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This is a story about the people who
came sailing across the ocean.
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It's a story about a long and
perilous journey of upheaval,
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which came to change populations
and influence politics, trade,
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culture, religion
and entire societies.
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It's a story about the Vikings,
and how they transformed the world.
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For most people, the Vikings are seen
only as plunderers and pirates.
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But is that the whole truth?
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The process of converting Scandinavia
to Christianity is a long story.
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They were skilled tradesmen, in part
because of their ability to travel.
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They're going abroad
to take what they seek.
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In this series we will dig deeper
and gain more insight
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into who the Vikings really were.
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And the truth turns out
to be surprising.
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-= www.OpenSubtitles.org =-
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THE LAST JOURNEY OF THE VIKINGS
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At the end of the first
Viking invasion of France,
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the plundered cities began
to build walls and fortifications,
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making the Viking
attacks more difficult.
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But despite this,
the Viking fleets grew in number,
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as more and more people continued to
join the voyages to Francia,
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hoping to find glory and wealth.
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When the Frankish defenses,
for a time, became too strong,
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the Vikings instead set their sights
on England.
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At the end of the ninth century,
however, the Vikings once again
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00:02:38,500 --> 00:02:40,980
see their chance
to return to Francia.
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But this time,
they don't go back simply to loot.
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It is now that the Vikings
decide to become Europeans.
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And soon a new duchy,
Normandy, will be created.
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But how and why did the Vikings
become Normans?
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In order to answer that,
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we have to know more about the
Vikings' failed attacks on Francia
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00:03:02,380 --> 00:03:07,860
in the late ninth century, when
Charles the Bald was still king.
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THE GOOD LAND
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During the 880s, the Carolingians
actually managed to re-establish
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their power and initiative
in their defense
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00:03:48,860 --> 00:03:51,820
against various
Viking raiding groups.
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00:03:51,900 --> 00:03:54,660
And they begin to
refortify their borders and push
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00:03:54,740 --> 00:03:57,660
these groups back out to the sea.
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00:04:04,180 --> 00:04:07,300
Charles the Bald,
who was the Frankish emperor
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and the grandson of Charlemagne,
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had repeatedly been forced to
pay ransom to the Viking invaders.
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00:04:18,500 --> 00:04:21,660
But during his reign the Frankish
defenses were developed,
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with the addition of a cavalry,
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00:04:23,460 --> 00:04:28,020
as well as fortified bridges
along the rivers.
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00:04:28,100 --> 00:04:29,980
But when we come back
to this question of
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00:04:30,060 --> 00:04:34,060
whether these Viking groups
somehow failed during the 880s,
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I think we need to, again,
think about this notion of whether
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00:04:37,740 --> 00:04:41,340
there was a concerted
kind of Viking strategy.
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00:04:44,380 --> 00:04:48,380
These groups were still being
quite successful in the field,
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they were still managing to
extract tribute and plunder
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out of the Carolingians.
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00:04:53,380 --> 00:04:56,540
So whether or not any particular
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00:04:56,620 --> 00:05:00,300
engagement ended in
a victory for them,
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00:05:00,380 --> 00:05:05,060
I think, might be kind of narrowing
the focus a little too much here.
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00:05:18,700 --> 00:05:23,220
But although the Frankish resistance
is becoming increasingly structured,
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the Vikings once again
decide to attack Paris.
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00:05:26,700 --> 00:05:31,020
And so, another siege of the
metropolis is launched.
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00:05:34,860 --> 00:05:39,660
What happened in 885 and 886 in Paris
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isn't necessarily to be considered
as a failure for the Vikings.
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00:05:45,380 --> 00:05:50,180
Paris is indeed besieged
for several months,
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00:05:50,260 --> 00:05:53,540
there are fights between
Vikings and Parisians.
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00:05:53,620 --> 00:05:56,700
And, even if the Vikings
can't seize Paris,
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00:05:56,780 --> 00:06:01,020
they still get an important
monetary compensation.
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00:06:01,100 --> 00:06:05,620
So, actually, Parisians
defend themselves against
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00:06:05,700 --> 00:06:09,420
the Vikings attempts of
raid and plundering.
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00:06:09,500 --> 00:06:15,180
The Vikings hold for several months
and eventually accept to retreat
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in exchange for monetary compensation
coming directly from the King.
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00:06:22,660 --> 00:06:25,500
On top of it, they're authorised
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to sail up the Seine
and to plunder Burgundy.
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In the months that followed, they
plundered the surroundings of Sens.
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It seems inconsistent to have the
King authorising such a thing,
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but it was apparently
the understanding they came to.
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They didn't manage to seize Paris
in the end, that's true,
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but they still gained
a lot out of it.
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While the siege of Paris
may have been relieved,
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various Viking groups were still
being quite successful in the field.
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They were still managing to extract
tribute from the Franks,
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they were still causing
quite a lot of damage
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in many parts of the kingdom.
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00:07:44,100 --> 00:07:47,980
So again, I think we need
to come back to this idea of
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whether there was any
concerted strategy in the first place
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00:07:52,380 --> 00:07:56,420
and think about these groups more
on their own terms as
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autonomous raiding fleets and armies
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00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:01,180
operating with their own
individual goals.
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00:08:13,500 --> 00:08:18,220
If we want to consider
the question of how and why
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the Vikings became European,
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we must start by saying that there
was no Europe as such at the time.
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Scandinavians integrated into
a dominant culture on the continent
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which was linked to the
Anglo-Saxon culture too,
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so the North Sea in general.
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So they adopted some elements
of that culture.
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We see that the integration happened
mostly when Scandinavians
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tried to settle down in regions
outside of Scandinavia.
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00:08:58,060 --> 00:09:04,260
It was often then, through
power games and alliances games,
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that they accepted new ways of life,
but also a new religion.
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In Scandinavia, the process may
have taken more time,
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but we also see,
during the 11th century,
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that the Scandinavian elites
considered they were on par
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with the elites in
the rest of Europe,
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which had the same values
and ways to express power,
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and used Christianity as
well to secure that power.
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So that cultural integration process
between north and south
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happened over several centuries.
It didn't happen overnight.
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That integration process
also took place
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in the context of special interests,
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so with an often opportunist mindset
which allowed the Scandinavians
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who wanted to establish
themselves politically
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in the Anglo-Saxon England or in
Normandy to achieve their goal.
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00:10:23,580 --> 00:10:25,380
After a period of illness,
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the Frankish emperor Charles the
Bald dies, on October 6, 877.
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00:10:35,500 --> 00:10:40,500
After his death, the Frankish
coastal defenses diminish,
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00:10:40,580 --> 00:10:44,820
and the Vikings see an opportunity to
increase their numbers in Francia.
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And now begins a new era,
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one where the objective is not only
looting. But also integration.
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00:10:58,340 --> 00:11:01,940
When the Scandinavians
established themselves in Europe,
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00:11:02,020 --> 00:11:04,540
and some of them
relocated in the south,
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00:11:04,620 --> 00:11:08,380
it was natural for them to
become full members of society.
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They wanted to integrate.
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00:11:09,900 --> 00:11:13,100
One of the first things they did
was learn the language
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and convert to the local religion,
Christianity in this case.
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00:11:22,500 --> 00:11:24,820
The Vikings were polytheistic,
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which meant that
they worshipped several gods.
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00:11:27,940 --> 00:11:31,780
This religion existed in all
Germanic tribes of northern Europe
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until it was ushered out
by Christianity.
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00:11:53,380 --> 00:11:56,540
There are a number of reasons why
the Vikings are now converting
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00:11:56,620 --> 00:11:59,620
from their old faith
to become Christians.
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00:12:01,940 --> 00:12:05,620
The Christianisation process happened
for a number of reasons
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00:12:05,700 --> 00:12:07,220
and in a lot of different ways.
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00:12:07,300 --> 00:12:09,220
I think, when we're looking at
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these Viking groups
operating on the continent,
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00:12:11,980 --> 00:12:14,020
there's certainly
an element of pragmatism.
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00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:18,700
The opportunity to engage in
trade or to engage in diplomacy
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00:12:18,780 --> 00:12:21,460
with not only the Carolingians,
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00:12:21,540 --> 00:12:25,260
but also with the Anglo-Saxon kings
in England.
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00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:35,580
The conversion of Scandinavia to
Christianity is a long story.
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And a story that lasted
several centuries.
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00:12:42,140 --> 00:12:46,660
In the early eighth century, already,
there are the first missions in.
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00:12:46,740 --> 00:12:50,900
Friesland also having eyes
on the Danes.
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00:12:51,860 --> 00:12:57,020
And throughout the eighth century,
there is close contact
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00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:03,420
between the Christian sphere and the
non-Christian sphere in Scandinavia.
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00:13:09,060 --> 00:13:11,180
It also happens through trade.
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00:13:11,260 --> 00:13:14,340
Throughout the
eighth and ninth centuries
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there's contact between merchants,
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most likely Christians, coming
from the North Sea's trading posts
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00:13:22,740 --> 00:13:24,420
and Scandinavian merchants.
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00:13:27,860 --> 00:13:33,420
So, through trade, information is
already being transferred
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00:13:33,500 --> 00:13:40,460
and most likely, there are already
conversions of individuals,
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00:13:40,540 --> 00:13:43,860
merchants deciding by themselves to
convert to Christianity
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00:13:43,940 --> 00:13:49,500
most often in order to be
granted access and the right to trade
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in the Anglo-Saxon
and Frankish cities.
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Ultimately, it became difficult
to own land and engage in trading
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unless you were a Christian.
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Certain trading posts existed where
people weren't allowed
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to trade with heathens.
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So the Vikings allowed themselves
to be baptised,
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but viewed it as a temporary thing.
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By doing so they were granted
permission to remain
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and conduct trade in these places.
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As the years went by, it became
more important to present yourself
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as Christian in order to
conduct trade
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and partake in the political game.
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00:14:46,340 --> 00:14:50,340
In historical records we see a
surprising number, perhaps,
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of quite powerful leaders of raiding
fleets accepting baptism
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as part of their diplomatic contact
with the Carolingian kings
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and also in Anglo-Saxon England
we see this too.
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And this served a number of
pragmatic reasons.
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It meant that these leaders
could be incorporated into the
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the Christianised framework
of diplomacy and kingship
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that existed in Europe at this time.
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It allowed the Carolingians and the
Anglo-Saxons to deal with
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00:15:23,860 --> 00:15:27,180
these leaders of these
raiding fleets as
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legitimate political figures
rather than simply as outsiders.
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And what this is doing
is really integrating
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the Scandinavians into
this diplomatic network
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of Christian Europe.
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It was beneficial for them
to be allied with the church.
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00:16:05,380 --> 00:16:10,380
When they originally introduced
Christianity to the Vikings,
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00:16:10,460 --> 00:16:14,300
they portrayed Jesus
slightly differently.
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00:16:14,380 --> 00:16:20,380
Jesus was not seen as the humble
servant that turned the other cheek.
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00:16:20,460 --> 00:16:24,740
Rather he was presented as
the strong conqueror
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that defeated and christened
people from many different lands.
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00:16:39,540 --> 00:16:43,380
Strength and victory were ideals
in their society.
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00:16:43,460 --> 00:16:48,180
Not so much being humble,
sensitive and loving one another.
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00:16:48,260 --> 00:16:54,020
The Vikings believed in taking care
of society's weaker members as well.
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00:16:54,100 --> 00:17:00,060
Christianity simply didn't present
war as the foremost ideal.
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00:17:00,140 --> 00:17:05,980
But the idea of goodness,
taking care of those less fortunate,
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00:17:06,060 --> 00:17:11,020
existed in both religions.
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00:17:25,740 --> 00:17:30,220
It is hard to understand how much
this era transformed the mindset
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00:17:30,300 --> 00:17:34,260
of people who converted to
Christianity in Scandinavia.
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00:17:34,340 --> 00:17:39,900
Was it really a change of belief,
of the way of looking at things,
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00:17:39,980 --> 00:17:43,740
or was it more of an acceptance
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00:17:43,820 --> 00:17:48,340
of new values, new practices,
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00:17:48,420 --> 00:17:53,220
that mixed up,
at least for a given time,
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00:17:53,300 --> 00:17:57,300
with the ones they already had.
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00:18:07,740 --> 00:18:10,740
In the beginning of
the eighth century
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00:18:10,820 --> 00:18:12,820
and, especially,
in the early ninth century,
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00:18:12,900 --> 00:18:17,260
conversion to Christianity takes
place among individuals.
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00:18:17,340 --> 00:18:20,940
People decide, in certain
circumstances,
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00:18:21,020 --> 00:18:23,580
to accept a new religion.
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00:18:24,660 --> 00:18:28,340
In connection with the Frankish
expansion to the North,
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00:18:28,420 --> 00:18:33,100
high classes are more and more
interested in Christianity.
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00:18:33,180 --> 00:18:35,660
They very often seek to facilitate
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00:18:35,740 --> 00:18:39,580
diplomatic agreements and create
alliances.
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00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:46,340
That same game comes back
in the late ninth century
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00:18:46,420 --> 00:18:49,260
in texts written by
a monk named Notker.
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00:18:49,340 --> 00:18:52,420
He refers to how the Danes
would often attend the court
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00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:56,420
in order to be baptised.
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00:18:56,500 --> 00:18:59,700
And weren't hiding that their goal
was to receive the gifts
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00:18:59,780 --> 00:19:01,540
that were given with baptism.
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00:19:01,620 --> 00:19:07,300
Of course, Notker laughs at the Danes
and their poorly hidden intentions.
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00:19:07,380 --> 00:19:11,980
Their lack of sincerity during this
process must be quite exaggerated.
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00:19:12,060 --> 00:19:16,300
But there must be some element
of truth as well;
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00:19:16,380 --> 00:19:20,780
Converting to Christianity,
going through baptism,
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00:19:20,860 --> 00:19:24,940
aren't done out of sincere
devotion or belief in a single god.
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00:19:25,020 --> 00:19:29,340
It is rather done in expediency. Only
as long as there is something to win.
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00:19:29,420 --> 00:19:32,660
This also brings the question
of the way we see
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00:19:32,740 --> 00:19:35,740
conversion into a
new religion.
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00:19:37,460 --> 00:19:40,900
Indeed, on one side,
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00:19:40,980 --> 00:19:44,980
there obviously is a social aspect
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00:19:45,060 --> 00:19:51,900
to any change of religion,
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00:19:51,980 --> 00:19:54,380
but there is also a very personal
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aspect concerning someone's faith.
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From an archaeological
point of view,
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00:20:02,900 --> 00:20:07,740
it is very difficult to rebuild the
way people were thinking
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00:20:07,820 --> 00:20:09,260
during the Viking Age.
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00:20:09,340 --> 00:20:12,860
This also applies to written
sources since, very often,
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00:20:12,940 --> 00:20:17,700
texts from that era refer to
political events,
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00:20:17,780 --> 00:20:22,140
baptism as a ceremony,
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00:20:22,220 --> 00:20:25,060
as a political and social event,
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00:20:25,140 --> 00:20:31,060
but not really to more spiritual
thoughts of those affected.
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00:20:43,300 --> 00:20:48,140
It's likely many journeyed south and
allowed themselves to be baptised,
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00:20:48,220 --> 00:20:49,740
but when they travelled home,
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00:20:49,820 --> 00:20:55,140
they returned to the old ways
and the old Gods.
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00:20:56,700 --> 00:21:02,220
We have found necklaces
and amulets that could be
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00:21:02,300 --> 00:21:07,980
both the hammer of Thor and a cross,
depending on how you wear it.
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00:21:08,060 --> 00:21:13,460
There were casts for making
both the hammer of Thor and crosses.
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00:21:13,540 --> 00:21:18,540
This indicates that the
line between the two religions
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00:21:18,620 --> 00:21:21,460
was blurred for the Scandinavians.
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00:21:38,980 --> 00:21:41,420
As Christianity and the Church
spread its influence,
241
00:21:41,500 --> 00:21:45,540
they brought with them new social
rules and women in particular
242
00:21:45,620 --> 00:21:47,260
were affected by this.
243
00:21:49,420 --> 00:21:52,300
They weren't allowed to
practise crafts.
244
00:21:52,380 --> 00:21:54,740
It was considered inappropriate.
245
00:21:54,820 --> 00:21:58,980
And it had to be done under
supervision by a man.
246
00:21:59,060 --> 00:22:02,420
They required a male guardian
of sorts.
247
00:22:04,740 --> 00:22:07,060
Prior to the spread of Christianity,
248
00:22:07,140 --> 00:22:11,300
women had the opportunity
both farm to their own land
249
00:22:11,380 --> 00:22:15,660
and rule over themselves as well as
practising various crafts,
250
00:22:15,740 --> 00:22:20,420
such as ceramics,
cloth making or baking.
251
00:22:20,500 --> 00:22:23,500
Especially when larger cities emerged
252
00:22:23,580 --> 00:22:28,660
where they could make a living
practising their craft.
253
00:22:30,620 --> 00:22:33,100
The judicial system also changed.
254
00:22:33,180 --> 00:22:38,340
Women weren't allowed to inherit
and they lost their say in marriages.
255
00:22:39,860 --> 00:22:46,500
The church also encouraged girls
and widows to join monasteries.
256
00:22:46,580 --> 00:22:51,100
And when they did,
they were encouraged to donate
257
00:22:51,180 --> 00:22:54,540
their worldly possessions
to the church.
258
00:22:54,620 --> 00:22:59,620
With this, their role in society
was weakened.
259
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:05,220
Women were not allowed to be strong.
260
00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:11,860
She couldn't hold a position of power
or be an independent woman
261
00:23:11,940 --> 00:23:15,540
who made her own choices; Instead
other people had to do it for her.
262
00:23:24,380 --> 00:23:27,900
Women always played a
fundamental part,
263
00:23:27,980 --> 00:23:32,660
but the value of their contribution
was diminished.
264
00:23:32,740 --> 00:23:35,500
Their contribution
wasn't worth as much.
265
00:23:35,580 --> 00:23:38,220
They were meant to cook,
and raise the children.
266
00:23:38,300 --> 00:23:42,660
This wasn't as important as
the role of men,
267
00:23:42,740 --> 00:23:44,820
being out in the world
in various ways.
268
00:23:44,900 --> 00:23:50,460
This view emerged with
the spread of Christianity.
269
00:24:03,180 --> 00:24:07,740
I think today, that the idea of
giving up ones religion and accepting
270
00:24:07,820 --> 00:24:12,700
a new set of beliefs would be a huge
thing for an individual to take on,
271
00:24:12,780 --> 00:24:15,980
and certainly for at least some
people during the Viking age,
272
00:24:16,060 --> 00:24:19,060
I think that must have been
very much the same.
273
00:24:24,700 --> 00:24:28,140
At the same time, I think
it's important to acknowledge that
274
00:24:28,220 --> 00:24:32,100
the pre-Christian
belief systems of Scandinavia
275
00:24:32,180 --> 00:24:33,380
during the Viking age,
276
00:24:33,460 --> 00:24:36,820
they didn't conform to any kind
of religious doctrine.
277
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:42,020
This was not a religion in the sense
that we would today understand it,
278
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:43,860
but more a kind of belief system,
279
00:24:43,940 --> 00:24:47,340
a way of seeing the world
and interacting
280
00:24:47,420 --> 00:24:49,020
with the world around you.
281
00:24:49,500 --> 00:24:54,380
And in that sense, if you have a
polytheistic outlook
282
00:24:54,460 --> 00:24:57,100
on religious beliefs,
you have many gods,
283
00:24:57,180 --> 00:25:01,180
and in addition to those you have
a whole range of spirits
284
00:25:01,260 --> 00:25:04,140
and supernatural creatures that
live in the world around you,
285
00:25:04,220 --> 00:25:06,460
and you interact with these
on a daily basis,
286
00:25:06,540 --> 00:25:10,940
then the idea of taking on
another deity as part of this
287
00:25:11,020 --> 00:25:17,580
may not have been as outlandish
or as traumatic as we might think.
288
00:25:17,660 --> 00:25:24,500
There is an acknowledgement of other
beliefs and maybe there was
289
00:25:24,580 --> 00:25:27,820
some way that these
could be integrated
290
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:33,420
into people's existing belief systems
rather than replacing them directly.
291
00:26:04,380 --> 00:26:07,940
In the late ninth century
and early 10th century,
292
00:26:08,020 --> 00:26:11,660
as more and more Viking groups in
Francia learn the language
293
00:26:11,740 --> 00:26:14,500
and convert
from paganism to Christianity,
294
00:26:14,580 --> 00:26:17,940
they start to naturally integrate
into Frankish society.
295
00:26:18,020 --> 00:26:20,420
And as more Vikings are integrated,
296
00:26:20,500 --> 00:26:24,260
they also become a significant and
dangerous power to be reckoned with.
297
00:26:25,660 --> 00:26:31,060
In the late ninth century, Vikings
had been present in Normandy
298
00:26:31,140 --> 00:26:34,460
and the Channel for several decades.
299
00:26:34,540 --> 00:26:38,500
They had already settled in
a more or less permanent way
300
00:26:38,580 --> 00:26:41,020
in different areas
301
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:45,260
of Brittany and around
the Seine's estuary in Normandy.
302
00:26:58,340 --> 00:26:59,700
For the Frankish emperor,
303
00:26:59,780 --> 00:27:03,060
it became important to have
good diplomatic relations
304
00:27:03,140 --> 00:27:05,380
with the Vikings and their leaders.
305
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:13,220
And in 911 an experienced
Viking chief steps forward.
306
00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:17,140
What we see at this time as part of
diplomatic negotiation,
307
00:27:17,220 --> 00:27:21,700
a Viking leader who we know
in the historical record as Rollo
308
00:27:24,980 --> 00:27:29,100
is granted a swathe of territory in
what is now Normandy.
309
00:27:37,780 --> 00:27:40,380
Rollo had already taken part
310
00:27:40,460 --> 00:27:44,860
in several Viking incursions
on the Seine, and for several years.
311
00:27:44,940 --> 00:27:49,700
He was well known to the
Frankish authorities.
312
00:27:56,140 --> 00:27:59,540
In this environment,
where on one side,
313
00:27:59,620 --> 00:28:07,540
Viking incursions are taken up again
in the 880s to 890s.
314
00:28:07,620 --> 00:28:10,740
They are a threat to the area,
a real one.
315
00:28:10,820 --> 00:28:17,220
And, on the other side, the fact that
several groups of Vikings
316
00:28:17,300 --> 00:28:21,500
are already settled more or less
permanently in different areas.
317
00:28:21,580 --> 00:28:24,940
The Scandinavians
are already quite present
318
00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:30,620
and they are starting to
be not only a permanent threat,
319
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:33,060
but quite an annoying one.
320
00:28:34,140 --> 00:28:39,660
It's with this background that the
leader, Rollo, comes to an agreement
321
00:28:39,740 --> 00:28:46,700
with the King to gain control over
territories in Normandy
322
00:28:46,780 --> 00:28:52,380
in order to remedy
323
00:28:52,460 --> 00:28:56,620
a more or less
already existing situation
324
00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:02,620
of the Seine's estuary
and thus access to Paris
325
00:29:02,700 --> 00:29:05,860
and to the richest areas
in the Kingdom.
326
00:29:07,980 --> 00:29:13,140
This is the context that allows Rollo
to get the first territories
327
00:29:13,220 --> 00:29:16,940
of what will later become Normandy.
328
00:29:17,020 --> 00:29:21,380
This agreement with Rollo is
a clear way for the Frankish power
329
00:29:21,460 --> 00:29:24,620
to control him and make him an ally.
330
00:29:25,740 --> 00:29:28,740
This will have enormous
consequences...
331
00:29:30,580 --> 00:29:35,820
The agreement was formalised in 911.
We haven't found this document,
332
00:29:35,900 --> 00:29:42,260
but it is referred to in different
sources from 918.
333
00:29:46,540 --> 00:29:50,860
And the purpose of this, primarily
from the Carolingian perspective,
334
00:29:50,940 --> 00:29:56,420
is to establish a strong, powerful
adversary in a region where
335
00:29:56,500 --> 00:30:02,740
where he's become almost a
protector of the Carolingian Kingdom,
336
00:30:02,820 --> 00:30:05,740
because their job, essentially,
in holding this territory,
337
00:30:05,820 --> 00:30:10,060
is to stop other potential incursions
from taking place.
338
00:30:16,220 --> 00:30:20,660
It has its merits to position
capable warriors
339
00:30:20,740 --> 00:30:22,620
by the mouth of the river Seine.
340
00:30:22,700 --> 00:30:28,340
This ensured they were prepared for
potential hostile invasions.
341
00:30:28,420 --> 00:30:34,180
In addition, by granting them
this land they eliminated
342
00:30:34,260 --> 00:30:39,020
the probability of further
Viking raids.
343
00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:44,260
It was still a possibility, but
having local Norsemen
344
00:30:44,340 --> 00:30:49,060
living there, they might have
negotiated and discussed things
345
00:30:49,140 --> 00:30:53,020
with the locals before
they took up arms.
346
00:30:57,380 --> 00:31:01,180
Very quickly it seems that the
territory of Normandy grows
347
00:31:01,260 --> 00:31:07,420
as more land is granted and this
area, this new Scandinavian enclave,
348
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:10,500
starts to expand quite rapidly.
349
00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:15,700
And a part of this we see an
acculturation into Frankish society.
350
00:31:15,780 --> 00:31:20,340
Not only the adoption of Christianity
which is an ongoing process,
351
00:31:20,420 --> 00:31:24,380
but also a move towards
a more Frankish way of life.
352
00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:28,060
Quite quickly, I think,
within a number of years,
353
00:31:28,140 --> 00:31:33,900
we're not gonna be seeing, or hearing
rather, Scandinavian languages spoken
354
00:31:33,980 --> 00:31:35,220
in the Normandy region.
355
00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:40,660
We're gonna see a disappearance
of Scandinavian custom
356
00:31:40,740 --> 00:31:45,260
and the emergence of what really
looks like a Frankish territory.
357
00:31:46,820 --> 00:31:51,620
They rapidly adapted
Christian graves and culture.
358
00:31:54,100 --> 00:32:00,420
It didn't take long for them to
become fully fledged Frenchmen.
359
00:32:12,020 --> 00:32:18,500
From brief excursions,
to staying over the winter...
360
00:32:21,780 --> 00:32:24,780
and to eventually be granted
their own share of the land...
361
00:32:26,780 --> 00:32:30,100
within the span of roughly 150 years
362
00:32:30,180 --> 00:32:34,620
meant that the Norsemen had an
established presence in Francia.
363
00:32:39,940 --> 00:32:45,180
The early winters in Francia
granted the Vikings
364
00:32:45,260 --> 00:32:51,900
enough social attachment to
establish diplomatic relations
365
00:32:51,980 --> 00:32:55,460
and discussions on warfare
and common enemies
366
00:32:55,540 --> 00:33:00,100
that, in turn, strengthened their
presence in Francia.
367
00:33:04,580 --> 00:33:09,140
I think trying to put a single
determining factor on why these
368
00:33:09,220 --> 00:33:13,100
processes of acculturation
take place is quite difficult.
369
00:33:13,180 --> 00:33:16,140
In one sense, I think there's an
element of pragmatism here.
370
00:33:16,220 --> 00:33:20,420
If you're going to be establishing
yourself within a new landscape
371
00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:24,900
and among a new society, there has to
be a degree of integration
372
00:33:24,980 --> 00:33:27,420
to ensure peaceful coexistence.
373
00:33:27,500 --> 00:33:29,620
At the same time I also
think this is natural.
374
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:33,100
As people come together
and coexist and
375
00:33:33,180 --> 00:33:35,260
communicate and
learn from each other,
376
00:33:35,340 --> 00:33:38,780
there's going to be an exchange of
culture and an exchange of ideas.
377
00:33:38,860 --> 00:33:42,260
And I think, in that sense,
that this is a process that
378
00:33:42,340 --> 00:33:45,740
can't necessarily be quantified
or put into a box:
379
00:33:45,820 --> 00:33:47,060
This is why it happened.
380
00:33:47,140 --> 00:33:50,940
Over time, this is something that
would naturally take place
381
00:33:51,020 --> 00:33:54,020
as we see in the continuing
evolution of Normandy
382
00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:55,940
to what it becomes in
the 11th century.
383
00:33:59,460 --> 00:34:04,660
When we think that Normandy was
established as a political territory
384
00:34:04,740 --> 00:34:07,980
based on Scandinavian colonisation,
385
00:34:08,060 --> 00:34:11,660
it can seem surprising that
on an archaeological level
386
00:34:11,740 --> 00:34:16,220
we have almost zero material evidence
of that Scandinavian presence.
387
00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:19,620
One of the possible
explanations is that
388
00:34:19,700 --> 00:34:24,180
the integration of the Scandinavians
happened very quickly
389
00:34:24,260 --> 00:34:27,660
through those marriage alliances.
390
00:34:27,740 --> 00:34:32,340
And very quickly they adopted
a way of life close to that
391
00:34:32,420 --> 00:34:35,860
of the Frankish populations who
used to live there beforehand.
392
00:34:35,940 --> 00:34:40,780
So we don't notice in
an obvious way in archaeology
393
00:34:40,860 --> 00:34:43,260
that Scandinavian presence.
394
00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:52,500
Rollo's reign of Normandy
lasted until 928,
395
00:34:52,580 --> 00:34:56,700
he is believed to have died in 930,
at the age of 70.
396
00:34:59,420 --> 00:35:04,020
Rollo's offspring and his followers
became known as The Normans.
397
00:35:10,020 --> 00:35:16,060
There was periodic fighting
between Rollo's children,
398
00:35:16,140 --> 00:35:18,540
grandchildren and the French King.
399
00:35:18,620 --> 00:35:25,180
But by the end of the 10th century,
the region saw a return to stability
400
00:35:25,260 --> 00:35:31,540
when the great grandson
of Rollo married
401
00:35:31,620 --> 00:35:36,140
a woman who moved there.
402
00:35:36,220 --> 00:35:41,980
And they created a peaceful
society that catered to
403
00:35:42,060 --> 00:35:48,980
both the Norsemen and the Europeans
that already lived there.
404
00:35:52,220 --> 00:35:56,820
The union of Gunnor, the daughter of
a rich family in West Normandy,
405
00:35:56,900 --> 00:36:00,380
and Rollo's grandson,
Richard I of Normandy,
406
00:36:00,460 --> 00:36:02,540
proved to be one of the
most important
407
00:36:02,620 --> 00:36:04,860
political marriages in the region.
408
00:36:07,740 --> 00:36:11,820
She ruled the land following her
husband's passing
409
00:36:11,900 --> 00:36:13,340
as their son was still young.
410
00:36:13,420 --> 00:36:19,300
She left her imprint on the area
and managed to collaborate with
411
00:36:19,380 --> 00:36:22,940
the Scandinavian people
412
00:36:23,020 --> 00:36:27,580
and countries, as well
as the rest of Francia.
413
00:36:41,420 --> 00:36:45,460
The attempt to stabilise
relationships between
414
00:36:45,540 --> 00:36:51,060
Scandinavian elite warriors settling
in Normandy and Frankish authorities
415
00:36:51,140 --> 00:36:54,780
includes marriages that also play
an important part.
416
00:36:54,860 --> 00:36:57,780
Within personal alliances,
417
00:36:57,860 --> 00:37:02,020
risk of conflict
among members of a family
418
00:37:02,100 --> 00:37:04,580
is theoretically diminished.
419
00:37:04,660 --> 00:37:08,100
In practice,
it is often far from true,
420
00:37:08,180 --> 00:37:14,140
but it is done to limit conflicts.
421
00:37:14,220 --> 00:37:17,660
In those marriages,
422
00:37:17,740 --> 00:37:21,580
women play a major part.
423
00:37:26,220 --> 00:37:29,420
Not in an obvious or active way,
424
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:34,100
they don't decide who they
are getting married to,
425
00:37:34,180 --> 00:37:37,740
they are mostly arranged marriages,
things are decided for them,
426
00:37:37,820 --> 00:37:41,300
but through these marriages they
manage to establish
427
00:37:41,380 --> 00:37:44,260
some kind of authority of obvious
importance in politics.
428
00:37:44,340 --> 00:37:50,740
Their part, as is the case for Gunnor
and many others is,
429
00:37:50,820 --> 00:37:56,580
on one hand to have some
influence on political stakes,
430
00:37:56,660 --> 00:38:03,140
and on the other hand to
make sure their children
431
00:38:03,220 --> 00:38:06,620
will have access to
power and inheritance.
432
00:38:06,700 --> 00:38:10,860
One of the main things at stake for
elite women in Normandy
433
00:38:10,940 --> 00:38:15,940
is to make sure their children
have access to the rights
434
00:38:16,020 --> 00:38:20,180
and inheritance
that should be theirs.
435
00:38:38,980 --> 00:38:41,980
I mean, of course these kind of
marriages would have strengthened
436
00:38:42,060 --> 00:38:47,140
political and personal bonds between
very powerful families
437
00:38:47,220 --> 00:38:49,260
and across borders.
438
00:38:49,340 --> 00:38:53,260
In addition to this I think there
would have been also financial gain
439
00:38:53,340 --> 00:38:58,500
for one or both parties,
but also a chance to, again,
440
00:38:58,580 --> 00:39:02,900
for these people to increase their
power through these relationships.
441
00:39:02,980 --> 00:39:07,980
And these marriages greatly
facilitate the establishment of
442
00:39:08,060 --> 00:39:13,220
what would hope to be stable
dynasties of rule and in that sense
443
00:39:13,300 --> 00:39:14,900
these marriages legitimise
444
00:39:14,980 --> 00:39:18,580
the future rule of the children
born of those unions.
445
00:39:26,420 --> 00:39:30,580
During the 10th century,
the kingdoms grew.
446
00:39:30,660 --> 00:39:32,580
They controlled larger areas of land,
447
00:39:32,660 --> 00:39:35,300
which meant they had access to
bigger pools of resources.
448
00:39:35,380 --> 00:39:40,940
They were also better educated
and taught diplomacy,
449
00:39:41,020 --> 00:39:44,620
how to negotiate
450
00:39:44,700 --> 00:39:51,540
and to read and write in order
to administrate their kingdoms.
451
00:39:51,620 --> 00:39:56,260
They also kept books for taxes.
452
00:39:56,340 --> 00:40:00,900
Much of this was likely done
by the women, the queens,
453
00:40:00,980 --> 00:40:06,780
that took care of their own families
as well as their descendants.
454
00:40:13,180 --> 00:40:16,660
Even though Christianity reduced
the status of women,
455
00:40:16,740 --> 00:40:18,420
some of them actually gained more
456
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:21,140
power through these
political marriages.
457
00:40:51,860 --> 00:40:55,460
I think it goes without saying that
women have always been prominent
458
00:40:55,540 --> 00:41:00,100
in matters of politics and religion,
459
00:41:00,180 --> 00:41:02,580
we just don't always
read about them in the texts,
460
00:41:02,660 --> 00:41:05,700
which are quite heavily
biased towards
461
00:41:05,780 --> 00:41:08,860
describing the lives of Kings,
essentially.
462
00:41:08,940 --> 00:41:12,300
But as we move into this period,
women do
463
00:41:12,380 --> 00:41:16,580
hold an increasingly powerful role in
dynastic politics,
464
00:41:16,660 --> 00:41:22,700
as people from which you have royal
dynasties and bloodlines.
465
00:41:22,780 --> 00:41:26,900
They become, diplomatically as
well, very important people
466
00:41:26,980 --> 00:41:29,380
through marriages between families,
467
00:41:29,460 --> 00:41:34,460
in an effort to strengthen political
ties and establish bonds,
468
00:41:34,540 --> 00:41:38,060
both between families and across
territorial borders as well.
469
00:41:38,140 --> 00:41:41,660
In addition to this,
women held many important roles
470
00:41:41,740 --> 00:41:46,500
within the ecclesiastical hierarchy
and as members of
471
00:41:46,580 --> 00:41:51,220
higher status families contributed to
the strong relationship
472
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:56,620
that secular rulers had with the
church and greatly facilitated this.
473
00:42:09,740 --> 00:42:12,980
It also seems that women are
becoming increasingly active in
474
00:42:13,060 --> 00:42:18,140
aspects of political leadership and
playing key roles in the formation
475
00:42:18,220 --> 00:42:21,740
of alliances and relationships
between powerful families.
476
00:42:29,940 --> 00:42:33,740
They were at the seat of power.
If their men left,
477
00:42:33,820 --> 00:42:37,900
travelled abroad or they were
widowed, they were given
478
00:42:37,980 --> 00:42:41,460
complete autonomy over
their Kingdoms.
479
00:42:47,300 --> 00:42:51,660
They could negotiate favourable
marriages for their children,
480
00:42:51,740 --> 00:42:56,820
or taxes, they held the Kingdom
in their hands.
481
00:42:56,900 --> 00:43:02,420
This meant these women
were crucial for the exercise
482
00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:06,340
of power in those days.
483
00:43:19,540 --> 00:43:22,500
An important step in the creation
of wealth and power
484
00:43:22,580 --> 00:43:26,740
is to arrange suitable marriages
where the possessions of a man
485
00:43:26,820 --> 00:43:30,620
and a woman were combined.
486
00:43:30,700 --> 00:43:36,580
And this isn't something that the man
or woman have much say in.
487
00:43:36,660 --> 00:43:40,420
Rather it is up to their families,
their advisers,
488
00:43:40,500 --> 00:43:46,780
that negotiate and discuss matters
such as the size of the dowry,
489
00:43:46,860 --> 00:43:52,300
what possessions will be
part of the marriage,
490
00:43:52,380 --> 00:43:58,740
which becomes a very official union
of these two individuals.
491
00:43:58,820 --> 00:44:04,620
They become symbols for
the creation of alliances
492
00:44:04,700 --> 00:44:08,620
within the sphere of power
that they live.
493
00:44:08,700 --> 00:44:14,380
This creates a strong bond
between groups,
494
00:44:14,460 --> 00:44:18,180
that everyone involved is
keen to maintain.
495
00:44:18,260 --> 00:44:22,020
This leads to an increased wealth
for the families
496
00:44:22,100 --> 00:44:28,260
and hopefully greater stability
in their countries.
497
00:44:31,940 --> 00:44:35,420
The greater the alliance,
the more power it creates,
498
00:44:35,500 --> 00:44:40,020
and hopefully it will
keep war at bay.
499
00:44:43,260 --> 00:44:46,060
So it isn't just about
the families involved
500
00:44:46,140 --> 00:44:48,260
and that they try to gather
more power,
501
00:44:48,340 --> 00:44:51,660
rather it's about entire countries
and populations.
502
00:44:51,740 --> 00:44:56,020
And it's a lot of responsibility
being put on these individuals
503
00:44:56,100 --> 00:45:00,820
that often were quite young
when they wed.
504
00:45:00,900 --> 00:45:02,980
They didn't have a say in the matter.
505
00:45:03,060 --> 00:45:05,580
What matters is that they have
children to ensure
506
00:45:05,660 --> 00:45:10,540
the survival of the family and
the union of their lineages.
507
00:45:10,620 --> 00:45:15,780
But kings and queens can become
widows or widowers,
508
00:45:15,860 --> 00:45:18,980
then new alliances
must be formed.
509
00:45:19,060 --> 00:45:23,020
The King should not be unwed
when the possibility
510
00:45:23,100 --> 00:45:28,540
to strengthen an alliance with
a new territory or family exists.
511
00:45:28,620 --> 00:45:31,140
Instead new marriages are arranged.
512
00:45:40,620 --> 00:45:46,340
If we try to imagine Cnut the Great
and Queen Emma's court,
513
00:45:46,420 --> 00:45:51,700
it's far from being easy.
514
00:45:51,780 --> 00:45:55,300
First, there is an
important element to remember.
515
00:45:55,380 --> 00:45:59,900
For both of them,
it wasn't their first marriage.
516
00:46:12,300 --> 00:46:17,820
Cnut had been married in the past to
Ælfgifu who was Anglo-Saxon.
517
00:46:17,900 --> 00:46:22,180
He had been present in England
518
00:46:22,260 --> 00:46:24,580
for several years already when
he married Emma.
519
00:46:24,660 --> 00:46:30,300
Regarding Emma, she had been married
to King Edward the Confessor.
520
00:46:30,380 --> 00:46:35,540
So she had already been an
Anglo-Saxon queen for several years.
521
00:46:39,180 --> 00:46:45,020
On one side, we have Cnut's Danish
origins and on the other,
522
00:46:45,100 --> 00:46:48,100
we have Emma's Norman origins.
523
00:46:49,540 --> 00:46:55,420
On a cultural point of view,
we could expect a blending marked
524
00:46:55,500 --> 00:46:59,500
with Danish and Norman cultures,
so largely Frankish,
525
00:46:59,580 --> 00:47:02,580
as well as the Anglo-Saxon culture.
526
00:47:10,300 --> 00:47:15,820
In reality, I think it was more like
a synthesis of all of this
527
00:47:15,900 --> 00:47:21,940
and that the elites' way of life was
generally not associated with
528
00:47:22,020 --> 00:47:26,020
a culture or a region in particular,
529
00:47:26,100 --> 00:47:32,100
but rather was common to most
elites in north western Europe
530
00:47:32,180 --> 00:47:34,820
in the early 11th century.
531
00:48:24,660 --> 00:48:28,580
The reason why the Vikings chose to
integrate into Frankish culture
532
00:48:28,660 --> 00:48:32,940
and became Europeans was the great
advantages that came along with it.
533
00:48:34,380 --> 00:48:37,860
Only Christian Europeans
could own land in Normandy.
534
00:48:37,940 --> 00:48:42,380
And owning land was far more
important than simply owning gold.
535
00:48:42,460 --> 00:48:46,100
Land meant real power,
which gave the Vikings influence
536
00:48:46,180 --> 00:48:50,060
over the political
landscape in Normandy.
537
00:48:50,140 --> 00:48:53,060
After a time of Viking integration,
538
00:48:53,140 --> 00:48:56,860
many members of the Norman
as well as the English royal courts
539
00:48:56,940 --> 00:49:00,740
now have their origins
in Scandinavia.
540
00:49:00,820 --> 00:49:05,180
There is a large degree of cultural
mixing at the various courts,
541
00:49:05,260 --> 00:49:08,460
which creates tension between
the royal houses.
542
00:49:08,540 --> 00:49:12,740
As we have seen, this tension can be
reconciled through marriage,
543
00:49:12,820 --> 00:49:16,140
however this led to
sibling rivalry and family feuds
544
00:49:16,220 --> 00:49:18,100
over claims to the crown.
545
00:49:18,180 --> 00:49:21,580
And this would soon result in a
decisive conclusion
546
00:49:21,660 --> 00:49:25,940
and lead to one of the most famous
battles in European history.
547
00:49:39,700 --> 00:49:42,700
Subtitles: Lily Ray
www.plint.com
547
00:49:43,305 --> 00:50:43,436
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