHER OF ETA'S FIRST VICTIM
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00:10:48,880 --> 00:10:52,120
The first time I started hearing of ETA
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00:10:52,960 --> 00:10:54,320
was after the...
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The day my brother was assassinated.
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00:10:57,760 --> 00:11:00,720
What happened to my brother
was very difficult.
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00:11:01,480 --> 00:11:03,560
They took his life, after all.
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00:11:03,640 --> 00:11:08,240
Our youngest brother died of illness.
That's what we're all exposed to.
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00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:10,600
But when somebody's life is taken
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00:11:10,680 --> 00:11:13,400
when he's only just started living,
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00:11:13,480 --> 00:11:14,960
that destroys a family.
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00:11:16,080 --> 00:11:17,800
We lived feeling...
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00:11:19,320 --> 00:11:23,480
very much alone and very sad.
164
00:11:24,040 --> 00:11:28,640
We were totally ostracized,
totally abandoned.
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00:11:28,720 --> 00:11:31,520
Not us, my brother's memory.
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00:11:36,200 --> 00:11:40,200
And I dream terrible, horrible things.
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00:11:40,280 --> 00:11:43,080
This has been lurking in my mind
for 50 years.
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00:11:44,400 --> 00:11:47,760
We've lived 50 years in sadness.
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00:11:54,920 --> 00:11:57,440
THE ORIGIN
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In Basque and Spanish at the same time?
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00:11:59,840 --> 00:12:02,560
-Spanish.
-Spanish for now, yes.
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00:12:03,280 --> 00:12:09,280
Many Basque people believe
that ETA arose from...
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00:12:10,040 --> 00:12:12,960
Basque people have been massacred
to some extent.
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00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:15,440
And so, at that time,
it started developing...
175
00:12:17,160 --> 00:12:19,040
CONVICTED FOR COLLABORATING WITH ETA
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00:12:19,120 --> 00:12:21,160
...into something that was necessary.
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00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:26,560
We had just survived very difficult years,
years of repression, of...
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00:12:26,640 --> 00:12:31,120
There had been an effort
to stifle Basque identity
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and many other things, obviously.
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00:12:32,480 --> 00:12:35,160
We still have violence, but now
it's only perpetrated by the State.
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00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:38,160
ETA was fighting
to support their objective.
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00:12:38,840 --> 00:12:40,760
For a totalitarian political system.
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00:12:41,880 --> 00:12:43,160
JOURNALIST
184
00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:49,200
And they had delusions
of taking over the Basque Country.
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00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:54,760
The sad part is that those delusions
took down 800 people.
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00:12:54,840 --> 00:12:57,400
ETA started...
187
00:12:57,480 --> 00:13:00,520
...with a group of Bilbao students...
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00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:01,640
BASQUE INTELLECTUAL
189
00:13:01,720 --> 00:13:03,160
...in 1959.
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00:13:03,800 --> 00:13:06,200
At least that's the standard explanation.
191
00:13:06,280 --> 00:13:07,920
PORT BILBAO
192
00:13:11,560 --> 00:13:15,760
This raises a question
around the privileges that,
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00:13:15,840 --> 00:13:18,440
despite the fall of nationalism,
194
00:13:18,840 --> 00:13:24,800
the Basque Country had enjoyed
after the war until 1959,
195
00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:29,080
when all Spanish savings were being
invested in industrial regions,
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00:13:29,160 --> 00:13:30,640
in Catalonia and the Basque Country.
197
00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:33,840
The Church is quite important,
198
00:13:33,920 --> 00:13:36,880
and here I'm referring
to the Basque Church.
199
00:13:36,960 --> 00:13:39,640
From a nationalist point of view,
it's a church that suffered,
200
00:13:39,720 --> 00:13:44,200
because it hadn't joined,
201
00:13:44,280 --> 00:13:48,200
at least not enthusiastically,
Franco's crusade.
202
00:13:54,120 --> 00:13:57,360
Now, looking back on ETA's hardships...
203
00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:02,160
...I see it as a profoundly
natural reaction...
204
00:14:02,240 --> 00:14:03,640
MEMBER OF ETA
(1964-1980)
205
00:14:03,720 --> 00:14:06,360
...to the possibility of a democratic
future that was perceived in Spain.
206
00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:09,560
It sparked the imagination
207
00:14:09,640 --> 00:14:12,880
of young people
who were anxious to change things,
208
00:14:12,960 --> 00:14:16,520
and in the beginning, it came
with a lot of preconceived notions,
209
00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:18,120
such as the need for violence.
210
00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:20,840
And I say preconceived because,
over a period of 10 years,
211
00:14:20,920 --> 00:14:24,120
there was talk of an armed fight.
They tried to mount an attack,
212
00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:27,320
but it didn't happen
because at the last minute,
213
00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:30,560
people weren't brave enough
to carry it out.
214
00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:33,560
The previous generation, my generation,
215
00:14:33,640 --> 00:14:37,240
established what was called
a Special Actions Group,
216
00:14:37,320 --> 00:14:39,160
also known as the Goats,
217
00:14:39,240 --> 00:14:42,200
because they were like real goats
who'd go up the mountain
218
00:14:42,280 --> 00:14:44,240
carrying heavy backpacks.
219
00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:50,000
They were very bold.
They stopped people for a few minutes
220
00:14:50,080 --> 00:14:53,920
on their way out of church
to give a rally speech.
221
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:56,600
In my family,
we had a lot of nationalists.
222
00:14:56,680 --> 00:14:58,600
A lot of my cousins were nationalists,
223
00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:01,920
and one of them was arrested in 1963
224
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:04,600
for being a member of ETA.
He'd been in jail,
225
00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:08,240
and he was the one
who suggested I should join ETA
226
00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:11,120
when he realized
I was old enough to, let's say,
227
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,240
to take a beating.
228
00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:17,920
And then I had another relative...
229
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:20,520
This time,
it was one of my father's cousins,
230
00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:21,840
who was a Jesuit,
231
00:15:21,920 --> 00:15:24,920
and he's the one who put me
in direct contact with ETA.
232
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:29,800
In those days,
there were revolutionary movements
233
00:15:30,160 --> 00:15:33,000
and fights for freedom
in a few different countries
234
00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:37,400
like Cuba, Algeria, and Vietnam, etc...
235
00:15:37,840 --> 00:15:42,280
And then there was also
the classic example of Ireland,
236
00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:45,640
which has always fascinated
Basque nationalists.
237
00:15:45,720 --> 00:15:49,240
I was young,
I must have been 17 or 18 years old.
238
00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:55,960
I had a rebellious spirit
and a desire to change the world,
239
00:15:56,040 --> 00:15:58,920
in response to an environment
240
00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:03,080
of ideological tensions
and deep religious crises.
241
00:16:03,480 --> 00:16:06,280
In the presence of the Commander-in-Chief
and of all department heads...
242
00:16:06,360 --> 00:16:08,240
It was a political discourse
that had lost its relevance,
243
00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:11,200
the regimen was falling apart,
244
00:16:11,760 --> 00:16:15,040
and there was also a thirst for revenge.
My family was republican,
245
00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:18,600
and we had to fight
against oppression, didn't we?
246
00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:23,280
And so one of my classmates asked
if I wanted to join ETA, and I did.
247
00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:26,320
If my classmate had been
with the Communist Party,
248
00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:29,880
I would've joined that, right?
These people weren't proletarian.
249
00:16:29,960 --> 00:16:34,800
Although, when it came to seminarians,
there were people from rural areas
250
00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:37,040
who, by attending the seminary,
251
00:16:37,120 --> 00:16:41,240
were more culturally advanced
252
00:16:41,320 --> 00:16:45,600
and capable of discussing
political philosophy, art,
253
00:16:45,680 --> 00:16:49,760
and all those other things
young people like to brag about.
254
00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:52,920
The Civil Guard had been efficient
255
00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:56,360
in using intelligence services
in their fight against the Maquis
256
00:16:56,440 --> 00:17:00,560
and all their thieving,
between 1940 and 1950.
257
00:17:00,640 --> 00:17:02,200
And once they'd resolved that,
258
00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:07,360
the Civil Guard focused
more of their intelligence gathering
259
00:17:07,440 --> 00:17:10,440
around fighting basic crime.
260
00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:16,280
And so they weren't prepared.
They had a lot of work to do to adapt,
261
00:17:16,320 --> 00:17:19,800
to create new groups, hire new employees,
262
00:17:19,880 --> 00:17:24,520
and prepare themselves
to confront the ETA phenomenon.
263
00:17:24,560 --> 00:17:27,320
The people who approved
of José Pardines' death...
264
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:28,760
JACKALS FROM THE STATE OF SPAIN
265
00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:31,560
...are the same people
who denounced Etxebarrieta's death,
266
00:17:31,640 --> 00:17:32,640
calling it an assassination.
267
00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:34,040
THE CIVIL GUARD ASSASSINATE
THEY'RE SCUM!
268
00:17:34,080 --> 00:17:36,800
These events were like catalysts
to rebuild the nationalist community,
269
00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:38,440
which had been invisible until then.
270
00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:43,200
Armed fighting was all the rage back then.
271
00:17:43,280 --> 00:17:45,160
You have to realize
that for my generation,
272
00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:47,480
the quintessential idol was Che Guevara.
273
00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:49,960
In those days,
274
00:17:50,040 --> 00:17:53,800
there were hundreds of nuclear warheads
pointed every which way.
275
00:17:53,880 --> 00:17:55,480
Every day, we carried a firearm.
276
00:17:55,560 --> 00:17:58,040
Well, that is, when we could,
when we had a weapon.
277
00:17:58,080 --> 00:18:00,880
It doesn't mean our guns
were always loaded, though,
278
00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:03,800
because we didn't always have bullets
for our pistols.
279
00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:06,960
And often the bullets we did have
were from the '40s,
280
00:18:07,040 --> 00:18:09,640
and they were so old they wouldn't fire.
281
00:18:09,720 --> 00:18:13,920
In the Basque Country at that time,
many young people saw ETA
282
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:17,200
as the main opposing force
to the Franco regime,
283
00:18:17,280 --> 00:18:23,000
and they were attracted to this epic buzz
that Franco created around ETA.
284
00:18:27,280 --> 00:18:32,080
The Civil Guard had no idea of the nature
of the enemy coming their way.
285
00:18:32,160 --> 00:18:34,560
Once the terrorist violence began,
286
00:18:34,640 --> 00:18:37,520
the Civil Guard wasn't...
287
00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:41,040
They didn't have the means,
nor were they prepared to deal with it.
288
00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:46,920
They had a large number of garrisons
with very little means of protection.
289
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:52,800
And the assignments they gave their troops
made them very vulnerable to ETA attacks.
290
00:18:52,920 --> 00:18:57,520
In those days, ETA, slowly but surely,
was gaining in strength,
291
00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:02,000
and they decided to attack the State,
292
00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:05,000
which they considered an oppressor,
293
00:19:05,080 --> 00:19:09,480
invasive in their territory.
294
00:19:09,560 --> 00:19:13,200
ETA became the number one enemy
of the State,
295
00:19:13,280 --> 00:19:17,920
and as such, the principal enemy
of the State's security forces,
296
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:20,280
which included the Civil Guard.
297
00:19:20,320 --> 00:19:21,440
EXTRA-ORDINARY
DAGONILLA AUGUST
298
00:19:21,520 --> 00:19:24,320
To us, it was considered
a repressive force...
299
00:19:24,440 --> 00:19:25,680
WHY DON'T THEY JUST LEAVE
ONCE AND FOR ALL
300
00:19:25,760 --> 00:19:27,720
...because there are controls, prisons.
301
00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:29,080
When they go and get somebody,
302
00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:31,880
kicking the door down, that kind of thing.
303
00:19:31,960 --> 00:19:36,000
But those who were overseeing the fight...
304
00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:40,880
let's call it the fight against terrorism,
as they say,
305
00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:43,040
were repressive through and through.
306
00:19:45,680 --> 00:19:51,560
ETA caused a lot of confusion
within the Franco government.
307
00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:54,280
The attempt against Melitón Manzanas
308
00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:59,240
raised a strong wave of sympathy
for ETA from the left,
309
00:19:59,320 --> 00:20:02,200
the left opposition to Franco's regime.
310
00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:05,760
VILE ASSASSINATION
311
00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:08,560
OF THE CHIEF OF SAN SEBASTIÁN'S
SOCIAL INVESTIGATION BRIGADE
312
00:20:09,520 --> 00:20:11,800
1968 - ASSASSINATION OF MELITÓN MANZANAS
313
00:20:11,920 --> 00:20:13,320
They had a commando unit
314
00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:18,320
waiting for Inspector Melitón Manzanas
at the entrance of his home.
315
00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:23,680
They shot him multiple times
and finished him off on the ground.
316
00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:27,760
He was a good choice for ETA
317
00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:29,280
because everybody hated him.
318
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:32,160
LAWYER IN THE BURGOS TRIAL
319
00:20:32,240 --> 00:20:33,640
He was a sadist.
320
00:20:33,720 --> 00:20:37,400
He'd had dealings
with people from all parties.
321
00:20:41,960 --> 00:20:45,880
If you had to choose a first target,
he was the guy to start with.
322
00:20:47,880 --> 00:20:51,080
I was on the radio.
We received a telegram,
323
00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:54,000
"Police officer assassinated in Irún."
And I said, "Melitón Manzanas."
324
00:20:54,560 --> 00:20:57,160
After a few minutes,
when Melitón Manzanas' name was announced,
325
00:20:57,240 --> 00:20:59,920
everyone was impressed
by my clever insight.
326
00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:03,400
Melitón Manzanas was
well-known in the city
327
00:21:03,480 --> 00:21:06,640
and recognized throughout
the Basque Country as a torturer.
328
00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:09,720
But on top of that,
he'd walk around without any...
329
00:21:10,880 --> 00:21:12,640
He went around the city
with an air of insolence.
330
00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:13,920
He'd have coffee in a bar...
331
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:15,080
JOURNALIST
332
00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:17,960
I can see him there now,
just off La Concha Beach.
333
00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:22,080
The city was full of witnesses
who'd suffered at his hands.
334
00:21:22,160 --> 00:21:26,400
So, once ETA made the decision,
no one was surprised
335
00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:30,240
that Melitón Manzanas
was the first target.
336
00:21:30,320 --> 00:21:33,800
But then I realized
a line had been crossed and immediately,
337
00:21:33,880 --> 00:21:36,440
I knew this would be difficult to stop.
338
00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:39,240
THREE-MONTH STATE OF EMERGENCY
IN GUIPÚZCOA
339
00:21:39,320 --> 00:21:42,480
Faced with this assassination,
340
00:21:42,560 --> 00:21:45,080
the regime responds as it usually does,
341
00:21:45,160 --> 00:21:48,440
by sending more resources
342
00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:52,200
to the Basque Country,
especially police reinforcements.
343
00:21:52,280 --> 00:21:57,440
During that time,
there were a large number of arrests,
344
00:21:57,520 --> 00:22:02,480
and this led them
to Inspector Melitón Manzanas' murderers.
345
00:22:02,560 --> 00:22:05,120
THOSE ACCUSED OF THE ASSASSINATION
346
00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,560
ALWAYS DENIED
ANY INVOLVEMENT IN THE ASSAULT
347
00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:16,560
I'd say the assassination was
somewhat cathartic.
348
00:22:16,640 --> 00:22:22,560
The Basques largely consider it
as a justified execution.
349
00:22:23,360 --> 00:22:25,840
They thought, "He must have done
something to deserve it."
350
00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:28,320
After all, he was known as a torturer.
351
00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:32,120
From there,
352
00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:37,600
events unfold at a dizzying pace,
and years later...
353
00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:39,920
JOURNALIST
354
00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:42,240
...lead up to the Burgos trial
by court-martial,
355
00:22:42,320 --> 00:22:45,360
involving judges, military personnel
356
00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:47,440
and under the jurisdiction
of the military penal code.
357
00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:51,440
1970 - BURGOS TRIAL
358
00:22:55,640 --> 00:23:00,480
The Burgos trial represents
a breaking point on many levels.
359
00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:01,920
An internal break from Franco's regime.
360
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:06,280
For the first time, there was a huge
mass mobilization across the country,
361
00:23:06,360 --> 00:23:08,920
of course, in the Basque Country,
in Euskal Herria,
362
00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:10,760
but also in Spain.
363
00:23:11,120 --> 00:23:14,280
I was the youngest lawyer
on the Burgos panel. I was 25,
364
00:23:14,760 --> 00:23:18,240
but I was old compared to the average age
of half of the people there.
365
00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:21,760
It was a court-martial, number 3169
366
00:23:21,840 --> 00:23:23,560
with 16 people
367
00:23:23,640 --> 00:23:25,640
charged with various crimes,
368
00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:28,000
from rebellion to sedition,
assassination...
369
00:23:33,360 --> 00:23:35,320
I was accused of everything.
370
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:40,440
Of burglary, terrorism,
spreading propaganda...
371
00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:45,680
Proselytism...
372
00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:49,600
And, well, because I was involved
in burglaries,
373
00:23:49,680 --> 00:23:51,760
I was linked to an assassination.
374
00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:55,800
Although I had nothing to do
with any direct assassination,
375
00:23:55,880 --> 00:23:58,320
but as I attended a meeting
where it was discussed,
376
00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:02,720
well, seemingly,
that was sufficient to label me
377
00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:04,960
as a co-conspirator in the assassination.
378
00:24:05,040 --> 00:24:09,160
They wanted to turn this trial
into a trial of ETA,
379
00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:14,080
and they invoked practically
all democratic regulations and protocols
380
00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:17,760
within the justice system.
381
00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:20,480
But in the city where I lived,
in San Sebastián,
382
00:24:20,560 --> 00:24:22,520
I was the director
for Radio San Sebastián.
383
00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:25,160
the mood in the streets was inexplicable.
384
00:24:25,240 --> 00:24:30,320
There was this dull, strange sensation
of enormous tension.
385
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:34,360
There was no information broadcast
by Spain,
386
00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:38,640
but in San Sebastián, everybody
could easily listen to French radio.
387
00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:40,520
Spanish democracy is in danger,
388
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:42,600
this is what the Spanish newspapers
are reporting,
389
00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:45,880
and notably, the most liberal of them all,
the daily newspaper, El País.
390
00:24:45,960 --> 00:24:48,360
We had a lot of information
about what was going on,
391
00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:50,680
and we knew that there was
392
00:24:50,760 --> 00:24:53,840
significant turmoil
in all European democratic countries
393
00:24:53,920 --> 00:24:58,080
protesting against these trial judgments
that had turned out to be...
394
00:24:58,160 --> 00:25:00,680
not very democratic
from a protocol point of view,
395
00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:02,040
and it became a showdown.
396
00:25:02,120 --> 00:25:03,480
The government was trying
to put ETA on trial,
397
00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:05,880
but ETA put the Franco regime
on trial instead.
398
00:25:06,840 --> 00:25:10,160
The Franco regime made a mistake,
a serious, reckless error,
399
00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:12,360
by concentrating everything
on this one exercise.
400
00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:14,960
They wanted to create
a communications platform,
401
00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:17,480
and they did, but it backfired.
402
00:25:17,560 --> 00:25:22,840
Members of the military were used
to court-martial hearings after the war.
403
00:25:22,920 --> 00:25:26,640
These were very rudimentary,
simple and harsh.
404
00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:30,640
And here they find themselves
facing lawyers who came prepared,
405
00:25:30,720 --> 00:25:33,560
and under the scrutiny
of the international press.
406
00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:35,680
It had a huge impact internationally.
407
00:25:35,760 --> 00:25:38,440
Because of this, the death sentences
handed out at the trial
408
00:25:38,520 --> 00:25:39,600
were not carried out.
409
00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:43,280
I, as radio director, received two orders,
410
00:25:43,360 --> 00:25:48,000
one from the authorities ordering me
to hang a Spanish flag on the balcony,
411
00:25:48,520 --> 00:25:49,760
and another, from ETA,
412
00:25:49,840 --> 00:25:52,120
telling me that if we displayed the flag
on the balcony,
413
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:53,560
they'd blow up the station.
414
00:25:53,640 --> 00:25:56,080
The most striking moment is
when they stand
415
00:25:56,160 --> 00:26:00,080
and start to sing the Eusko Gudariak.
Some of us lawyers sang along.
416
00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:04,800
Of course, we kept our voices down,
just in case, but we sang it as well.
417
00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:08,400
Long live the Basque Country! Long live!
418
00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:15,120
THE LYRICS TO EUSKO GUDARIAK
WERE WRITTEN IN 1932
419
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:18,200
DURING THE CIVIL WAR AND FRANCO'S REGIME
420
00:26:18,280 --> 00:26:22,080
IT BECAME THE UNOFFICIAL ANTHEM
OF BASQUE NATIONALISM
421
00:26:22,160 --> 00:26:26,560
One of the men held up his sword
when they started to sing.
422
00:26:26,640 --> 00:26:31,320
We assumed our role as heroes
in our early 20s,
423
00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:34,440
and obviously, where was that misery,
424
00:26:34,520 --> 00:26:37,400
pity and sympathy going to return to?
425
00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:39,440
Well, to those young people who,
426
00:26:39,520 --> 00:26:44,240
although they were wrong
in carrying out those assassinations,
427
00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:46,480
were fighting against a dictatorship
428
00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:50,920
that none of the European
democratic countries
429
00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:55,000
had taken any action against
since the end of the Second World War.
430
00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:58,200
When we announced
that they'd been sentenced to death...
431
00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:00,040
THE BURGOS COURT-MARTIAL CASE
ENDS THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR
432
00:27:00,120 --> 00:27:03,640
...I was surprised to see an explosion
of joy the likes of which I'd never seen.
433
00:27:03,720 --> 00:27:05,120
They were climbing the walls,
434
00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:08,520
"Finally, the world will discover
what Franco's regime is like!
435
00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:12,800
We've won!" But it was like,
"Fuck, they're going to skin you alive."
436
00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:15,240
At that moment, the Franco regime
briefly suspended activity,
437
00:27:15,320 --> 00:27:18,840
but it didn't take long for them
to respond
438
00:27:19,480 --> 00:27:20,760
by increasing repression.
439
00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:23,840
And ETA, who believed they'd won
a great battle, which they did,
440
00:27:23,920 --> 00:27:26,520
experienced a huge surge
441
00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:30,440
in popularity in Europe...
442
00:27:30,520 --> 00:27:31,520
BASQUE YOUTH!
443
00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:34,040
...and among the young Basques,
444
00:27:34,120 --> 00:27:37,400
which fueled the sentiment of ETA heroism
that ended up causing so much harm.
445
00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:38,960
BASQUE RESISTANCE RISES
FOR THE WORLD TO SEE
446
00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:51,520
And they started thinking that...
447
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,160
we'd have to kidnap someone
to prevent them from killing us.
448
00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,440
ABC - 12.06.1970
LETTER WRITTEN BY KIDNAPPED GERMAN CONSUL
449
00:27:59,520 --> 00:28:03,560
And the kidnapping was done
as a way of blackmailing.
450
00:28:03,640 --> 00:28:05,920
But rather than being
an element of blackmail,
451
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:08,480
it became an element of propaganda.
452
00:28:08,560 --> 00:28:10,000
In the first instance,
453
00:28:10,080 --> 00:28:13,720
the international press
condemned the kidnapping,
454
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:17,080
but given the way
the Burgos trial was taking place,
455
00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:20,520
the international press
started to justify the kidnapping.
456
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:22,560
THE VOICE OF SPAIN - 12.26.1970
GERMAN CONSUL BEIHL HAS BEEN RELEASED
457
00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:25,760
Biehl was being held in Iparralde,
in the Basque Country,
458
00:28:25,840 --> 00:28:27,840
but on the French side, to be clear.
459
00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:32,520
And at one point, Beihl...
They weren't careful and he escaped.
460
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:35,600
Local villagers caught him
and brought him back.
461
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:38,960
The villagers had nothing to do with ETA.
462
00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:41,040
They probably weren't even
Basque nationalists.
463
00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:44,400
It was all very respectful
and carried out well.
464
00:28:44,480 --> 00:28:46,960
In the end,
I heard some people say that, well,
465
00:28:47,040 --> 00:28:50,920
"It's just that you're going
to cause trouble for us
466
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:54,400
if you just walk around here,
467
00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:55,920
and so, if you don't mind..."
468
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:58,360
They told him a lie,
but later it turned out to be true,
469
00:28:58,440 --> 00:29:01,800
"No, no, we happened to hear
that they're coming to free you."
470
00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:04,200
Fortunately, that's what happened.
471
00:29:04,280 --> 00:29:05,640
Even Nixon,
472
00:29:05,720 --> 00:29:08,440
who had been advised
by his American ambassador in Spain
473
00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:12,480
not to get involved, intervened.
474
00:29:12,560 --> 00:29:15,560
...in Madrid's Plaza de Oriente,
and across Spain...
475
00:29:15,640 --> 00:29:19,160
...the support you've shown
over the last few days, not only to me,
476
00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:21,360
but to the Spanish army,
and to our institutions...
477
00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:23,040
SPANISH GENERAL AND DICTATOR
(1936-1975)
478
00:29:23,120 --> 00:29:25,360
...has strengthened our authority.
This is enabling us,
479
00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:28,240
in keeping with the articles
in the Council of the Kingdom,
480
00:29:28,320 --> 00:29:31,400
to exercise our prerogative
to grant amnesty
481
00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:34,800
to those sentenced to death, despite
the gravity of the crimes committed,
482
00:29:34,880 --> 00:29:38,200
following the very patriotic
Burgos Council's judgment decisions.
483
00:29:40,120 --> 00:29:43,280
In Burgos, I was given
two death sentences.
484
00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:45,920
When Franco granted amnesty,
those death sentences
485
00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:47,760
were commuted
to 30 years for assassination,
486
00:29:47,840 --> 00:29:50,160
and 30 years for multiple instances
of burglary.
487
00:29:50,240 --> 00:29:52,760
Then I had to serve time for propaganda,
488
00:29:52,840 --> 00:29:57,080
for possession of arms,
for wrongful association and...
489
00:29:57,160 --> 00:30:01,440
And other minor offenses,
another 60 years.
490
00:30:01,520 --> 00:30:05,920
At that time, both internationally
and even in Spain, as well,
491
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:09,960
you didn't hear about Basque Country
nationalists fighting for the independence
492
00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:13,680
of the Basque Country. It was more
of a fight against Franco's regime.
493
00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:19,080
In 1970, Franco had no need
to pardon the six men sentenced to death.
494
00:30:19,680 --> 00:30:21,080
ABC - 12.29.1970
COURT-MARTIAL SENTENCING
495
00:30:21,160 --> 00:30:24,200
Franco could easily have shot
six terrorists.
496
00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:27,160
Things wouldn't have changed.
497
00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:28,480
ABC - 12.31.1970
FRANCO COMMUTES DEATH SENTENCES
498
00:30:28,560 --> 00:30:30,520
Those on the European left
would still hate him,
499
00:30:30,600 --> 00:30:32,320
just as they had before.
500
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:36,160
He's not making a concession,
he's not giving in, far from it,
501
00:30:36,240 --> 00:30:40,040
he's just saying, "Let's not act brutally.
Let's see what happens.
502
00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:41,480
We'll just grant amnesty."
503
00:30:41,560 --> 00:30:43,400
After issuing his pardons,
they kill Carrero Blanco.
504
00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:48,360
1973 - OPERATION OGRE
505
00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:50,920
Carrero Blanco was Franco's successor.
506
00:30:51,280 --> 00:30:53,640
We'd say, "Well, at some point,
Franco will go away."
507
00:30:53,720 --> 00:30:56,400
But he'd been around for many years,
and he was still there.
508
00:30:56,480 --> 00:30:58,760
And it seemed clear that when Franco
was no longer in office,
509
00:30:58,840 --> 00:31:01,560
we'd be rid of him, but his regime
would remain thanks to Carrero Blanco.
510
00:31:01,640 --> 00:31:05,280
He was a man of absolute integrity.
511
00:31:05,360 --> 00:31:09,360
He was trained as a Navy marine,
512
00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:11,800
he was deeply Catholic,
513
00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:14,360
and he was incredibly loyal to Franco.
514
00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:16,920
From ETA's perspective,
515
00:31:17,440 --> 00:31:20,720
I believe that they thought...
516
00:31:21,760 --> 00:31:24,400
they could stop
517
00:31:24,840 --> 00:31:28,760
the man who could potentially
become Franco's successor.
518
00:31:31,440 --> 00:31:34,080
It seemed there were moments where,
519
00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:36,880
even within the regime,
520
00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:40,160
people were wondering what would be
the best thing to do
521
00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:43,720
in the event of Franco's death,
or when he died.
522
00:31:49,640 --> 00:31:52,840
Carrero Blanco's assassination was...
523
00:31:53,840 --> 00:31:56,440
a blank check for the future of the ETA.
524
00:31:57,960 --> 00:32:01,640
We had a prime minister
escorted by four old guards,
525
00:32:01,720 --> 00:32:03,960
in contrast to the 400 guards
protecting Franco.
526
00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:07,560
Franco knew how to protect himself,
whereas Carrero Blanco didn't.
527
00:32:07,640 --> 00:32:09,320
HAIL TO FRANCO - LONG LIVE SPAIN
528
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:12,040
Secret service men from all over the world
529
00:32:12,120 --> 00:32:14,640
are still wondering how that was possible.
530
00:32:14,720 --> 00:32:18,240
It was all very strange. They claimed
they intended to kidnap Carrero Blanco,
531
00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:21,440
but then they changed their mind,
deciding to kill him instead.
532
00:32:21,520 --> 00:32:24,520
They discovered he was most vulnerable...
533
00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:26,640
...when attending daily mass.
534
00:32:27,280 --> 00:32:28,720
They were there watching him...
535
00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:29,760
CIVIL GUARD COLONEL
536
00:32:29,840 --> 00:32:32,360
...and practically standing beside him,
shoulder to shoulder.
537
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:36,880
Around that time, Carrero Blanco
was named prime minister.
538
00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:40,680
That's when they beefed up his security.
539
00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:42,880
They'd been digging a tunnel.
540
00:32:42,960 --> 00:32:46,960
No one could understand
how they could work on it for so long,
541
00:32:47,040 --> 00:32:49,680
only 100 yards from the US embassy,
542
00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:51,240
without anyone noticing.
543
00:32:51,320 --> 00:32:55,800
And so this also served to fuel
a lot of suspicion,
544
00:32:55,880 --> 00:32:57,200
or confusion.
545
00:32:57,280 --> 00:33:00,640
It was possible because it was basic,
546
00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:05,120
a project seminarians would do,
something you'd expect from apprentices.
547
00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:09,160
They connected a few cables
to an alternator for lighting.
548
00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:11,160
There was no radio.
549
00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:15,400
Because if there had been a radio system,
the North American embassy,
550
00:33:15,480 --> 00:33:19,880
located 300 yards away,
would've picked up frequency signals,
551
00:33:19,960 --> 00:33:25,280
especially when Kissinger
was spending a few days in Madrid.
552
00:33:25,360 --> 00:33:28,320
It was such a basic, shoddy structure...
553
00:33:29,720 --> 00:33:33,040
that the secret service
didn't detect anything,
554
00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:34,600
and it worked.
555
00:33:35,120 --> 00:33:38,760
Initially, they thought the sewer system
might be the easiest way
556
00:33:38,840 --> 00:33:43,080
to bring in an explosive device.
Later, they realized that the sewer
557
00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:45,560
wasn't going to meet their needs,
558
00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:49,920
because it was difficult to hide
an explosive device
559
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:53,280
for long, given that sewers contain
substances with a lot of movement.
560
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:06,280
They were like movie heroes
performing a movie stunt,
561
00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:08,880
and they ended up producing something
much greater than any movie.
562
00:34:08,960 --> 00:34:13,880
They rent a cellar and stay there
for some time, working,
563
00:34:13,960 --> 00:34:17,760
digging the tunnel
under Claudio Coello Street,
564
00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:19,760
and there they plant the explosive device.
565
00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:26,040
When ETA killed Carrero Blanco,
566
00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:29,400
their intent was not to open up
a path to democracy.
567
00:34:29,480 --> 00:34:32,560
They wanted to make conditions much worse,
568
00:34:32,640 --> 00:34:36,920
alleviate repression on the Basques,
in other words, on the Basque people,
569
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,520
to bring in more members.
570
00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:42,160
The Burgos trial, and what happened
with the assassination of Carrero Blanco,
571
00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,000
were two very important milestones.
572
00:34:45,080 --> 00:34:48,280
These events caused certain people
within the regime to start to think
573
00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:52,120
that Spain was either headed
toward democracy, or that it would blow up
574
00:34:52,160 --> 00:34:56,560
as a result of civil conflict
involving a brutal armed confrontation.
575
00:35:00,280 --> 00:35:05,640
It is one of the virtues of politicians
to turn a bad situation into a good one.
576
00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:08,600
They say, "Every cloud
has a silver lining,"
577
00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:11,040
it's no wonder this expression is popular.
578
00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:14,680
"Every cloud has a silver lining."
This is a phrase
579
00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:18,280
that is typically used by people
580
00:35:18,360 --> 00:35:21,400
who are resigned to accept
whatever happens.
581
00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:26,160
It also has a strong confessional
undertone in shaping thought,
582
00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:28,480
and shaping how people express themselves.
583
00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:31,080
Those events triggered other actions
584
00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:34,040
that contributed to setting the stage
for where we are now,
585
00:35:34,120 --> 00:35:36,200
in this moment in Spanish history.
586
00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:39,880
THE OTHER DEATHS
RESULTING FROM OPERATION OGRE
587
00:35:39,960 --> 00:35:41,280
My father was José Luis Pérez Mogena.
588
00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:43,960
He was Admiral Carrero Blanco's driver.
589
00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:45,000
SON OF CARRERO BLANCO'S DRIVER
590
00:35:45,080 --> 00:35:46,880
THIS IS THE LOCATION
WHERE THE TERRORIST GROUP ETA
591
00:35:46,960 --> 00:35:48,920
ASSASSINATED JUAN ANTONIO BUENO FERNÁNDEZ
JOSÉ LUIS PÉREZ MOGENA
592
00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:51,200
ON DECEMBER 20, 1973
TRUTH, MEMORY, DIGNITY AND JUSTICE
593
00:35:51,320 --> 00:35:53,920
He drove official cars
assigned to government ministries.
594
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:56,320
That was his job
595
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:59,520
and he would work for the admiral
whenever required, obviously.
596
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:01,160
He spent three years
working for the admiral.
597
00:36:16,480 --> 00:36:19,400
Around approximately 8:30,
598
00:36:19,480 --> 00:36:24,360
a bomb buried under the asphalt,
the street pavement,
599
00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:29,160
exploded and the aftershock
propelled the car up in the air,
600
00:36:29,280 --> 00:36:33,840
killing the admiral, his guards
and my father who was driving.
601
00:36:40,760 --> 00:36:42,280
CLAUDIO COELLO STREET
602
00:36:47,920 --> 00:36:52,320
Based on what they're telling us
here at the scene of the accident,
603
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:54,480
they say a car went
directly over the explosive
604
00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:56,160
and it projected the car up onto a roof.
605
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:58,800
The firemen have just gone up.
The car had three occupants.
606
00:36:58,880 --> 00:37:02,320
It appears that the car on the roof
belonged to the prime minister,
607
00:37:02,400 --> 00:37:04,280
and it appears that he's dead.
608
00:37:04,360 --> 00:37:07,640
My father was 33 years old
when he was killed.
609
00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:10,280
At that time, I was only seven.
610
00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:13,640
And I remember that day
was the last day of school.
611
00:37:13,680 --> 00:37:15,920
The school was in proximity
to the fleet of cars,
612
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:18,200
and we had a Christmas event.
613
00:37:18,320 --> 00:37:22,320
As I walked out of school,
there was a relative of mine
614
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:24,280
waiting to take me to his house.
615
00:37:24,360 --> 00:37:28,520
The next day, when we got up,
we were at my uncle's house,
616
00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:32,480
and I had a few members
of my family there with me.
617
00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:35,040
My sister wasn't there,
I didn't know where she was.
618
00:37:35,120 --> 00:37:36,800
And everybody was crying.
619
00:37:37,360 --> 00:37:40,280
My uncle said, "Your father's dead."
620
00:37:42,120 --> 00:37:44,080
TVE - BROADCAST NUMBER 6169 B
DECEMBER 21 1973
621
00:37:44,160 --> 00:37:46,120
NEWS FLASH
622
00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:49,680
This afternoon at 4:00,
the Prime Minister,
623
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,440
Admiral don Luis Carrero Blanco,
was buried.
624
00:37:56,280 --> 00:37:59,920
Fellow Spaniards, let me begin
625
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,160
by publicly thanking you
626
00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:06,160
for your peaceful show of respect,
support and the trust
627
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:12,000
you've shown me, following this
criminal assault that brought down
628
00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:14,360
our prime minister
629
00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:17,280
along with the government employees
who were with him...
630
00:38:17,360 --> 00:38:20,640
The guards escorting
Admiral Carrero Blanco
631
00:38:20,680 --> 00:38:23,960
as well as my father, his driver,
are the forgotten ones.
632
00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:28,200
But hearing news that the prime minister
has died is very different
633
00:38:28,320 --> 00:38:30,360
than reporting
the death of a simple driver
634
00:38:30,440 --> 00:38:31,880
or a regular police guard.
635
00:38:31,960 --> 00:38:34,880
ADMIRAL LUIS CARRERO BLANCO
PRIME MINISTER OF SPAIN
636
00:38:34,960 --> 00:38:36,640
I was going through papers
a few days ago,
637
00:38:36,680 --> 00:38:39,160
and I want to remind people
that my father's death
638
00:38:39,280 --> 00:38:41,080
is largely remembered
as an act of violence,
639
00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:43,360
and not an act of terrorism.
640
00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:47,200
There are no acts of terrorism in Spain.
641
00:38:47,320 --> 00:38:49,600
And so, "act of violence,"
642
00:38:49,640 --> 00:38:53,360
or they could even have called it
a "work accident."
643
00:38:55,160 --> 00:38:59,640
The anniversary of my father's death
is always a difficult day,
644
00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:02,400
and it's very difficult every time
there's a terrorist attack in Spain.
645
00:39:02,480 --> 00:39:04,480
Unfortunately, we've had many attacks.
646
00:39:05,120 --> 00:39:08,040
It's really difficult to deal
with a tragedy, with death.
647
00:39:08,120 --> 00:39:09,200
It's really difficult.
648
00:39:14,920 --> 00:39:18,960
Our prime minister and the government
employees who were with him
649
00:39:19,040 --> 00:39:21,960
died in the performance of their duties.
650
00:39:22,520 --> 00:39:25,440
Everyone shares the pain...
651
00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:07,400
ETA
EVERYONE'S ENEMY
652
00:40:07,480 --> 00:40:10,600
During those first years,
ETA was still a little innocent
653
00:40:10,640 --> 00:40:13,200
and almost ingenuous.
654
00:40:13,320 --> 00:40:18,000
They decided that the Civil Guard
was their enemy.
655
00:40:18,080 --> 00:40:21,480
In order to put pressure
on the civil guards,
656
00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:25,840
they sent a letter
to all of the precincts,
657
00:40:25,920 --> 00:40:28,160
to their spouses,
658
00:40:28,280 --> 00:40:33,480
to tell them that sooner or later,
their husbands would be assassinated
659
00:40:33,560 --> 00:40:36,640
and that they needed to play
a very important role
660
00:40:36,680 --> 00:40:39,160
and convince their husbands
to leave the Basque Country.
661
00:40:39,280 --> 00:40:44,120
It was a way to use spouses
to put pressure on the civil guards.
662
00:40:44,160 --> 00:40:48,040
The ikurriña was a prohibited sign.
663
00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:53,480
As such, ETA used it
as a tool for propaganda.
664
00:40:53,560 --> 00:40:55,960
They would put up ikurriñas,
665
00:40:56,040 --> 00:41:01,200
and security forces
would automatically take them down.
666
00:41:01,840 --> 00:41:06,440
They decided to take it one step further
and boobytrap the ikurriñas
667
00:41:06,520 --> 00:41:11,160
by affixing them to flags
along with small explosive devices,
668
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:12,880
so as to harm police...
669
00:41:12,960 --> 00:41:14,120
ABC - 01.18.1976
CIVIL GUARD ASSASSINATED IN GUIPÚZCOA
670
00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:17,080
...or civil guards as they removed them.
671
00:41:17,160 --> 00:41:18,760
CIVIL GUARD DIES IN AN ATTACK
IN VILLAFRANCA DE ORDICIA
672
00:41:18,840 --> 00:41:21,080
They also targeted their barracks,
673
00:41:21,160 --> 00:41:24,960
causing a feeling of anxiety
674
00:41:25,360 --> 00:41:29,120
in the troops and personnel,
as well as unrest in their families
675
00:41:29,160 --> 00:41:31,440
living there at the time.
676
00:41:31,760 --> 00:41:34,320
BRUTAL CRIME
677
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:36,800
BRUTAL CRIME
DIARIO UNIDAD 10.06.1975
678
00:41:36,880 --> 00:41:40,840
OÑATE'S TERRORIST CRIME
679
00:41:46,160 --> 00:41:47,640
SEPTEMBER 13 1974
ROLANDO COFFEE SHOP, MADRID
680
00:41:47,760 --> 00:41:49,320
At number two Correos Street,
681
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:51,960
there's been a tremendous explosion
here this afternoon
682
00:41:52,040 --> 00:41:54,640
causing the death of over 10 people
683
00:41:54,680 --> 00:41:56,840
and injuring close to 80.
684
00:41:56,920 --> 00:41:58,960
At this time,
we don't have enough information
685
00:41:59,040 --> 00:42:02,200
to confirm the exact number of victims
impacted by this explosion.
686
00:42:02,320 --> 00:42:04,280
I didn't feel anything.
687
00:42:04,360 --> 00:42:06,000
There was no noise, no impact, nothing.
688
00:42:06,080 --> 00:42:08,840
I don't know how long
I was under the debris,
689
00:42:08,920 --> 00:42:12,200
because of course, it was fairly deep,
and I don't know.
690
00:42:12,320 --> 00:42:14,920
I didn't feel anything.
The only thing I remember,
691
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:19,160
and this is etched in my mind,
is that someone was carrying me.
692
00:42:19,200 --> 00:42:22,440
And so I opened my eyes a little
and I saw gold buttons.
693
00:42:22,520 --> 00:42:25,640
I assumed it was a police officer
or a fireman
694
00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:27,200
pulling me out of there.
695
00:42:27,320 --> 00:42:29,480
And I heard someone say, "No, she's dead."
696
00:42:29,560 --> 00:42:32,320
I could hear it perfectly,
but it was like a dream.
697
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:35,160
I didn't think they were talking about me.
698
00:42:39,640 --> 00:42:42,320
I had a fractured collarbone,
699
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:47,640
my hand was burned, two of my toes
had been cut off completely.
700
00:42:47,760 --> 00:42:50,120
I had burns all over my body.
701
00:42:50,160 --> 00:42:51,160
These days...
702
00:42:51,600 --> 00:42:54,760
...there's often talk about psychologists
703
00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:58,160
available to help people
when they're in distress.
704
00:42:58,280 --> 00:42:59,840
ETA VICTIM
705
00:42:59,920 --> 00:43:02,880
But in those days,
there were no psychologists.
706
00:43:02,960 --> 00:43:06,280
Or if there were,
I received no psychological assistance.
707
00:43:06,360 --> 00:43:12,080
The crime on Correos Street,
where they'd blown up a coffee shop
708
00:43:12,160 --> 00:43:15,080
because it was a place police officers
often went to for lunch...
709
00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:17,400
they killed very few officers,
710
00:43:17,480 --> 00:43:20,000
but killed many innocent people
who had nothing to do with it.
711
00:43:20,080 --> 00:43:24,640
Of all their disgraceful acts,
this one was particularly horrible,
712
00:43:24,760 --> 00:43:27,080
and ETA tended to want to gloss over it.
713
00:43:27,160 --> 00:43:28,520
On the one hand,
714
00:43:29,120 --> 00:43:32,960
ETA was internally driven
by a principle of violence,
715
00:43:33,480 --> 00:43:36,640
while on the other
it wanted to save its image
716
00:43:36,680 --> 00:43:38,680
as being portrayed
as a Robin Hood movement.
717
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:39,960
ABC - 09.14.1974
BLOOD OF INNOCENT VICTIMS
718
00:43:40,040 --> 00:43:42,160
The attack on Correos Street
provides a glimpse
719
00:43:42,280 --> 00:43:44,400
into the fundamental characteristic
of terrorism,
720
00:43:44,480 --> 00:43:46,480
which is that the attack
must be indiscriminate.
721
00:43:46,560 --> 00:43:51,760
This attack will have great repercussions
both nationally and internationally.
722
00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:57,040
It will also spark debate within the ETA,
leading to a crisis,
723
00:43:57,120 --> 00:43:59,560
as members try to vindicate their actions.
724
00:43:59,640 --> 00:44:03,360
So much so that at one point,
they decide not to proceed.
725
00:44:06,040 --> 00:44:10,440
ETA continued to support
the same principles
726
00:44:10,520 --> 00:44:13,040
as they'd always had
since their foundation.
727
00:44:13,120 --> 00:44:15,760
That is to say, acting
as an ultra-nationalist party
728
00:44:15,840 --> 00:44:19,480
and having as a common enemy
all Spaniards.
729
00:44:19,560 --> 00:44:22,960
Because they believe
that their confrontation with the State
730
00:44:23,040 --> 00:44:25,280
and attacks outside of Basque Country,
731
00:44:25,360 --> 00:44:27,320
especially those
carried out in the capital,
732
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:29,120
will have more significant repercussions.
733
00:44:29,840 --> 00:44:33,840
In that final moment,
when Franco is quite sick,
734
00:44:33,920 --> 00:44:36,480
when Franco is visibly fading away,
735
00:44:36,560 --> 00:44:39,520
this is especially tragic.
736
00:44:41,360 --> 00:44:45,080
1975 - FIRING SQUAD EXECUTION
OF TXIKI AND OTAEGI
737
00:44:45,160 --> 00:44:47,000
Txiki, Paredes was his name,
738
00:44:47,080 --> 00:44:49,240
was a boy who wasn't born
in the Basque Country,
739
00:44:49,320 --> 00:44:50,880
and he had...
740
00:44:50,960 --> 00:44:53,400
an interesting...
741
00:44:53,480 --> 00:44:55,560
social connection.
742
00:44:55,640 --> 00:44:58,960
Many immigrants had assimilated well
into Basque society,
743
00:44:59,040 --> 00:45:01,240
including young people of that generation.
744
00:45:01,320 --> 00:45:04,360
Some of them had joined
the most active front lines
745
00:45:04,440 --> 00:45:05,640
of Basque organizations.
746
00:45:05,720 --> 00:45:08,960
And Otaegi was from Azpeitia. I knew him.
747
00:45:09,040 --> 00:45:11,200
He'd been a true Basque all his life,
748
00:45:11,280 --> 00:45:12,520
a classic ETA model.
749
00:45:13,120 --> 00:45:15,680
Txiki becomes a pathetic example
750
00:45:15,760 --> 00:45:17,760
of the good immigrant, I'll be clear.
751
00:45:17,840 --> 00:45:23,240
I mean, the good immigrant who
takes up arms to defend the Basque people.
752
00:45:23,320 --> 00:45:25,920
At that time, ETA used him
as an argument to show
753
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:27,200
how very progressive they were,
754
00:45:27,280 --> 00:45:31,320
"No, Txiki was born in Extremadura,
but he's as Basque as the rest of us."
755
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:33,760
There were a lot of non-Basques in ETA.
756
00:45:33,840 --> 00:45:37,200
Think about it,
Txiki was from Extremadura.
757
00:45:37,280 --> 00:45:40,640
Whenever they went to carry out an attack,
they'd always bring Txiki
758
00:45:40,720 --> 00:45:43,800
because when they'd get stopped
by civil guards or the state police,
759
00:45:43,880 --> 00:45:45,360
he'd stick his head out the window
760
00:45:45,440 --> 00:45:47,600
and speak to them
in a perfect Extremaduran accent.
761
00:45:47,680 --> 00:45:49,120
"All right, carry on."
762
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:51,440
Of course,
they thought he was one of theirs.
763
00:45:56,600 --> 00:46:01,200
We're from a small town in Extremadura
called Zalamea la Serena...
764
00:46:01,280 --> 00:46:03,680
...and we came here to work.
765
00:46:03,760 --> 00:46:04,720
"TXIKI'S" BROTHER
766
00:46:04,800 --> 00:46:07,160
And to find a better life.
767
00:46:11,920 --> 00:46:14,080
At home, nobody knew he was part of ETA.
768
00:46:14,160 --> 00:46:17,360
Being the eldest, I thought
something might be going on.
769
00:46:17,440 --> 00:46:19,040
But my parents? Never.
770
00:46:19,120 --> 00:46:21,400
People outside our family? Never.
771
00:46:21,480 --> 00:46:23,840
They didn't even know what ETA was,
for that matter.
772
00:46:25,880 --> 00:46:31,360
One doesn't simply join ETA
out of nowhere.
773
00:46:31,440 --> 00:46:35,240
Back then, practically everyone
was involved.
774
00:46:36,240 --> 00:46:41,680
Jon left Zarauz probably to carry out
a kidnapping or something similar.
775
00:46:41,760 --> 00:46:44,240
And the Civil Guard found out
776
00:46:44,320 --> 00:46:49,160
that there were a number of people
close to where they were staying,
777
00:46:49,240 --> 00:46:50,880
and they went to arrest them.
778
00:46:50,960 --> 00:46:54,560
They arrested two of Jon's friends,
a guy and a girl,
779
00:46:54,640 --> 00:46:56,240
and Jon had to make a run for it.
780
00:46:56,320 --> 00:47:00,480
He was arrested in Barcelona because...
They robbed a few banks.
781
00:47:00,560 --> 00:47:02,120
LA VANGUARDIA - 06.07.1975
ROBBERY OF A SANTANDER BANK BRANCH
782
00:47:02,200 --> 00:47:07,080
And during one of those incidents,
a state police officer was shot dead.
783
00:47:07,160 --> 00:47:10,600
They never found out who shot him.
784
00:47:10,680 --> 00:47:12,040
JUAN PAREDES MANOT,
ALIAS "TXIKI" COURT-MARTIALED
785
00:47:12,120 --> 00:47:16,200
There was no evidence.
No ballistics report,
786
00:47:16,280 --> 00:47:17,720
no autopsy, nothing.
787
00:47:18,360 --> 00:47:23,680
And he was found guilty
of this thing overnight.
788
00:47:25,920 --> 00:47:27,760
He was going to have an ordinary trial.
789
00:47:28,680 --> 00:47:33,280
But one month after this happened,
after this robbery,
790
00:47:33,880 --> 00:47:36,240
another policeman dies in Barcelona.
791
00:47:36,720 --> 00:47:42,560
And that's when they decide to make his
ordinary trial a summary one.
792
00:47:42,640 --> 00:47:47,040
So he didn't have a chance at a defense.
793
00:47:51,880 --> 00:47:55,160
He had nothing to do
with that incident with the policeman.
794
00:47:55,240 --> 00:47:58,520
but Franco wanted to issue a warning.
795
00:48:00,560 --> 00:48:02,560
By garotte.
796
00:48:03,720 --> 00:48:06,240
"Mikel, I don't want them to garotte me.
797
00:48:06,320 --> 00:48:09,160
If they're going to kill me,
I want an execution by firing squad."
798
00:48:11,560 --> 00:48:16,520
They granted his request,
but not because Franco was a great guy.
799
00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:18,160
They were executed by a firing squad
800
00:48:18,240 --> 00:48:20,120
because there were only
two executioners in Spain.
801
00:48:23,640 --> 00:48:26,280
As soon as he was brought here,
to Modelo Prison,
802
00:48:26,360 --> 00:48:30,720
he told his cellmates
that he was going to die the next day.
803
00:48:30,800 --> 00:48:34,440
He showed them a thumbs down,
implying that he was going to be killed.
804
00:48:40,320 --> 00:48:43,440
I was looking at my brother,
he was very calm,
805
00:48:43,520 --> 00:48:45,840
and he said, "Mikel, I think
they're going to execute me."
806
00:48:45,920 --> 00:48:47,480
And I said, "No, they're not, Jon.
807
00:48:47,560 --> 00:48:52,160
"Let's hope that in the end..."
Even the Pope was against it.
808
00:48:53,520 --> 00:48:55,560
We spent all night...
809
00:48:55,640 --> 00:49:00,280
I don't know if it was us who were trying
to cheer him up, or the other way around.
810
00:49:00,360 --> 00:49:05,960
And it was like he didn't realize
what was coming.
811
00:49:06,040 --> 00:49:07,480
We were telling jokes.
812
00:49:07,560 --> 00:49:13,400
I remember him telling me at one point,
"Mikel, shit, don't worry, life goes on.
813
00:49:13,480 --> 00:49:19,040
If you have a son someday,
name him after me. Name him Jon."
814
00:49:19,120 --> 00:49:23,520
And the first son I had, I named him Jon.
815
00:49:23,600 --> 00:49:24,920
He's named Jon after his uncle.
816
00:49:26,440 --> 00:49:30,320
They pardoned six of them
and executed five of them.
817
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:34,400
Volunteers from the Civil Guard
and from the state police.
818
00:49:36,760 --> 00:49:37,960
We know that they were volunteers
819
00:49:38,040 --> 00:49:40,520
and that later,
some of them committed suicide.
820
00:49:40,600 --> 00:49:43,840
When he walked between two of them,
821
00:49:43,920 --> 00:49:48,760
he saw me in the back, behind the people,
822
00:49:48,840 --> 00:49:52,480
and I raised my hand.
823
00:49:52,560 --> 00:49:54,640
What was I going to do?
There's nothing else I could do.
824
00:49:54,720 --> 00:49:58,680
I raise my hand, and then
he starts singing the Eusko Gudariak.
825
00:49:58,760 --> 00:50:02,600
When he got to the second verse,
826
00:50:02,680 --> 00:50:06,480
they fired the second burst
and he fell to the ground.
827
00:50:06,920 --> 00:50:10,520
And then the man standing there
fired the coup de grâce.
828
00:50:11,760 --> 00:50:15,200
And they killed him. That's it.
829
00:50:15,280 --> 00:50:19,320
I... In that moment,
830
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:22,720
had I had the chance,
I would've killed everyone.
831
00:50:22,840 --> 00:50:24,920
I mean, I would've left no man alive.
832
00:50:25,480 --> 00:50:30,080
But time has taught me that violence
won't get you anywhere.
833
00:50:31,960 --> 00:50:35,000
Even today, after so long,
834
00:50:35,080 --> 00:50:37,520
I still remember the way he looked then.
835
00:50:51,480 --> 00:50:54,440
Franco portrayed himself as heavy-handed
836
00:50:54,520 --> 00:50:57,520
with those who had killed
or who tried to kill,
837
00:50:57,600 --> 00:51:02,320
and he wanted to show his authority
838
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:07,560
by teaching people a lesson,
as a warning signal,
839
00:51:07,640 --> 00:51:11,040
so that everyone knew that
if they followed the same path,
840
00:51:11,120 --> 00:51:13,960
it would surely lead to a death sentence.
841
00:51:14,040 --> 00:51:16,080
I don't know
if it was a turning point or not.
842
00:51:16,160 --> 00:51:19,480
I think they would've done
the same thing under any circumstances.
843
00:51:19,560 --> 00:51:24,000
But undoubtedly,
the death sentences dictated by Franco
844
00:51:24,080 --> 00:51:28,120
reaffirmed certain positions.
845
00:51:28,200 --> 00:51:31,920
I'd like to think that,
deep down, no one was happy...
846
00:51:33,040 --> 00:51:36,000
about any of Franco's death sentences.
847
00:51:36,080 --> 00:51:40,280
ETA was successful in that sense, clearly,
848
00:51:40,360 --> 00:51:42,440
I mean, they forced the regime to regress.
849
00:51:42,520 --> 00:51:44,960
His Excellency, the Head of State.
850
00:51:46,520 --> 00:51:49,840
When Franco makes his last speech
in the Palacio de Oriente
851
00:51:49,920 --> 00:51:53,280
with the royals at his side,
and the emeritus king,
852
00:51:53,360 --> 00:51:55,840
looking uncomfortable
under the circumstances,
853
00:51:55,920 --> 00:51:58,800
he goes back to the same discourse
he used in the '40s.
854
00:51:58,880 --> 00:52:01,720
With talk of Masonic
and communist collusion, etc.,
855
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:07,040
and how the perverse forces of democracy
were isolating Spain's general.
856
00:52:07,440 --> 00:52:11,920
1975 - FRANCO'S DEATH
857
00:52:13,840 --> 00:52:19,280
FRANCO HAS DIED
858
00:52:21,640 --> 00:52:23,880
This is a broadcast
from Spain's national radio service,
859
00:52:23,960 --> 00:52:26,360
issued across all Spanish broadcasters.
860
00:52:27,640 --> 00:52:30,520
His Excellency, the Head of State
and Commander-in-Chief Franco,
861
00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:32,160
has passed away.
862
00:52:33,120 --> 00:52:35,440
Once Franco had died,
863
00:52:36,160 --> 00:52:39,480
I think the Basque Country,
just as the rest of Spain,
864
00:52:39,560 --> 00:52:45,040
entered a period of hope and uncertainty.
865
00:52:48,720 --> 00:52:50,400
Fellow ministers
866
00:52:51,360 --> 00:52:53,360
and colleagues,
867
00:52:53,880 --> 00:52:57,760
it is with a heavy heart
in memory of Franco that I say,
868
00:52:57,840 --> 00:52:59,680
-long live the king!
-Long live!
869
00:52:59,760 --> 00:53:02,320
-Long live Spain!
-Long live!
870
00:53:03,640 --> 00:53:05,480
When Franco died...
871
00:53:05,560 --> 00:53:06,880
FRANCO HAS DIED
ABC - 11.20.1975
872
00:53:06,960 --> 00:53:09,520
...the dominating public sentiment
was uncertainty
873
00:53:09,600 --> 00:53:11,400
and a degree of fear,
874
00:53:11,480 --> 00:53:15,960
the apprehension you feel when people
are waiting to see what will happen next.
875
00:53:16,040 --> 00:53:19,880
And so, at the time, logically
you'd expect a lot of uncertainty
876
00:53:19,960 --> 00:53:24,720
and tensions within the government.
877
00:53:24,800 --> 00:53:26,760
At least, that's what ingenious people
like me thought.
878
00:53:26,840 --> 00:53:31,200
With freedom re-established,
we thought the ETA phenomenon...
879
00:53:31,280 --> 00:53:32,680
PRIME MINISTER OF SPAIN
(1982-1996)
880
00:53:32,760 --> 00:53:34,200
...not the underlying...
881
00:53:34,280 --> 00:53:37,600
There were two camps,
the independents and the nationalists.
882
00:53:37,680 --> 00:53:42,560
I didn't think the underlying
political fabric would disappear,
883
00:53:42,640 --> 00:53:45,480
but in terms of ETA
and terrorist activity,
884
00:53:45,560 --> 00:53:49,280
what they called the "armed fight,"
yes, I thought that would go away.
885
00:53:49,360 --> 00:53:53,320
As soon as democracy was established,
violence intensified,
886
00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:55,520
taking it to the extreme.
887
00:53:55,600 --> 00:53:59,160
I don't think we had any idea
what was coming in 1975.
888
00:53:59,240 --> 00:54:01,960
At first, the organization's objective
889
00:54:02,040 --> 00:54:05,560
was independence and socialism.
890
00:54:06,400 --> 00:54:09,120
ETA doesn't know how to take on
891
00:54:09,200 --> 00:54:13,440
the challenge of creating a free society
in which everyone decides for themselves.
892
00:54:13,520 --> 00:54:15,320
They have to control it,
893
00:54:15,400 --> 00:54:19,320
and the only means of control
they're confident in using
894
00:54:19,400 --> 00:54:21,640
is violence.
895
00:54:25,480 --> 00:54:31,080
I always say, the real bastard
of the Franco regime is ETA.
896
00:54:31,160 --> 00:54:34,680
ETA was a consequence of Francoism.
897
00:54:39,880 --> 00:54:44,800
FROM 1968 TO 1975
ETA KILLS 45 PEOPLE
898
00:54:48,760 --> 00:54:49,600
PUEBLO - 09.14.1974
ETA DID IT
899
00:55:16,240 --> 00:55:17,640
SERIES BASED ON THE BOOK
"HISTORIA DE UN DESAFÍO: CINCO DÉCADAS
900
00:55:17,720 --> 00:55:19,520
DE LA LUCHA SIN CUARTEL
DE LA GUARDIA CIVIL CONTRA ETA"
901
00:55:19,600 --> 00:55:21,080
WRITTEN BY MANUEL SÁNCHEZ CORBÍ
AND MANUELA SIMÓN
72900
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