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1
00:01:07,309 --> 00:01:09,386
So my friend, still in mathematics?
2
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You'd better practice
3
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That's better.
4
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Keep going, and you'll
make short work of your rival.
5
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Beware friend ! Wrong target.
6
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He's not the enemy.
7
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Does this interest you?
8
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Very much. Those are substitutions?
9
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As you can see.
10
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What is it for?
11
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To solve equations.
12
00:02:03,788 --> 00:02:05,540
Of what order? None could solve
anything beyond forth order.
13
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Even Abel....
14
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Abel was a genius !
15
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People like you let him die at 25
of hunger and pneumonia
16
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Cauchy didn’t even read his thesis
17
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He found it was written
with an ink too pale...
18
00:02:26,469 --> 00:02:28,427
Are you at the Polytechnic?
19
00:02:30,582 --> 00:02:31,840
I failed.
20
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Twice.
21
00:02:33,698 --> 00:02:38,756
I know. You threw a duster at the examiner.
22
00:02:39,149 --> 00:02:41,107
Working on equations?
23
00:02:41,220 --> 00:02:43,178
That problem is solved.
24
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I said : it’s solved.
25
00:02:53,956 --> 00:02:56,914
I’ve discovered the necessary and sufficient
condition for the solvability...
26
00:02:57,220 --> 00:02:59,178
...of general equations by radicals.
27
00:02:59,220 --> 00:03:01,178
That would be a good result.
28
00:03:01,220 --> 00:03:06,097
Beyond the 4th order this is usually impossible,
as Abel conjectured.
29
00:03:07,405 --> 00:03:12,725
My proof is based on the fact that
in the group of permutations of the letters
30
00:03:13,220 --> 00:03:17,693
we cannot have, for n above 4
any normal subgroup other than
31
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the subgroup of even permutations.
32
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I don’t see what that has to do with equations.
33
00:03:22,385 --> 00:03:23,962
But it’s obvious.
Think.
34
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Instead of letter, simply put
the n roots of an nth order equation
35
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You get the complete set of
possible permutations.
36
00:03:32,580 --> 00:03:34,775
- Does this method give an applicable result?
- Sure it does
37
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The calculations are not practical.
Life is too short.
38
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So, what is the use of all this?
39
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To solve the problem once and for all
40
00:03:48,700 --> 00:03:51,656
and to explain a lot of things that at first sight
don’t have anything to do with equations.
41
00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:56,657
That's what bothers me with your approach.
42
00:03:57,140 --> 00:03:58,858
Why?
43
00:03:59,060 --> 00:04:01,178
You do not calculate,
you speculate.
44
00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:02,613
I try to think.
45
00:04:02,940 --> 00:04:05,773
Using vague evidence, which have nothing
to do with your subject.
46
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Because it’s the same thing!
47
00:04:11,460 --> 00:04:15,454
I could have talked about rotation in space,
series of numbers, or cristals symetry.
48
00:04:18,051 --> 00:04:22,220
The immediate data represented by equations
and fonctions do not matter
49
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What is important is what is behind,
their common structure.
50
00:04:27,923 --> 00:04:29,834
We are not at the botanical garden.
51
00:04:30,700 --> 00:04:35,233
We are not going to worry for centuries
about single problems in little boxes...
52
00:04:39,740 --> 00:04:41,131
Let’s have a little bit of imagination.
53
00:04:41,420 --> 00:04:42,954
Leave that to the poets.
54
00:04:43,060 --> 00:04:45,077
We are talking of algebra.
Not generalities.
55
00:04:45,380 --> 00:04:47,216
Mathematics also have generalities.
56
00:04:47,460 --> 00:04:49,130
The logic of reasoning…
57
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In algebra, the reasoning is calculations.
58
00:04:51,820 --> 00:04:53,972
Where are yours?
59
00:04:54,480 --> 00:04:58,930
Well, I’m listening.
Prove what you have said.
60
00:04:59,260 --> 00:05:04,137
I can follow a proof.
It’s my job, you see.
61
00:05:10,140 --> 00:05:11,135
Go away...
62
00:05:13,880 --> 00:05:15,393
You are unable to understand.
63
00:05:15,595 --> 00:05:17,113
You are just as stupid as the others.
64
00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:24,969
There is nothing to understand, Galois.
65
00:05:25,553 --> 00:05:27,348
You are dreaming.
66
00:05:27,457 --> 00:05:29,556
What you are trying to prove is nonsense.
67
00:05:31,580 --> 00:05:33,093
Get out !
68
00:06:00,093 --> 00:06:02,162
You already have a duel to handle
69
00:06:06,700 --> 00:06:09,975
In tribute to your political bravery,
I came to asssist you...
70
00:06:13,953 --> 00:06:16,228
Just listen to this.
71
00:06:18,700 --> 00:06:20,975
I may not be a genius,
72
00:06:21,700 --> 00:06:23,975
but I am certainly good enough
as a mathematician
73
00:06:24,700 --> 00:06:28,975
to assure you that there isn't in Europe
any single person who can follow your reasoning.
74
00:06:30,100 --> 00:06:34,975
Whether you are a prophet or a fool,
the result is the same.
75
00:06:35,661 --> 00:06:38,736
You'll find none
to convey your thoughts.
76
00:06:49,055 --> 00:06:53,930
What counts in science, Galois,
is its positive aspect.
77
00:06:54,100 --> 00:06:56,975
The misunderstood, the unknown
cannot find any place
78
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You have wasted your time.
79
00:07:26,100 --> 00:07:27,775
Leave me now.
80
00:07:29,944 --> 00:07:32,019
I fight very early in the morning.
81
00:07:32,443 --> 00:07:34,818
I don’t have much time.
82
00:08:39,626 --> 00:08:40,826
What are you doing Evariste?
83
00:08:41,220 --> 00:08:42,620
You are not going to work?
84
00:08:43,495 --> 00:08:44,795
I though I told you to go away
85
00:08:46,012 --> 00:08:47,412
That's suicide...
Have some rest
86
00:08:48,811 --> 00:08:52,511
Your only chance to get away tomorrow
is to practice all night
87
00:08:52,937 --> 00:08:53,937
then have some sleep
88
00:08:54,235 --> 00:08:55,535
Mind your own business please.
89
00:08:56,478 --> 00:08:57,878
Galois!
Don't go to this duel tomorrow
90
00:08:59,705 --> 00:09:01,005
It will be butchery.
91
00:09:03,404 --> 00:09:04,404
Why?
92
00:09:06,440 --> 00:09:07,840
You think I canot handle a gun?
93
00:09:09,975 --> 00:09:11,175
Don't be afraid.
94
00:09:11,697 --> 00:09:12,997
Geometrician have a military mind.
95
00:09:13,493 --> 00:09:14,893
They have great success in artillery.
96
00:09:16,667 --> 00:09:18,967
And the one I'm figthing for
will inspire my hand.
97
00:09:23,261 --> 00:09:24,361
It's not my first duel anyway
98
00:09:24,788 --> 00:09:25,888
I carried out my revolutionary duty
99
00:09:26,340 --> 00:09:27,340
And I even went to jail
100
00:09:27,861 --> 00:09:30,161
Precisely!
They have not forgotten
101
00:09:32,201 --> 00:09:33,701
You now...
A duel may be arranged
102
00:09:35,899 --> 00:09:37,899
What a good opportunity
to get rid of an annoying enemy
103
00:09:39,653 --> 00:09:40,953
I was not that dangerous...
104
00:09:46,005 --> 00:09:47,505
It was so long ago...
105
00:09:53,169 --> 00:09:54,169
It's late now.
106
00:09:54,397 --> 00:09:56,497
Too late to change anything
to my plans.
107
00:09:58,100 --> 00:09:59,500
I fight tomorrow at dawn.
108
00:10:06,978 --> 00:10:07,978
Evariste!
109
00:10:09,934 --> 00:10:12,434
Did you understand what I tried
to explain to that idiot?
110
00:10:13,237 --> 00:10:14,637
You know I'am not smart enough.
111
00:10:15,156 --> 00:10:16,656
Then you can't help me.
Leave me alone.
112
00:10:21,095 --> 00:10:22,295
I still have a lot of work
before tomorrow.
113
00:10:22,757 --> 00:10:23,957
And not much time left.
114
00:10:57,980 --> 00:10:59,980
So, in the silence of the night,
115
00:11:01,570 --> 00:11:03,570
Galois set to work one more time.
116
00:11:06,453 --> 00:11:09,653
How many nights like this has he
spent in different rooms?
117
00:11:12,052 --> 00:11:13,552
The table, the four walls.
118
00:11:14,867 --> 00:11:16,367
The only world
he has ever known.
119
00:11:19,164 --> 00:11:20,664
The study room in college,
120
00:11:21,279 --> 00:11:22,779
the dormitory in the university,
121
00:11:23,839 --> 00:11:25,339
and the stinking cell in prison.
122
00:11:27,684 --> 00:11:29,084
Straight from the classroom to the barricades...
123
00:11:30,371 --> 00:11:31,771
and from the barricades to prison.
124
00:11:36,182 --> 00:11:38,082
He has been studying mathematics
for six years only.
125
00:11:40,959 --> 00:11:42,259
He started when he was 15
126
00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:44,300
and now he is 22.
127
00:11:45,217 --> 00:11:46,317
In a few hours he will be dead.
128
00:11:46,518 --> 00:11:48,432
That's sure now.
129
00:12:01,910 --> 00:12:03,210
Don’t be in a hurry Galois.
130
00:12:05,027 --> 00:12:06,327
You’ve got plenty of time.
131
00:12:10,181 --> 00:12:11,581
Your friend the cadet was right.
132
00:12:13,933 --> 00:12:15,233
There isn't in Europe today
133
00:12:16,312 --> 00:12:19,512
one single person who may
understand what you are writing.
134
00:12:20,730 --> 00:12:21,930
In fifty years, maybe.
135
00:12:23,642 --> 00:12:24,842
In a hundred.
136
00:12:27,753 --> 00:12:30,953
You must forgive to Poisson,
to Cauchy, to the Academy,
137
00:12:31,449 --> 00:12:32,449
who rejected your thesis,
138
00:12:34,569 --> 00:12:36,969
They could not understand, that’s all.
139
00:12:38,618 --> 00:12:39,818
You are not the first, Galois.
140
00:12:41,635 --> 00:12:42,635
Remember Abel.
141
00:12:44,989 --> 00:12:46,289
Maybe in fifty years.
142
00:12:48,373 --> 00:12:49,673
You’ve still got plenty of time.
143
00:13:26,329 --> 00:13:27,329
What did you see of life, Evariste?
144
00:13:30,065 --> 00:13:31,065
Nothing.
145
00:13:32,067 --> 00:13:33,067
So few.
146
00:13:34,235 --> 00:13:36,835
Nothing but the pride
in having invented.
147
00:13:38,394 --> 00:13:40,694
This fever of conquering intelligence
148
00:13:41,322 --> 00:13:43,922
that fascinates itself
to know it gave birth
149
00:13:44,390 --> 00:13:45,990
to a new field.
150
00:15:00,194 --> 00:15:01,694
I'm ready, Sir.
151
00:17:32,827 --> 00:17:37,827
Sirs, a duel will start, between
M. Duchatelet and M. Evariste Galois
152
00:17:41,684 --> 00:17:44,684
The distance between the marks
is 30 feets
153
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:50,700
Between the handkerchiefs,
20 feets
154
00:17:52,579 --> 00:17:53,579
At the starting signal,
155
00:17:53,580 --> 00:17:59,080
each man may go from his place
to the handherchief, and shoot.
156
00:18:00,610 --> 00:18:03,110
But he may also shot
without moving.
157
00:18:03,675 --> 00:18:08,675
After the first shot, the other
party has one minute to shoot.
158
00:18:12,820 --> 00:18:17,820
As agreed, guns will be
drawn by your witnesses.
159
00:18:20,154 --> 00:18:22,654
Sirs, do you agree?
160
00:18:27,248 --> 00:18:30,094
- M. Duchatelet?
- Yes, I agree.
161
00:18:30,825 --> 00:18:32,476
And you, M. Galois?
162
00:18:35,655 --> 00:18:38,031
Do you agree with
what I've just said?
163
00:18:41,567 --> 00:18:43,612
M. Galois?!
164
00:18:44,984 --> 00:18:47,084
Yes, I agree.
165
00:18:49,996 --> 00:18:52,096
Sirs, you may choose
the guns.
166
00:19:26,982 --> 00:19:28,982
You may go.
167
00:20:11,103 --> 00:20:14,186
M. Galois, you have 1 minute
to stand up and shoot.
168
00:20:29,207 --> 00:20:31,307
Here comes the police.
Run.
169
00:20:36,034 --> 00:20:37,634
You too, Sir.
170
00:20:39,964 --> 00:20:41,164
Run.
171
00:23:25,252 --> 00:23:26,252
Help!
172
00:24:21,229 --> 00:24:24,229
Picked up by a farmer,
and brought to Cochin Hospital,
173
00:24:25,031 --> 00:24:27,531
Galois died on May 31, 1832.
174
00:24:28,353 --> 00:24:30,353
The morning after.
175
00:24:31,688 --> 00:24:33,988
It took 14 years to
have a first edition
176
00:24:34,289 --> 00:24:36,989
of Galois work,
in Liouvillle's journal.
177
00:24:38,300 --> 00:24:43,309
40 years for Camille Jordan to dedicate
him his Traité des substitutions, in 1870.
178
00:24:45,349 --> 00:24:47,910
But nowdays, any student in
Mathematics,
179
00:24:48,211 --> 00:24:51,211
knows the name of fields
containing a finite number of elements.
180
00:24:52,205 --> 00:24:54,712
These fields are named
"Galois fields".
12668
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