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Today on "how it's made" --
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aerospace fasteners.
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cactus pear puree.
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00:00:41,942 --> 00:00:43,742
and lab reactors
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00:00:53,721 --> 00:00:57,089
an aircraft must be able to
withstand extreme conditions
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00:00:57,091 --> 00:00:58,624
and stress,
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so it's critical
that the fasteners
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holding the parts
of the aircraft together
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are made to precise
technical specifications
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from high-strength
corrosion-resistant materials.
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This company
manufactures fasteners
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00:01:15,342 --> 00:01:18,110
for all types of aircraft.
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00:01:18,112 --> 00:01:21,080
These screws and bolts
are made of aerospace-grade
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00:01:21,082 --> 00:01:22,781
stainless steel.
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00:01:22,783 --> 00:01:25,918
It arrives from the steel mill
as coil.
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00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:28,687
Certain fasteners are coated
with copper,
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which acts as a lubricant,
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00:01:30,724 --> 00:01:32,758
and the company
further lubricates them
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with powdered soaps
and other chemicals.
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00:01:35,362 --> 00:01:39,064
This prevents the coil from
catching as this drawing machine
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pulls it through a round die.
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Wire from the drawing machine
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enters this
bolt-forming machine.
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00:01:45,739 --> 00:01:50,409
First, it heats the wire
and cuts pieces called blanks.
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00:01:50,411 --> 00:01:53,612
Each blank then passes
through five different dies,
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00:01:53,614 --> 00:01:57,749
each of which progressively
shapes it into a bolt.
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This t-bolt is made
from a different type
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00:02:00,054 --> 00:02:02,054
of high-grade stainless steel
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00:02:02,056 --> 00:02:06,859
that doesn't require
extra copper lubrication.
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00:02:06,861 --> 00:02:09,161
The coil goes through
the same process
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00:02:09,163 --> 00:02:11,697
as the smaller bolt we just saw.
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00:02:11,699 --> 00:02:14,733
However, this bolt-forming
machine is much larger
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00:02:14,735 --> 00:02:18,837
and uses four dies rather than
five to shape the t-bolt.
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all fasteners must pass
several quality-control checks
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throughout the
manufacturing process.
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00:02:28,516 --> 00:02:30,182
In this particular test,
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the factory measures the bolt's
head length and diameter
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00:02:33,821 --> 00:02:38,290
and checks the results against
the technical specifications.
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00:02:38,292 --> 00:02:40,959
When the fasteners come
off the forming machines,
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00:02:40,961 --> 00:02:43,795
they have sharp edges
called burrs,
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00:02:43,797 --> 00:02:47,533
so they have to go for a spin
in a deburring machine.
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00:02:47,535 --> 00:02:52,104
This one is pretty low-tech
but highly effective.
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00:02:52,106 --> 00:02:55,207
Fasteners made of certain
types of stainless steel
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are sent to an outside plant
for heat treatment,
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which strengthens them.
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00:03:01,182 --> 00:03:03,448
Fasteners made from
copper-lubricated
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00:03:03,450 --> 00:03:06,451
stainless steel soak
in a bath of nitric acid
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00:03:06,453 --> 00:03:09,354
for about 20 minutes
to dissolve the copper
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without harming
the stainless steel.
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00:03:13,394 --> 00:03:16,762
Workers thoroughly rinse
the fasteners with water,
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00:03:16,764 --> 00:03:19,698
then dry them off by
spinning them at high speed.
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00:03:23,470 --> 00:03:25,404
the final step
is to form threads
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00:03:25,406 --> 00:03:27,506
on the body of the fasteners.
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00:03:29,944 --> 00:03:33,378
forming threads adds
even more strength.
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00:03:33,380 --> 00:03:36,315
That's because this factory
does that using a process
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00:03:36,317 --> 00:03:39,051
called thread rolling.
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00:03:39,053 --> 00:03:40,986
Rather than use
machining equipment,
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00:03:40,988 --> 00:03:43,222
which cuts threads
into the shank,
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00:03:43,224 --> 00:03:46,825
a process that removes steel
and can weaken the bolt,
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00:03:46,827 --> 00:03:49,161
this thread-rolling machine
rolls one bolt
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00:03:49,163 --> 00:03:55,234
at a time between two dies,
which forms the thread pattern.
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00:03:55,236 --> 00:03:58,070
This process doesn't
remove any material,
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00:03:58,072 --> 00:04:00,572
and compressing the steel
to form threads
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00:04:00,574 --> 00:04:03,375
actually increases
its strength and ability
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00:04:03,377 --> 00:04:05,744
to handle stress
during flight.
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00:04:09,617 --> 00:04:13,252
the threads undergo a thorough
quality-control inspection.
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00:04:13,254 --> 00:04:17,656
A technician uses a precision
gauge to measure them.
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00:04:17,658 --> 00:04:20,525
Next, he uses ring gauges.
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00:04:20,527 --> 00:04:23,662
If the fastener screws
into the no-go gauge,
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00:04:23,664 --> 00:04:25,864
the dimensions are wrong.
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If it screws into the go gauge,
they're correct.
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00:04:30,437 --> 00:04:33,905
This optical imagining system
measures the fastener,
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00:04:33,907 --> 00:04:37,743
analyzes the form, spacing
and ankles of the threads,
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00:04:37,745 --> 00:04:41,046
then sends the data to
the company's computer system.
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00:04:41,048 --> 00:04:43,782
That system can trace
every single fastener
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00:04:43,784 --> 00:04:46,485
back to the batch of steel
from which it was made.
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00:04:49,556 --> 00:04:53,358
another quality-control test
measures tensile strength,
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00:04:53,360 --> 00:04:57,029
how much pull force the fastener
can withstand before breaking.
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00:05:01,468 --> 00:05:05,671
in yet another test, technicians
cut the fasteners into pieces,
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00:05:05,673 --> 00:05:09,574
mount them onto a bake-like puck
and polish them,
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00:05:09,576 --> 00:05:12,944
then examine them under
a digital microscope.
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Among other characteristics,
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00:05:14,848 --> 00:05:18,850
they analyze the steel's
grain size and structure.
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00:05:18,852 --> 00:05:21,186
This type of stainless steel
has a high nickel
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00:05:21,188 --> 00:05:22,754
and chromium content,
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making it resistant to extreme
temperatures and corrosion.
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00:05:28,395 --> 00:05:30,862
Another test assesses
how hard the steel is
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according to an
international standard
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known as the rockwell
hardness scale.
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00:05:38,472 --> 00:05:41,973
Such rigorous testing
is imperative for safety
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as these fasteners are
what hold aircraft together.
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narrator: It's a fruit known
by many names --
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cactus pear, cactus fruit
and prickly pear.
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00:06:07,134 --> 00:06:09,634
It grows on several
species of cacti,
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00:06:09,636 --> 00:06:11,436
which are native
to parts of north,
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00:06:11,438 --> 00:06:13,772
central and south america.
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00:06:13,774 --> 00:06:16,341
Some growers, in addition
to selling the fruit,
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produce a puree,
which they sell as a flavoring.
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00:06:21,548 --> 00:06:23,849
prickly pear martini, anyone?
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Cactus pear fruit is high
in fiber and rich
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00:06:26,887 --> 00:06:29,221
in vitamins and minerals.
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It's sweet and delicious
eaten as-is
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or as a natural flavoring
in foods and beverages.
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00:06:36,397 --> 00:06:38,830
In the salinas valley
in california,
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the cactus pear harvest
begins around late August
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00:06:42,102 --> 00:06:45,070
and continues
through early April.
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00:06:45,072 --> 00:06:49,007
The fruit is ripe when its skin
begins turning red.
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00:06:49,009 --> 00:06:51,276
The harvesters wear
thick leather gloves
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00:06:51,278 --> 00:06:55,147
to protect their hands from
the thorns and safety glasses
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00:06:55,149 --> 00:06:57,449
to shield their eyes
from loose thorns
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00:06:57,451 --> 00:07:00,385
that blow through the air.
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00:07:00,387 --> 00:07:04,456
Tractors haul the cactus pears
to the processing plant.
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00:07:04,458 --> 00:07:07,859
The fruit first passes over
brushes and into a vacuum
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00:07:07,861 --> 00:07:10,162
that removes loose dirt,
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00:07:10,164 --> 00:07:12,764
then through a shower
of chlorinated water,
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00:07:12,766 --> 00:07:15,400
which kills off bacteria.
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00:07:15,402 --> 00:07:19,671
The fruit enters a cold-air
dryer for about 5 seconds,
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00:07:19,673 --> 00:07:24,276
then passes through
a hot-air dryer for 20 seconds.
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00:07:24,278 --> 00:07:27,145
The fruit exits completely dry.
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00:07:27,147 --> 00:07:29,981
A quality-control team
removes any with bruises
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00:07:29,983 --> 00:07:32,717
or other cosmetic defects
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00:07:32,719 --> 00:07:37,322
and transfers those cactus pears
to the puree line.
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00:07:37,324 --> 00:07:39,624
The fruit that passes
inspection falls
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00:07:39,626 --> 00:07:41,526
into what's called a singulator,
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00:07:41,528 --> 00:07:44,596
a machine that lines
them up in single file.
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00:07:44,598 --> 00:07:47,999
The singulator deposits
each cactus pear into a cup
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00:07:48,001 --> 00:07:50,469
on a computer-guided
weigh-and-sort machine,
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00:07:50,471 --> 00:07:53,338
which classifies
each fruit by size,
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00:07:53,340 --> 00:07:57,008
then applies the grower's
price code sticker.
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00:07:57,010 --> 00:07:59,578
The fruit then travels
on the conveyor belt
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00:07:59,580 --> 00:08:01,613
that leads to the padded tub
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00:08:01,615 --> 00:08:05,383
designated for
its weight classification.
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00:08:05,385 --> 00:08:06,952
A worker stationed at the tub
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00:08:06,954 --> 00:08:10,755
packs the cactus pears
into a lined shipping box.
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00:08:13,393 --> 00:08:16,695
Another worker removes
any less-than-perfect fruit
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00:08:16,697 --> 00:08:19,731
that managed to slip
through the previous checks.
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00:08:19,733 --> 00:08:22,234
Those also go to the puree line.
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00:08:26,573 --> 00:08:29,941
on the puree line, the dumper
drops the cactus pears
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00:08:29,943 --> 00:08:31,743
onto a conveyor-belt system,
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00:08:31,745 --> 00:08:34,379
which transports them
to the crusher.
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00:08:40,487 --> 00:08:45,190
the machine crushes the fruit,
separating the skins and flesh,
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00:08:45,192 --> 00:08:47,692
mashing the flesh into puree
143
00:08:47,694 --> 00:08:50,896
and extracting the sweet
magenta-colored juice.
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00:08:55,335 --> 00:08:58,136
from the crusher,
the pressed skins drop
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00:08:58,138 --> 00:09:00,171
onto the vibrating shaker
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00:09:00,173 --> 00:09:04,943
while the puree and juice flow
through it into a tank below.
147
00:09:04,945 --> 00:09:09,080
The shaker separates any puree
still caught in the skins.
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00:09:11,285 --> 00:09:14,653
The skins drop into a bin
and are hauled off to be used
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00:09:14,655 --> 00:09:17,956
as compost
or sold as animal feed.
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00:09:24,364 --> 00:09:26,631
once the tank is filled
to capacity
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00:09:26,633 --> 00:09:30,268
with about 400 pounds
of puree,
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00:09:30,270 --> 00:09:34,472
a pump transfers it
to a large hopper.
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00:09:34,474 --> 00:09:38,276
A worker releases puree from
the hopper to the finisher.
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00:09:38,278 --> 00:09:41,580
The finisher's fine screens
trap the seeds
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00:09:41,582 --> 00:09:45,917
while letting the puree pass
through to a holding tank below.
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00:09:45,919 --> 00:09:49,120
The seeds are sold to businesses
that press them into oil
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00:09:49,122 --> 00:09:53,391
for cosmetic and hair products.
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00:09:53,393 --> 00:09:56,962
From the holding tank,
the deseeded puree passes
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00:09:56,964 --> 00:10:01,132
through a second finisher
with even finer filters.
160
00:10:01,134 --> 00:10:04,169
Then it flows into a tank
for pasteurization,
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00:10:04,171 --> 00:10:06,838
which kills off
any remaining bacteria.
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00:10:10,444 --> 00:10:13,244
the puree is finally ready.
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00:10:13,246 --> 00:10:17,682
A worker fills a drum, which is
double-lined with plastic bags.
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00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:23,655
She draws four 1-cup samples
from each drum
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00:10:23,657 --> 00:10:25,790
for quality-control tracking.
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00:10:31,665 --> 00:10:35,400
once a drum contains
400 pounds of puree,
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00:10:35,402 --> 00:10:38,570
the worker zip-ties
each bag separately,
168
00:10:38,572 --> 00:10:40,672
closes the drum with a lid,
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00:10:40,674 --> 00:10:42,974
safety-seals
the lid with a lock,
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00:10:42,976 --> 00:10:45,143
then puts the drum
in the freezer.
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00:10:47,381 --> 00:10:49,848
The cactus pear puree
is sold frozen
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00:10:49,850 --> 00:10:52,217
to the food
and beverage industry,
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00:10:52,219 --> 00:10:54,552
which uses it to flavor
many products,
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00:10:54,554 --> 00:10:57,989
from ice cream, sorbet,
and gelato
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00:10:57,991 --> 00:11:02,527
to flavored water, wine,
tequila, and brandy.
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00:11:18,979 --> 00:11:22,047
narrator: Lab reactors
are vessels of discovery.
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00:11:22,049 --> 00:11:24,716
Inside these enclosed
glass systems,
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00:11:24,718 --> 00:11:27,919
chemical and
biological reactions happen.
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00:11:27,921 --> 00:11:29,821
Useful for developing
many products,
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00:11:29,823 --> 00:11:32,824
including medications
like cancer drugs,
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00:11:32,826 --> 00:11:36,761
they can also be used to produce
these products on a small scale.
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00:11:39,800 --> 00:11:43,468
a lab reactor is basically
a sophisticated blender.
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00:11:43,470 --> 00:11:47,172
During mixing, it also heats
or cools ingredients
184
00:11:47,174 --> 00:11:49,074
to start a chemical reaction,
185
00:11:49,076 --> 00:11:54,079
and there are ports for
attachments like a condenser.
186
00:11:54,081 --> 00:11:59,317
Making lab reactors starts
with solid glass rods.
187
00:11:59,319 --> 00:12:03,154
The rods are sometimes a bit
crooked, so a worker heats
188
00:12:03,156 --> 00:12:05,957
and moves them across rollers
to straighten them.
189
00:12:08,295 --> 00:12:12,564
grinding wheels round their
shape to more precise contours,
190
00:12:12,566 --> 00:12:15,967
and a wet sanding
smooths the surface.
191
00:12:18,171 --> 00:12:22,974
the operator measures
the outer diameter of each rod.
192
00:12:22,976 --> 00:12:25,276
A worker heats
one end of the rod
193
00:12:25,278 --> 00:12:28,446
and forms a rim
using a special tool.
194
00:12:28,448 --> 00:12:32,383
He applies dabs of liquid glass
just below the rim.
195
00:12:32,385 --> 00:12:35,820
This creates nubs for properly
situating the blade hub
196
00:12:35,822 --> 00:12:38,022
on the main shaft.
197
00:12:38,024 --> 00:12:40,291
To make the reactor's
inner wall,
198
00:12:40,293 --> 00:12:42,694
he scores a wide glass tube
199
00:12:42,696 --> 00:12:47,966
and exposes the score line
to a flame and then water.
200
00:12:47,968 --> 00:12:50,735
Another worker heats
the top end.
201
00:12:50,737 --> 00:12:53,338
He supports the glass
with a wide paddle
202
00:12:53,340 --> 00:12:57,308
until it's malleable
enough to shape.
203
00:12:57,310 --> 00:12:59,778
A forming tool
gives it a wide lip
204
00:12:59,780 --> 00:13:03,948
that will serve as
the opening of the reactor.
205
00:13:03,950 --> 00:13:07,152
He aims a flame at the newly
formed flange
206
00:13:07,154 --> 00:13:11,422
to smooth out any imperfections.
207
00:13:11,424 --> 00:13:14,459
He slides a larger glass vessel
over the flask,
208
00:13:14,461 --> 00:13:17,195
then fuses them at both ends.
209
00:13:17,197 --> 00:13:19,764
This creates a hollow jacket
through which liquids
210
00:13:19,766 --> 00:13:24,869
will be pumped to heat or cool
the contents of the flask.
211
00:13:24,871 --> 00:13:28,106
A different worker cuts
another glass tube to length.
212
00:13:28,108 --> 00:13:32,076
He scores it lightly and again
exposes it to fire and water
213
00:13:32,078 --> 00:13:36,047
to break it along
the etched line.
214
00:13:36,049 --> 00:13:37,849
He shapes the tube into a port
215
00:13:37,851 --> 00:13:41,653
for the outside
of the reactor jacket.
216
00:13:41,655 --> 00:13:43,555
He'll make two of these ports.
217
00:13:43,557 --> 00:13:46,858
They'll be used to circulate
heating and cooling liquids.
218
00:13:50,831 --> 00:13:52,263
using the torch,
219
00:13:52,265 --> 00:13:55,300
a worker softens a spot
on the reactor jacket.
220
00:13:59,139 --> 00:14:02,841
with tweezers, he pulls away
the softened glass,
221
00:14:02,843 --> 00:14:07,045
creating a hole for the port
to be installed.
222
00:14:07,047 --> 00:14:09,881
After inserting a ceramic
holder in the port,
223
00:14:09,883 --> 00:14:12,750
he fuses it to the hole
on an angle.
224
00:14:15,322 --> 00:14:17,355
once the seam solidifies,
225
00:14:17,357 --> 00:14:21,492
the port will be an intrinsic
part of the lab-reactor vessel.
226
00:14:24,231 --> 00:14:26,798
abrasive wheels grind
another glass tube
227
00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:29,467
to make it perfectly round.
228
00:14:29,469 --> 00:14:32,337
This tube will be part
of a drainage valve.
229
00:14:37,544 --> 00:14:39,878
an employee then begins work
on the rest
230
00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:42,180
of the drainage valve assembly.
231
00:14:42,182 --> 00:14:44,849
He forms an internal thread
for a plug.
232
00:14:46,786 --> 00:14:48,853
And after cutting it shorter,
233
00:14:48,855 --> 00:14:52,991
another worker creates
a flange on the other end.
234
00:14:52,993 --> 00:14:57,195
He burns a hole in the side
of the valve tube.
235
00:14:57,197 --> 00:15:00,265
The drainage tubing,
now also cut shorter,
236
00:15:00,267 --> 00:15:03,568
is ready to be attached
to the rest of the valve.
237
00:15:03,570 --> 00:15:08,273
He heats the connecting points,
and they melt and meld together.
238
00:15:11,444 --> 00:15:13,411
since we last saw it,
239
00:15:13,413 --> 00:15:15,880
the reactor vessel
has received a base.
240
00:15:15,882 --> 00:15:18,249
A worker burns a hole
in that base
241
00:15:18,251 --> 00:15:22,020
and fuses the drainage valve
onto it.
242
00:15:22,022 --> 00:15:24,589
Another employee then places
the reactor vessel
243
00:15:24,591 --> 00:15:28,092
in a special fixture
and checks that it sits level.
244
00:15:31,398 --> 00:15:34,732
she adds specific amounts
of water incrementally,
245
00:15:34,734 --> 00:15:37,068
beginning with 2 cups.
246
00:15:39,039 --> 00:15:41,940
she draws a line on the outside
of the reactor vessel
247
00:15:41,942 --> 00:15:45,243
to indicate the amount inside.
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00:15:45,245 --> 00:15:48,379
This will provide a reference
for affixing a scale.
249
00:15:51,985 --> 00:15:56,854
using the markings as a guide,
she applies the ceramic scale.
250
00:15:56,856 --> 00:15:59,657
They'll become part of the glass
when the vessel is baked
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00:15:59,659 --> 00:16:01,359
and slowly cooled.
252
00:16:04,264 --> 00:16:05,997
stay tuned for a lot more,
253
00:16:05,999 --> 00:16:08,232
as this lab reactor
comes together
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00:16:08,234 --> 00:16:09,968
to create a stir.
255
00:16:25,986 --> 00:16:29,754
narrator: Making a lab reactor
is done for science.
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00:16:29,756 --> 00:16:33,224
Precision is important because
these reactors will be used
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00:16:33,226 --> 00:16:34,759
to develop new drugs,
258
00:16:34,761 --> 00:16:38,396
cosmetics and a range
of chemical materials.
259
00:16:38,398 --> 00:16:41,065
They can also serve
as little factories,
260
00:16:41,067 --> 00:16:43,634
producing small
batches of products.
261
00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:49,941
a lab reactor needs
sturdy impeller blades
262
00:16:49,943 --> 00:16:54,078
to generate an effective
chemical reaction.
263
00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:57,348
An automated milling tool cuts
a notch in a disk
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00:16:57,350 --> 00:17:01,085
made from strong
chemically resistant plastic.
265
00:17:01,087 --> 00:17:04,188
Another system carves
screw threads into a hub
266
00:17:04,190 --> 00:17:06,424
made of the same material.
267
00:17:06,426 --> 00:17:09,193
A tool bores a hole in
the center for the insertion
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00:17:09,195 --> 00:17:12,330
of what's called
the agitator shaft.
269
00:17:12,332 --> 00:17:16,567
The operator smooths the threads
with fine sandpaper
270
00:17:16,569 --> 00:17:19,837
and then assembles
the blades to the hub.
271
00:17:19,839 --> 00:17:21,939
Next is the condenser.
272
00:17:21,941 --> 00:17:24,509
It's an attachment through which
vapor will travel
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00:17:24,511 --> 00:17:28,146
to be transformed into a liquid.
274
00:17:28,148 --> 00:17:31,449
The worker twists the softened
glass tube around a rod
275
00:17:31,451 --> 00:17:33,684
to form the coil.
276
00:17:33,686 --> 00:17:36,220
Another worker inserts
a linear glass tube
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00:17:36,222 --> 00:17:38,356
in the center of the coil.
278
00:17:38,358 --> 00:17:40,358
She melts glass near the bottom
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00:17:40,360 --> 00:17:44,028
to seal the center tube
to the coil.
280
00:17:44,030 --> 00:17:48,299
Moving to the top, she heats
the glass and, with tweezers,
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00:17:48,301 --> 00:17:52,870
pulls a bit from the end
of the coil to pry it open.
282
00:17:52,872 --> 00:17:57,442
With a pick, she opens
it up a little more.
283
00:17:57,444 --> 00:18:01,479
She uses a graphite reaming tool
to shape the glass opening
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00:18:01,481 --> 00:18:03,314
into a more flared profile.
285
00:18:06,152 --> 00:18:08,352
the condenser body takes shape,
286
00:18:08,354 --> 00:18:12,623
and the worker forms
a joint on the end.
287
00:18:12,625 --> 00:18:17,295
He inserts a standard joint
to test the fit.
288
00:18:17,297 --> 00:18:22,133
The coil can now be inserted
into the condenser body.
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00:18:22,135 --> 00:18:25,670
Another worker fuses the
condenser wall to the coil
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00:18:25,672 --> 00:18:27,472
and burns holes
in the glass wall
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00:18:27,474 --> 00:18:29,574
to connect hose attachments.
292
00:18:29,576 --> 00:18:33,144
She exposes the seam
to a less focused flame
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00:18:33,146 --> 00:18:36,114
to bring down
the temperature slowly.
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00:18:36,116 --> 00:18:38,716
The next worker creates a joint
for the lower end
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00:18:38,718 --> 00:18:40,518
of the condenser.
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00:18:40,520 --> 00:18:42,987
This joint will be used
to connect the condenser
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00:18:42,989 --> 00:18:46,124
to the reactor.
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00:18:46,126 --> 00:18:49,393
Once the basic taper profile
has been achieved,
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00:18:49,395 --> 00:18:52,330
grinding tools size it
more precisely.
300
00:18:55,235 --> 00:18:57,768
When the connector joint
has been cut to length,
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00:18:57,770 --> 00:19:01,005
the worker attaches it
to the base of the condenser.
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00:19:05,478 --> 00:19:08,446
another glass fabricator
makes more joints,
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00:19:08,448 --> 00:19:11,749
one of which will connect the
condenser to the reactor lid,
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00:19:11,751 --> 00:19:14,152
or head, as it's known
in the industry.
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00:19:15,855 --> 00:19:19,624
He keeps the glass tube long
for easy handling
306
00:19:19,626 --> 00:19:23,161
and then cuts it
to the correct length.
307
00:19:23,163 --> 00:19:25,329
The worker now seals
the center joint
308
00:19:25,331 --> 00:19:29,200
to a hole in the reactor lid.
309
00:19:29,202 --> 00:19:33,304
He burns holes in the reactor
head for other connectors.
310
00:19:33,306 --> 00:19:35,239
As the glass balloons up,
311
00:19:35,241 --> 00:19:39,377
he pulls it away
to fully open the hole.
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00:19:39,379 --> 00:19:42,280
With all the connectors fused
to the reactor head,
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00:19:42,282 --> 00:19:44,549
a worker grinds
the base of its flange
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00:19:44,551 --> 00:19:47,885
against an abrasive wheel
to make it perfectly even.
315
00:19:51,124 --> 00:19:54,659
an employee then applies
decals to the head.
316
00:19:54,661 --> 00:19:57,962
These indicate the brand
and the connector size.
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00:19:57,964 --> 00:20:00,198
The decals will be baked
into the glass
318
00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:02,333
during its final heating.
319
00:20:04,370 --> 00:20:07,905
he places all the parts
in the annealing oven.
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00:20:07,907 --> 00:20:09,707
The temperature gradually
ramps up
321
00:20:09,709 --> 00:20:14,912
to 1,040 degrees fahrenheit
and slowly cools.
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00:20:14,914 --> 00:20:18,082
This final annealing removes
internal stresses
323
00:20:18,084 --> 00:20:21,285
and strengthens the glass.
324
00:20:21,287 --> 00:20:25,056
An inspector scrutinizes
the head with a tool to confirm
325
00:20:25,058 --> 00:20:27,825
that the connector joints
are in proper alignment
326
00:20:27,827 --> 00:20:30,127
and positioned
at the correct angle.
327
00:20:32,198 --> 00:20:34,865
Workers install the vessel
on a stand,
328
00:20:34,867 --> 00:20:37,001
insert the shaft and blades,
329
00:20:37,003 --> 00:20:41,239
attach the head
and connect the condenser.
330
00:20:41,241 --> 00:20:43,040
To simulate how it works,
331
00:20:43,042 --> 00:20:46,310
a technician pours
liquid into the reactor.
332
00:20:46,312 --> 00:20:49,313
He adds colorful plastic solids
that will show up better
333
00:20:49,315 --> 00:20:51,716
for this demonstration.
334
00:20:51,718 --> 00:20:54,518
He activates
the impeller blades.
335
00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:57,788
These blades are designed
to lift solids to the top,
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00:20:57,790 --> 00:21:00,791
and they do that effectively.
337
00:21:00,793 --> 00:21:04,128
He also runs cooling liquids
through the condenser.
338
00:21:04,130 --> 00:21:08,332
In practice, the cool coil will
cause vapors from the vessel
339
00:21:08,334 --> 00:21:10,768
to convert back to a liquid.
340
00:21:10,770 --> 00:21:14,905
This lab reactor is now ready
to be a lifesaver.
27761
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